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| 41672333 | 41672399 | 2006-02-28 23:49:36 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 0|69.15.111.135 | 0 | south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . | foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german | ||||
| 41672399 | 41672426 | 2006-02-28 23:49:42 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 161478 | 4 | south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . | foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german | ||||
| 41710361 | 41742631 | 2006-03-01 12:26:13 | 0 days 06:51:30 | 0|212.219.250.36 | 2 | ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | = = | = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german | ||||
| 42261570 | 42309097 | 2006-03-05 06:59:32 | 0 days 07:15:09 | 0|203.88.224.205 | 0 | ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | = = | = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german | ||||
| 44899061 | 44901085 | 2006-03-22 03:58:38 | 0 days 00:18:10 | 418883 | 1 | to cross . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . | this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] | = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 | ||||
| 51998163 | 51999522 | 2006-05-07 16:44:07 | 0 days 00:11:36 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 23 | ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > | some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) | ||||
| 51999522 | 51999602 | 2006-05-07 16:44:48 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 223113 | 21 | transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . | four motorways useable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . | = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of illegal emigration ) into west | ||||
| 78350243 | 78394704 | 2006-09-28 22:50:15 | 0 days 04:00:18 | 0|71.145.176.135 | 0 | , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | = = headline text = = [[ link title ]] < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > - - [[ user : 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 | 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 ]] 22 : 50 , 28 september 2006 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 | 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 ]] 22 : 50 , 28 september 2006 ( utc ) < s > strike - through text < / s > < gallery > image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 < / gallery > < small > small text < / small > ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' | = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) | ||||
| 78394704 | 78409397 | 2006-09-29 00:19:00 | 0 days 01:28:45 | 1008387 | 0 | , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | = = headline text = = [[ link title ]] < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > - - [[ user : 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 | 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 ]] 22 : 50 , 28 september 2006 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 | 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 ]] 22 : 50 , 28 september 2006 ( utc ) < s > strike - through text < / s > < gallery > image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 < / gallery > < small > small text < / small > ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' | = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) | ||||
| 100887174 | 100916417 | 2007-01-15 18:33:14 | 0 days 02:34:19 | 2810123 | 28 | , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | satan . | = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 231 | ||||
| 100916417 | 100920432 | 2007-01-15 18:53:45 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 28 | , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | satan . | = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 231 | ||||
| 188146718 | 188146795 | 2008-01-31 13:50:08 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 0|208.108.156.189 | 0 | , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | i do da cha cha like a sissy girl i lika do da cha cha | = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who | ||||
| 188146795 | 188146883 | 2008-01-31 13:50:42 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 0|163.1.64.145 | 0 | , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | i do da cha cha like a sissy girl i lika do da cha cha | = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who | ||||
| 188151765 | 188152092 | 2008-01-31 14:25:04 | 0 days 00:02:02 | 0|208.108.158.196 | 4 | , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | tttaaaaaaaaaaaaddddddddddddddppppppppooooooollllllllleeeeeeeeeeeee | = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who | ||||
| 188152092 | 188152574 | 2008-01-31 14:28:19 | 0 days 00:03:15 | 317054 | 4 | , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | tttaaaaaaaaaaaaddddddddddddddppppppppooooooollllllllleeeeeeeeeeeee | = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who | ||||
| 239050940 | 239141721 | 2008-09-17 23:56:00 | 0 days 07:40:53 | 736477 | 21 | ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . | for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by western allied military personnel assigned to the military liaison missions accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , mostly to prevent inadvertent violation of allied policy governing the four - power status of berlin as a whole . | = = = escape attempts = = = ] < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to | [[ schießbefehl | | shoot and kill attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http | ||
| 194702172 | 194773742 | 2008-02-28 23:32:17 | 0 days 05:15:22 | 3976515 | 0 | [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period | 125 | at least 133 | people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . | |||
| 1 | ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were | confirmed | killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / | |||||||||
| 194820568 | 194823668 | 2008-02-29 03:51:36 | 0 days 00:18:15 | 3622922 | 9 | [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | | 200px | | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - west side graffiti ; " eventually every wall falls " . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | ||||
| 195845879 | 195863817 | 2008-03-04 19:47:54 | 0 days 01:30:43 | 0|24.248.58.202 | 0 | proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free | sex tapes | movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , | ||||
| 195863817 | 195868891 | 2008-03-04 20:08:29 | 0 days 00:20:35 | 2537811 | 0 | proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free | sex tapes | movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , | ||||
| 196839535 | 196946956 | 2008-03-09 06:03:53 | 0 days 10:00:50 | 0|24.4.172.149 | 0 | , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . | afer | after | further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners | |||
| 197073715 | 197075558 | 2008-03-09 20:51:04 | 0 days 00:08:24 | 0|98.17.134.249 | 5 | and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth | , although many west germans and west berliners fled to east germany . west berliners found it easy to get into east berlin because the west berlin police wouldn ' t dare stop them for fear of east german planes bombing the city | . however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original | ||||
| 8 | options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the | soviets | east germans | that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude | ||||||||
| 9 | generated title --> ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . | this would send a strong message to other communist states , including the soviet union . | accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with | |||||||||
| 197077024 | 197077031 | 2008-03-09 20:57:59 | 0 days 00:00:02 | 3622922 | 10 | options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the | east germans | soviets | that they could push their luck no further . this would send a strong message to other communist states , including the soviet union . accordingly , general [[ lucius d | |||
| 26 | and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth | , although many west germans and west berliners fled to east germany . west berliners found it easy to get into east berlin because the west berlin police wouldn ' t dare stop them for fear of east german planes bombing the city | . however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original | |||||||||
| 27 | title --> ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the east germans that they could push their luck no further . | this would send a strong message to other communist states , including the soviet union . | accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the east germans , was sent to berlin | |||||||||
| 197077031 | 197298490 | 2008-03-10 19:23:53 | 0 days 22:25:54 | 0|66.177.163.235 | 0 | the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many | super cool | families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners | ||||
| 197298490 | 197298614 | 2008-03-10 19:24:15 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 2306142 | 0 | the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many | super cool | families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners | ||||
| 197723532 | 197732281 | 2008-03-12 15:22:03 | 0 days 00:45:35 | 3505251 | 8 | by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted | as being the truth | . however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original | ||||
| 197732484 | 197733354 | 2008-03-12 15:27:51 | 0 days 00:04:39 | 3505251 | 0 | of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = | the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , | many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west | ||||
| 198362532 | 198983944 | 2008-03-17 23:54:50 | 2 days 17:32:57 | 0|76.205.75.132 | 6 | germany | deutsche welle | 09 . 08 . 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than | 200 | 234 | people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe | |||
| 21 | of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , | eine | neine | mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' | ||||||||
| 198983944 | 198984976 | 2008-03-17 23:59:41 | 0 days 00:04:51 | 911178 | 6 | germany | deutsche welle | 09 . 08 . 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than | 234 | 200 | people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe | |||
| 19 | of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staitsrat ]] chairman [[ walter elbe ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niende hat die elsich , | neine | eine | mauer ich iterich ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' | ||||||||
| 199097590 | 199097835 | 2008-03-18 15:12:04 | 0 days 00:01:12 | 3505251 | 0 | were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since | most of the time , | the border basically was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ | ||||
| 1 | out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since the border | basically | was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / | |||||||||
| 199098110 | 199098162 | 2008-03-18 15:13:44 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 1879647 | 3 | berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this page is empty you shouldn ' t be here , | go away now | 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten | ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | |||
| 205859140 | 209942770 | 2008-05-03 18:05:52 | 17 days 22:14:05 | 3136084 | 0 | - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave orders to [[ schießbefehl | | shooting orders ]] to border gaurds dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = | ||||
| 1 | institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot | and | to | kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : | ||||||||
| 210686797 | 210716210 | 2008-05-07 02:13:29 | 0 days 02:42:09 | 0|76.246.244.54 | 2 | informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected | the soviet sector | to be sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for | ||||
| 210716210 | 210716844 | 2008-05-07 02:17:19 | 0 days 00:03:50 | 911178 | 1 | the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had not expected | the soviet sector | to be killed and then the bodies sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how | ||||
| 2 | government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had | not | expected to be killed and then the bodies sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised | |||||||||
| 210732007 | 210975287 | 2008-05-08 05:56:41 | 1 days 01:56:30 | 608356 | 1 | topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border | gaurds | guards | dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials have denied exist . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | |||
| 210975287 | 211222812 | 2008-05-09 09:24:57 | 1 days 03:28:16 | 686868 | 4 | | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats | ' ' ' | diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ | ||||
| 5 | sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise | ' ' ' | were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four | |||||||||
| 211225942 | 211226287 | 2008-05-09 10:02:08 | 0 days 00:03:52 | 686868 | 6 | very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that gave west berliners | the chance | to apply for visa for travel to east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already applicable for west germans . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' | ||||
| 211251752 | 211252403 | 2008-05-09 13:28:40 | 0 days 00:03:50 | 686868 | 0 | border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = | : ' ' see also main article [[ berlin border crossings ]] ' ' | there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well | ||||
| 214793313 | 214855602 | 2008-05-25 16:23:01 | 0 days 07:44:48 | 7002667 | 0 | saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an | unneccessary | unnecessary | project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : | |||
| 227630920 | 227636388 | 2008-07-24 14:47:40 | 0 days 00:35:05 | 6285568 | 0 | , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = | {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} | it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all | ||||
| 229217140 | 229650556 | 2008-08-03 21:25:53 | 2 days 08:34:27 | 577301 | 8 | to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " | , | they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being | ||||
| 11 | start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " | , | and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ | |||||||||
| 68 | not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used | , | " they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after | |||||||||
| 92 | was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] | , | " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin | |||||||||
| 231331197 | 231331673 | 2008-08-11 23:12:06 | 0 days 00:03:03 | 911178 | 1 | --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 125 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . | < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html researchers confirm 125 berlin wall deaths | germany | deutsche welle | 09 . 08 . 2006 | ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east | ||||
| 233217061 | 233302480 | 2008-08-21 11:24:48 | 0 days 11:22:39 | 0|60.230.220.212 | 0 | , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were | die mother fuckers ! ! ! ! ! ! hahaha ! ! | confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been | ||||
| 233302480 | 233302497 | 2008-08-21 11:24:55 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 4928500 | 0 | , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were | die mother fuckers ! ! ! ! ! ! hahaha ! ! | confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been | ||||
| 237957752 | 238154941 | 2008-09-13 14:51:51 | 0 days 22:37:25 | 0|70.127.127.212 | 0 | s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be | not | defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and | ||||
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 25 | of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = | length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . | the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners | ||||
| 35 | berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary | permit | permits | . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous | ||||||||
| 52 | advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry | permit | permits | without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed | ||||||||
| 60 | east german government gave [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials | have | denied exist . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / | |||||||||
| 239050940 | 239141721 | 2008-09-17 23:56:00 | 0 days 07:40:53 | 736477 | 7 | berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced | . | , | the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel | |||
| 8 | of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however | , | each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject | |||||||||
| 239163147 | 239319359 | 2008-09-18 16:33:40 | 0 days 14:49:37 | 736477 | 6 | applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , mostly to prevent inadvertent violation of | east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall | allied policy governing the four - power status of berlin as a whole . = = = escape attempts = = = ] < / ref > as such , | http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) | it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , | ||
| 26 | ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it | miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood squares ]] . on 25 july 2007 the [[ center for puppetry arts ]] in [[ atlanta ]] announced the opening of a new jim henson wing , which will house anywhere from 500 to 700 retired muppets , including those from fraggle rock and sesame street . the new wing will also include films , sketches , and other materials from the jim henson company archives . the wing , which will be a part of the center ' s new building , is slated to open in 2010 . = = discography = = {{ expand | date = august 2008 }} on september 17 , 2002 [[ rhino ]] released ' ' [[ the muppet show : music , mayhem , and more ]] ' ' . in addition to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . | was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general | |||||||||
| 28 | / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for | previously available on cd only on the soundtrack | the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . | |||||||||
| 56 | to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed | part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | right | thumb | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . | http : / / www . youtube . com / user / weirdowhatever " weirdowhatever " ] ( run by [[ gonzo the great | the great gonzo ]] ) | they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | | ||||||||
| 59 | around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ | ebay | < references | ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed | ||||||||
| 67 | www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = | disney xtreme digital | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' | |||||||||
| 84 | : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : | muro di berlino | muppet | ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis | ||||||||
| 99 | not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref | name = " autogenerated1 " / | > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order | |||||||||
| 105 | first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall | . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and | |||||||||
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 39 | the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos have | been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from | col | five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / | |||
| 58 | in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com | |||||||||||
| 59 | blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets | |||||||||||
| 83 | saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : | muppet | muro di berlino | ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the | ||||||||
| 96 | fool ' s day ]] edition of ' ' [[ larry king live ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and the frog has served as | grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on | such sit - coms and dramas as ' ' [[ the cosby show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the west wing ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the | |||||||||
| 101 | mayhem , and more ]] ' ' . in addition to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it | includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which | was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' | |||||||||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 25 | / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , | http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) | it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , | ||||
| 26 | ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it | miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood squares ]] . on 25 july 2007 the [[ center for puppetry arts ]] in [[ atlanta ]] announced the opening of a new jim henson wing , which will house anywhere from 500 to 700 retired muppets , including those from fraggle rock and sesame street . the new wing will also include films , sketches , and other materials from the jim henson company archives . the wing , which will be a part of the center ' s new building , is slated to open in 2010 . = = discography = = {{ expand | date = august 2008 }} on september 17 , 2002 [[ rhino ]] released ' ' [[ the muppet show : music , mayhem , and more ]] ' ' . in addition to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . | was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general | |||||||||
| 28 | / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for | previously available on cd only on the soundtrack | the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . | |||||||||
| 56 | to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed | part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | right | thumb | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . | http : / / www . youtube . com / user / weirdowhatever " weirdowhatever " ] ( run by [[ gonzo the great | the great gonzo ]] ) | they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | | ||||||||
| 59 | around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ | ebay | < references | ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed | ||||||||
| 67 | www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = | disney xtreme digital | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' | |||||||||
| 84 | : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : | muro di berlino | muppet | ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis | ||||||||
| 99 | not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref | name = " autogenerated1 " / | > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order | |||||||||
| 105 | first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall | . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and | |||||||||
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 39 | the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos have | been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from | col | five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / | |||
| 58 | in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com | |||||||||||
| 59 | blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets | |||||||||||
| 83 | saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : | muppet | muro di berlino | ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the | ||||||||
| 96 | fool ' s day ]] edition of ' ' [[ larry king live ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and the frog has served as | grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on | such sit - coms and dramas as ' ' [[ the cosby show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the west wing ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the | |||||||||
| 101 | mayhem , and more ]] ' ' . in addition to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it | includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which | was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' | |||||||||
| 247307048 | 247496217 | 2008-10-25 00:24:50 | 0 days 21:44:01 | 0|203.10.76.15 | 0 | s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be | not defended | defendeded | except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the | |||
| 247496217 | 247524156 | 2008-10-25 03:32:38 | 0 days 03:07:48 | 911178 | 0 | s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be | defendeded | defended | except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the | |||
| 249088521 | 249352359 | 2008-11-03 06:37:04 | 1 days 06:49:34 | 911178 | 2 | baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors | . | ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ | ||||
| 249352359 | 249738980 | 2008-11-04 22:26:36 | 1 days 15:49:32 | 162210 | 1 | baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors | . | ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ | ||||
| 253836110 | 254112696 | 2008-11-25 23:06:08 | 1 days 04:13:05 | 609725 | 0 | checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving | ' | sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity | ||||
| 1 | sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign | ' | at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in | |||||||||
| 256070488 | 256154730 | 2008-12-06 01:40:12 | 0 days 08:28:17 | 0|68.164.228.214 | 14 | in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as | ' ' | the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with | ||||
| 15 | torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip | " | ' ' | . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most | ||||||||
| 20 | barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover | and was mined | ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the | |||||||||
| 31 | between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the | " | death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; | |||||||||
| 32 | , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; | it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , | most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence | |||||||||
| 33 | with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered | a | clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire | |||||||||
| 257166116 | 257218118 | 2008-12-11 05:22:26 | 0 days 05:15:19 | 0|216.59.249.65 | 0 | , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be killed | with weapons | while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 | ||||
| 257218118 | 257231643 | 2008-12-11 07:07:54 | 0 days 01:45:28 | 911178 | 0 | , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be killed | with weapons | while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 | ||||
| 257284183 | 257291690 | 2008-12-11 16:06:25 | 0 days 00:50:25 | 0|71.130.177.243 | 3 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 136 | 15 , 000 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people | |||
| 6 | least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than | 200 | 20 , 000 | people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . | ||||||||
| 257291690 | 257299643 | 2008-12-11 16:51:58 | 0 days 00:45:33 | 352579 | 2 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 15 , 000 | 136 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into ' ' ' west berlin ' ' ' , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group | |||
| 3 | trying to cross the wall into ' ' ' west berlin ' ' ' , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than | 20 , 000 | 200 | people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . | ||||||||
| 258210621 | 258211097 | 2008-12-15 21:58:28 | 0 days 00:02:06 | 0|76.217.13.119 | 0 | fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects | fuck you franamax and ttony21 | = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west | ||||
| 258211097 | 258211118 | 2008-12-15 21:58:33 | 0 days 00:00:05 | 7696608 | 0 | fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects | fuck you franamax and ttony21 | = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west | ||||
| 263818058 | 263818294 | 2009-01-13 15:24:44 | 0 days 00:01:13 | 0|216.20.70.81 | 0 | / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill | orders | miche bahvlvjgh of5pijdf micheal jackson ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ders | which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . | |||
| 263818294 | 263818317 | 2009-01-13 15:24:50 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 4928500 | 2 | / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill | miche bahvlvjgh of5pijdf micheal jackson ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ders | orders | which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . | |||
| 264816330 | 265314372 | 2009-01-20 17:22:19 | 2 days 11:36:14 | 0|81.230.242.34 | 0 | logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode the 1980s revival of [[ mission impossible ]] . | = = quriuosa = = a swedish woman from [[ sundsvall ]] called [[ wall winter ]] is married with the berlin wall . | = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | ||||
| 265314372 | 265315033 | 2009-01-20 17:26:32 | 0 days 00:04:13 | 3505251 | 0 | logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode the 1980s revival of [[ mission impossible ]] . | = = quriuosa = = a swedish woman from [[ sundsvall ]] called [[ wall winter ]] is married with the berlin wall . | = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | ||||
| 265328211 | 265375952 | 2009-01-20 23:03:51 | 0 days 04:21:53 | 0|65.31.228.149 | 8 | the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and | watchtowers | s | were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = | |||
| 9 | installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few | watchtowers | s | also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of | ||||||||
| 14 | ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - | sexual | , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http | |||||||||
| 265375952 | 265376259 | 2009-01-20 23:05:34 | 0 days 00:01:43 | 4928500 | 9 | the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and | s | watchtowers | were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = | |||
| 10 | installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few | s | watchtowers | also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of | ||||||||
| 13 | ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - | sexual | , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http | |||||||||
| 265376259 | 265376312 | 2009-01-20 23:05:48 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 0|65.31.228.149 | 5 | the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and | watchtowers | s | were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = | |||
| 6 | installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few | watchtowers | s | also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of | ||||||||
| 11 | ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - | sexual | , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http | |||||||||
| 265376312 | 265376378 | 2009-01-20 23:06:12 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 118722 | 6 | the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and | s | watchtowers | were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = | |||
| 7 | installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few | s | watchtowers | also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of | ||||||||
| 10 | ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - | sexual | , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http | |||||||||
| 266386611 | 266392994 | 2009-01-25 21:46:14 | 0 days 00:33:28 | 240413 | 0 | ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice | thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > | ; it offered no cover and was mined ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved | ||||
| 3 | as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice ; it offered no cover | and was mined | ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( | |||||||||
| 266837987 | 266945844 | 2009-01-28 11:26:08 | 0 days 13:04:36 | 0|87.38.134.95 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 136 | 1 million | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people | |||
| 266945844 | 266949918 | 2009-01-28 11:58:46 | 0 days 00:32:38 | 137113 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 1 million | 136 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people | |||
| 267775871 | 267776359 | 2009-02-01 05:51:18 | 0 days 00:04:09 | 214542 | 3 | ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) | varied | from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit | ||||
| 267776477 | 267777243 | 2009-02-01 05:59:00 | 0 days 00:06:41 | 214542 | 6 | in 1989 ]] --> protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " | ' ' | wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying | ||||
| 8 | of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " | ' ' | wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " | |||||||||
| 9 | to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier | ' ' | " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 | |||||||||
| 16 | through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 | december 1989 | . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange | |||||||||
| 267777243 | 267777804 | 2009-02-01 06:03:25 | 0 days 00:04:25 | 214542 | 4 | with david letterman ]] logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode of the 1980s revival of | ' ' | [[ mission impossible ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' | ||||
| 267777804 | 268040666 | 2009-02-02 14:56:26 | 1 days 08:53:01 | 0|87.38.134.241 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 136 | 1 billion | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people | |||
| 4 | least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than | 200 | 1 million | people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . | ||||||||
| 268040666 | 268042073 | 2009-02-02 15:06:12 | 0 days 00:09:46 | 3505251 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 1 billion | 136 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the fence into austria , and my tiny nipples went to france according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group | |||
| 3 | trying to cross the fence into austria , and my tiny nipples went to france according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than | 1 million | 200 | people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . | ||||||||
| 268285347 | 268287827 | 2009-02-03 17:51:45 | 0 days 00:13:25 | 65541 | 9 | protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side . | stalin agreed | , over 200 innocent people were killed this way . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | | ||||
| 12 | was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . at first getting through the berlin wall was easy . people could walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked . | but this became more and more freequent and | the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone | |||||||||
| 270229031 | 270254972 | 2009-02-12 17:21:09 | 0 days 02:25:07 | 0|166.82.103.142 | 0 | , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed | by a guava penis | trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to | ||||
| 270254972 | 270266414 | 2009-02-12 18:21:46 | 0 days 01:00:37 | 1271900 | 0 | , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed | by a guava penis | trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to | ||||
| 270337066 | 270344001 | 2009-02-13 01:09:48 | 0 days 00:40:33 | 8970988 | 1 | victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] hiiiii and i like toes ! | ] removed random spam - 13 / 02 / 2009 --> | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin | ||||
| 271489755 | 271560704 | 2009-02-18 12:43:32 | 0 days 09:53:57 | 8675471 | 0 | . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the | the | applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces | ||||
| 271630532 | 271675098 | 2009-02-18 22:22:45 | 0 days 03:10:34 | 0|72.19.46.246 | 0 | < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , | fat grils | a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " | ||||
| 271761880 | 271784749 | 2009-02-19 09:09:55 | 0 days 03:04:00 | 0|77.87.224.99 | 0 | < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , | fat grils | a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " | ||||
| 272516025 | 272521062 | 2009-02-22 16:41:16 | 0 days 00:26:26 | 96897 | 0 | made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . | = = = in popular culture = = = * the partially torn - down berlin wall was the site of a mega - concert celebrating the event , at which [[ roger waters ]] of [[ pink floyd ]] performed selections from the album , ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie ' ' [[ octopussy ]] ' ' . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip . in keeping with the tradition of adding pro - western graffiti to the wall , they used spray paint to create a copy of the [[ late night with david letterman ]] logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode of the 1980s revival of ' ' [[ mission : impossible ]] ' ' . | = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | ||||
| 272750101 | 272810390 | 2009-02-23 21:33:56 | 0 days 04:33:20 | 0|72.36.50.3 | 0 | made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . | ha ha ha | = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | ||||
| 272810390 | 272811961 | 2009-02-23 21:40:27 | 0 days 00:06:31 | 0|72.36.50.3 | 0 | made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . | ha ha ha | = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | ||||
| 273165768 | 273452020 | 2009-02-26 17:09:55 | 1 days 06:20:50 | 0|166.82.103.142 | 0 | , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed | by a guava penis | trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to | ||||
| 273460674 | 273460772 | 2009-02-26 17:55:28 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 3190204 | 0 | , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed | by a guava penis | trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to | ||||
| 274161969 | 274163024 | 2009-03-01 15:52:59 | 0 days 00:05:46 | 0|98.203.110.141 | 0 | , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = | murp | due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many | ||||
| 274163024 | 274163078 | 2009-03-01 15:53:14 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 1064243 | 0 | , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = | murp | due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many | ||||
| 274982026 | 274982274 | 2009-03-04 19:00:58 | 0 days 00:01:16 | 3505251 | 1 | [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref name = " chronik " / | chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < | > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref | ||||
| 276264216 | 276264493 | 2009-03-10 13:23:14 | 0 days 00:01:45 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 1 | least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than | 200 | 3 , 000 | people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - | |||
| 276264493 | 276264581 | 2009-03-10 13:23:50 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 1298255 | 1 | least 69 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than | 3 , 000 | 200 | people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - | |||
| 276264581 | 276264742 | 2009-03-10 13:24:52 | 0 days 00:01:02 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 0 | magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , | at least 98 people were | mitch | confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed | |||
| 276264742 | 276264784 | 2009-03-10 13:25:09 | 0 days 00:00:17 | 1298255 | 0 | magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , | mitch | at least 98 people were | confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed | |||
| 276379329 | 276395905 | 2009-03-10 23:41:05 | 0 days 01:19:49 | 0|68.81.17.165 | 1 | , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed | , by a horny midget , | trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to | ||||
| 276395905 | 276396271 | 2009-03-10 23:42:42 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 2372780 | 2 | , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed | , by a horny midget , | trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying masterbate | ||||
| 276396271 | 276396847 | 2009-03-10 23:45:15 | 0 days 00:02:33 | 641168 | 1 | , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed | , by a horny midget , | trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to | ||||
| 276396847 | 276397185 | 2009-03-10 23:46:44 | 0 days 00:01:29 | 641168 | 2 | , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed | , by a horny midget , | trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying masterbate | ||||
| 276398128 | 276398569 | 2009-03-10 23:53:18 | 0 days 00:02:17 | 0|68.81.17.165 | 2 | geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for | those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . | nerds | = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | |||
| 3 | between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction | began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin | - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected | |||||||||
| 276398569 | 276398619 | 2009-03-10 23:53:29 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 850418 | 0 | between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction | began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin | - you know what , fuck this . wikipedia is for nerds = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' | ||||
| 3 | the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction - you know what , fuck this . wikipedia is for | nerds | those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . | = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | ||||||||
| 276584955 | 276585049 | 2009-03-11 20:18:26 | 0 days 00:00:32 | 0|68.81.17.165 | 0 | , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed | , by a horny [[ midget ]] , | trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to | ||||
| 276585049 | 276585113 | 2009-03-11 20:18:44 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 1298255 | 1 | , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed | , by a horny [[ midget ]] , | trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to | ||||
| 276585113 | 276587380 | 2009-03-11 20:28:41 | 0 days 00:09:57 | 0|68.81.17.165 | 0 | 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed | killed | homosexual | trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to | |||
| 276587380 | 276587411 | 2009-03-11 20:28:50 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 1398 | 0 | 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed | homosexual | killed | trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to | |||
| 277225474 | 277225706 | 2009-03-14 18:15:07 | 0 days 00:01:20 | 6984319 | 0 | immigrants emigrated from soviet - occupied eastern european countries to the west in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " | > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref | > taking advantage of this route , the number of eastern europeans applying for political asylum in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 | ||||
| 277909503 | 277910067 | 2009-03-17 17:50:00 | 0 days 00:02:39 | 6984319 | 0 | 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors | ; | , though | such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url | |||
| 281894492 | 281894614 | 2009-04-05 13:53:19 | 0 days 00:00:58 | 7164899 | 0 | checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . you suck balls i hope u m = | otherfucker die i love puppysand jill | = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] | = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} an seminal moment in the years preceding the | |||
| 283243810 | 283473619 | 2009-04-13 01:32:12 | 1 days 04:25:52 | 9442341 | 0 | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " | ( bed of nails ) | under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . | ||||
| 289234167 | 289234263 | 2009-05-11 11:22:42 | 0 days 00:01:02 | 0|189.13.118.213 | 0 | - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbacheves , tear down this | wall ! | walleroul ? | " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the | |||
| 1 | the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome | to the jungle | change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is | |||||||||
| 289234263 | 289234383 | 2009-05-11 11:23:50 | 0 days 00:01:08 | 0|189.13.118.213 | 0 | the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general | de dimizione | secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , | ||||
| 289234383 | 289234676 | 2009-05-11 11:27:00 | 0 days 00:03:10 | 1099776 | 1 | - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbacheves , tear down this | walleroul ? | wall ! | " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the | |||
| 3 | the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome | to the jungle | change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is | |||||||||
| 4 | the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general | de dimizione | secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperitydade for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , | |||||||||
| 289417269 | 289461792 | 2009-05-12 13:40:30 | 0 days 06:11:04 | 433328 | 2 | > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural | - - | — | especially between where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 | |||
| 289778757 | 289779282 | 2009-05-14 00:07:11 | 0 days 00:02:48 | 1233313 | 3 | the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money | " | ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in | ||||
| 4 | west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( | " | duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt | |||||||||
| 5 | and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty | " | ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee | |||||||||
| 291932970 | 292030037 | 2009-05-24 15:55:18 | 0 days 12:57:48 | 8574593 | 0 | fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : | سور | جدار | برلين ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská | |||
| 300500909 | 300613467 | 2009-07-06 15:44:37 | 0 days 15:30:14 | 433328 | 1 | population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals | - - | — | engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated | |||
| 300962838 | 301331614 | 2009-07-10 07:40:26 | 1 days 21:40:09 | 10069548 | 0 | restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially | between | where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < | ||||
| 303769446 | 303808186 | 2009-07-23 20:46:49 | 0 days 03:35:51 | 7382148 | 0 | ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . little known protester | , | carolyn schneider , would often rally for the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 < ref name = " unknown 2009 " | ||||
| 305113464 | 305129017 | 2009-07-30 19:09:17 | 0 days 01:31:41 | 0|130.218.10.1 | 0 | made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . | = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . | = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | ||||
| 306465427 | 306538732 | 2009-08-07 04:34:49 | 0 days 08:18:22 | 6984319 | 16 | breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / | < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . . chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < | > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve | ||||
| 306540519 | 306559902 | 2009-08-07 07:54:37 | 0 days 03:03:33 | 6984319 | 0 | when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " . < ref name = " bbcsept2007 " | / | > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve | ||||
| 306953410 | 306954476 | 2009-08-09 10:28:44 | 0 days 00:09:41 | 72905 | 1 | 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide death strip | " ) | containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to | ||||
| 307001452 | 307307874 | 2009-08-11 05:33:48 | 1 days 12:24:25 | 164429 | 0 | , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying | : | {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of | ||||
| 1 | 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ | cquote | quote | | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace | ||||||||
| 311806027 | 311847139 | 2009-09-04 15:25:25 | 0 days 05:53:57 | 5812172 | 0 | the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . | = = = communism = = = {{ quotation | " to berliners , the wall seems to be something that forcibly tore their people in two . to americans , it seems more to symbolize the failure of [[ communism ]] . in regard to communism , berliners choose to think about the fall of the wall in a different way . statues of proletariat workers still stand across from a red city hall . the famous german - communist author [[ bertolt brecht ]] has a statue next to a theater where his plays are still performed . and an entire little park surrounds larger - than - life statues of [[ karl marx ]] and [[ friedrich engels ]] , the german writers of ' ' [[ the communist manifesto ]] . ' ' in addition to the statues , many streets are named after german communists like käthe niederkircher , [[ karl liebknecht ]] and [[ rosa luxemburg ]] . after the reunification of germany in 1990 , the people of berlin eventually chose not to erase the marks of communism . it seems that berlin , in some small way , recognizes that it was the u . s . s . r . that fell and not necessarily the ideals of communism . " | ' ' [[ indiana daily student | the indiana daily student ]] ' ' , august 2009 < ref > [ http : / / www . idsnews . com / news / story . aspx ? id = 69584 fall of the wall : 20 years later ] by the ' ' [[ indiana daily student ]] ' ' , august 30 2009 < / ref > }} | = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | ||||
| 311847139 | 311905684 | 2009-09-04 21:40:18 | 0 days 06:14:53 | 6984319 | 0 | the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . | = = = communism = = = {{ quotation | " to berliners , the wall seems to be something that forcibly tore their people in two . to americans , it seems more to symbolize the failure of [[ communism ]] . in regard to communism , berliners choose to think about the fall of the wall in a different way . statues of proletariat workers still stand across from a red city hall . the famous german - communist author [[ bertolt brecht ]] has a statue next to a theater where his plays are still performed . and an entire little park surrounds larger - than - life statues of [[ karl marx ]] and [[ friedrich engels ]] , the german writers of ' ' [[ the communist manifesto ]] . ' ' in addition to the statues , many streets are named after german communists like käthe niederkircher , [[ karl liebknecht ]] and [[ rosa luxemburg ]] . after the reunification of germany in 1990 , the people of berlin eventually chose not to erase the marks of communism . it seems that berlin , in some small way , recognizes that it was the u . s . s . r . that fell and not necessarily the ideals of communism . " | ' ' [[ indiana daily student | the indiana daily student ]] ' ' , august 2009 < ref > [ http : / / www . idsnews . com / news / story . aspx ? id = 69584 fall of the wall : 20 years later ] by the ' ' [[ indiana daily student ]] ' ' , august 30 2009 < / ref > }} | = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | ||||
| 312585957 | 312586456 | 2009-09-08 13:39:06 | 0 days 00:03:32 | 0|194.202.122.223 | 3 | regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . in the 1980s visiting westerners had to | purchase a day visa for 5 dm and also | exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of 1 : 1 . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east | ||||
| 312588680 | 312604952 | 2009-09-08 15:42:25 | 0 days 01:44:54 | 6971250 | 1 | at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . it was was forbidden to export east german currency out of the east | , | but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa which cost dm 5 | ||||
| 2 | out of the east but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa | , | which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany | |||||||||
| 313129853 | 313154666 | 2009-09-11 08:28:09 | 0 days 04:25:20 | 6971250 | 1 | solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded | and later bricked | up ( the authorities would later brick up windows ) . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by | ||||
| 314293303 | 314293733 | 2009-09-16 07:10:31 | 0 days 00:03:53 | 0|213.160.63.117 | 0 | occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods | yo mama | infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain | ||||
| 315256133 | 315256267 | 2009-09-21 08:20:13 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 204692 | 0 | fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds | of nails | ]] " ( bed of nails ) under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > | ||||
| 2 | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " | ( bed of nails ) | under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . | |||||||||
| 315256267 | 315256675 | 2009-09-21 08:25:09 | 0 days 00:04:56 | 204692 | 0 | to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " . | < ref name = " bbcsept2007 " / > | early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these | ||||
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 148 | | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word | ' ' freude ' ' ( | " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir | ||||
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 7 | to joy ]] " ) . this had the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' ' ( " freedom " | ' ' ( freiheit | ) in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union | ||||
| 8 | joy ]] " ) . this had the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' ' ( " freedom " ) | ' ' | in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , | |||||||||
| 11 | 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > , whether [[ | november 9 | werner schulz | ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday . because , that date is also known as the ' ' [[ schicksalstag ]] ' ' ( fateful day ) , | ||||||||
| 164 | . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , ' ' an die freude ' ' ( " [[ ode to joy ]] " ) . this had the word | ' ' freude ' ' ( | " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' ' ( " freedom " ) in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and | |||||||||
| 317824549 | 317979368 | 2009-10-05 04:18:29 | 0 days 16:16:48 | 1938651 | 9 | 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also | equipped with | [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced | ||||
| 10 | " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] | s ) | , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the | |||||||||
| 318872025 | 319488273 | 2009-10-12 20:24:27 | 3 days 06:02:12 | 3058538 | 4 | / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = | | video ]] ) | ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss | ||||
| 23 | 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] | of | mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] * | |||||||||
| 24 | cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized | after the fall of berlin wall | by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der | |||||||||
| 320144857 | 320837584 | 2009-10-19 18:04:45 | 3 days 14:53:58 | 0|208.127.78.52 | 1 | of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely | " | than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo | ||||
| 322000370 | 322274629 | 2009-10-27 03:17:35 | 1 days 06:39:48 | 82982 | 22 | put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | | | ]] ( | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were | |||
| 322274629 | 322275480 | 2009-10-27 03:24:07 | 0 days 00:06:32 | 82982 | 2 | information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards | . | — | however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he | |||
| 323760074 | 323771791 | 2009-11-03 21:37:36 | 0 days 01:01:38 | 6340927 | 1 | take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a member of the east german politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had | not | been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 | ||||
| 324244003 | 324251250 | 2009-11-06 10:06:43 | 0 days 01:14:30 | 5184939 | 0 | mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " | [[ | looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate | ||||
| 1 | [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom | ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] | " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > | |||||||||
| 324280095 | 324283750 | 2009-11-06 14:58:34 | 0 days 00:28:00 | 6971250 | 3 | stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there | is | still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' | ||||
| 324471571 | 324471890 | 2009-11-07 15:34:27 | 0 days 00:02:26 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 0 | rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; | and | most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 | ||||
| 324688472 | 324701296 | 2009-11-08 20:07:37 | 0 days 01:14:31 | 0|130.83.216.229 | 0 | = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well | - | educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ | ||||
| 324701296 | 324721869 | 2009-11-08 22:06:03 | 0 days 01:58:26 | 0|93.73.52.68 | 1 | as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when | the italian journalist riccardo ehrman , the berlin correspondant of ansa newsagency , | asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i | ||||
| 2 | — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , | he | schabowski | assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further | ||||||||
| 324804014 | 324808994 | 2009-11-09 08:55:14 | 0 days 00:57:05 | 6971250 | 0 | for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years | , | there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll | ||||
| 324818231 | 324820066 | 2009-11-09 10:53:55 | 0 days 00:21:40 | 489436 | 0 | = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} after the fall of the berlin wall , [[ french president ]] [[ françois mitterrand ]] warned thatcher | like | that a unified germany could make more ground than [[ adolf hitler ]] ever had and that europe would have to bear the consequences . < ref name = " times2009 | ||||
| 324882783 | 324886184 | 2009-11-09 18:57:19 | 0 days 00:18:11 | 9453209 | 0 | [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] | [[ lmo : mür de berlin ]] | [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] | ||||
| 324892029 | 324899185 | 2009-11-09 20:08:59 | 0 days 00:38:36 | 10909561 | 0 | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with | half | a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had | ||||
| 324915778 | 324917954 | 2009-11-09 21:48:30 | 0 days 00:12:09 | 0|70.228.101.60 | 0 | the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . | all the information you just read is incorrect . germany is a magical island in far away ville and shall not be disturbed . the end . | = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co | ||||
| 324917954 | 324918158 | 2009-11-09 21:49:34 | 0 days 00:01:04 | 7276879 | 0 | the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . | all the information you just read is incorrect . germany is a magical island in far away ville and shall not be disturbed . the end . | = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co | ||||
| 324932966 | 324937840 | 2009-11-09 23:32:03 | 0 days 00:24:17 | 16710 | 22 | ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ | loophole | | loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left | ||||
| 324940062 | 324941032 | 2009-11-09 23:48:24 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 16710 | 1 | had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . | protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | | |||||
| 325190185 | 325190637 | 2009-11-11 05:07:12 | 0 days 00:04:20 | 10857892 | 2 | date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' | t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in | the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still | ||||
| 5 | thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany | was built into a brick | , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . the ' ' ' | |||||||||
| 325190637 | 325218548 | 2009-11-11 09:49:27 | 0 days 04:42:15 | 13531 | 0 | disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors | ( which were | , | later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image | |||
| 325221468 | 325272110 | 2009-11-11 17:16:32 | 0 days 06:52:30 | 872367 | 0 | ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice | and | thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it | ||||
| 325433759 | 325433837 | 2009-11-12 13:42:21 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 295080 | 1 | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | ' ' ' | | - i w / h jujujuj ' ' ' | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of | ||||
| 325552663 | 325566075 | 2009-11-13 04:27:44 | 0 days 02:02:39 | 0|150.101.251.68 | 3 | ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an | elaborate | elaboratesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie | political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / | |||
| 325566396 | 325566439 | 2009-11-13 04:31:24 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 8214624 | 6 | ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an | elaboratesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie | elaborate | political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / | |||
| 330331803 | 330332083 | 2009-12-07 22:51:06 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 17447 | 1 | view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . and , i love you . | ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f | . i hope you know that . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | ||||
| 2 | a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . and , i love you . i hope you know that . | kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 | . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! : | |||||||||
| 4 | divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . | and , i love you | . i hope you know that . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | |||||||||
| 5 | view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . and , i love you . | i hope you know that | . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! : | |||||||||
| 330332083 | 330703212 | 2009-12-09 18:31:44 | 1 days 19:40:38 | 21047 | 0 | german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line | , | but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any | ||||
| 330703212 | 330704150 | 2009-12-09 18:37:18 | 0 days 00:05:34 | 21047 | 3 | ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been | repeatedly | a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 | ||||
| 336829512 | 336831441 | 2010-01-09 17:49:45 | 0 days 00:11:53 | 10141256 | 0 | " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border | & ndash ; | – | and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . " < ref name = " | |||
| 337289302 | 337289445 | 2010-01-12 00:31:22 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 0|24.115.149.159 | 0 | along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of | nails | fakir beds ]] " and | nailsand | other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came | |||
| 343535162 | 343773536 | 2010-02-13 17:47:19 | 1 days 04:57:14 | 5326371 | 14 | occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods | and | infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain | ||||
| 15 | revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two | , | and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | |||||||||
| 16 | / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties | , while | pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < | |||||||||
| 20 | ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change | and | . | communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 | ||||||||
| 343773536 | 343773805 | 2010-02-13 17:48:41 | 0 days 00:01:22 | 5326371 | 0 | > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] | with | , given | the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | | |||
| 343773805 | 343774672 | 2010-02-13 17:52:53 | 0 days 00:04:12 | 5326371 | 3 | 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and | even | [[ | subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} | |||
| 7 | ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than | the rest of the border | because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left | |||||||||
| 343774672 | 343774990 | 2010-02-13 17:54:17 | 0 days 00:01:24 | 5326371 | 0 | = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the | " [[ | brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet | ||||
| 1 | = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain | ]] " | feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | | |||||||||
| 2 | population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals | — | : | engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated | ||||||||
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 35 | disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors | , | . such fatalities were | later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : | |||
| 47 | cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = | because of | the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were | |||||||||
| 56 | > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism | even in east germany | , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west | |||||||||
| 60 | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist | who was | known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b | |||||||||
| 343779602 | 343780168 | 2010-02-13 18:20:19 | 0 days 00:02:39 | 5326371 | 1 | [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised | by | how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of | ||||
| 5 | u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move | of this kind | . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been | |||||||||
| 343780168 | 343781933 | 2010-02-13 18:30:31 | 0 days 00:10:12 | 5326371 | 8 | 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as | " | shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to | ||||
| 9 | killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill | " | orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall | |||||||||
| 10 | . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders | which | . | gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals | ||||||||
| 11 | [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing | the latter | . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot | |||||||||
| 12 | not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers | , guards were instructed | that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached | |||||||||
| 19 | to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims with graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts included long tunnels | under the wall | , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply | |||||||||
| 24 | government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied | ever | issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be | |||||||||
| 27 | north sports final edition ] associated press . chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape | involving east german security forces | was carried out by wolfgang engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] on april 1963 . engels stole a soviet [[ armored | |||||||||
| 29 | drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they | simply | lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system preceded the wall , and some people escaped through | |||||||||
| 343784334 | 343784856 | 2010-02-13 18:48:35 | 0 days 00:03:09 | 5326371 | 3 | | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called | " | ' ' | mauerreise " – journey of the wall took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks were sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , | |||
| 343784856 | 343787074 | 2010-02-13 18:58:31 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 5326371 | 12 | wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various institutions around the world since its fall . they can be found | , | for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings | ||||
| 15 | wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various institutions around the world | since its fall | . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = | |||||||||
| 343787620 | 343988676 | 2010-02-14 09:28:37 | 0 days 14:27:40 | 1285828 | 0 | side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment | was later used | to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , | ||||
| 344187198 | 344485310 | 2010-02-16 21:49:11 | 1 days 10:53:53 | 3171782 | 0 | : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] | [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] | [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||||
| 345793921 | 346182156 | 2010-02-24 22:58:36 | 1 days 20:34:57 | 0|202.134.38.186 | 0 | rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , | lick my balls | which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ | ||||
| 346183678 | 346183823 | 2010-02-24 23:08:22 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 262550 | 2 | rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , | lick my balls | which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ | ||||
| 346183823 | 346309252 | 2010-02-25 15:48:21 | 0 days 16:39:59 | 150129 | 3 | wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process | and creating several unofficial border crossings . | these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to | ||||
| 347222818 | 347223391 | 2010-03-02 02:53:09 | 0 days 00:03:46 | 6123337 | 2 | one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of | escape | defection | , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to | |||
| 4 | . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not | be rescued | intervene | for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this | ||||||||
| 348820527 | 348820895 | 2010-03-09 21:25:03 | 0 days 00:01:36 | 0|64.191.137.200 | 0 | }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . because hitler had one ball he decided to suck someone | elses | else | . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods | |||
| 350487874 | 351044536 | 2010-03-20 21:03:00 | 2 days 22:37:37 | 0|208.90.177.132 | 0 | demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors | about teh problem | , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so | ||||
| 351127386 | 351160581 | 2010-03-21 13:59:07 | 0 days 05:57:50 | 11968245 | 0 | that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about | teh | the | problem , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , | |||
| 351202892 | 351385193 | 2010-03-22 16:39:56 | 0 days 21:58:42 | 0|86.44.110.46 | 0 | berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained | pooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo is brown | anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the | ||||
| 351385193 | 351387034 | 2010-03-22 16:50:55 | 0 days 00:10:59 | 0|90.146.54.214 | 0 | berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained | pooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo is brown | anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the | ||||
| 352581884 | 352705465 | 2010-03-29 09:44:23 | 0 days 14:50:45 | 0|217.65.158.124 | 0 | of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border | checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | che | | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < | |||
| 352705465 | 352705693 | 2010-03-29 09:46:32 | 0 days 00:02:09 | 9674144 | 0 | of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border | che | checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < | |||
| 354354516 | 354437238 | 2010-04-07 01:06:58 | 0 days 07:45:34 | 0|68.103.8.140 | 0 | important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers etc . ) | * samuel l . jackson after stating that he was tired of these motherf * * king snakes on this motherf * * king wall | however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could exchange only a | ||||
| 354437238 | 354463006 | 2010-04-07 04:04:28 | 0 days 02:57:30 | 23292 | 0 | important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers etc . ) | * samuel l . jackson after stating that he was tired of these motherf * * king snakes on this motherf * * king wall | however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could exchange only a | ||||
| 359268892 | 359269372 | 2010-04-30 15:30:08 | 0 days 00:02:53 | 0|169.204.164.80 | 0 | dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage | of condoms | = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , | ||||
| 359269372 | 359269429 | 2010-04-30 15:30:27 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 1004750 | 0 | dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage | of condoms | = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , | ||||
| 362093204 | 362093344 | 2010-05-14 13:55:43 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 0|208.108.154.247 | 0 | ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . | ' ' ' | mariah justice is awesome and dont use wikipedia : p because its unreliable . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall | ||||
| 363268461 | 363268864 | 2010-05-20 21:02:57 | 0 days 00:02:00 | 5026668 | 3 | the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' kept the jews out of germany because hitler loved them . | the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . | the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the | ||||
| 364481851 | 364487169 | 2010-05-27 14:38:59 | 0 days 00:39:30 | 6971250 | 0 | east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar | , | very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west | ||||
| 365309225 | 365326929 | 2010-06-01 00:18:26 | 0 days 01:44:39 | 0|96.243.58.175 | 0 | building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " | death | zombie | strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner | |||
| 365326929 | 365327115 | 2010-06-01 00:19:28 | 0 days 00:01:02 | 7167267 | 0 | building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " | zombie | death | strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner | |||
| 366512975 | 366521234 | 2010-06-07 08:27:18 | 0 days 01:15:10 | 6971250 | 5 | about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a | former american officer leading an attempt to build a | tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel | ||||
| 366962573 | 367011049 | 2010-06-09 16:36:07 | 0 days 06:20:21 | 12536139 | 0 | " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow [[ twitter ]] users | to | post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . masses of chinese users have used it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . berlin twitter wall was quickly blocked by | ||||
| 367011049 | 367156561 | 2010-06-10 07:15:07 | 0 days 14:39:00 | 962462 | 4 | . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " | | map _ type = germany | map _ alt = | map _ caption = | altitude = | building _ type = | architectural _ style = | structural _ system = | cost = | ren _ cost = | client = | owner = | current _ tenants = | landlord = | location = | address = | location _ town = | location _ country = | iso _ region = | coordinates _ display = | latitude = | longitude = | latd = | latm = | lats = | latns = | longd = | longm = | longs = | longew = | coordinates = | start _ date = | completion _ date = | inauguration _ date = | renovation _ date = | demolition _ date = | destruction _ date = | height = | diameter = | antenna _ spire = | roof = | top _ floor = | other _ dimensions = | floor _ count = | floor _ area = | seating _ type = | seating _ capacity = | elevator _ count = | main _ contractor = | architect = | architecture _ firm = | structural _ engineer = | services _ engineer = | civil _ engineer = | other _ designers = | quantity _ surveyor = | awards = | ren _ architect = | ren _ firm = | ren _ str _ engineer = | ren _ serv _ engineer = | ren _ civ _ engineer = | ren _ oth _ designers = | ren _ qty _ surveyor = | ren _ awards = | url = | references = }} | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file | ||||
| 367156561 | 367161807 | 2010-06-10 08:07:06 | 0 days 00:51:59 | 6971250 | 3 | jpg | image _ alt = | caption = view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " | right | 300px | | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " | map _ type = germany | map _ | ||||
| 9 | jpg | image _ alt = | caption = view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " | | map _ type = germany | map _ alt = | map _ caption = | altitude = | building _ type = | architectural _ style = | structural _ system = | cost = | ren _ cost = | client = | owner = | current _ tenants = | landlord = | location = | address = | location _ town = | location _ country = | iso _ region = | coordinates _ display = | latitude = | longitude = | latd = | latm = | lats = | latns = | longd = | longm = | longs = | longew = | coordinates = | start _ date = | completion _ date = | inauguration _ date = | renovation _ date = | demolition _ date = | destruction _ date = | height = | diameter = | antenna _ spire = | roof = | top _ floor = | other _ dimensions = | floor _ count = | floor _ area = | seating _ type = | seating _ capacity = | elevator _ count = | main _ contractor = | architect = | architecture _ firm = | structural _ engineer = | services _ engineer = | civil _ engineer = | other _ designers = | quantity _ surveyor = | awards = | ren _ architect = | ren _ firm = | ren _ str _ engineer = | ren _ serv _ engineer = | ren _ civ _ engineer = | ren _ oth _ designers = | ren _ qty _ surveyor = | ren _ awards = | url = | references = }} | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ wrapper }} | | |||||||||
| 368159388 | 368177016 | 2010-06-15 13:56:04 | 0 days 02:01:59 | 89179 | 5 | promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the | " | will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( | ||||
| 371284385 | 372272401 | 2010-07-07 20:26:30 | 5 days 21:15:27 | 0|94.192.153.61 | 0 | people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and | wind screen | windscreen | to come away when it made contact with the beam . they lay flat and kept driving forward . the east germans then built zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . | |||
| 388820175 | 388862767 | 2010-10-05 09:40:58 | 0 days 06:46:43 | 6971250 | 1 | and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the what later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the death strip ' s land was covered with raked | sand or | gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered | ||||
| 2 | the what later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the death strip ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice | easing the detection of trespasser | and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , | |||||||||
| 388862767 | 388863805 | 2010-10-05 09:51:55 | 0 days 00:10:57 | 6971250 | 0 | establishing the what later became known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . the death strip was covered with raked sand or gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice | , | easing the detection of trespasser and also enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover | ||||
| 388863805 | 389131965 | 2010-10-06 16:59:38 | 1 days 07:07:43 | 1902795 | 2 | check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist known to have a firm attitude towards the | soviets | military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the berlin airlift | , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | | |||
| 390478077 | 391228576 | 2010-10-17 12:46:44 | 4 days 01:24:36 | 9021902 | 4 | 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp | cinderella stamps ]] | s | designed by t . h . e . hill , the author of [[ voices under berlin : the tale of a monterey mary ( novel ) | voices under berlin | ||||
| 8 | musem | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp | | cinderella stamps | ]] designed by t . h . e . hill , the author of [[ voices under berlin : the tale of a monterey mary ( novel ) | voices under | |||||||||
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 20 | , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . | early on | they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( | ||||
| 44 | curiously peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then | , | they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least | |||||||||
| 71 | , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles | , | and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors , and the 43 & nbsp ; | |||||||||
| 110 | = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ cquote | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders | , | and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security . < ref name = " hindu2009 . | |||||||||
| 392860812 | 392939112 | 2010-10-26 05:40:52 | 0 days 08:35:25 | 10089744 | 1 | ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] | }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = | * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special | ||||
| 398109369 | 398158046 | 2010-11-22 00:55:11 | 0 days 04:54:57 | 0|99.140.234.222 | 0 | / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = | what is up , please be cool | for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] | ||||
| 398158046 | 398158094 | 2010-11-22 00:55:22 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 13286072 | 0 | / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = | what is up , please be cool | for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] | ||||
| 398276932 | 398276983 | 2010-11-22 17:17:34 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 6149938 | 2 | a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished | to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . | name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where | ||||
| 398858085 | 399051464 | 2010-11-27 00:47:52 | 1 days 03:59:26 | 16710 | 25 | 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ | http : / / www . | berlin1969 . com " berlin 1969 " includes links to other sources . ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall | ||||
| 399051464 | 399052561 | 2010-11-27 00:55:57 | 0 days 00:08:05 | 16710 | 0 | < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa | ( series ) | ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , | ||||
| 400862028 | 400927319 | 2010-12-06 21:33:28 | 0 days 06:30:45 | 0|99.145.15.171 | 0 | . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to | have nice tits and | be young and well - educated , leading to the " [[ brain drain ]] " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / | ||||
| 1 | < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be | young and | well - educated , leading to the " [[ brain drain ]] " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri | |||||||||
| 400927319 | 400927362 | 2010-12-06 21:33:38 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 12666844 | 0 | " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to have nice tits and be | young and | well - educated , leading to the " [[ brain drain ]] " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri | ||||
| 1 | . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to | have nice tits and | be well - educated , leading to the " [[ brain drain ]] " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ | |||||||||
| 401092919 | 401119605 | 2010-12-07 20:50:11 | 0 days 02:30:09 | 0|216.125.121.3 | 0 | ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle | trenches | pornstars and big juicy fucking man cock | , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to | |||
| 401119605 | 401119682 | 2010-12-07 20:50:36 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 118722 | 0 | ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle | pornstars and big juicy fucking man cock | trenches | , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to | |||
| 401710678 | 401992519 | 2010-12-12 18:35:46 | 1 days 16:40:11 | 0|64.148.16.233 | 1 | < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem , but it became clear that | there was | no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered | ||||
| 402925112 | 403281588 | 2010-12-20 02:39:01 | 2 days 04:29:08 | 0|76.202.218.83 | 0 | = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " | [[ | brain drain ]] " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of | ||||
| 1 | drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " [[ brain drain | ]] | " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | |||||||||
| 404839126 | 404839294 | 2010-12-29 17:09:46 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 0|24.73.214.82 | 1 | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within 777 years , political fattys increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the | soviets ' | cock suckers | refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the | |||
| 404839294 | 404839330 | 2010-12-29 17:09:55 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 13286072 | 3 | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within 777 years , political fattys increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the | cock suckers | soviets ' | refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the | |||
| 409807529 | 409894092 | 2011-01-25 02:57:27 | 0 days 07:58:13 | 0|99.254.100.33 | 8 | {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying | super [[ file : [[ file : example . jpg ]] [[ file : example . jpg ]] ]] | powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , | ||||
| 409894092 | 409905421 | 2011-01-25 04:13:27 | 0 days 01:16:00 | 5204750 | 9 | harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two thousand years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying | super [[ file : [[ file : example . jpg ]] [[ file : example . jpg ]] ]] | powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , | ||||
| 422046414 | 422046953 | 2011-04-02 22:19:39 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 1426328 | 0 | 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = | " [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] " | speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , 26 june 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high | ||||
| 423927349 | 424543101 | 2011-04-17 16:23:25 | 3 days 18:48:46 | 12030910 | 0 | elderly pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1965 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( | e . g . | for example , | artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even | |||
| 427362267 | 427751982 | 2011-05-06 14:28:02 | 2 days 08:10:14 | 13543148 | 0 | replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " | {{ citation _ needed | may 2011 }} | if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting | ||||
| 427753574 | 427753745 | 2011-05-06 14:39:56 | 0 days 00:01:06 | 13543148 | 0 | few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a 50 or 100 more years < ref > {{ cite web | | titel | title | = " sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen " | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / / www . dpa . | |||
| 429104564 | 429636376 | 2011-05-17 22:46:18 | 3 days 05:51:37 | 207712 | 4 | " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border | – | — | and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . " < ref name = " | |||
| 6 | rusk proclaimed , " the wall certainly ought not to be a permanent feature of the european landscape . i see no reason why the soviet union should think it is | - - | — | it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " [ http : / / www . upi . com / audio / | ||||||||
| 15 | web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom | - | – | beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | | ||||||||
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 10 | losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 | & nbsp ; | billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s | ||||
| 132 | < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow | [[ | twitter ]] users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . masses of chinese users have used it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . berlin twitter wall | |||||||||
| 133 | name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow [[ twitter | ]] | users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . masses of chinese users have used it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . berlin twitter wall was quickly | |||||||||
| 438816969 | 439163215 | 2011-07-12 22:11:43 | 1 days 23:24:49 | 42558 | 9 | at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , the berlin correspondent of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect | . after a few seconds ' hesitation | , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . | ||||
| 10 | correspondent of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied | , | " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , | |||||||||
| 11 | , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . | < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last name = sebetsyen | first name = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | date = 2009 | isbn = 0375425322 }} < / ref > | after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , | |||||||||
| 16 | guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem | . at first | , but it became clear that no one among the east german authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had | |||||||||
| 18 | its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem , but it | soon | became clear that no one among the east german authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to | |||||||||
| 439163215 | 439164131 | 2011-07-12 22:17:43 | 0 days 00:06:00 | 42558 | 3 | ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' ; this of course meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . a moderator stated : " this | ninth of november | is a historic day . " " east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " | ||||
| 439740747 | 440540857 | 2011-07-20 20:34:29 | 4 days 14:08:06 | 1469567 | 9 | time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters | - - | — | by most accounts , [[ nbc ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw ]] - - asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski | |||
| 441951679 | 443412986 | 2011-08-06 22:01:43 | 8 days 23:04:20 | 16710 | 15 | / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " chronik " | ref | name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / | ||||
| 443414712 | 443416955 | 2011-08-06 22:32:57 | 0 days 00:17:32 | 16710 | 3 | s notebook " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = | {{ ref improve section | date = july 2008 }} | {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the | ||||
| 443416955 | 443420038 | 2011-08-06 22:56:21 | 0 days 00:23:24 | 16710 | 5 | = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] | ) | to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as " shoot to kill " orders . gdr officials denied issuing the latter . in an | ||||
| 444182652 | 444482392 | 2011-08-12 18:46:58 | 1 days 16:17:34 | 2989394 | 5 | wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | upright | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors | . | ]] {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich | ||||
| 445097289 | 445112728 | 2011-08-16 07:20:53 | 0 days 02:52:17 | 6971250 | 7 | the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again | at noon | " , entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom ” | ||||
| 8 | again " , entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom | , | ” , proclaimed president wulff . . " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / | |||||||||
| 17 | " , entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom ” | , | proclaimed president wulff . . " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / | |||||||||
| 448751555 | 448907770 | 2011-09-07 08:59:45 | 0 days 18:50:14 | 6971250 | 0 | / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties | , | which in turn would be presented as internal measures . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} | ||||
| 448907770 | 449034599 | 2011-09-08 00:59:47 | 0 days 16:00:02 | 10996774 | 0 | wording of the note and replied , " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last | name | = sebetsyen | first name = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york | ||||
| 464157560 | 465859664 | 2011-12-14 18:35:10 | 9 days 14:31:54 | 165565 | 0 | ' the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 – 1989 ' ' , london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot | and killed | while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on 6 february 1989 . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin | ||||
| 478048968 | 479597706 | 2012-03-01 04:49:52 | 8 days 18:24:43 | 508734 | 5 | ]] s of the nazis in 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] criticized the first euphoria , noting that " they forgot that 9 | nov . | november | has already entered into history — 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ citation | title = new york | |||
| 489433249 | 489512208 | 2012-04-27 18:53:47 | 0 days 12:07:39 | 6730078 | 1 | wall stood < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an | {{ convert | | 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ | ||||
| 492640902 | 492808782 | 2012-05-16 03:38:47 | 0 days 23:08:55 | 4626 | 0 | he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters — by most accounts , [[ nbc ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw ]] | - - | — | asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and | |||
| 492808782 | 494695297 | 2012-05-27 23:22:34 | 11 days 19:43:47 | 452348 | 0 | allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( | ' ' | see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was | ||||
| 494695297 | 495094589 | 2012-05-30 08:17:37 | 2 days 08:55:03 | 577301 | 2 | there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek | [[ | peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and eastern europe , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev | ||||
| 3 | one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace | ]] | , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and eastern europe , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open | |||||||||
| 499177879 | 499193849 | 2012-06-24 21:54:57 | 0 days 02:14:37 | 4905985 | 1 | , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 7 september 2004 | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = jörg | | last = | aberger | work = der spiegel }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of | ||||
| 500313476 | 500326734 | 2012-07-02 13:13:53 | 0 days 02:13:47 | 172969 | 0 | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " | [[ anal probing turkey dinosaur ]] | protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - | ||||
| 500326734 | 500329827 | 2012-07-02 13:42:05 | 0 days 00:28:12 | 3308922 | 0 | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " | [[ anti - fascist ]] | protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - | ||||
| 504102528 | 505248510 | 2012-08-01 12:00:15 | 6 days 23:47:00 | 17222084 | 15 | was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years | < ref > {{ cite web | title = sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / / www . dpa . de / detailansicht - 80er - jahre . 543 + m517a9d5ff09 . 0 . html }} < / ref > | if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting | ||||
| 16 | schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied , " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . | < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last = sebetsyen | first = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | year = 2009 | isbn = 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > | after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , | |||||||||
| 507137049 | 507237640 | 2012-08-13 17:25:55 | 0 days 14:58:04 | 10377693 | 0 | in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | | list of | deaths at the berlin wall }} ' ' ' or ' ' ' {{ further | list _ of _ deaths _ at _ the _ berlin _ wall }} [[ | ||||
| 511924022 | 513488454 | 2012-09-19 05:44:48 | 7 days 07:06:04 | 36352 | 0 | the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . | {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( 26 june 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = " [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] " speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , 26 june 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech ( audio ) | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} | us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move | ||||
| 514816402 | 515867543 | 2012-10-03 22:20:21 | 6 days 06:52:08 | 609725 | 8 | to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a radical series of | radical | political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of | ||||
| 519776360 | 522222611 | 2012-11-09 19:33:25 | 15 days 04:00:08 | 1723027 | 0 | | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the | ' ' ' | " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had | ||||
| 3 | {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " | ' ' ' | — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much | |||||||||
| 522222611 | 522225975 | 2012-11-09 19:57:24 | 0 days 00:23:59 | 10289486 | 0 | | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the | ' ' ' | " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west | ||||
| 3 | | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the ' ' ' " [[ wall of shame ]] " | ' ' ' | — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much | |||||||||
| 529700077 | 529724987 | 2012-12-25 15:36:49 | 0 days 06:28:33 | 10434788 | 8 | / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html freedom without walls speaking contest | ] | ]] < ref > http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 09 _ _ press _ _ infocus _ _ interviews / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html < / ref > | robert cannon received a free trip to berlin for 2010 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | |||
| 20 | ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist [[ stephan elsner | | elsner ]] | }} ' ' | created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " border injuries " . on one of his actions he even | ||||||||
| 552345669 | 553106649 | 2013-05-01 21:49:43 | 4 days 22:25:37 | 7136651 | 0 | the next day . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however | , | he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise | ||||
| 553106649 | 553801374 | 2013-05-06 16:29:15 | 4 days 18:39:32 | 3106684 | 2 | he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters — by most accounts , [[ nbc ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw ]] | — | , < ref > {{ cite news | title = berlin wall : was the fall engineered by the gdr ? | author = stephanie kirchner | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / world / article / 0 , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html | newspaper = [[ time ( magazine ) | time ]] | date = 2009 - 04 - 19 | accessdate = 2013 - 05 - 06 }} < / ref > | asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and | |||
| 560697108 | 560698146 | 2013-06-20 03:01:20 | 0 days 00:12:27 | 5681311 | 0 | believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = | {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} | kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin | ||||
| 560698146 | 560703430 | 2013-06-20 04:11:03 | 0 days 01:09:43 | 1108424 | 1 | believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = | {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} | kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin | ||||
| 560703430 | 560704004 | 2013-06-20 04:18:37 | 0 days 00:07:34 | 5681311 | 8 | believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = | {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} | kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin | ||||
| 561998312 | 563395777 | 2013-07-08 16:35:22 | 9 days 22:41:41 | 14418888 | 0 | & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . | * * the music video for [[ princess _ x _ ( musician ) | princess x ]] ' s song " free " ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = emmpthv4b3k | publisher = youtube | title = princess x - free [ music video ] }} < / ref > | * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' {{ ill | de | elsner | stephan elsner }} ' | ||||
| 564456970 | 564457234 | 2013-07-16 04:14:36 | 0 days 00:02:54 | 14644224 | 1 | down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert , which was attended by 300 , 0000 in person , and broadcast live on television | and radio | . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , " i ' m not here for or against any government , ” “i ' ve come to play rock | ||||
| 574657896 | 574659325 | 2013-09-26 21:32:01 | 0 days 00:14:26 | 16715243 | 2 | , played a live concert , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person , and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying | , | : | " i ' m not here for or against any government , ” “i ' ve come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one | |||
| 3 | 000 in person , and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , " i ' m not here for or against any government | , ” “i | . i | ' ve come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down . ” < ref > {{ | ||||||||
| 574659325 | 574661610 | 2013-09-26 21:52:01 | 0 days 00:20:00 | 16715243 | 1 | added to the euphoria . < ref name = " tl20130709 " / > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | | ich bin ein berliner | | tear down this wall ! }} [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate | ||||
| 574662020 | 574664891 | 2013-09-26 22:22:01 | 0 days 00:26:03 | 16715243 | 0 | believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = | the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency which was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on august 9 , 1961 the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders between east - and west - berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached not [[ u . s . presidentjohn f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the kennedy home [[ hyannis port ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he was relieved that the east germans and the soviets had only divided berlin without taking any action against west berlin ' s access to the west . however he denounced the berlin wall , whose erection worsend the relations between the united states and the soviet union . < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " > {{ cite web | title = " disreputable if not outright illegal " : the national security agency versus martin luther king , muhammad ali , art buchwald , frank church , et al . | url = http : / / www2 . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb441 / | publisher = thwe national security archive at the george washington university in washington , d . c . | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | author = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " > {{ cite web | title = berlin crisis after dividing berlin , august 1961 | url = http : / / www2 . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb441 / docs / berlin % 20crisis % 20after . pdf | publisher = the national security archive at george washington university in washington , d . c . | accessdate = 26 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall | kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin | ||||
| 575032069 | 575047845 | 2013-09-29 20:48:17 | 0 days 02:18:48 | 1108424 | 2 | _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale | , 1984 | . photos by george garrigues . 1984 ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner | ||||
| 576012629 | 576163852 | 2013-10-07 17:10:28 | 1 days 00:25:25 | 18611911 | 3 | > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other | three ( france , uk , usa ) | occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants | ||||
| 576163852 | 576167532 | 2013-10-07 17:34:21 | 0 days 00:23:53 | 4358157 | 3 | > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other | three ( france , uk , usa ) | occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants | ||||
| 576711458 | 576975608 | 2013-10-13 11:19:23 | 1 days 23:12:39 | 7496434 | 2 | de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by | various | military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the | ||||
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 4 | leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing | would | then would stand in the way of a united communist germany within the bloc . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p | ||||
| 18 | ( 1989 ) . ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence | was built | some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , | |||||||||
| 19 | detection of trespassers and also enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and | , | most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 | |||||||||
| 20 | wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so | as | to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall ]] . [[ history ( u . s . | |||||||||
| 38 | september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its fdj youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped | that | by letting in springsteen they could improve their sentiment among east germans . this strategy of " one step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only | |||||||||
| 39 | = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its fdj youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped by letting in springsteen | in , | they could improve their sentiment among east germans . this strategy of " one step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only made east germans hungrier | |||||||||
| 45 | note and replied , " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . < ref name = " revolution1989 " / > after further questions from journalists | , | he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( 21 october 2009 | |||||||||
| 47 | and at 8 pm on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' ; this of course | , | meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , | |||||||||
| 53 | that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then | would | stand in the way of a united communist germany within the bloc . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 | |||||||||
| 59 | | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its fdj youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped by letting | in | springsteen they could improve their sentiment among east germans . this strategy of " one step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only made east germans | |||||||||
| 60 | an entire generation . they hoped by letting in springsteen they could improve their sentiment among east germans . this strategy of " one step backwards , two steps forwards " | however | backfired and the concert only made east germans hungrier for more of the freedoms that springsteen epitomized . while john f . kennedy or ronald reagan delivered their famous speeches from | |||||||||
| 588536853 | 588574374 | 2013-12-31 21:10:33 | 0 days 05:20:29 | 408613 | 0 | germany ' s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ’ s tacit indication | {{ how }} | that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector of berlin . < ref > {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | | ||||
| 590849769 | 590964946 | 2014-01-16 13:37:35 | 0 days 19:20:34 | 736651 | 2 | fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible | “would | " would | - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 – 1989 ' ' , london : harper perennial | |||
| 4 | or against any government . i ' ve come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down | " | . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( " i am a | |||||||||
| 10 | again , " entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom | " | , ” proclaimed president wulff . " < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews | |||||||||
| 613835077 | 615294848 | 2014-07-02 13:43:53 | 10 days 19:48:20 | 7669583 | 2 | [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " | while | [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time | ||||
| 633124700 | 633132744 | 2014-11-09 20:10:48 | 0 days 00:59:02 | 2012100 | 34 | stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . | television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of 9 november and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall | remained guarded for some time after 9 november , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the | ||||
| 640243071 | 641499497 | 2015-01-08 00:05:29 | 8 days 09:29:01 | 2705932 | 9 | would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations | spread throughout | honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the conditions | ||||
| 24 | take effect the next day . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing this | ; | . but | however , he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , | ||||||||
| 650207536 | 650209736 | 2015-03-06 22:23:56 | 0 days 00:16:44 | 24044265 | 0 | segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various institutions around the world . | of note , is what is dubbed as " the sale of the century " organized by the fading and bankrupt east german government held at the hotel park palace in monte carlo , monaco in june 1990 . according to taylor ( cf . chaichian , 2014 : 325 ) , in one day eighty - one wall sections were auctioned off for an average of ₤6 , 500 to international clients . | they can be found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around | ||||
| 650210446 | 650219949 | 2015-03-06 23:43:55 | 0 days 01:14:21 | 84417 | 2 | segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various institutions around the world . | of note , is what is dubbed as " the sale of the century " organized by the fading and bankrupt east german government held at the hotel park palace in monte carlo , monaco in june 1990 . according to taylor ( cf . chaichian , 2014 : 325 ) , in one day eighty - one wall sections were auctioned off for an average of ₤6 , 500 to international clients . | they can be found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around | ||||
| 688303202 | 688328708 | 2015-10-31 04:51:42 | 0 days 04:19:27 | 558022 | 0 | believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = | [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | 300px | [[ universal newsreel ]] of the 1st anniversary of the berlin wall ]] | the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency that was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem , i | ||||
| 688328708 | 688485144 | 2015-11-01 06:43:08 | 1 days 01:51:26 | 264323 | 5 | berlin wall ]] is being built . he tries to bring her back into west berlin , but is stopped by [[ stasi ]] agents and arrested as a spy . | < ref > https : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / bridge _ of _ spies _ ( film ) < / ref > | * some novels specifically about the berlin wall : * * [[ john le carré ]] , ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' ' | ||||
| 693600550 | 693602945 | 2015-12-03 17:08:38 | 0 days 00:17:25 | 23149456 | 1 | 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention | , | ) | punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a | |||
| 693652739 | 693721766 | 2015-12-04 12:40:10 | 0 days 13:02:18 | 23149456 | 0 | ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at bernauer straße , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments | , lampposts , other elements , | and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers | ||||
| 1 | the north at bernauer straße , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city | < ref > http : / / berlin - wall - map | . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around | |||||||||
| 693973160 | 693973403 | 2015-12-06 06:17:52 | 0 days 00:02:45 | 30225 | 3 | oil radioactive for decades . the title character of the movie has a team break into a missile silo in [[ smith center , kansas [[ to obtain independent launch capability | . | , then he and an israeli security agent drive an automobile from west germany ' ' over the berlin wall into east germany ' ' where he informs the kgb agents | ||||
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 25 | wp - dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] | ' ' the | washington post . retrieved 2 november 2009 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november , he was handed a note announcing the changes , but | ||||
| 705888151 | 706975021 | 2016-02-26 09:15:19 | 6 days 05:09:29 | 777667 | 0 | ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in particular were | considered equal to | " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . | ||||
| 712353861 | 713111597 | 2016-04-02 00:39:36 | 4 days 08:07:43 | 593397 | 0 | = on 21 november 1989 , [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album | ' ' | [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] in front of the brandenburg gate . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / | ||||
| 1 | ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] | ' ' | in front of the brandenburg gate . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 1989 - 11 - 21 | |||||||||
| 733423677 | 733487340 | 2016-08-08 04:39:46 | 0 days 10:04:30 | 264323 | 2 | , arguing that east germany ' s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy | ’ | ' | s tacit indication {{ how | date = december 2013 }} that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector of berlin . < ref > {{ | |||
| 3 | name = " tl20130709 " / > = = " ich bin ein berliner " and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | article | | ich bin ein berliner | tear down this wall ! }} {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy | |||||||||
| 5 | marciapreston . com / index . php ? option = com _ content & view = article & id = 3 & itemid = 2 | title = view the author | ’ | ' | s website | author = administrator | publisher = | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > * * [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | peter schneider | ||||||||
| 733515231 | 734284492 | 2016-08-13 08:26:57 | 4 days 22:04:07 | 80913 | 6 | no identity checking . < ref name = spiegelonline > {{ cite news | title = the guard who opened the berlin wall : ' i gave my people the order | - - | – | raise the barrier ' | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / international / germany / the - guard - who - opened - the - | |||
| 735821858 | 736676388 | 2016-08-29 03:36:10 | 5 days 18:00:42 | 27823944 | 0 | february 2009 | first1 = sven felix | last1 = kellerhof | first2 = alan | last2 = posener | year = 2007 | work = [[ die welt ]] online | }} {{ dead link | | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de / | ||||
| 1 | 2009 | first1 = sven felix | last1 = kellerhof | first2 = alan | last2 = posener | year = 2007 | work = [[ die welt ]] online | | deadurl | date | = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / | ||||||||
| 738198431 | 738865701 | 2016-09-11 14:47:01 | 4 days 00:24:17 | 19921271 | 1 | we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant ' ' {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben hier " }} ' ' , ( " we | ' re | are | staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution ( german ) | peaceful revolution ]] " of late | |||
| 748537843 | 749015840 | 2016-11-11 20:35:53 | 3 days 01:40:07 | 29558057 | 0 | ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " | ( also known as " stalin ' s carpet " ) | under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > {{ cite web | author = popiolek | ||||
| 774994359 | 774996064 | 2017-04-11 23:54:04 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 204692 | 3 | : an easy opportunity to smuggle east german secret agents to west germany , and a reduction in the number of citizens hostile to the communist regime . neither of these | perks | advantages | , however , proved particularly useful . < ref > crozier , brian ( 1999 ) . the rise and fall of the soviet empire . forum . p . 170 | |||
| 21 | for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval | , which | was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ | |||||||||
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 1 | {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to | [[ fascism | fascists ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the | " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki | ||||
| 15 | ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ | in 1989 , | a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer | |||||||||
| 781994310 | 782699210 | 2017-05-28 16:31:48 | 4 days 05:59:04 | 2884580 | 1 | | publisher = national public radio | accessdate = 9 november 2014 | date = 9 november 2014 }} < / ref > = = " ich bin ein berliner " | ' ' | and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main article | ich bin ein berliner | tear down this wall ! }} {{ listen | ||||
| 3 | kennedy ]] visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of 450 , 000 he declared in his | ' ' | [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] speech the support of the united states for west germany and the people of west - berlin in particular : {{ quote | two thousand | |||||||||
| 4 | . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of 450 , 000 he declared in his [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] | ' ' | speech the support of the united states for west germany and the people of west - berlin in particular : {{ quote | two thousand years ago , the proudest boast | |||||||||
| 791624973 | 793523187 | 2017-08-02 08:44:50 | 11 days 19:51:02 | 38455 | 4 | would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security | , | " , thatcher told gorbachev . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " / > }} after the fall of the berlin wall , [[ french president | ||||
| 15 | | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = concerts by western artists and growing anti - wall sentiment = = < center > {{ cquote | text = | ' ' | every stone bears witness to the moral bankruptcy of the society it encloses ' ' }} < small > — margaret thatcher commenting about the wall , west berlin , 1982 | |||||||||
| 18 | lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security " | , | thatcher told gorbachev . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " / > }} after the fall of the berlin wall , [[ french president ]] [[ | |||||||||
| 793675442 | 795297023 | 2017-08-13 09:19:52 | 10 days 01:27:47 | 26598670 | 1 | berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately | , | does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = berlin emigration loophole | ||||
| 808291388 | 809350827 | 2017-11-08 15:47:14 | 6 days 15:42:09 | 7136651 | 8 | | wall - shaped front wall with a height of 3 , 40 & nbsp ; m | - | style = " text - align : right " | 68 | , | . | 42 | expanded metal fence with a height of 2 . 90 & quot ; m as a " front barrier " | - | style = " text - align | |||
| 9 | text - align : right " | 161 {{ 0 }} {{ 0 }} | light strip | - | style = " text - align : right " | 113 | , | . | 85 | limit signal and barrier fence ( gssz ) | - | style = " text - align : right " | 127 , 5 {{ 0 }} | contact | ||||||||
| 809972169 | 809973970 | 2017-11-12 17:48:06 | 0 days 00:12:59 | 6554947 | 1 | was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used only to perform | other | maintenance on the outside of the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction | ||||
| 2 | of gdr territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used | only | to perform maintenance on the outside of the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose | |||||||||
| 809974101 | 809997471 | 2017-11-12 20:33:02 | 0 days 02:43:53 | 6554947 | 0 | of gdr territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used | by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders | to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the | ||||
| 1 | the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and | the | sidewalks not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg | |||||||||
| 2 | wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and sidewalks | of west berlin streets | not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg = | |||||||||
| 810071958 | 810072027 | 2017-11-13 05:36:43 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 19339494 | 7 | www . newsweek . com / where - world - berlin - wall - 283566 | title = where in the world is the berlin wall ? | date = 2014 | - 11 - 11 | | work = newsweek | access - date = 2017 - 11 - 01 | language = en }} < / ref > [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | ||||
| 810072027 | 810126141 | 2017-11-13 13:53:41 | 0 days 08:16:58 | 6554947 | 6 | territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used by workers | who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders | to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip | ||||
| 810185910 | 810187128 | 2017-11-13 20:42:43 | 0 days 00:08:40 | 6554947 | 0 | / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was | accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall and | used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . < | ||||
| 810187128 | 810222160 | 2017-11-14 00:53:59 | 0 days 04:11:16 | 6554947 | 0 | > as was the case with the inner german border , a strip of gdr territory was left outside the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this | outer | strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the de jure border appears to have been undemarcated . also in contrast | ||||
| 810231237 | 810234613 | 2017-11-14 02:24:09 | 0 days 00:25:23 | 6554947 | 3 | / ref > one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch | , who | . hasch | was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and later convicted of unlawfully crossing the de jure border . < ref > https : / / www . upi | |||
| 810234613 | 810249635 | 2017-11-14 04:18:13 | 0 days 01:54:04 | 6554947 | 1 | german border , an unfortified strip of east german territory was left outside the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was never more than | about | four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact de jure border appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border | ||||
| 810344262 | 810347455 | 2017-11-14 18:39:46 | 0 days 00:23:12 | 6554947 | 5 | = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip | was the arrest of | defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend | ||||
| 810347639 | 810351013 | 2017-11-14 19:06:27 | 0 days 00:25:19 | 6554947 | 2 | october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the | outer | strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been chased , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports having been | ||||
| 4 | the strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been chased , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports having | often | been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / gallery / 2014 / apr / 03 / | |||||||||
| 810365760 | 810394251 | 2017-11-15 00:08:21 | 0 days 03:27:26 | 6554947 | 2 | < / ref > however , despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the area , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued | there | , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] has reported having often been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref | ||||
| 810394251 | 810574658 | 2017-11-16 03:18:18 | 1 days 03:09:57 | 6554947 | 2 | = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect | of the outer strip | , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued there , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] has reported having | ||||
| 810709126 | 810968020 | 2017-11-18 17:28:57 | 1 days 18:04:03 | 6554947 | 0 | border , however , the outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location of the actual border | in many places | appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip | ||||
| 814621118 | 814764354 | 2017-12-10 20:15:35 | 0 days 21:20:10 | 6554947 | 0 | the outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location of the actual border in many places appears | not even | to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip ; | ||||
| 1 | was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location of the actual border in many places appears to have been | unmarked | marked | . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip ; even sidewalks of west | ||||||||
| 820717744 | 822396537 | 2018-01-26 03:43:39 | 9 days 21:44:06 | 5946478 | 0 | the next few weeks , euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . | an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " cannot be lost when we look on the significance of the events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books : | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xxv }} < / ref > | contrary to popular belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune | ||||
| 823238815 | 823239462 | 2018-01-31 01:50:53 | 0 days 00:04:27 | 32940610 | 4 | the dimension of the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve | and renaturate | the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative | ||||
| 824236669 | 825606275 | 2018-02-14 10:16:19 | 8 days 06:43:34 | 21948199 | 14 | bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december 1990 . | according to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1 . 7 million tonnes of building rubble was produced . unofficially , the demolition of the bornholmer straße began because of construction work on the railway . this involved a total of 300 gdr border guards and - after 3 october 1990 - 600 pioneers of the bundeswehr . these were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . | virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . {{ citation | ||||
| 21 | the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of using it as a | green belt around the city in individual places . representatives of the general german bicycle club marked the way in 1990 with painted bicycle and pedestrian pictograms . the german federal government for the environment and nature conservation proposed a continuous | hiking and biking trail around the city in 1991 , called berliner mauerweg . also preservationists wanted a few years later as comprehensive as possible preservation of the remaining remains of | |||||||||
| 22 | since 2001 every year the berlin wall strides . from 2002 to 2006 , the berlin wall was extended by the initiative of the berlin senate around the city . it | had to be created for no longer obtained trails replacement vehicle options . also rebuilt or rebuilt traffic routes separated sections of the way from each other . in the room lichterfelde on the border with teltow 2004 an underpass under the railway line berlin - halle in the course of the customs route to berlin area , after before an interruption of the way at this point had been feared . at the intersection with the dresdener bahn near lichtenrade , on the other hand , there | is still no possibility of crossing , so that a longer detour over partially paved roads is necessary . the german railways justified the lack of crossing possibility with the words | |||||||||
| 825795679 | 825799159 | 2018-02-15 14:02:55 | 0 days 00:30:54 | 5946478 | 2 | the next few weeks , euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . | < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > | the fact that this is an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " cannot be lost when we look on the significance | ||||
| 825804984 | 825807680 | 2018-02-15 15:11:19 | 0 days 00:20:57 | 5946478 | 3 | 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn | , at three month intervals | to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus | ||||
| 825832766 | 825833265 | 2018-02-15 18:09:02 | 0 days 00:03:47 | 5946478 | 0 | berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the border became a more practical proposition . | < ref > [[ history of rail transport in germany ]] < ref > | = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in east | ||||
| 826899654 | 827316878 | 2018-02-24 01:04:34 | 2 days 08:38:31 | 508734 | 48 | the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . < ref | name = " | allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : ' | ||||
| 830738474 | 831699815 | 2018-03-21 20:50:43 | 5 days 03:41:22 | 28766260 | 0 | history of rail transport in germany ]] . ) = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the | [[ human capital flight | | " brain drain " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of | ||||
| 1 | in germany ]] . ) = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " | ]] | feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | | |||||||||
| 836226216 | 836314607 | 2018-04-14 00:16:04 | 0 days 11:04:56 | 10289486 | 0 | itself . protest demonstrations spread throughout east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | | ' ' | " wir wollen raus ! " }} ' ' ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben | ||||
| 838878947 | 838879438 | 2018-04-29 21:40:04 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 764861 | 2 | = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! | – time | | publisher = time | date = 20 november 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period over 100 , 000 < ref name | ||||
| 838895411 | 839259862 | 2018-05-02 08:54:31 | 2 days 08:57:53 | 2845158 | 0 | introductory video to the ' ' rise and fall ' ' expansion for ' ' [[ civilization vi ]] ' ' depicts a woman striking the wall with a sledgehammer . | * * in april 2018 game publisher ' ' ' ' ' playway s . a . ' ' ' ' ' announced that polish game studio k202 is working on the [ http : / / www . playway . com / 10004 - games / 691 - the1berlinl ' ' the berlin wall ' ' ] game that will be published in december 2018 . | = = see also = = {{ div col | colwidth = 20em }} * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) | ' ' the berlin wall ' ' | ||||
| 843143798 | 843144692 | 2018-05-27 05:26:05 | 0 days 00:11:06 | 4626 | 0 | . 170 - 171 . {{ isbn | 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 }} . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = = how khrushchev | - | – | kennedy relations affected the construction of the wall = = = < p > in april 1961 , khrushchev gained an impression that kennedy ' ' is not very smart ' | |||
| 843144692 | 843537822 | 2018-05-29 19:55:32 | 2 days 14:29:27 | 30675059 | 8 | 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . | < ref > {{ citation | last = levine | first = marilyn | | title = something to do with the wall | date = 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title | ||||
| 845242425 | 845346007 | 2018-06-11 05:24:11 | 0 days 16:38:45 | 508734 | 10 | / ref > = = ' ' " ich bin ein berliner " ' ' and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | article | | ich bin ein berliner | tear down this wall ! }} {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy | ||||
| 854078225 | 854963466 | 2018-08-15 00:04:24 | 6 days 03:35:04 | 5839510 | 0 | < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible | then | because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left | ||||
| 855994232 | 855995255 | 2018-08-22 06:04:45 | 0 days 00:08:48 | 817684 | 0 | germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . as ard and zdf broadcast to [[ tal der ahnungslosen | nearly all of east germany ]] , the news was broadcast there | as well | simultaneously . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman [[ hanns joachim friedrichs ]] proclaimed , " this 9 november is | ||||
| 855995255 | 856004544 | 2018-08-22 07:35:04 | 0 days 01:30:19 | 817684 | 0 | . m . on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . as ard and zdf | had | broadcast to [[ tal der ahnungslosen | nearly all of east germany ]] , the news was broadcast there as well simultaneously . later that night , on ard ' s |
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| 41672218 | 41672333 | 2006-02-28 23:49:11 | 0 days 00:00:50 | 0|69.15.111.135 | 2 | because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . | furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 41672399 | 41672426 | 2006-02-28 23:49:42 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 161478 | 1 | because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . | furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 44761040 | 44769169 | 2006-03-21 04:47:22 | 0 days 01:10:57 | 0|68.154.38.227 | 0 | subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | ~ * ~ | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 44769841 | 44769958 | 2006-03-21 04:55:39 | 0 days 00:01:13 | 410083 | 1 | subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | ~ * ~ | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 52737216 | 52874480 | 2006-05-12 18:37:51 | 0 days 20:10:16 | 0|70.89.200.221 | 0 | subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | then oneday ryan gesell farted and the berlin wal blew up . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 52874480 | 52874622 | 2006-05-12 18:38:50 | 0 days 00:00:59 | 1383774 | 0 | subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | then oneday ryan gesell farted and the berlin wal blew up . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 53023975 | 53102839 | 2006-05-14 04:14:39 | 0 days 10:36:05 | 0|211.27.201.44 | 0 | subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | ' ' ' it was hell for the soldiers . ' ' ' | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 53102839 | 53127110 | 2006-05-14 08:59:21 | 0 days 04:44:42 | 157842 | 0 | subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | ' ' ' it was hell for the soldiers . ' ' ' | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 54913689 | 54913864 | 2006-05-24 17:14:53 | 0 days 00:01:11 | 0|64.8.191.2 | 0 | subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | this thing sucks . . . you may beable to find information . . . but as far as i ' m concerned . . . internet sucks ass ! | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 54913864 | 54913899 | 2006-05-24 17:15:08 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 301395 | 0 | subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | this thing sucks . . . you may beable to find information . . . but as far as i ' m concerned . . . internet sucks ass ! | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 64277967 | 64310129 | 2006-07-17 16:48:18 | 0 days 03:55:10 | 0|64.73.33.84 | 0 | subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | also a man by the name of bryson was ruler | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 64310129 | 64317216 | 2006-07-17 17:33:09 | 0 days 00:44:51 | 157842 | 0 | subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | also a man by the name of bryson was ruler | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 67063829 | 67064018 | 2006-08-01 16:32:33 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 0|66.32.195.73 | 0 | subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck ffukc fcuk fuck fuck | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 67064018 | 67065553 | 2006-08-01 16:41:25 | 0 days 00:08:52 | 1008387 | 1 | subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck ffukc fcuk fuck fuck | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 67168412 | 67168587 | 2006-08-02 03:01:01 | 0 days 00:01:22 | 0|140.144.41.95 | 0 | subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | brobyn is cool ! | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 67168587 | 67168760 | 2006-08-02 03:02:13 | 0 days 00:01:12 | 529595 | 1 | subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | brobyn is cool ! | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 79608608 | 79651136 | 2006-10-05 14:10:20 | 0 days 07:10:28 | 0|84.166.173.241 | 0 | subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | i love guys so should u ! | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 79651136 | 79671529 | 2006-10-05 16:24:36 | 0 days 02:14:16 | 155181 | 0 | subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | i love guys so should u ! | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 82453547 | 82593906 | 2006-10-20 09:13:48 | 0 days 15:59:35 | 0|147.10.48.189 | 0 | subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | omg lol | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 82593906 | 82593962 | 2006-10-20 09:14:29 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 185410 | 0 | subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | omg lol | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 82593962 | 82594023 | 2006-10-20 09:15:16 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 0|147.10.48.189 | 0 | subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | . . . . . . . . . . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 82594023 | 82594068 | 2006-10-20 09:15:48 | 0 days 00:00:32 | 127798 | 0 | subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | . . . . . . . . . . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 87075361 | 87075448 | 2006-11-11 03:20:14 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 0|210.55.85.150 | 0 | subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | usa usa usa sucks ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 87075448 | 87075455 | 2006-11-11 03:20:18 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 1574574 | 0 | subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | usa usa usa sucks ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 88434996 | 88440096 | 2006-11-17 16:01:30 | 0 days 00:30:31 | 0|72.159.168.35 | 0 | subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | andrew is the coolest guy in the world ! ! | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 88440096 | 88440245 | 2006-11-17 16:02:27 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 0|72.159.168.35 | 0 | subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | andrew is the coolest guy in the world ! ! | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 92646687 | 92646910 | 2006-12-07 06:36:18 | 0 days 00:02:06 | 0|129.1.208.200 | 0 | the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | that last one was a joke people . nic would probably get shot if he moved to berlin , so he and rodriguo intend to move to korea , where they can build a wall and give it to jay as a present . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 92646910 | 92647253 | 2006-12-07 06:39:14 | 0 days 00:02:56 | 1199710 | 2 | the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | that last one was a joke people . nic would probably get shot if he moved to berlin , so he and rodriguo intend to move to korea , where they can build a wall and give it to jay as a present . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 93493618 | 93507726 | 2006-12-11 03:14:35 | 0 days 01:25:40 | 0|67.188.24.31 | 0 | the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | 1234567890 | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 93507726 | 93510408 | 2006-12-11 03:31:10 | 0 days 00:16:35 | 767514 | 0 | the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | 1234567890 | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 93880292 | 93880768 | 2006-12-12 19:54:41 | 0 days 00:02:21 | 0|72.20.141.105 | 0 | the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | misty tatom | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 100120391 | 100251866 | 2007-01-12 17:14:25 | 0 days 16:22:27 | 0|207.195.51.191 | 0 | the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | joelle enjoys touching k - doggs bunnies inapropriatly ( hand to genital contact ) , therefor big a - dogg ( tuff guy ) had to drop chem so everyone else could focas on the studies at hand . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 100251866 | 100252017 | 2007-01-12 17:15:17 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 2691489 | 0 | the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | joelle enjoys touching k - doggs bunnies inapropriatly ( hand to genital contact ) , therefor big a - dogg ( tuff guy ) had to drop chem so everyone else could focas on the studies at hand . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 100887174 | 100916417 | 2007-01-15 18:33:14 | 0 days 02:34:19 | 2810123 | 4 | the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | jesus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 100916417 | 100920432 | 2007-01-15 18:53:45 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 4 | the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | jesus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 110051010 | 110063511 | 2007-02-22 13:50:09 | 0 days 01:36:37 | 0|209.50.156.164 | 0 | the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | i love the eu | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 110063511 | 110063581 | 2007-02-22 13:50:35 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 0|209.50.156.164 | 0 | the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | i love the eu | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 111406034 | 111406152 | 2007-02-27 20:34:45 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 0|205.126.72.236 | 1 | germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = | = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 111406932 | 111406953 | 2007-02-27 20:38:17 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 0|205.126.63.15 | 1 | the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = | ' ' ' ' ' = = | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 111406953 | 111407061 | 2007-02-27 20:38:46 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 3538467 | 1 | of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = ' ' ' ' ' = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = | ' ' ' ' ' = = | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 111431459 | 111447681 | 2007-02-27 23:32:06 | 0 days 01:10:20 | 0|24.224.150.220 | 3 | a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' | ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 111447681 | 111448485 | 2007-02-27 23:35:47 | 0 days 00:03:41 | 296765 | 3 | which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ' ' ' you suck ' ' ' | ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 113258907 | 113259425 | 2007-03-07 06:16:44 | 0 days 00:03:33 | 0|67.160.16.40 | 0 | wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . wow , i can totally edit a wikipedia page and i ' m not even out of high school . | no wonder my a . p . history teacher says not to trust wiki . sorry folks , looks like he was right . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 118145334 | 118145453 | 2007-03-27 00:43:34 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 0|24.16.228.161 | 1 | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | m serious people | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader |
| 119880200 | 119982132 | 2007-04-03 14:47:50 | 0 days 12:22:26 | 0|204.10.221.252 | 2 | one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . | the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 119982132 | 119982806 | 2007-04-03 14:51:12 | 0 days 00:03:22 | 2400553 | 2 | planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most j black is the bast holla at me at dont worry about it . | the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 123518010 | 123518376 | 2007-04-17 13:15:19 | 0 days 00:01:59 | 0|24.73.99.18 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | hihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihih | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader |
| 123518853 | 123518934 | 2007-04-17 13:18:19 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 3358912 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | hihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihih | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader |
| 125328975 | 125329185 | 2007-04-23 23:24:44 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 0|75.4.184.187 | 2 | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany ' ' ' iiriis iis a kock suckiin biitch ! ! ! ' ' ' | developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 125329185 | 125330094 | 2007-04-23 23:27:48 | 0 days 00:03:04 | 295536 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | ' ' ' ha ha ha yu stupiid ho3 ii lov3 yu lmfao ! ! ! ! ! ! ' ' ' | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader |
| 127671245 | 127671395 | 2007-05-02 12:54:45 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 0|68.85.23.179 | 0 | formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = | from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 127671439 | 127671464 | 2007-05-02 12:55:16 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 385115 | 0 | formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = | from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 129554675 | 129554933 | 2007-05-09 16:37:49 | 0 days 00:01:02 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 13 | in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - | german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader mat wood approved by soviet leader bainca , but | |
| 129555699 | 129555771 | 2007-05-09 16:41:06 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 2073927 | 11 | [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - | german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader mat wood approved by soviet leader bainca , but | |
| 153108080 | 153139170 | 2007-08-23 12:23:26 | 0 days 04:16:55 | 0|88.70.24.62 | 0 | republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 153139170 | 153180545 | 2007-08-23 17:21:59 | 0 days 04:58:33 | 715870 | 0 | republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 156050759 | 156051084 | 2007-09-06 13:53:57 | 0 days 00:02:01 | 0|69.246.212.189 | 0 | republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 156051084 | 156052102 | 2007-09-06 14:00:41 | 0 days 00:06:44 | 302522 | 0 | republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 160013834 | 160019483 | 2007-09-24 14:26:04 | 0 days 00:26:52 | 0|206.123.212.68 | 1 | german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a | western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany estjjkghhngjfgjggfghfhgghfgffjhghfgjfgfhgfjgfjhgjfhgfdgfhfghdfghgfgfgfgfgffgfgfgfddsadsdkajfkkjkghghjghjjjklkjl ; lk ; lkklkjkjhkjkhjkjhjkjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjablished an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significanbiteb my botty boom boomtly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | care | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader |
| 160019483 | 160019557 | 2007-09-24 14:26:25 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 7580 | 1 | ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . who gives a | care | western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany estjjkghhngjfgjggfghfhgghfgffjhghfgjfgfhgfjgfjhgjfhgfdgfhfghdfghgfgfgfgfgffgfgfgfddsadsdkajfkkjkghghjghjjjklkjl ; lk ; lkklkjkjhkjkhjkjhjkjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjablished an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significanbiteb my botty boom boomtly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader |
| 160539804 | 160548666 | 2007-09-26 20:46:01 | 0 days 00:42:55 | 2073927 | 2 | in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . the berlin wall was 906 miles long . | it bordered south calabama . pokemon was inspired by the berlin wall . and then cheap knock offs were made such as yu - gi - oh ! | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 166497137 | 166497262 | 2007-10-23 12:35:30 | 0 days 00:00:50 | 0|208.108.159.75 | 1 | germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . kai and jamie are sooo hott x100000 | ' ' ' | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 167856590 | 167857173 | 2007-10-29 15:38:13 | 0 days 00:02:59 | 0|164.113.70.82 | 0 | berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . and they shot people | like dontae | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 167857173 | 167859656 | 2007-10-29 15:51:32 | 0 days 00:13:19 | 0|164.113.70.85 | 0 | to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . and they shot people like dontae | and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 167859656 | 167860600 | 2007-10-29 15:56:19 | 0 days 00:04:47 | 0|164.113.70.82 | 0 | further exodus . and they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story | , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 167860600 | 167860826 | 2007-10-29 15:57:38 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 0|164.113.70.85 | 0 | assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . | and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 167860826 | 167860947 | 2007-10-29 15:58:12 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 0|164.113.70.82 | 0 | white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest | nose . and was disappointed . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 167860947 | 167861051 | 2007-10-29 15:58:48 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 0|164.113.70.85 | 0 | when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . | and penis | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 167861051 | 167861229 | 2007-10-29 15:59:40 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 0|164.113.70.82 | 0 | found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis | . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 167861229 | 167861753 | 2007-10-29 16:02:55 | 0 days 00:03:15 | 0|164.113.70.85 | 0 | ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . | dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 167861753 | 167861833 | 2007-10-29 16:03:24 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 0|164.113.70.82 | 0 | king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time | . luis did them both . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 167861833 | 167862215 | 2007-10-29 16:05:48 | 0 days 00:02:24 | 0|164.113.70.82 | 0 | was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . | while the gay king watched cause he loved it . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 167862215 | 167862425 | 2007-10-29 16:07:10 | 0 days 00:01:22 | 0|164.113.70.85 | 0 | who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . | he loved to see luis cry cuz he cried like a baby back bitch | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 168309604 | 168310064 | 2007-10-31 14:59:21 | 0 days 00:02:34 | 0|164.113.70.2 | 0 | the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . so later testin revealed that dontae was a monkey | no he wasn ' t he just looked like a monkey but luis was a monkey for sure and he got fucked by the baboons in the zoo every night true story | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 170107040 | 170107433 | 2007-11-08 15:20:14 | 0 days 00:02:22 | 0|164.113.70.2 | 1 | cursed by a evil witch she made them all have small penis ' s so if you ever see a luis you ' ll always know that his penis is small | penis too | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 188309052 | 188374787 | 2008-02-01 13:37:37 | 0 days 09:58:30 | 0|58.107.153.90 | 0 | democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " | wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . | dis is dumb | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; |
| 188374787 | 188374854 | 2008-02-01 13:38:07 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 296765 | 0 | democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " | dis is dumb | wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; |
| 193871493 | 193886900 | 2008-02-25 08:25:09 | 0 days 02:14:29 | 0|59.101.240.75 | 0 | into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . according to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . | fuck fuck fuckity fuck | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; |
| 193886900 | 193886908 | 2008-02-25 08:25:13 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 1879647 | 0 | into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | fuck fuck fuckity fuck | = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . according to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; |
| 196053252 | 196053579 | 2008-03-05 15:50:11 | 0 days 00:01:42 | 0|84.12.55.2 | 0 | - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . | : - ) | = = = proposed barrier = = = gay [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 196053859 | 196054243 | 2008-03-05 15:53:39 | 0 days 00:02:00 | 6227797 | 1 | - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . | : - ) | = = = proposed barrier = = = gay [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; |
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| 9658614 | 9762535 | 2005-01-26 01:42:57 | 0 days 06:03:58 | 26468 | 17 | , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the | border | top of the wall | was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] |
| 63282560 | 63319257 | 2006-07-11 23:39:57 | 0 days 03:40:53 | 273854 | 1 | parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new border crossings | | border crossings ]] | the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited | |
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 22 | by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the | barrier | border | to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the |
| 274521235 | 274696419 | 2009-03-03 15:08:15 | 0 days 18:11:26 | 0|200.156.17.1 | 0 | ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german | border | testicle | = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister |
| 274696419 | 274698765 | 2009-03-03 15:20:19 | 0 days 00:12:04 | 2372780 | 1 | as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of german | testicle | border | = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister |
| 315332296 | 315332574 | 2009-09-21 17:50:19 | 0 days 00:01:30 | 0|83.104.63.97 | 0 | germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the | border | boiler | between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior |
| 315332574 | 315336961 | 2009-09-21 18:15:36 | 0 days 00:25:17 | 911178 | 1 | germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the | boiler | border | between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior |
| 323548634 | 323553877 | 2009-11-02 21:57:58 | 0 days 00:25:01 | 6340927 | 4 | how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > the surprised and overwhelmed | border | guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility | |
| 349066774 | 349189337 | 2010-03-11 09:56:34 | 0 days 13:36:58 | 6971250 | 1 | wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after east german | police | border guards | shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of [[ murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = |
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 2 | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing | [[ border checkpoint | | checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location | |
| 390224187 | 390399577 | 2010-10-12 23:47:36 | 0 days 16:49:19 | 0|67.235.135.235 | 0 | . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german | border | boner | = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration |
| 390399577 | 390399626 | 2010-10-12 23:47:57 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 2372780 | 0 | . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german | boner | border | = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration |
| 590964946 | 593520854 | 2014-02-02 02:00:13 | 16 days 12:22:38 | 14347385 | 0 | germans via berlin . on 9 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin | borders | border | between east - and west - berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to |
| 597421016 | 600160165 | 2014-03-18 14:21:23 | 18 days 17:57:14 | 11935096 | 0 | and east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | [[ border | barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west | |
| 615295062 | 618841270 | 2014-07-28 16:55:14 | 26 days 03:09:29 | 114091 | 0 | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * | border | length of border around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border between west berlin and east germany | |
| 641499497 | 641609860 | 2015-01-08 18:28:50 | 0 days 18:23:21 | 3308922 | 0 | german embassy in prague . this was tolerated by the new krenz government , because of long standing agreements with the communist czechoslovak government , allowing free travel across their common | boarder | border | . however this movement of people grew so large it caused difficulties for both countries . to ease the difficulties , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to |
| 737235458 | 738198431 | 2016-09-07 14:22:44 | 5 days 23:43:36 | 14347385 | 0 | construction of a new railway bypassing west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the | barrier | border | became a more practical position . = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain |
| 810309981 | 810310105 | 2017-11-14 13:51:40 | 0 days 00:01:02 | 6554947 | 0 | arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] | border | frontier on the outer edge of the strip | . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs / 9799537166800 / < |
| 810310105 | 810311833 | 2017-11-14 14:06:28 | 0 days 00:14:48 | 6554947 | 0 | arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] | frontier | border | on the outer edge of the strip . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - |
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| 1184497 | 1197737 | 2003-07-23 12:29:08 | 22 days 12:07:35 | 0|218.221.231.218 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ | ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ | nl : berlijnse muur ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany | |
| 2497657 | 2661588 | 2004-02-23 16:12:43 | 4 days 11:44:46 | 25261 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer | ]] [[ eo : berlina muro | ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & | |
| 2 | di berlino ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] | [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] | [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22260 ; & # 22681 ; ]] | ||||||
| 6272294 | 6686417 | 2004-10-01 13:21:12 | 4 days 17:27:07 | 25261 | 0 | # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] | [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] | [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] | |
| 6806505 | 6969433 | 2004-10-23 20:30:02 | 4 days 09:54:38 | 28622 | 0 | & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] | [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] | [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] | |
| 7642354 | 7685743 | 2004-11-19 10:33:55 | 1 days 15:00:20 | 0|212.86.16.151 | 0 | 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] | [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] | [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] | |
| 7790644 | 7828097 | 2004-11-23 20:44:56 | 3 days 08:03:49 | 116385 | 4 | : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] | & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] | [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # | |
| 13261937 | 13271695 | 2005-05-05 11:29:56 | 0 days 18:19:59 | 228773 | 0 | & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] | [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] | [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # | |
| 13625838 | 13630178 | 2005-05-12 21:12:11 | 1 days 08:59:53 | 102531 | 0 | & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] | [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; ]] | [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; | |
| 15046701 | 15054564 | 2005-06-12 01:37:44 | 2 days 05:36:22 | 0|58.73.76.53 | 0 | tembok berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] | [[ ko : & # 48288 ; & # 47484 ; & # 47536 ; & # 51109 ; & # 48317 ; ]] | [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # | |
| 18607525 | 18615057 | 2005-07-11 18:24:45 | 0 days 02:00:04 | 116385 | 0 | ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : | & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; | سور برلين | ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de |
| 3 | ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : | & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; | חומת ברלין | ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 | |||||
| 4 | # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ ja : | & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; | ベルリンの壁 | ]] [[ ko : & # 48288 ; & # 47484 ; & # 47536 ; & # 51109 ; & # 48317 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & | |||||
| 6 | [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ ko : | & # 48288 ; & # 47484 ; & # 47536 ; & # 51109 ; & # 48317 ; | berlinmuren | ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & | |||||
| 7 | 22721 ; ]] [[ ko : & # 48288 ; & # 47484 ; & # 47536 ; & # 51109 ; & # 48317 ; ]] [[ pl : mur | berli & # 324 ; ski | berliński | ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; | |||||
| 8 | ; & # 51109 ; & # 48317 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : | & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; | берлинская стена | ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 | |||||
| 19932234 | 20042747 | 2005-08-01 11:29:17 | 1 days 17:26:50 | 271058 | 1 | muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ nb : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] | [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] | [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh | |
| 23449664 | 23670283 | 2005-09-21 11:45:42 | 3 days 03:55:41 | 271058 | 0 | gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] | [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] | [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru | |
| 24088697 | 24143292 | 2005-09-27 08:57:19 | 0 days 16:09:59 | 271058 | 2 | ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn | [[ | berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky | |
| 3 | [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : | : | ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr | ||||||
| 4 | he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren | ]] | [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] | ||||||
| 39233819 | 39312783 | 2006-02-12 07:11:37 | 0 days 12:06:55 | 692949 | 0 | ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] | [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] | [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh | |
| 48907639 | 48935289 | 2006-04-18 02:07:04 | 0 days 03:31:33 | 228773 | 0 | ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] | [[ simple : berlin wall ]] | [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ | |
| 59248468 | 60675338 | 2006-06-26 16:03:09 | 8 days 07:03:13 | 219754 | 0 | berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] | [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] | [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ | |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 68 | berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] | [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 61 | s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] | [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 68 | berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] | [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 61 | s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] | [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 68 | berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] | [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 113088171 | 113088445 | 2007-03-06 16:38:20 | 0 days 00:03:15 | 0|206.123.204.226 | 2 | ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] | you suck | [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh | |
| 113088743 | 113094185 | 2007-03-06 17:09:02 | 0 days 00:28:16 | 441020 | 7 | berlinski zid ]] why is there stuff here ? [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] i hate you keaton [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] | you suck | [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh | |
| 119325203 | 119386632 | 2007-04-01 01:12:31 | 0 days 05:32:38 | 3891047 | 0 | ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन | की | दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין | |
| 241809182 | 241970745 | 2008-09-30 09:00:27 | 0 days 15:43:29 | 2450100 | 0 | ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] | [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] | [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ | |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 85 | बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : | חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin | החבובות | ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : |
| 87 | siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : | ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren | マペット | ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена | |||||
| 88 | ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : | mur berliński | muppety | ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure | |||||
| 89 | ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : | muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure | os muppets | ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] | |||||
| 91 | : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : | berliinin muuri | muppetit | ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ | |||||
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 84 | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : | החבובות | חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin | ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : |
| 86 | muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : | マペット | ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren | ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]] | |||||
| 87 | muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : | muppety | mur berliński | ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]] | |||||
| 88 | na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : | os muppets | muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure | ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]] | |||||
| 90 | ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : | muppetit | berliinin muuri | ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]] | |||||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 85 | बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : | חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin | החבובות | ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : |
| 87 | siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : | ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren | マペット | ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена | |||||
| 88 | ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : | mur berliński | muppety | ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure | |||||
| 89 | ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : | muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure | os muppets | ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] | |||||
| 91 | : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : | berliinin muuri | muppetit | ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ | |||||
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 84 | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : | החבובות | חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin | ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : |
| 86 | muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : | マペット | ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren | ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]] | |||||
| 87 | muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : | muppety | mur berliński | ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]] | |||||
| 88 | na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : | os muppets | muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure | ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]] | |||||
| 90 | ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : | muppetit | berliinin muuri | ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]] | |||||
| 299532247 | 299536269 | 2009-06-30 17:00:50 | 0 days 00:23:45 | 3308922 | 1 | te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ ta : | பேர்லின் சுவர் | muro de berlin | ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin wall was built in the |
| 315504920 | 315723002 | 2009-09-23 15:17:43 | 1 days 01:36:14 | 8066546 | 0 | ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] | [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] | [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] | |
| 522225975 | 522266850 | 2012-11-10 01:45:02 | 0 days 05:47:38 | 11020855 | 0 | ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ xmf : ბერლინიშ კიდა ]] [[ arz : سور برلين ]] [[ mzn : برلین دیوار ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] | [[ nah : berlin pāntli ]] | [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ oc : mur de berlin ]] [[ pnb : |
| left_string | del_string | ins_string | right_string | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| from revision id | to revision id | timestamp | timegap | editor | |||||
| 22002656 | 22024698 | 2005-08-28 11:59:04 | 0 days 08:50:21 | 92511 | 1 | | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years | of the wall | = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin | |
| 35317181 | 35317828 | 2006-01-15 21:57:08 | 0 days 00:04:56 | 25568 | 1 | uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | 1 , 000 crosses | and a segment of the wall remembered those who died attempting to cross the wall . | ]] [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ | |
| 37108558 | 37371856 | 2006-01-30 16:10:54 | 1 days 20:59:34 | 0|207.108.154.195 | 0 | alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the | wall years | walls ears | = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire |
| 37371856 | 37419687 | 2006-01-30 22:29:34 | 0 days 06:18:40 | 8780 | 0 | alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the | walls ears | wall years | = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire |
| 40459461 | 40460981 | 2006-02-20 18:53:30 | 0 days 00:13:24 | 478178 | 0 | the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = | how the wall worked | layout | = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip |
| 40460981 | 40648652 | 2006-02-22 01:28:28 | 1 days 06:34:58 | 386031 | 17 | soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = construction | of the wall | = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 40785084 | 40814212 | 2006-02-23 04:37:43 | 0 days 04:17:05 | 386031 | 0 | the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = | construction | berlin is seperated = = | = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints |
| 1 | wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | = = = immediate response = = = | [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 | ||||||
| 40900572 | 40901025 | 2006-02-23 19:47:05 | 0 days 00:03:54 | 89179 | 0 | ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = | berlin is seperated | construction begins , 1961 | = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints |
| 40901025 | 40902989 | 2006-02-23 20:03:14 | 0 days 00:16:09 | 89179 | 0 | creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout | and modifications | = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip | |
| 40903298 | 40903474 | 2006-02-23 20:07:14 | 0 days 00:01:23 | 89179 | 1 | decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversery on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = aftermath | and implications | = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . | |
| 40904452 | 40904768 | 2006-02-23 20:17:12 | 0 days 00:02:18 | 89179 | 0 | . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall | of the wall | , 1989 | = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , |
| 41742909 | 41746791 | 2006-03-01 13:16:11 | 0 days 00:46:41 | 524922 | 1 | fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = = = = official crossings and usage = = | = | [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . | |
| 44770428 | 44770612 | 2006-03-21 05:02:30 | 0 days 00:01:49 | 0|68.154.38.227 | 2 | , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background | ? | = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] | |
| 44770612 | 44770674 | 2006-03-21 05:02:57 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 410083 | 2 | , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background | ? | = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] | |
| 58814119 | 58814173 | 2006-06-15 19:42:28 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 0|70.28.201.133 | 0 | berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 | - 1961 | ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip | |
| 58814173 | 58814260 | 2006-06-15 19:42:56 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 0|70.28.201.133 | 1 | image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 11 - 20 | - 1961 | ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip | |
| 58814260 | 58821996 | 2006-06-15 20:25:47 | 0 days 00:42:51 | 157842 | 1 | wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] | . | ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " | |
| 2 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 | - 11 - 20 | ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip | ||||||
| 101085418 | 101167468 | 2007-01-16 20:29:18 | 0 days 07:47:24 | 0|70.59.82.98 | 0 | next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , | |
| 101167468 | 101168248 | 2007-01-16 20:33:10 | 0 days 00:03:52 | 1008387 | 0 | next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , | |
| 105723513 | 105723629 | 2007-02-05 03:55:16 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 0|150.101.251.66 | 0 | public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ | 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ | image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what | |
| 105723629 | 105723744 | 2007-02-05 03:56:02 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 140089 | 0 | public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ | 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ | image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what | |
| 114062117 | 114069880 | 2007-03-10 15:09:53 | 0 days 00:56:10 | 3748830 | 5 | 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . | ]] | [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence | |
| 114069880 | 114078012 | 2007-03-10 16:07:11 | 0 days 00:57:18 | 3322661 | 3 | japan . svg | thumb | 300px | right | hinomaru ! ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling | the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime | ||
| 166163043 | 166165378 | 2007-10-21 23:47:46 | 0 days 00:12:04 | 605084 | 9 | : 30pm in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days . | honecker had predicted in january | of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always be used as a symbol for the end | |
| 12 | transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of | the wall in 1989 ]] --> protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling | the berlin wall , which will always be used as a symbol for the end of the cold war , made the " west " available in the middle of the | ||||||
| 167330269 | 167330987 | 2007-10-27 00:51:18 | 0 days 00:04:40 | 50001 | 15 | - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed | " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ]] " | speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] | |
| 169317962 | 169452172 | 2007-11-05 20:57:26 | 0 days 15:34:33 | 0|137.90.130.186 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building | monkeys built | the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side |
| 169452172 | 169452240 | 2007-11-05 20:57:45 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 4158767 | 0 | {st@rt} | monkeys built | {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building | the berlin wall 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / |
| 177209487 | 177212488 | 2007-12-11 14:31:03 | 0 days 00:19:08 | 0|208.108.156.65 | 0 | . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . | the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west | this page is greatest trademark ; | berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people |
| 177212791 | 177214350 | 2007-12-11 14:42:39 | 0 days 00:09:39 | 5779767 | 0 | . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . | this page is greatest trademark ; | the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west | berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people |
| 189354281 | 189354826 | 2008-02-05 21:59:41 | 0 days 00:02:04 | 0|70.118.67.29 | 0 | ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . | the | lauren is gaythe | wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in |
| 189354826 | 189355039 | 2008-02-05 22:00:27 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 2537811 | 0 | ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . | lauren is gaythe | the | wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in |
| 198362532 | 198983944 | 2008-03-17 23:54:50 | 2 days 17:32:57 | 0|76.205.75.132 | 5 | < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html researchers confirm | 125 | 135 | berlin wall deaths | germany | deutsche welle | 09 . 08 . 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group |
| 198983944 | 198984976 | 2008-03-17 23:59:41 | 0 days 00:04:51 | 911178 | 5 | < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html researchers confirm | 135 | 125 | berlin wall deaths | germany | deutsche welle | 09 . 08 . 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group |
| 200847758 | 200851402 | 2008-03-25 18:18:59 | 0 days 00:16:48 | 3505251 | 0 | all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | | remains of | the berlin wall , august 2007 ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ | |
| 201855065 | 201855908 | 2008-03-29 18:09:49 | 0 days 00:04:00 | 0|68.47.21.231 | 1 | = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin | wall and east - | i love learning about new states so this a good site to veiw so u can learn about | berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall |
| 201855908 | 201855946 | 2008-03-29 18:10:01 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 6475994 | 1 | the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} we love this site it helps to learn aout berlin | i love learning about new states so this a good site to veiw so u can learn about | wall and east - | berlin |
| 202525275 | 202536820 | 2008-04-01 13:23:40 | 0 days 01:09:16 | 0|208.182.113.239 | 3 | travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and | from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting | seven groundhogs jumped over | the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the |
| 202536820 | 202537943 | 2008-04-01 13:30:00 | 0 days 00:06:20 | 911178 | 3 | , eight rihnos , four hippos , one and a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , and | seven groundhogs jumped over | from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting | the berlin wall chasing a cat and four buffalo = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was |
| 215551281 | 216963315 | 2008-06-04 00:26:30 | 6 days 05:58:51 | 6929011 | 0 | ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] | [[ stq : berliner muure ]] | [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ | |
| 229217140 | 229650556 | 2008-08-03 21:25:53 | 2 days 08:34:27 | 577301 | 26 | [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of | [[ | berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet | |
| 235999012 | 236298450 | 2008-09-04 19:33:44 | 1 days 09:25:11 | 0|89.180.225.158 | 1 | wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east | to west | berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / | |
| 237420572 | 237421084 | 2008-09-10 02:42:59 | 0 days 00:04:00 | 7823265 | 2 | british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german | democratic republic ( including east | decided to build a wall so that the | berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) |
| 6 | market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the | 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed | children and thats how they built | the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and | |||||
| 237421084 | 237421104 | 2008-09-10 02:43:05 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 2372780 | 7 | lots of gay sex there just stay away from the male because you dont know who to trust dont bend over and then micheal jackson goes there and gets all the | children and thats how they built | 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed | the berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone from people bouncing up |
| 238325456 | 238394797 | 2008-09-14 17:19:35 | 0 days 08:03:18 | 0|75.81.195.4 | 1 | s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn | so fuck yo couch | to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front | |
| 238394797 | 238394911 | 2008-09-14 17:20:15 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 5549726 | 1 | s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn | so fuck yo couch | to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front | |
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 45 | the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and | connected to | which entered west | berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals |
| 239876509 | 239903193 | 2008-09-21 01:15:43 | 0 days 02:37:31 | 3623436 | 1 | aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = : ' ' see also | main article [[ | | | berlin border crossings ]] ' ' there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel |
| 240240944 | 240242156 | 2008-09-22 15:58:49 | 0 days 00:07:42 | 736477 | 1 | the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = territory = = | out of citizen territory of [[ | besides the sector - sector boundary within | berlin ]] , the wall passed around the limits of 14 municipalities of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , bordering with [[ west berlin ]] . here is |
| 240440258 | 240441737 | 2008-09-23 14:04:13 | 0 days 00:08:36 | 3048050 | 0 | republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . | katie o mahony loves | = = = divergence of | the berlin wall : d = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader |
| 242557548 | 242755000 | 2008-10-03 14:42:47 | 0 days 19:46:38 | 7991946 | 3 | jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' | t think sow i | ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] | |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 15 | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was | a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the | jon stewart | [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in |
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 15 | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was | a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the | jon stewart | [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in |
| 244911758 | 245026392 | 2008-10-13 17:05:37 | 0 days 13:38:58 | 0|80.56.136.93 | 0 | ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the | old | capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . | |
| 248423012 | 248550123 | 2008-10-30 03:35:04 | 0 days 11:37:02 | 0|71.129.38.195 | 3 | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the | territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . | berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west | |
| 248550123 | 248551311 | 2008-10-30 03:44:11 | 0 days 00:09:07 | 3689445 | 0 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . | the berlin wall was pretty ! ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | |
| 1 | the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . the | territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . | berlin wall was pretty ! ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | | ||||||
| 260986227 | 260986325 | 2008-12-31 00:07:29 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 7662999 | 0 | | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the | [[ | berlin wall ]] located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california , usa ]] ]] little is left of the wall at its original | |
| 261502761 | 262136422 | 2009-01-05 18:46:03 | 2 days 23:19:18 | 0|209.189.130.83 | 5 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the | west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with | berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' | |
| 262136422 | 262136515 | 2009-01-05 18:46:36 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 1064243 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from | the berlin wall was the biggest wall ever built . it stretched from hamas to south china , then to italy but it stopped in ireland for some alcoholic beverages . | |
| 1 | {st@rt} the | west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with | berlin wall was the biggest wall ever built . it stretched from hamas to south china , then to italy but it stopped in ireland for some alcoholic beverages . the | ||||||
| 263867716 | 264008204 | 2009-01-14 10:20:35 | 0 days 14:51:34 | 0|86.47.35.177 | 0 | : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital | of | , | berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the |
| 266290348 | 266290464 | 2009-01-25 10:45:41 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 119438 | 0 | {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ | ruy lopez # | berlin defence of the ruy lopez ]] . ' ' [ http : / / www . chess . com / news / the - berlin - wall - grows - | |
| 266949918 | 267068772 | 2009-01-28 22:44:29 | 0 days 10:45:43 | 0|99.228.71.49 | 1 | : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at | the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev | |
| 267068772 | 267068810 | 2009-01-28 22:44:37 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 4928500 | 0 | : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at | the berlin wall is bullshit . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a | |
| 268125931 | 268285347 | 2009-02-03 17:38:20 | 0 days 19:03:47 | 0|194.46.231.203 | 3 | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the | territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown | german government quickly stopped this | . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] |
| 274232751 | 274242379 | 2009-03-01 21:22:25 | 0 days 00:39:38 | 0|78.16.204.122 | 1 | was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] | gave | a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th | |
| 275499407 | 275903809 | 2009-03-08 22:29:08 | 1 days 22:58:47 | 9166621 | 2 | more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < | ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of | 3 | the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland |
| 275903809 | 275903826 | 2009-03-08 22:29:17 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 2416136 | 3 | {st@rt} hi world . . . | i | jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . | < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ! ! |
| 4 | {st@rt} hi world . . . i < | 3 | ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of | the berlin wall ! ! ! ! | |||||
| 283120128 | 283243378 | 2009-04-11 21:03:54 | 0 days 16:01:05 | 7992897 | 0 | {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez | # | berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' | |
| 283243474 | 283243810 | 2009-04-11 21:06:20 | 0 days 00:01:52 | 4156654 | 0 | {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez | # | berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' | |
| 284229554 | 284272784 | 2009-04-16 20:08:28 | 0 days 04:10:48 | 0|194.144.117.217 | 0 | orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the | ' ' ' | berlin wall started in hungary , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with symbolic moments like the so | |
| 284272784 | 284274572 | 2009-04-16 20:17:18 | 0 days 00:08:50 | 1099776 | 0 | orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the | ' ' ' | berlin wall ' ' ' started in [[ hungary ]] , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with | |
| 284527500 | 284528364 | 2009-04-18 00:18:32 | 0 days 00:05:54 | 0|122.110.183.192 | 2 | ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the | capital | dildo | , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although |
| 284528364 | 284529573 | 2009-04-18 00:27:25 | 0 days 00:08:53 | 6984319 | 1 | ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the | dildo | capital | , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the warm vagina . although |
| 289779598 | 289779731 | 2009-05-14 00:10:13 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 1233313 | 0 | germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as | " | ' ' | mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans |
| 290358741 | 290358801 | 2009-05-16 18:33:39 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 6984319 | 0 | tear down this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the | [[ | berlin wall ]] in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | | |
| 298845873 | 298939014 | 2009-06-27 14:00:54 | 0 days 14:17:19 | 1439530 | 3 | = mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] | delivers a speech | at the berlin wall in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | |
| 299443524 | 299532247 | 2009-06-30 16:37:05 | 0 days 12:43:21 | 0|80.192.216.96 | 0 | ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ | vec | ta | : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] |
| 2 | [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ | vi | te | : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |||||
| 3 | : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : | bức tường | బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] | berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |||||
| 299532247 | 299536269 | 2009-06-30 17:00:50 | 0 days 00:23:45 | 3308922 | 5 | برلن ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | the | berlin wall was built in the 60 ' s and knocked down inthe 80 ' s | |
| 300317419 | 300484953 | 2009-07-05 22:19:21 | 0 days 22:43:52 | 145194 | 1 | {st@rt} {{ pp - move - indef }} : ' ' for the chess position | , see [[ ruy lopez # | | | berlin defence ]] . ' ' {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : |
| 304813680 | 305113230 | 2009-07-30 17:36:15 | 1 days 13:06:13 | 0|155.188.247.7 | 0 | on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | | [[ ronald reagan ]] | david hasselhoff | at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} |
| 305113230 | 305113464 | 2009-07-30 17:37:36 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 6803532 | 0 | on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | | david hasselhoff | [[ ronald reagan ]] | at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} |
| 305130153 | 305728347 | 2009-08-03 00:58:10 | 3 days 05:42:38 | 0|67.163.100.198 | 0 | february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ | ronald reagan | truman | ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall |
| 305747833 | 305747907 | 2009-08-03 03:24:58 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 0|71.60.203.1 | 0 | february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ | truman | reagan | ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall |
| 305747907 | 305749049 | 2009-08-03 03:34:07 | 0 days 00:09:09 | 118722 | 0 | february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ | reagan | ronald reagan | ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall |
| 309336034 | 309828599 | 2009-08-24 18:52:05 | 2 days 19:36:05 | 8574593 | 0 | : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : | tembok | témbok | berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno |
| 311192075 | 311278175 | 2009-09-01 14:03:37 | 0 days 12:33:20 | 6971250 | 9 | speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of | churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the | berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = | |
| 311938724 | 312093201 | 2009-09-05 23:32:58 | 0 days 21:54:44 | 0|69.126.11.224 | 0 | divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . | i love julian | the berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | |
| 312093344 | 312093418 | 2009-09-05 23:34:31 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 97951 | 1 | divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . | i love julian | the berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | |
| 312093418 | 312093508 | 2009-09-05 23:35:09 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 10103464 | 0 | divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . | i love julian | the berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | |
| 312093508 | 312095287 | 2009-09-05 23:49:08 | 0 days 00:13:59 | 142444 | 0 | divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . | i love julian | the berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | |
| 312604952 | 312612312 | 2009-09-08 16:29:46 | 0 days 00:47:21 | 10069869 | 5 | [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / cyber - city berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , mixed reality installation after the fall of | the | berlin wall by media artists monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de | |
| 315336961 | 315504920 | 2009-09-22 13:41:29 | 0 days 19:25:53 | 764861 | 0 | war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] | * [[ tear down this wall ]] | * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special | |
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 178 | october 3 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ november 9 ]] , | [[ | 2009 ]] , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam | |
| 317824549 | 317979368 | 2009-10-05 04:18:29 | 0 days 16:16:48 | 1938651 | 0 | b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by | what would soon be known as the " | three | [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups |
| 320971298 | 320975384 | 2009-10-20 09:57:52 | 0 days 00:48:13 | 3058538 | 14 | ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com | / | allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs | |
| 17 | - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com | / | berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / | ||||||
| 320975384 | 320978520 | 2009-10-20 10:32:07 | 0 days 00:34:15 | 3058538 | 0 | 2009 }} 2007 [[ black - and - white | b & w ]] photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / | photogallery . htm gallery at | berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama | |
| 320978520 | 321098233 | 2009-10-20 23:46:50 | 0 days 13:14:43 | 8066546 | 0 | [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] | [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] | [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ | |
| 321882756 | 322000044 | 2009-10-25 20:35:50 | 0 days 16:11:04 | 0|68.215.179.23 | 0 | ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the | location | spot | of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , |
| 322000044 | 322000370 | 2009-10-25 20:37:47 | 0 days 00:01:57 | 3308922 | 0 | ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the | spot | location | of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , |
| 323393561 | 323394672 | 2009-11-02 02:02:57 | 0 days 00:06:40 | 6509701 | 0 | almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a | germans are hot | massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} |
| 324105756 | 324105954 | 2009-11-05 16:39:42 | 0 days 00:01:13 | 0|77.1.32.123 | 1 | missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . wallofberlin . com | ] | " virtual berlin wall " - website linked to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . pictures can be uploaded on a chose region of the wall | |
| 324146953 | 324158162 | 2009-11-05 21:48:15 | 0 days 01:00:28 | 0|76.93.177.233 | 1 | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of | graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of | shit | berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders |
| 324838954 | 324839056 | 2009-11-09 13:56:48 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 0|213.64.19.23 | 0 | / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html deutsche welle , the | inrastrucure | " infrastrucure " and technique | of the berlin wall in detail , animated video ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years |
| 324844080 | 324845496 | 2009-11-09 14:47:06 | 0 days 00:10:31 | 6971250 | 0 | a thaousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed | image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa | file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " | |
| 324906773 | 324911705 | 2009-11-09 21:14:15 | 0 days 00:25:41 | 10978948 | 0 | . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = | * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / | * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through | |
| 324951813 | 324954599 | 2009-11-10 01:05:34 | 0 days 00:16:59 | 6986250 | 0 | }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] | [[ an : muro de berlín ]] | [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ | |
| 325030966 | 325035321 | 2009-11-10 12:40:12 | 0 days 00:45:03 | 10297792 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the | chess | sex | position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west |
| 325035321 | 325035678 | 2009-11-10 12:43:22 | 0 days 00:03:10 | 10297792 | 1 | {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the | sex | chess | position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west |
| 325218548 | 325218944 | 2009-11-11 09:54:29 | 0 days 00:05:02 | 6971250 | 5 | they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * | ( ' ' ' | films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www | |
| 325366116 | 325367008 | 2009-11-12 02:40:35 | 0 days 00:06:22 | 4916882 | 4 | a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it | roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr | from berlin wall , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the | |
| 325413116 | 325413366 | 2009-11-12 10:06:37 | 0 days 00:02:38 | 8023653 | 2 | pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * childs , david , | ' ' | the gdr : moscow ' s german ally , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * | |
| 325525469 | 325526737 | 2009-11-12 23:24:55 | 0 days 00:07:23 | 5663757 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess | position | variation | | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side |
| 327412470 | 327584067 | 2009-11-24 01:48:25 | 0 days 21:33:35 | 0|75.52.168.142 | 0 | to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , | 1990 | 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 | . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the |
| 327584067 | 327584421 | 2009-11-24 01:50:54 | 0 days 00:02:29 | 10141256 | 0 | to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , | 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 | 1990 | . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the |
| 328189152 | 328227127 | 2009-11-27 16:25:08 | 0 days 05:51:41 | 38198 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess | opening | variation | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west | |
| 336231595 | 336304502 | 2010-01-07 00:15:54 | 0 days 06:33:16 | 0|99.13.65.208 | 3 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the | chess opening variation | roy lopez # | berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 | |
| 336304791 | 336305106 | 2010-01-07 00:18:55 | 0 days 00:01:34 | 7897452 | 0 | {st@rt} | ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' | {{ about | | | the berlin wall nocked down by josh farting sooo hard it just fell > . < ' ' ' ' ' ' . . . . . . . sara ' |
| 1 | {st@rt} ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' the | chess opening variation | roy lopez # | berlin wall nocked down by josh farting sooo hard it just fell > . < ' ' ' ' ' ' . . . . . . . sara ' ' | ||||||
| 343535162 | 343773536 | 2010-02-13 17:47:19 | 1 days 04:57:14 | 5326371 | 8 | ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital | , | of | berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref |
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 15 | in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the | wall violated | military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 | |
| 28 | section | date = july 2008 }} general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , | was sent | as his special advisor , sending him | to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport | |||||
| 343780168 | 343781933 | 2010-02-13 18:30:31 | 0 days 00:10:12 | 5326371 | 22 | east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . | ' ' | the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to | |
| 347167732 | 347168405 | 2010-03-01 21:33:00 | 0 days 00:03:10 | 0|71.28.105.141 | 1 | > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . | it was made in 1990 but tore down in 1999 . | the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist | |
| 347168405 | 347169208 | 2010-03-01 21:36:30 | 0 days 00:03:30 | 262550 | 3 | > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . | it was made in 1990 but tore down in 1999 . | the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist | |
| 356874702 | 356880198 | 2010-04-18 23:42:36 | 0 days 00:38:01 | 0|67.174.226.40 | 0 | = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] | i like applesauce | the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | |
| 356880198 | 356880243 | 2010-04-18 23:42:51 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 134937 | 0 | = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] | i like applesauce | the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | |
| 360584362 | 360919053 | 2010-05-08 16:00:36 | 1 days 19:56:21 | 0|87.227.46.100 | 0 | * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] | * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = fw9q0qu2c2a ] | {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | | |
| 360919053 | 360919529 | 2010-05-08 16:03:22 | 0 days 00:02:46 | 6163802 | 0 | * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] | * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = fw9q0qu2c2a ] | {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | | |
| 362093204 | 362093344 | 2010-05-14 13:55:43 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 0|208.108.154.247 | 1 | vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . mariah justice is awesome and dont use wikipedia : p because its unreliable . | ' ' ' | the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist | |
| 362093344 | 362094029 | 2010-05-14 14:00:38 | 0 days 00:04:55 | 334792 | 2 | " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . ' ' ' mariah justice is awesome and dont use wikipedia : p because its unreliable . | ' ' ' | both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . | the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist |
| 363268864 | 363585935 | 2010-05-22 17:58:32 | 1 days 20:55:35 | 0|64.235.99.75 | 0 | , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the | 750th | 75th | anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world / |
| 363585935 | 363586451 | 2010-05-22 18:02:29 | 0 days 00:03:57 | 0|64.235.99.75 | 0 | , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the | 75th | 750th | anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world / |
| 366512975 | 366521234 | 2010-06-07 08:27:18 | 0 days 01:15:10 | 6971250 | 0 | border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * some films | specifically | about the berlin wall : * * " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www | |
| 368177016 | 368181715 | 2010-06-15 14:27:43 | 0 days 00:31:39 | 2730469 | 0 | * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] | * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube ]] | {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | | |
| 374861638 | 374862385 | 2010-07-22 15:00:17 | 0 days 00:05:44 | 0|76.248.68.144 | 0 | : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube ]] | * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . | {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | | |
| 381576652 | 383513705 | 2010-09-07 20:13:40 | 9 days 21:55:10 | 1219174 | 2 | jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . | net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm | com | " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ |
| 384523324 | 384586437 | 2010-09-13 14:15:23 | 0 days 09:47:24 | 0|158.169.131.14 | 0 | | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " | [[ | berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / | |
| 389330154 | 389349828 | 2010-10-07 16:55:20 | 0 days 01:50:48 | 3308922 | 11 | a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at | http : / / www | [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 | . berlin - wall - map . com fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity |
| 391228576 | 391276457 | 2010-10-17 18:40:42 | 0 days 05:53:58 | 0|86.132.75.29 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . | the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities | |
| 391276457 | 391276698 | 2010-10-17 18:41:56 | 0 days 00:01:14 | 7007500 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . | the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities | |
| 392860812 | 392939112 | 2010-10-26 05:40:52 | 0 days 08:35:25 | 10089744 | 0 | hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = | {{ columns - list | 2 | | * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , | |
| 397185057 | 397241247 | 2010-11-17 04:09:25 | 0 days 05:59:29 | 13453905 | 0 | * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . | * [ http : / / www . americanrhetoric . com / speeches / jfkberliner . html jfk ' s " ich bin ein berliner " ] | {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | | |
| 398753727 | 398787758 | 2010-11-25 10:20:18 | 0 days 05:51:45 | 0|78.53.36.34 | 0 | valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . | [ http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / commons / 6 / 6f / map - germany - 1945 . svg map - germany - 1945 ] | berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | |
| 398858085 | 399051464 | 2010-11-27 00:47:52 | 1 days 03:59:26 | 16710 | 2 | [ http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / commons / 6 / 6f / map - germany - 1945 . svg map - germany - 1945 | ] | ]] | berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} |
| 400135595 | 400135757 | 2010-12-02 15:27:10 | 0 days 00:01:05 | 0|94.30.12.205 | 0 | ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in | ben hilton | berlin remained considerably more accessible then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main | |
| 400135757 | 400135808 | 2010-12-02 15:27:29 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 118722 | 0 | ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in | ben hilton | berlin remained considerably more accessible then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main | |
| 400217192 | 400251407 | 2010-12-03 03:16:12 | 0 days 04:06:05 | 0|67.11.7.6 | 4 | {st@rt} {{ about | | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of | the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite | |
| 400251407 | 400251431 | 2010-12-03 03:16:24 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 13286072 | 1 | {st@rt} frances rodriguez did this editing because she is retarted and now you dont know about | | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of | the berlin wall you know about my ugly nasty sister and you should arrest her because this might be illigal ! ! ! | } the ' ' ' berlin wall | |
| 400293690 | 400499840 | 2010-12-04 15:56:28 | 1 days 05:01:04 | 0|69.156.45.160 | 0 | = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] | : ) | the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | |
| 400499840 | 400551710 | 2010-12-04 21:19:51 | 0 days 05:23:23 | 0|24.118.61.80 | 0 | = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] | : ) | the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | |
| 407087919 | 407283677 | 2011-01-11 15:27:19 | 0 days 23:22:25 | 0|208.53.127.234 | 0 | layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( | 1989 | 1111 | ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert |
| 407283677 | 407283711 | 2011-01-11 15:27:31 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 13286072 | 0 | layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( | 1111 | 1989 | ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert |
| 409993256 | 410029342 | 2011-01-25 20:10:37 | 0 days 03:24:48 | 0|98.65.198.4 | 1 | {st@rt} | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view , from the west berlin side , of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of | the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite | |
| 410029342 | 410029373 | 2011-01-25 20:10:48 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 13286072 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view , from the west berlin side , of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of | the berlin wall is stubied of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | |
| 420447970 | 422046294 | 2011-04-02 22:14:24 | 9 days 15:56:56 | 1426328 | 1 | thumb | left | upright | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename | = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the | |
| 443414712 | 443416955 | 2011-08-06 22:32:57 | 0 days 00:17:32 | 16710 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | | roy | ruy | lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ use dmy dates | date = june 2011 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} |
| 443416955 | 443420038 | 2011-08-06 22:56:21 | 0 days 00:23:24 | 16710 | 19 | [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 | ]] | * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} | |
| 444182652 | 444482392 | 2011-08-12 18:46:58 | 1 days 16:17:34 | 2989394 | 1 | a thousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed | . | file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " | |
| 450027091 | 452185719 | 2011-09-24 12:32:59 | 12 days 03:34:17 | 10996774 | 0 | www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 | title = forschungsprojekt | „die | " die | todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | date = | accessdate = 2011 - |
| 484820788 | 484827186 | 2012-03-31 10:26:00 | 0 days 01:15:39 | 2390993 | 0 | berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | east german [[ combat groups of the working class ]] close the border on 13 august 1961 in | perparation | preparation | of the berlin wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , |
| 496328462 | 496565758 | 2012-06-08 08:33:04 | 1 days 12:16:34 | 5570079 | 0 | szl : berliński mur ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : | dingding | pader | ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ tt : берлин дивары ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı |
| 504102528 | 505248510 | 2012-08-01 12:00:15 | 6 days 23:47:00 | 17222084 | 5 | modifications = = = [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) | . | ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | | |
| 529700077 | 529724987 | 2012-12-25 15:36:49 | 0 days 06:28:33 | 10434788 | 6 | . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | | upright | | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded | |
| 534109278 | 534983192 | 2013-01-26 13:51:29 | 5 days 09:46:51 | 9090359 | 0 | [[ girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the | [[ | gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , | |
| 538062628 | 538916225 | 2013-02-18 19:08:38 | 5 days 03:00:19 | 10728040 | 34 | by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . | [[ | file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | upright | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 | |
| 545505302 | 545505652 | 2013-03-19 20:16:32 | 0 days 00:01:40 | 15130 | 0 | through the middle of 1990 , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | right | | 480 | 480px | | berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they |
| 549524958 | 549642343 | 2013-04-10 07:36:14 | 0 days 16:06:36 | 6971250 | 0 | berlin wall from the east . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | come back to the capital of gdr | file : berlin wall - 2 . jpg | wall with parked wartburg and trabant cars | file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | antitank obstacles and the wall < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was | |
| 574666684 | 574666842 | 2013-09-26 22:40:41 | 0 days 00:01:33 | 612302 | 0 | be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | | right | 480px | upright = 1 . 4 | | berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they |
| 575077055 | 575102993 | 2013-09-30 06:21:17 | 0 days 05:04:59 | 7328338 | 10 | _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the | [[ | berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ axel springer ag ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death _ strip , _ 1984 . | |
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 25 | elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except | that | the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi | |
| 580857229 | 580930170 | 2013-11-09 18:30:33 | 0 days 12:13:30 | 4783993 | 2 | : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , u . s . president john f . kennedy | ]] | visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of 450 , 000 he declared in his [[ ich | |
| 589123834 | 589252116 | 2014-01-05 06:40:46 | 0 days 19:32:52 | 415269 | 2 | berlin wall from the east . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | come back to the capital of gdr | " | file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original | |
| 600160165 | 601584324 | 2014-03-28 00:27:17 | 9 days 10:05:54 | 18779361 | 5 | berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) | . | ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence was built some {{ | |
| 602473473 | 602872991 | 2014-04-05 15:12:03 | 2 days 17:59:28 | 88026 | 10 | / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 | | | 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at youtube * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of | |
| 606293854 | 609218762 | 2014-05-19 10:20:12 | 20 days 02:57:58 | 6971250 | 0 | * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . | * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to 1990 , famous videos from public tv station rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ( rbb ) ] | {{ berlin wall }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany | |
| 613835077 | 615294848 | 2014-07-02 13:43:53 | 10 days 19:48:20 | 7669583 | 3 | hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing | atop | standing on the berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album | |
| 4 | performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the | partly - demolished | the berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent | ||||||
| 9 | [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " | , which was very popular in germany at that time , | standing on the berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album | ||||||
| 10 | hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing | on | the berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent | ||||||
| 633021579 | 633040519 | 2014-11-09 02:15:56 | 0 days 02:47:56 | 10340692 | 19 | / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | | dmoz | | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com | |
| 32 | de * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the | wall * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information | berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / bernauer straße memorial website ] * | ||||||
| 48 | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ | youtube | | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com | ||||||
| 51 | | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com | a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to 1990 , famous videos from public tv station rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ( rbb ) ] | {{ berlin wall }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany | ||||||
| 633183384 | 633189879 | 2014-11-10 04:55:00 | 0 days 01:15:20 | 1833 | 4 | mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . | the dismantling of | various military units dismantled | the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no - |
| 7 | berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that | has been affected | was severed | by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) were reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . | |||||
| 8 | ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by | the | berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) were reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . on | ||||||
| 656846739 | 659612103 | 2015-04-28 03:39:31 | 11 days 00:23:37 | 24802543 | 4 | lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of | the | berlin wall ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] | |
| 7 | of berlin wall ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) | . | ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence was built some {{ | ||||||
| 21 | november 1989 file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | a crane removes a section of the wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 | . | file : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | almost all of the remaining sections were rapidly chipped away . december 1990 file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - | ||||||
| 23 | - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | west germans peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall . 5 january 1990 | . | file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 file : berliner wall 1 . | ||||||
| 27 | 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east side gallery ]] , august 2006 | . | file : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall adjacent to the [[ topography of terror ]] , august 2007 file : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | | ||||||
| 30 | two sections of the wall and a " you are leaving " sign at [[ fort gordon ]] , [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] | . | file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " come | ||||||
| 32 | ]] , [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side | . | file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " come back to the capital of gdr " file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ | ||||||
| 33 | . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " come back to the capital of gdr " | . | file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | an exhibition | ||||||
| 34 | | a sign reading " come back to the capital of gdr " file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall | . | file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | an exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary to the berlin wall destruction was located at [[ potsdamer platz ]] arkaden | ||||||
| 688328708 | 688485144 | 2015-11-01 06:43:08 | 1 days 01:51:26 | 264323 | 3 | film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east berlin ]] just as the | [[ | berlin wall ]] is being built . he tries to bring her back into west berlin , but is stopped by [[ stasi ]] agents and arrested as a spy . | |
| 707177225 | 707245740 | 2016-02-27 18:44:15 | 0 days 11:04:30 | 22186892 | 0 | clay had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the | [[ | berlin airlift . he was immensely popular with the residents of west berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that kennedy would not compromise on the status of west | |
| 713111597 | 713738020 | 2016-04-05 17:01:56 | 3 days 16:22:20 | 29695 | 0 | }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided | [[ | berlin from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com | |
| 729057394 | 733423677 | 2016-08-07 18:35:16 | 29 days 02:59:40 | 3131428 | 2 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess | opening variation , sometimes | moves also | known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] }} {{ pp - semi - |
| 3 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as | berlin wall | | the [[ | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes | |||||
| 733423677 | 733487340 | 2016-08-08 04:39:46 | 0 days 10:04:30 | 264323 | 4 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | first = dmitry | last = solovyov }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | article | | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various | |
| 734284492 | 734407317 | 2016-08-14 03:25:55 | 0 days 18:58:58 | 4977632 | 1 | = = = = --> * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] – official website | for the state capital of | | http : / / www . | berlin * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] * [ http : / / www . |
| 4 | the berlin wall ] – official website for the state capital of berlin * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / | | title = | berlin wall memorial ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id | ||||||
| 13 | ] – a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story | of the | | publisher = [[ rundfunk | berlin wall ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall | |||||
| 20 | 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] – | a chronicle | * | of the berlin wall history * {{ nyt topic | subjects / b / berlin _ wall }} * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace | |||||
| 735306235 | 735630692 | 2016-08-22 01:46:01 | 2 days 04:34:00 | 13830 | 0 | warning , he was relieved that the east germans and the soviets had only divided berlin without taking any action against west berlin ' s access to the west . however | , | he denounced the berlin wall , whose erection worsened the relations between the united states and the soviet union . < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " > {{ cite web | |
| 2 | ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor | , sending him | and sent | to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the | |||||
| 738198431 | 738865701 | 2016-09-11 14:47:01 | 4 days 00:24:17 | 19921271 | 8 | , anchorman hans joachim friedrichs proclaimed , " this is a historic day . east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the | gdr is opening its borders . . . the | gates in the berlin wall stand open . " < ref name = revolution1989 / > < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east | |
| 752045266 | 760657011 | 2017-01-18 08:28:16 | 50 days 03:00:30 | 29937011 | 2 | ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ | east germany | germany ]] and separated [[ east | berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . | |
| 774994359 | 774996064 | 2017-04-11 23:54:04 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 204692 | 40 | of the wall in the city center were toppled in stages , converging in front of the brandenburg gate . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a | [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / | berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . the chinese government quickly shut down access to the twitter wall after | |
| 774996200 | 774996645 | 2017-04-11 23:58:49 | 0 days 00:03:40 | 204692 | 1 | 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east side gallery ]] , august 2006 | . | file : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall adjacent to the [[ topography of terror ]] , august 2007 . file : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | |
| 4 | two sections of the wall and a " you are leaving " sign at [[ fort gordon ]] , [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] | . | file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | the berlin wall from the east berlin side , 1967 . file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a | ||||||
| 5 | ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] . file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | the berlin wall from the east berlin side , 1967 | . | file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " until we see each other again in the capital of the gdr " . file : berlin wall | ||||||
| 6 | berlin side , 1967 . file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " until we see each other again in the capital of the gdr " | . | file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall . file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | an | ||||||
| 7 | we see each other again in the capital of the gdr " . file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall | . | file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | an exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary to the berlin wall destruction was located at [[ potsdamer platz ]] arkaden | ||||||
| 774997638 | 774997751 | 2017-04-12 00:08:06 | 0 days 00:01:12 | 204692 | 2 | at east german border guards through a hole in the wall . 5 january 1990 . file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | short section of | the | berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 . file : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall . file : teil der | |
| 781994310 | 782699210 | 2017-05-28 16:31:48 | 4 days 05:59:04 | 2884580 | 7 | an audience of 450 , 000 he declared in his [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] speech the support of the united states for west germany and the people of west | - | berlin in particular : {{ quote | two thousand years ago , the proudest boast was ' ' [[ civis romanus sum ]] ' ' [ " i am a roman | |
| 787359385 | 787408974 | 2017-06-25 06:54:21 | 0 days 07:37:56 | 31190988 | 4 | city . < ref > {{ cite web | title = memorial landscape : berlin wall | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | _ / start . html | | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very | |
| 5 | . < ref > {{ cite web | title = memorial landscape : berlin wall | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | | publisher | wayback | = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch | |||||
| 808145196 | 808291388 | 2017-11-02 00:05:05 | 0 days 19:57:53 | 11497143 | 0 | 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played rocking the wall , a live concert in east | - | berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying : " i ' m | |
| 812456655 | 812527422 | 2017-11-28 09:47:05 | 0 days 10:38:22 | 29980587 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence | : 3 . . . nf6 | | berlin defence ]] }} {{ for | the video game | the berlin wall ( video game ) }} {{ refimprove | date = april 2017 }} {{ pp - | |
| 820363656 | 820717744 | 2018-01-16 05:59:33 | 1 days 21:19:16 | 1808194 | 4 | , the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard , so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . < ref | > ' ' rise and fall of the | name = " | berlin wall ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the |
| 823238815 | 823239462 | 2018-01-31 01:50:53 | 0 days 00:04:27 | 32940610 | 2 | of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of | the | berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner | |
| 15 | preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the | initiative | wall trail on the banks of the griebnitzsee in potsdam has been closed | by berlin senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west | |||||
| 16 | death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by | some property owners . a similar situation exists since the summer of 2009 on the groß glienicker see . in both cases , since then a long - running legal dispute between the city of potsdam and the owners . in 2013 , a section of the there on the former postenweg running mauerweg in the community schönefeld was closed by the private owner , so there had to be set up other route guidance . the mauerweg is a total of about 160 kilometers long , of which run about 50 kilometers along the inner city border in the city of | berlin senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans | ||||||
| 824236669 | 825606275 | 2018-02-14 10:16:19 | 8 days 06:43:34 | 21948199 | 18 | . php4 ? template = mauerinfos _ de history of berlin wlal ] . < / ref > = = = berliner mauerweg = = = a few months after the | opening of the border on 9 november 1989 , the first measures for the dismantling of the berlin wall began , which had become superfluous with the economic and monetary union of both german states on 1 july 1990 and the complete abolition of border controls . in the following years , the barriers were dismantled almost the entire length . the along the wall running postweg the gdr border troops was then freely accessible on almost the entire length . soon after the | fall of the berlin wall there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg | |
| 19 | dismantled almost the entire length . the along the wall running postweg the gdr border troops was then freely accessible on almost the entire length . soon after the fall of | the | berlin wall there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a | ||||||
| 24 | distance tracks of the dresden railway in this area . since april 2009 , part of the wall trail on the banks of the griebnitzsee in potsdam has been closed by | some property owners . a similar situation exists since the summer of 2009 on the groß glienicker see . in both cases , since then a long - running legal dispute between the city of potsdam and the owners . in 2013 , a section of the there on the former postenweg running mauerweg in the community schönefeld was closed by the private owner , so there had to be set up other route guidance . the mauerweg is a total of about 160 kilometers long , of which run about 50 kilometers along the inner city border in the city of | berlin and about 110 kilometers on the border of west berlin to the surrounding area . on the pages of the senate administration , the wall trail is divided into 14 | ||||||
| 845242425 | 845346007 | 2018-06-11 05:24:11 | 0 days 16:38:45 | 508734 | 11 | de berlín en fátima ( 4592089636 ) . jpg | thumb | segment of the berlin wall in the [[ sanctuary of fátima ]] , [[ portugal ]] ]] {{ main | article | | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various | |
| 854070499 | 854078225 | 2018-08-08 20:29:20 | 0 days 01:04:58 | 3563616 | 2 | wall - 1804765 . html < / ref > an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the | ' ' | [[ gesellschaft für sport und technik ]] , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - | |
| 854963466 | 854964841 | 2018-08-15 00:18:45 | 0 days 00:14:21 | 5839510 | 0 | , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | east german [[ combat groups of the working class ]] close the border on 13 august 1961 in preparation | of | for | the berlin wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 |
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| 1092751 | 1097715 | 2003-06-29 13:07:28 | 21 days 00:30:08 | 0|213.157.9.245 | 0 | berlin ]] < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < i > < br > | ' ' | berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) . < / i > < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long wall isolating | |
| 6 | ]] . < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < i > < br > | ' ' | remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 ) . < / i > < / div > not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was | ||||||
| 40965017 | 40975096 | 2006-02-24 05:36:33 | 0 days 01:40:53 | 304316 | 5 | decreased emigration from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > | encyclopedia britannica website , | {{ web reference | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | | |
| 41746791 | 41761508 | 2006-03-01 15:37:50 | 0 days 02:21:39 | 24373 | 0 | emigration from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ | cite | web reference | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title | |
| 2 | http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ | cite | web reference | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | publishyear = july 5 , 2005 | url | ||||||
| 5 | 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ | cite | web reference | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | publishyear = september 8 , 2004 | url = | ||||||
| 44 | : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ web | reference | | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | publishyear = july 5 , 2005 | url = http | ||||||
| 45 | % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ web | reference | | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | publishyear = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : | ||||||
| 82429985 | 82453547 | 2006-10-19 17:14:13 | 0 days 02:20:43 | 0|81.99.104.254 | 0 | {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : | berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin wall graffiti & death strip . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave | berlingave | guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | |
| 82594068 | 82597586 | 2006-10-20 09:57:49 | 0 days 00:42:01 | 179115 | 0 | {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : | berlingave | berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti & death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave | guards a < s > ' ' [[ clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | |
| 84632700 | 84695253 | 2006-10-30 21:09:01 | 0 days 05:35:49 | 0|64.141.49.2 | 0 | {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : | berlin | angela | wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] |
| 84695253 | 84695656 | 2006-10-30 21:10:57 | 0 days 00:01:56 | 35947 | 0 | {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : | angela | berlin | wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] |
| 85493361 | 85506823 | 2006-11-03 17:45:12 | 0 days 01:14:30 | 0|84.177.194.94 | 0 | {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > | + | < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = | |
| 85506823 | 85507378 | 2006-11-03 17:48:19 | 0 days 00:03:07 | 0|84.177.194.94 | 0 | {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > + < div | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified that proposal to include private travels . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way to for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . a portion of the berlin wall can be seen in the lower left . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . w . bush ]] , and [[ margaret thatcher ]] , among others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] < / ref > one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys ]] , granddaughter of winston churchill , proposed the idea of placing a piece of the wall at the westminster college campus . with the support of westminster college , sandys and her husband , richard kaplan , met with officials in [[ east berlin ]] in february 1990 . upon arrival in berlin , the couple realized their plans to secure large portions of the wall would be costly , as 4 - foot - wide sections were selling at a cost of $ 60 , 000 to $ 200 , 000 . this obstacle , however , was solved when officials , impressed by the idea of a berlin wall monument being erected near the site of churchill ' s 1946 " iron curtain " speech , allowed sandys to choose eight sections as a gift to the college . sandys chose her sections from an area near the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , frequented by artists , because of the dramatic color of the graffiti . the repeated use of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " untrue " , also appealed to her . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former president ronald reagan , senator [[ john ashcroft ]] and german [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . forty - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] = = references = = | < div - [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , | |
| 7 | {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > | + | < div - [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , | ||||||
| 89073575 | 89073664 | 2006-11-20 20:11:35 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 64669 | 0 | portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = | further reading | references | = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title |
| 129352059 | 129352259 | 2007-05-08 21:21:34 | 0 days 00:00:51 | 0|71.220.96.241 | 3 | berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . < p > < img | src = " http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / en / f / f1 / tiger | _ mountain . jpg " border = " 0 " / > < / p > < div style = " width : 150px ; height : 24px ; background - | |
| 146399312 | 146423187 | 2007-07-23 00:40:24 | 0 days 02:28:29 | 715870 | 0 | of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = | references | bibliography | = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title |
| 204485065 | 204485312 | 2008-04-09 16:49:34 | 0 days 00:01:14 | 137113 | 0 | wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ | http : / / www | . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < | |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 2 | on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ | http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time | 2008 | ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according |
| 6 | , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ | http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | http : / / findarticles . com / p / articles / mi _ qn4158 / is _ 20040218 / ai _ n12772234 findarticles . com " disney buys muppets as bid prospect fades " 2 / 18 / 04 ] < / ref > exceptions include characters appearing on ' ' sesame street ' ' ( as they were previously sold to [[ sesame workshop ]] ) , the fraggles of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above | | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well | |||||
| 20 | , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ | http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and | |||||||
| 66 | crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ | http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site | {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | | ||||||
| 109 | crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ | cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' | ||||||
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 9 | | publisher = muppet wiki }} < / ref > after earlier unsuccessful attempts , [[ the walt disney company ]] bought the muppets in 2004 . < ref > [ | http : / / findarticles . com / p / articles / mi _ qn4158 / is _ 20040218 / ai _ n12772234 findarticles . com " disney buys muppets as bid prospect fades " 2 / 18 / 04 ] < / ref > exceptions include characters appearing on ' ' sesame street ' ' ( as they were previously sold to [[ sesame workshop ]] ) , the fraggles of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date | - mentioned non - " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , |
| 21 | kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ | http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml | on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . | ? videoid = 129336 & title = kermit - the - frog thedailyshow . com ] < / ref > guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' | |||||
| 94 | is in the works . disney recently enlisted [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] to create the next muppet movie for the studio . < ref > [ | http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 2430 & cs = 1 & query = muppets ' ' variety ' ' , 3 / 11 / 08 , segel and stoller take on muppets ] < / ref > this will be the first muppet theatrical film since ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' . = = physical appearance = = a common design for a jim henson muppet is a character with a very wide mouth and large protruding eyes . the puppets are often molded or carved out of [[ foam rubber ]] , and then covered with fleece . muppets may represent humans , [[ anthropomorphism | anthropomorphic ]] animals , realistic animals , robots , extraterrestrial creatures , mythical beings or other unidentified , newly imagined creatures , monsters or abstract characters . muppets are distinguished from [[ ventriloquist ]] " dummies " / " puppets " , which are typically animated only in the head and face , in that their arms or other features are also mobile and expressive . muppets are typically made of softer materials . they are also presented as being independent of the puppeteer , who is usually not visible & mdash ; hidden behind a set or outside of the camera frame . using the camera frame as the " stage " was an innovation of the muppets . < ref > christopher finch ' ' jim henson : the works ' ' 1993 , isbn 0679412034 < / ref > previously on television , there would typically be a stage hiding the performers , as if in a live presentation . = = operation = = the muppeteer typically holds the puppet above his head or in front of his body , with one hand operating the head and mouth and the other manipulating the hands and arms , either with two separate control rods or by " wearing " the hands like gloves . one consequence of this design is that most muppets are left - handed as the puppeteer uses his right hand to operate the head while operating the arm rod with his left hand . there are many other common designs and means of operation . in advanced muppets , several puppeteers may control a single character ; the performer who controls the mouth usually provides the voice for the character . as technology has evolved , the jim henson team and other puppeteers have developed an enormous variety of means to operate puppets for film and television , including the use of suspended rigs , internal motors , remote radio control , and computer enhanced and superimposed images . creative use of a mix of technologies has allowed for scenes in which muppets appear to be riding a bicycle , rowing a boat , and even dancing on - stage with no puppeteer in sight . = = muppets characters = = {{ unreferencedsection | date = june 2008 }} [[ image : fishinvid1024 . jpg | left | thumb | 250px | the muppets in [[ weezer ]] ' s ' [[ keep fishin ]] ' " ]] : ' ' see also : [[ : category : muppet characters ]] ' ' famous muppets from ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and its numerous spin - offs include [[ kermit the frog ]] , [[ miss piggy ]] , [[ fozzie bear ]] , [[ rizzo the rat ]] , [[ gonzo the great ]] , [[ rowlf the dog ]] , [[ dr . bunsen honeydew ]] and [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] , [[ scooter ( muppet ) | scooter ]] , [[ statler and waldorf ]] , the [[ swedish chef ]] , [[ sam the eagle ]] , [[ sweetums ]] , [[ pepe the king prawn ]] , [[ janice ]] , [[ animal ( muppet ) | animal ]] and [[ dr . teeth and the electric mayhem ]] . other well - known muppets include ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' characters such as [[ big bird ]] , [[ oscar the grouch ]] , [[ elmo ]] , [[ zoe ( sesame street ) | zoe ]] , [[ bert and ernie ]] , [[ cookie monster ]] , [[ grover ]] , [[ abby cadabby ]] and [[ the count ]] , as well as the main characters of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' . the most widely known {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} television shows featuring muppets have been ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ bear in the big blue house ]] ' ' . other series have included ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' , ' ' the ghost of faffner hall ' ' , ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the wubbulous world of dr . seuss ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] ' ' . a recurring adult - oriented cast of muppets ( in a setting known as [[ snl : season 1 | the land of gorch ]] ) were featured throughout the first season of ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' . guest stars on some of these programs have occasionally had muppet versions of themselves . | it was a regular practice for the first few episodes of ' ' the muppet show ' ' , and [[ zz top ]] , among others , have appeared as | ||||||
| 99 | with kermit in time square , co - host [[ ryan seacrest ]] thanked his pal " kerms " for the help bringing in ' 08 . < ref > [ | http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) | ] < / ref > miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood | ||||||
| 106 | 2008 ) : ' ' [[ a muppets christmas : letters to santa ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) ' ' in post - production ' ' < ref > [ | http : / / articles . muppetnewsflash . com / 2008 / 09 / muppets - christmas - letters - to - santa . html a muppets christmas : letters to santa ] < / ref > = = = direct - to - video features = = = : ' ' [[ muppet classic theater ]] ' ' ( 1994 ) : ' ' [[ kermit ' s swamp years ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) = = = internet = = = : ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] on [[ movies . com ]] ' ' ( 2005 - 2006 ) : ' ' [[ disney xtreme digital ]] ' ' ( 2008 - present ) : stars & stripes forever ! ( 2008 ) : ode to joy ( 2008 ) : habanera ( 2008 ) : classical chickens ( 2008 ) = = future = = after the consensus was reached that ' ' the muppets ' wizard of oz ' ' failed to deliver critically , the question hung in the air if whether or not another muppet film would be made . {{ fact | date = may 2008 }} a new film has been confirmed by [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] , who both plan to produce the next muppet film . < ref name = " stoller " > fleming , michael . [ http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 1236 & cs = 1 & query = segel + muppet + film " segel and stoller take on muppets . " ] ' ' [[ variety ( magazine ) | variety ]] ' ' . retrieved : [[ april 5 ]] , [[ 2008 ]] < / ref > they have | also stated that they will both write the next picture , but only stoller will direct . < ref name = " stoller " / > on [[ march 31 ]] | ||||||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 2 | on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ | http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time | 2008 | ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according |
| 6 | , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ | http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | http : / / findarticles . com / p / articles / mi _ qn4158 / is _ 20040218 / ai _ n12772234 findarticles . com " disney buys muppets as bid prospect fades " 2 / 18 / 04 ] < / ref > exceptions include characters appearing on ' ' sesame street ' ' ( as they were previously sold to [[ sesame workshop ]] ) , the fraggles of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above | | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well | |||||
| 20 | , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ | http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and | |||||||
| 66 | crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ | http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site | {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | | ||||||
| 109 | crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ | cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' | ||||||
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 9 | | publisher = muppet wiki }} < / ref > after earlier unsuccessful attempts , [[ the walt disney company ]] bought the muppets in 2004 . < ref > [ | http : / / findarticles . com / p / articles / mi _ qn4158 / is _ 20040218 / ai _ n12772234 findarticles . com " disney buys muppets as bid prospect fades " 2 / 18 / 04 ] < / ref > exceptions include characters appearing on ' ' sesame street ' ' ( as they were previously sold to [[ sesame workshop ]] ) , the fraggles of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date | - mentioned non - " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , |
| 21 | kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ | http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml | on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . | ? videoid = 129336 & title = kermit - the - frog thedailyshow . com ] < / ref > guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' | |||||
| 94 | is in the works . disney recently enlisted [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] to create the next muppet movie for the studio . < ref > [ | http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 2430 & cs = 1 & query = muppets ' ' variety ' ' , 3 / 11 / 08 , segel and stoller take on muppets ] < / ref > this will be the first muppet theatrical film since ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' . = = physical appearance = = a common design for a jim henson muppet is a character with a very wide mouth and large protruding eyes . the puppets are often molded or carved out of [[ foam rubber ]] , and then covered with fleece . muppets may represent humans , [[ anthropomorphism | anthropomorphic ]] animals , realistic animals , robots , extraterrestrial creatures , mythical beings or other unidentified , newly imagined creatures , monsters or abstract characters . muppets are distinguished from [[ ventriloquist ]] " dummies " / " puppets " , which are typically animated only in the head and face , in that their arms or other features are also mobile and expressive . muppets are typically made of softer materials . they are also presented as being independent of the puppeteer , who is usually not visible & mdash ; hidden behind a set or outside of the camera frame . using the camera frame as the " stage " was an innovation of the muppets . < ref > christopher finch ' ' jim henson : the works ' ' 1993 , isbn 0679412034 < / ref > previously on television , there would typically be a stage hiding the performers , as if in a live presentation . = = operation = = the muppeteer typically holds the puppet above his head or in front of his body , with one hand operating the head and mouth and the other manipulating the hands and arms , either with two separate control rods or by " wearing " the hands like gloves . one consequence of this design is that most muppets are left - handed as the puppeteer uses his right hand to operate the head while operating the arm rod with his left hand . there are many other common designs and means of operation . in advanced muppets , several puppeteers may control a single character ; the performer who controls the mouth usually provides the voice for the character . as technology has evolved , the jim henson team and other puppeteers have developed an enormous variety of means to operate puppets for film and television , including the use of suspended rigs , internal motors , remote radio control , and computer enhanced and superimposed images . creative use of a mix of technologies has allowed for scenes in which muppets appear to be riding a bicycle , rowing a boat , and even dancing on - stage with no puppeteer in sight . = = muppets characters = = {{ unreferencedsection | date = june 2008 }} [[ image : fishinvid1024 . jpg | left | thumb | 250px | the muppets in [[ weezer ]] ' s ' [[ keep fishin ]] ' " ]] : ' ' see also : [[ : category : muppet characters ]] ' ' famous muppets from ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and its numerous spin - offs include [[ kermit the frog ]] , [[ miss piggy ]] , [[ fozzie bear ]] , [[ rizzo the rat ]] , [[ gonzo the great ]] , [[ rowlf the dog ]] , [[ dr . bunsen honeydew ]] and [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] , [[ scooter ( muppet ) | scooter ]] , [[ statler and waldorf ]] , the [[ swedish chef ]] , [[ sam the eagle ]] , [[ sweetums ]] , [[ pepe the king prawn ]] , [[ janice ]] , [[ animal ( muppet ) | animal ]] and [[ dr . teeth and the electric mayhem ]] . other well - known muppets include ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' characters such as [[ big bird ]] , [[ oscar the grouch ]] , [[ elmo ]] , [[ zoe ( sesame street ) | zoe ]] , [[ bert and ernie ]] , [[ cookie monster ]] , [[ grover ]] , [[ abby cadabby ]] and [[ the count ]] , as well as the main characters of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' . the most widely known {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} television shows featuring muppets have been ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ bear in the big blue house ]] ' ' . other series have included ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' , ' ' the ghost of faffner hall ' ' , ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the wubbulous world of dr . seuss ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] ' ' . a recurring adult - oriented cast of muppets ( in a setting known as [[ snl : season 1 | the land of gorch ]] ) were featured throughout the first season of ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' . guest stars on some of these programs have occasionally had muppet versions of themselves . | it was a regular practice for the first few episodes of ' ' the muppet show ' ' , and [[ zz top ]] , among others , have appeared as | ||||||
| 99 | with kermit in time square , co - host [[ ryan seacrest ]] thanked his pal " kerms " for the help bringing in ' 08 . < ref > [ | http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) | ] < / ref > miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood | ||||||
| 106 | 2008 ) : ' ' [[ a muppets christmas : letters to santa ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) ' ' in post - production ' ' < ref > [ | http : / / articles . muppetnewsflash . com / 2008 / 09 / muppets - christmas - letters - to - santa . html a muppets christmas : letters to santa ] < / ref > = = = direct - to - video features = = = : ' ' [[ muppet classic theater ]] ' ' ( 1994 ) : ' ' [[ kermit ' s swamp years ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) = = = internet = = = : ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] on [[ movies . com ]] ' ' ( 2005 - 2006 ) : ' ' [[ disney xtreme digital ]] ' ' ( 2008 - present ) : stars & stripes forever ! ( 2008 ) : ode to joy ( 2008 ) : habanera ( 2008 ) : classical chickens ( 2008 ) = = future = = after the consensus was reached that ' ' the muppets ' wizard of oz ' ' failed to deliver critically , the question hung in the air if whether or not another muppet film would be made . {{ fact | date = may 2008 }} a new film has been confirmed by [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] , who both plan to produce the next muppet film . < ref name = " stoller " > fleming , michael . [ http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 1236 & cs = 1 & query = segel + muppet + film " segel and stoller take on muppets . " ] ' ' [[ variety ( magazine ) | variety ]] ' ' . retrieved : [[ april 5 ]] , [[ 2008 ]] < / ref > they have | also stated that they will both write the next picture , but only stoller will direct . < ref name = " stoller " / > on [[ march 31 ]] | ||||||
| 265328211 | 265375952 | 2009-01-20 23:03:51 | 0 days 04:21:53 | 0|65.31.228.149 | 10 | bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = | cultural | ural | differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ |
| 265375952 | 265376259 | 2009-01-20 23:05:34 | 0 days 00:01:43 | 4928500 | 11 | bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = | ural | cultural | differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ |
| 265376259 | 265376312 | 2009-01-20 23:05:48 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 0|65.31.228.149 | 7 | bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = | cultural | ural | differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ |
| 265376312 | 265376378 | 2009-01-20 23:06:12 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 118722 | 8 | bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = | ural | cultural | differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ |
| 285229373 | 285283450 | 2009-04-21 18:30:50 | 0 days 04:55:22 | 0|59.177.66.192 | 0 | first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = | [[ | erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to | |
| 1 | six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection | ]] | of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling | ||||||
| 285283450 | 285286386 | 2009-04-21 18:46:36 | 0 days 00:15:46 | 1304569 | 0 | first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = | [[ | erection ]] of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 289461792 | 289778757 | 2009-05-14 00:04:23 | 1 days 10:23:53 | 1233313 | 0 | million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = | " | brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to the brain drain feared | |
| 311192075 | 311278175 | 2009-09-01 14:03:37 | 0 days 12:33:20 | 6971250 | 0 | : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = | fulton , missouri | wall segments around the world | = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . |
| 318864606 | 318865056 | 2009-10-09 13:32:39 | 0 days 00:03:27 | 0|66.203.21.94 | 0 | }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = | the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift | matt gallimore likes big cock ! ! | = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled |
| 320971298 | 320975384 | 2009-10-20 09:57:52 | 0 days 00:48:13 | 3058538 | 11 | in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite | web | news | | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http |
| 324838831 | 324838927 | 2009-11-09 13:55:37 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 8008470 | 0 | in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > | image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states | image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | | |
| 344485310 | 344669652 | 2010-02-17 19:39:25 | 0 days 21:50:14 | 0|201.70.15.130 | 0 | first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = | erection | election | of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national |
| 344669652 | 344670713 | 2010-02-17 19:45:25 | 0 days 00:06:00 | 8918196 | 0 | first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = | election | erection | of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national |
| 356297258 | 356338854 | 2010-04-16 07:49:17 | 0 days 05:51:07 | 0|97.103.168.242 | 0 | six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection | ( tehe ) | of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national | |
| 356339026 | 356340188 | 2010-04-16 08:04:04 | 0 days 00:13:00 | 3308922 | 0 | six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection | ( tehe ) | of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national | |
| 357897333 | 358424098 | 2010-04-26 15:38:35 | 2 days 18:36:26 | 10996774 | 0 | to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite | web | news | | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , |
| 359268235 | 359268680 | 2010-04-30 15:25:56 | 0 days 00:02:37 | 0|169.204.164.80 | 1 | first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = | erection of | the inner german border fuck you = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling | |
| 359268680 | 359268782 | 2010-04-30 15:26:35 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 11386456 | 0 | first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = | erection of | the inner german erection for naivn ' s border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet | |
| 410170917 | 410343760 | 2011-01-27 10:21:30 | 0 days 19:59:20 | 1852573 | 0 | 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ quote | | " | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of | |
| 443413503 | 443414712 | 2011-08-06 22:15:25 | 0 days 00:09:33 | 16710 | 2 | page = article & id _ article = 34897 rsf . org ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite | web | news | | author = | url = http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this |
| 445097289 | 445112728 | 2011-08-16 07:20:53 | 0 days 02:52:17 | 6971250 | 0 | news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = | history remembered , freedom cherished | a 2011 poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than half of all russians do not know who built the berlin wall . | = = = on august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the |
| 454528682 | 454720816 | 2011-10-09 15:36:34 | 1 days 04:29:43 | 1469567 | 0 | they forgot that 9 nov . has already entered into history — 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ | cite | citation | | title = new york times | date = 17 november 1989 }} – elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < |
| 513767223 | 514812998 | 2012-09-27 15:04:09 | 6 days 18:49:18 | 7809335 | 2 | location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag | east germany }} , < br > {{ flag | | west germany }} | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ history of berlin # the divided city | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) | | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = |
| 574659325 | 574661610 | 2013-09-26 21:52:01 | 0 days 00:20:00 | 16715243 | 0 | springsteen ' s speaking out against the wall in the middle of east berlin added to the euphoria . < ref name = " tl20130709 " / > = = " | ich bin ein berliner " and " | mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | | |
| 635210295 | 635851215 | 2014-11-29 03:10:52 | 4 days 19:13:09 | 917223 | 3 | - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > * * | ' ' | " | chippin ' away , < ref > {{ youtube | - ummj _ jnway | crosby , stills & nash 1990 - chippin ' away }} < / ref > a |
| 699406529 | 699409408 | 2016-01-12 03:57:00 | 0 days 00:27:33 | 111277 | 0 | / germanydiplo / status / 686498183669743616 | publisher = german foreign office | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > = = | rocking the wall – | = | bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played a |
| 699409408 | 699437997 | 2016-01-12 09:16:52 | 0 days 05:19:52 | 23149456 | 0 | = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = | concerts by | western concerts and growing anti - wall sentiment = = = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , | |
| 1 | 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = western | concerts | artists | and growing anti - wall sentiment = = = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier | |||||
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 44 | " they forgot that 9 november has already entered into history — 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ | citation | cite news | | title = new york times | date = 17 november 1989 }} – elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < |
| 45 | forgot that 9 november has already entered into history — 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ citation | | title | work | = new york times | date = 17 november 1989 }} – elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref | |||||
| 702890848 | 702890979 | 2016-02-02 06:41:00 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 13816079 | 0 | which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = | the | berlin emigration loophole = = = with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | | |
| 706975021 | 707177225 | 2016-02-27 07:39:45 | 0 days 22:24:26 | 16283967 | 5 | rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 | date = 20120907214853 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite | archive . org / web / 20110920132624 / http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | . com ] {{ dead link | date = august 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the | |
| 774996115 | 774996200 | 2017-04-11 23:55:09 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 204692 | 0 | php / 50 - years - berlin - wall - 1961 - 1989 / | archivedate = 12 november 2011 | df = dmy }} < / ref > = = | related | media relating to the wall = = * documentary films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] | |
| 1 | / 50 - years - berlin - wall - 1961 - 1989 / | archivedate = 12 november 2011 | df = dmy }} < / ref > = = media | relating to the wall | = = * documentary films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc | ||||||
| 781994310 | 782699210 | 2017-05-28 16:31:48 | 4 days 05:59:04 | 2884580 | 0 | - wall | work = npr | publisher = national public radio | accessdate = 9 november 2014 | date = 9 november 2014 }} < / ref > = = | ' ' | " ich bin ein berliner " and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main article | ich bin ein berliner | tear down | |
| 825810710 | 825811905 | 2018-02-15 15:40:48 | 0 days 00:08:27 | 5946478 | 0 | east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . < ref > {{ cite | cornell international law | journal | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last = goodman | first = micah | publisher | |
| 1 | german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . < ref > {{ cite journal | | last1 = goodman | first1 = micah | date = 1996 | | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last = goodman | first = micah | publisher = | ||||||
| 826899654 | 827316878 | 2018-02-24 01:04:34 | 2 days 08:38:31 | 508734 | 32 | cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > < ref | name = " | history . howstuffworks . com / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 | |
| 52 | - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = concerts by western artists and growing anti - wall sentiment = = < center > {{ | cquote | quote | | text = every stone bears witness to the moral bankruptcy of the society it encloses }} < small > — margaret thatcher commenting about the wall , west berlin , |
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| 238414 | 238415 | 2001-09-16 15:09:28 | 129 days 22:13:31 | 35 | 3 | {st@rt} built in 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . it came down on november 9 | ]] | , 1989 . see [[ berlin ]] . | |
| 86668 | 97004 | 2002-06-06 13:36:28 | 0 days 00:35:44 | 0|210.49.193.178 | 1 | than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany begun in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on october 18 | ]] | , 1989 . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and many immediately went to the wall | |
| 2 | 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany begun in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on october 18 , | [[ | 1989 . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and many immediately went to the wall where | ||||||
| 1092751 | 1097715 | 2003-06-29 13:07:28 | 21 days 00:30:08 | 0|213.157.9.245 | 3 | there were around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 | ]] | , 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in | |
| 4 | were around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , | [[ | 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east | ||||||
| 3800134 | 3800736 | 2004-05-31 10:22:36 | 0 days 18:49:48 | 3808 | 28 | [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was deconstructed just months after its official opening in july | [[ | 1991 . < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > < center > | |
| 29 | m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was deconstructed just months after its official opening in july 1991 | ]] | . < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' | ||||||
| 5178672 | 5180399 | 2004-08-13 07:38:57 | 0 days 05:29:34 | 24744 | 6 | opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , december 25 | ]] | , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no | |
| 9112175 | 9112336 | 2005-01-05 02:38:45 | 27 days 00:48:34 | 0|67.164.50.76 | 1 | in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ | |
| 9112487 | 9156541 | 2005-01-05 02:49:50 | 0 days 00:04:52 | 615 | 7 | wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december 25 | ]] | , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no | |
| 8 | on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december 25 , | [[ | 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . | ||||||
| 10084995 | 10087212 | 2005-02-09 02:20:03 | 0 days 00:06:45 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 7 | the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 | ]] | , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside | |
| 10087212 | 10087443 | 2005-02-09 03:43:17 | 0 days 01:23:14 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 7 | most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 | ]] [[ | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently | |
| 12 | media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both | ||||||
| 10087443 | 10091995 | 2005-02-09 03:51:22 | 0 days 00:08:05 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 1 | | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . | |
| 2 | | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations | ||||||
| 13 | government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans | ||||||
| 19 | , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had | ||||||
| 10091995 | 10144491 | 2005-02-09 07:09:31 | 0 days 03:18:09 | 28107 | 53 | , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on august 13 | ]] | , 1961 in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german | |
| 77 | brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 | ]] [[ | 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and | ||||||
| 78 | . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 | ]] | . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the | ||||||
| 82 | death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 | ]] | , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and | ||||||
| 83 | in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , | [[ | 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving | ||||||
| 104 | jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on august 23 | ]] | , 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in | ||||||
| 105 | | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on august 23 , | [[ | 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east | ||||||
| 116 | . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic , erich honecker , resigned on october 18 | ]] | , 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by | ||||||
| 117 | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic , erich honecker , resigned on october 18 , | [[ | 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the | ||||||
| 122 | - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on november 9 | ]] | , 1989 . after a misunderstanding , günter schabowski announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon | ||||||
| 123 | lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on november 9 , | [[ | 1989 . after a misunderstanding , günter schabowski announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this | ||||||
| 10365915 | 10406521 | 2005-02-17 20:18:45 | 0 days 00:42:19 | 44727 | 2 | the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until november 9 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four | |
| 15881315 | 15902037 | 2005-06-26 21:50:58 | 0 days 18:23:00 | 44454 | 3 | . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on july 25 | ]] , [[ | 1961 that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . | |
| 4 | but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on july 25 1961 | ]] | that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly | ||||||
| 8 | ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at templehof airport on the afternoon of saturday 19 august | ]] | . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of | ||||||
| 10 | 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on 16 august | ]] | , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col glover s . | ||||||
| 12 | battle groups were pentomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august | ]] | , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column | ||||||
| 16 | berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday 21 august | ]] | , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three | ||||||
| 24 | war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 | ]] | , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in | ||||||
| 28 | mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 | ]] | , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin | ||||||
| 29 | ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , | [[ | 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was | ||||||
| 32 | . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 | ]] | , 1961 ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross | ||||||
| 33 | jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , | [[ | 1961 ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and | ||||||
| 24151055 | 24156661 | 2005-09-27 13:29:22 | 0 days 01:47:28 | 0|205.202.36.246 | 18 | access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s | |
| 58 | was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 | ]] | , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between | ||||||
| 24156661 | 24156863 | 2005-09-27 13:33:41 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 340905 | 17 | was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on november 9 | ]] | , 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the | |
| 18 | to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on november 9 , | [[ | 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the soviet | ||||||
| 57 | was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 | ]] | , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 | ||||||
| 27920075 | 27932424 | 2005-11-10 16:11:08 | 0 days 03:02:57 | 471054 | 2 | and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august | 13 | ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by | |
| 3 | . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ july | 25 | ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in | ||||||
| 27932424 | 27932542 | 2005-11-10 16:12:28 | 0 days 00:01:20 | 471054 | 2 | proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june | 17 | ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west | |
| 37796258 | 37828716 | 2006-02-02 10:58:24 | 0 days 06:20:16 | 471054 | 6 | and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november | 9 | ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany | |
| 38580629 | 38580746 | 2006-02-07 06:12:02 | 0 days 00:01:32 | 58229 | 6 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on 7 june 2003 | berlin wall on [[ 7 june | ]] | [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a | |
| 40378504 | 40459448 | 2006-02-20 18:39:58 | 0 days 14:44:59 | 386031 | 5 | was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june | | june 17 | ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west | |
| 40915337 | 40944082 | 2006-02-24 01:02:35 | 0 days 03:27:05 | 304316 | 2 | , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on november 9 | ]] | , 1989 , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently | |
| 51998163 | 51999522 | 2006-05-07 16:44:07 | 0 days 00:11:36 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 14 | post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 | ]] | , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement | |
| 18 | west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 | ]] | , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of | ||||||
| 40 | notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 | ]] [[ | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | ||||||
| 45 | on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on | ||||||
| 51999522 | 51999602 | 2006-05-07 16:44:48 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 223113 | 14 | requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 | ]] | , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in | |
| 18 | war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 | ]] | , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin | ||||||
| 19 | four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , | [[ | 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was | ||||||
| 40 | . the most notorious failed attempt was that of peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 | ]] [[ | 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 = | ||||||
| 41 | the most notorious failed attempt was that of peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 | ]] | . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 = = | ||||||
| 45 | full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 | ]] | , 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin | ||||||
| 54465933 | 54483047 | 2006-05-22 05:56:45 | 0 days 02:29:17 | 1072488 | 0 | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ august 13 | ]] | , 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and | |
| 61679517 | 61913575 | 2006-07-03 21:31:57 | 1 days 09:06:51 | 82835 | 20 | meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november | ]] [[ | 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , | |
| 64681432 | 64682237 | 2006-07-19 16:07:06 | 0 days 00:04:50 | 157842 | 13 | of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " lies " or " untruths . " also appealed to her . on [[ november | ]] [[ | 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill | |
| 79606749 | 79608608 | 2006-10-05 06:59:52 | 0 days 00:18:35 | 21887 | 4 | , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 | ]] | and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an | |
| 8 | the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 | ]] | , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall | ||||||
| 99129270 | 99129501 | 2007-01-07 17:51:00 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 82835 | 4 | the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june | ]] [[ | 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht | |
| 5 | barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 | ]] | - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , | ||||||
| 7 | to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 | , | ]] [[ | 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal | |||||
| 99129501 | 99129756 | 2007-01-07 17:52:18 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 82835 | 0 | course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june | [[ | 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their | |
| 103509663 | 103857685 | 2007-01-28 16:17:29 | 1 days 15:06:20 | 0|82.47.202.147 | 0 | west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november | 9 | 10 | ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold |
| 103857685 | 103859154 | 2007-01-28 16:25:19 | 0 days 00:07:50 | 302522 | 0 | west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november | 10 | 9 | ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold |
| 119386632 | 119603839 | 2007-04-02 00:04:27 | 0 days 22:51:56 | 0|69.110.144.39 | 0 | 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october | 7 | 17 | ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost |
| 119603957 | 119615866 | 2007-04-02 01:07:47 | 0 days 01:02:45 | 911178 | 0 | 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october | 17 | 7 | ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost |
| 132997348 | 133070307 | 2007-05-24 01:07:06 | 0 days 05:44:33 | 129409 | 23 | democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 | ]] | , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent | |
| 26 | berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war | ||||||
| 133071645 | 133072963 | 2007-05-24 01:21:37 | 0 days 00:07:22 | 715870 | 2 | [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 | , | ]] [[ | 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west |
| 5 | for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 | , | ]] [[ | 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west | |||||
| 133074114 | 133074678 | 2007-05-24 01:30:42 | 0 days 00:02:52 | 715870 | 4 | wall ) had been used in this context . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | | 13th of august | ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and | |
| 8 | f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 | july | ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result | ||||||
| 142504621 | 142514453 | 2007-07-04 19:20:38 | 0 days 00:50:04 | 715870 | 1 | ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of august 12 | , | ]] [[ | 1961 , the leaders of [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] — formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] |
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 60 | just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 | august | ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . | |
| 229217140 | 229650556 | 2008-08-03 21:25:53 | 2 days 08:34:27 | 577301 | 0 | the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 | ]] [[ | , | 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www |
| 1 | director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 | ]] [[ | , | 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the | |||||
| 2 | almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 | ]] [[ | , | 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , | |||||
| 3 | - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 | ]] [[ | , | 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ | |||||
| 6 | in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 | ]] [[ | , | 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " | |||||
| 7 | 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 | ]] [[ | , | 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an | |||||
| 10 | | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on [[ august 23 | ]] [[ | , | 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to | |||||
| 13 | by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 | ]] [[ | , | 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration | |||||
| 14 | task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 | ]] [[ | , | 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to | |||||
| 29 | . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april | ]] | , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov | ||||||
| 55 | three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 | ]] | , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . | ||||||
| 57 | with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 | ]] | , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in | ||||||
| 59 | before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 | ]] | , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every | ||||||
| 61 | ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 | ]] | , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year | ||||||
| 65 | first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 | ]] | , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited | ||||||
| 70 | east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on [[ august 15 | ]] | , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts | ||||||
| 71 | authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on [[ august 15 ]] , | [[ | 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long | ||||||
| 75 | , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 | ]] | , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | ||||||
| 79 | on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald | ||||||
| 89 | against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand | ||||||
| 98 | including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 | ]] | . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and | ||||||
| 104 | though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only | ||||||
| 108 | including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance | ||||||
| 118 | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 | ]] | , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , | ||||||
| 124 | " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 | ]] | , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day | ||||||
| 128 | [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 | ]] | , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . | ||||||
| 130 | and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 | ]] | , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav | ||||||
| 134 | : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ december 25 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] | ||||||
| 135 | at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony | ||||||
| 138 | the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july | ]] [[ | 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] | ||||||
| 147 | ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 | ]] | , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | | ||||||
| 235938141 | 235938341 | 2008-09-03 01:22:28 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|76.5.221.188 | 1 | from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on 1 | april | , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the | |
| 239453915 | 239456329 | 2008-09-19 03:25:00 | 0 days 00:12:32 | 736477 | 35 | - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on june | 15 , | 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | |
| 36 | wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday august | 12 , | 1961 , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , | ||||||
| 239456748 | 239564841 | 2008-09-19 13:58:32 | 0 days 10:31:31 | 0|209.174.67.217 | 1 | director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , | 1989 | 1949 | , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , |
| 239564841 | 239565752 | 2008-09-19 14:02:18 | 0 days 00:03:46 | 0|209.174.67.217 | 4 | europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august | 13 | 32 | , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / |
| 239565752 | 239565807 | 2008-09-19 14:02:30 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 1395162 | 4 | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the baboon separated the two australian states for 99 , 999 years and 364 days , from the day construction began on august | 32 | 13 | , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the happy curtain . < ref > [ http : / |
| 8 | director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the united kingdom government announced on november 9 , | 1949 | 1989 | , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , | |||||
| 240572171 | 240734559 | 2008-09-24 19:49:47 | 0 days 19:24:02 | 0|67.191.11.141 | 0 | to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october | 3 | 4 | , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , |
| 240734559 | 240735201 | 2008-09-24 19:53:18 | 0 days 00:03:31 | 911178 | 0 | to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october | 4 | 3 | , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1946 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , |
| 248612893 | 248617031 | 2008-10-30 14:17:25 | 0 days 00:25:35 | 0|209.174.67.217 | 3 | ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november | 9 | 97 | , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the |
| 6 | to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october | 3 | 34 | , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , | |||||
| 248619037 | 248638203 | 2008-10-30 16:20:12 | 0 days 01:50:37 | 352579 | 3 | ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november | 97 | 9 | , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the |
| 5 | to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october | 34 | 3 | , 1990 . = = background = | |||||
| 255192882 | 255210778 | 2008-12-01 15:04:41 | 0 days 02:27:24 | 0|70.91.241.121 | 6 | | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august | 13 | 16 | , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / |
| 7 | ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , | 1961 | 1967 | until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www | |||||
| 255210778 | 255210981 | 2008-12-01 15:05:58 | 0 days 00:01:17 | 3290566 | 5 | western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water separated eastital from westitaly for 40 years and 2 day , from the day construction began on august | 16 | 13 | , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the long curtain . < ref > [ http : / |
| 6 | | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water separated eastital from westitaly for 40 years and 2 day , from the day construction began on august 16 , | 1967 | 1961 | until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the long curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www | |||||
| 257284183 | 257291690 | 2008-12-11 16:06:25 | 0 days 00:50:25 | 0|71.130.177.243 | 2 | ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november | 9th | 12th | ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 |
| 8 | ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november | 9 | 5 | , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the | |||||
| 11 | to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october | 3 | 7 | , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , | |||||
| 12 | almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , | 1990 | 1991 | . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . | |||||
| 15 | to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , | 1952 | 1959 | , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans | |||||
| 257291690 | 257299643 | 2008-12-11 16:51:58 | 0 days 00:45:33 | 352579 | 1 | ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november | 12th | 9th | ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 |
| 5 | ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the north german government announced on november | 5 | 9 | , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the | |||||
| 8 | to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october | 7 | 3 | , 1991 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , | |||||
| 9 | almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 7 , | 1991 | 1990 | . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1955 . | |||||
| 12 | to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , | 1959 | 1952 | , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans | |||||
| 258713332 | 258713483 | 2008-12-18 03:12:27 | 0 days 00:00:48 | 0|65.34.164.186 | 1 | director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , | 1989 | 1888 | , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , |
| 258713491 | 258720479 | 2008-12-18 03:58:39 | 0 days 00:46:05 | 0|67.166.253.162 | 1 | director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , | 1888 | 1989 | , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , |
| 265792339 | 265792794 | 2009-01-22 22:13:11 | 0 days 00:02:03 | 0|38.116.202.94 | 0 | and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on | west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally | westadditionally | , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = |
| 265797534 | 265797894 | 2009-01-22 22:37:55 | 0 days 00:01:48 | 634828 | 1 | and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on | westadditionally | west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally | , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = |
| 266837987 | 266945844 | 2009-01-28 11:26:08 | 0 days 13:04:36 | 0|87.38.134.95 | 1 | director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , | 1989 | 2008 | , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , |
| 2 | almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , | 1990 | 2009 | . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . | |||||
| 266945844 | 266949918 | 2009-01-28 11:58:46 | 0 days 00:32:38 | 137113 | 1 | director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , | 2008 | 1989 | , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , |
| 2 | almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , | 2009 | 1990 | . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . | |||||
| 267606916 | 267773207 | 2009-02-01 05:24:35 | 0 days 17:01:34 | 214542 | 0 | the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november | 9th | 9 | ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 |
| 267776477 | 267777243 | 2009-02-01 05:59:00 | 0 days 00:06:41 | 214542 | 15 | the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 | , 1989 | , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the | |
| 267777804 | 268040666 | 2009-02-02 14:56:26 | 1 days 08:53:01 | 0|87.38.134.241 | 5 | director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , | 1989 | 2009 | , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , |
| 268040666 | 268042073 | 2009-02-02 15:06:12 | 0 days 00:09:46 | 3505251 | 4 | director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , | 2009 | 1989 | , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , |
| 270320669 | 270336955 | 2009-02-13 00:28:36 | 0 days 01:27:34 | 0|71.75.114.205 | 0 | 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , | 1990 | 199 | {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . |
| 270336955 | 270337066 | 2009-02-13 00:29:15 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 0|71.75.114.205 | 0 | 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , | 199 | 1990 | {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . |
| 275070764 | 275170637 | 2009-03-05 14:36:21 | 0 days 12:39:33 | 0|87.33.73.130 | 0 | ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august | 13 | 34 | , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / |
| 275171192 | 275172016 | 2009-03-05 14:44:09 | 0 days 00:04:37 | 0|87.33.73.130 | 0 | [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 34 , | 1961 | 1600 | until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1955 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / |
| 275172493 | 275173185 | 2009-03-05 14:50:32 | 0 days 00:03:44 | 3505251 | 0 | the wall was built for the craic . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august | 34 | 13 | , 1600 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1955 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / |
| 1 | was built for the craic . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 34 , | 1600 | 1961 | until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1955 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / | |||||
| 275204795 | 275236289 | 2009-03-05 20:16:54 | 0 days 02:43:06 | 0|76.252.73.45 | 1 | | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , | 1989 | 1981 | , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set |
| 275236289 | 275241198 | 2009-03-05 20:40:02 | 0 days 00:23:08 | 0|76.98.250.200 | 1 | | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , | 1981 | 1989 | , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set |
| 280576244 | 280625910 | 2009-03-30 11:26:09 | 0 days 07:02:28 | 0|87.38.134.112 | 3 | remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 | , 1990 | 2009 | . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . |
| 280625910 | 280626722 | 2009-03-30 11:32:07 | 0 days 00:05:58 | 3505251 | 2 | remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 | 2009 | , 1990 | . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . |
| 281608811 | 281686628 | 2009-04-04 12:14:06 | 0 days 11:20:47 | 15708 | 5 | east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november | 9 | ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 | |
| 7 | ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november | 9 , | 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall | ||||||
| 283525140 | 283525851 | 2009-04-13 08:35:28 | 0 days 00:08:43 | 0|194.144.117.217 | 2 | government started to dismantle the iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' . when the east german government announced on 9 november | ]] | 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall | |
| 285874976 | 287077460 | 2009-04-30 16:41:07 | 6 days 00:38:51 | 957447 | 0 | could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 . . {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november | 9th | 9 | , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam |
| 296787393 | 296787974 | 2009-06-16 17:03:57 | 0 days 00:03:26 | 0|71.187.249.58 | 1 | remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october | 1990 | 2099 | . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . |
| 296787974 | 296788035 | 2009-06-16 17:04:22 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 6681090 | 1 | remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 33 october | 2099 | 1990 | . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . |
| 300057708 | 300312703 | 2009-07-04 23:02:58 | 1 days 08:14:41 | 0|86.163.75.210 | 1 | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would start to become physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , | 1989 | 1987 | , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set |
| 2 | ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , | 1989 | 1987 | , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred | |||||
| 300312703 | 300317419 | 2009-07-04 23:35:29 | 0 days 00:32:31 | 911178 | 1 | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would start to become physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , | 1987 | 1989 | , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set |
| 2 | ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , | 1987 | 1989 | , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred | |||||
| 300484953 | 300485855 | 2009-07-05 22:25:18 | 0 days 00:05:57 | 145194 | 5 | = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 | ]] | , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of | |
| 306696808 | 306953293 | 2009-08-09 10:18:02 | 1 days 10:43:30 | 72905 | 0 | s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 | , 1961 | . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle | |
| 306954476 | 307001452 | 2009-08-09 17:09:23 | 0 days 06:40:39 | 6984319 | 1 | | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 | until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] , | to | 1989 , the wall stopped most such emigration and separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / |
| 308150074 | 308260646 | 2009-08-16 07:14:29 | 0 days 14:05:13 | 957447 | 0 | , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government [[ november 9th in german history | announced on 9 november ]] | , | [[ | 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall |
| 308484644 | 308602478 | 2009-08-18 02:36:12 | 0 days 12:03:29 | 6984319 | 3 | wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government [[ november 9th in german history | announced on 9 november | ]] [[ | 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the | |
| 313610213 | 313669540 | 2009-09-13 22:22:26 | 0 days 04:23:37 | 0|65.188.151.195 | 2 | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , | 1989 | 1988 | , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set |
| 313669540 | 313670259 | 2009-09-13 22:26:13 | 0 days 00:03:47 | 142444 | 2 | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1988 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , | 1988 | 1989 | , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set |
| 315255881 | 315255964 | 2009-09-21 08:16:52 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 204692 | 2 | [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 | ]] | , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated | |
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 1 | s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 | ]] | , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area | |
| 5 | toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 | ]] | , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the | ||||||
| 6 | varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , | [[ | 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall | ||||||
| 12 | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 | ]] | , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation | ||||||
| 13 | | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , | [[ | 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime | ||||||
| 16 | crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 | ]] | , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that | ||||||
| 17 | in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , | [[ | 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the | ||||||
| 20 | divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 | ]] | , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 | ||||||
| 21 | germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , | [[ | 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % | ||||||
| 24 | then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 | ]] | , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " | ||||||
| 25 | the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , | [[ | 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > | ||||||
| 32 | wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june | ]] [[ | 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | ||||||
| 33 | 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 | ]] | , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | | ||||||
| 35 | ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 | ]] | , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / | ||||||
| 36 | ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , | [[ | 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / | ||||||
| 39 | / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august | ]] [[ | 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which | ||||||
| 45 | on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 | ]] | . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in | ||||||
| 47 | ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 | ]] | , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < | ||||||
| 51 | kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 | ]] | , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - | ||||||
| 55 | . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august | 14th | 14 ]] | , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a | |||||
| 59 | s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 | ]] | , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and | ||||||
| 63 | old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 | ]] | , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s | ||||||
| 65 | s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 | ]] | , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in | ||||||
| 67 | just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 | ]] | , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every | ||||||
| 77 | berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 | ]] | . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung ' ' ) . similar | ||||||
| 79 | east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 | ]] | , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , | ||||||
| 80 | german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 , | [[ | 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 | ||||||
| 83 | london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 | ]] | , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan | ||||||
| 87 | down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 | ]] | , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying | ||||||
| 88 | this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , | [[ | 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : | ||||||
| 91 | | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 | ]] | , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . | ||||||
| 92 | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , | [[ | 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < | ||||||
| 95 | ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 | ]] | , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a | ||||||
| 96 | ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , | [[ | 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " | ||||||
| 99 | mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > by november 4 | ]] | , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of | ||||||
| 101 | czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 | ]] | , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the | ||||||
| 103 | , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 | ]] | , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision | ||||||
| 107 | the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 | ]] | , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the | ||||||
| 114 | crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 | ]] | , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( | ||||||
| 118 | it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 | ]] | , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive | ||||||
| 119 | was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , | [[ | 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions | ||||||
| 124 | at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 | ]] | and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of | ||||||
| 128 | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 | ]] | , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " | ||||||
| 130 | peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 | ]] | , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german | ||||||
| 131 | " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , | [[ | 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency | ||||||
| 134 | border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 | ]] | , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . | ||||||
| 136 | section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 | ]] | , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating | ||||||
| 140 | first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 | ]] | , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony | ||||||
| 141 | step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , | [[ | 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no | ||||||
| 151 | wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july | ]] [[ | 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , | ||||||
| 152 | concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 | ]] | , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ | ||||||
| 166 | and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 | ]] | , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam | ||||||
| 167 | , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , | [[ | 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino | ||||||
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 1 | zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , [[ august | 14 ]] | 14th | , [[ 1961 ]] ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was |
| 23 | location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of [[ february 21 | ]] | , [[ 1947 ]] . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the | ||||||
| 27 | varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on [[ november 9 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and | ||||||
| 33 | | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on [[ october 7 | ]] | , [[ 1949 ]] , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of | ||||||
| 37 | in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on [[ april 1 | ]] | , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] | ||||||
| 41 | germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on [[ december 11 | ]] | , [[ 1957 ]] that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well | ||||||
| 45 | the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on [[ august 28 | ]] | , [[ 1958 ]] , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " | ||||||
| 49 | = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 | ]] | , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ | ||||||
| 53 | 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ 15 june | ]] [[ | 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ | ||||||
| 56 | ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on [[ august 1 | ]] | , [[ 1961 ]] , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http | ||||||
| 66 | west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on [[ august 15 | ]] | . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in | ||||||
| 68 | | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , [[ june 26 | ]] | , [[ 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] | ||||||
| 72 | ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 | ]] | , [[ 1961 ]] , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / | ||||||
| 73 | [[ 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] , | [[ | 1961 ]] , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - | ||||||
| 79 | special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 | ]] | , [[ 1961 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the | ||||||
| 83 | three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 | ]] | , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . | ||||||
| 85 | with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 | ]] | , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in | ||||||
| 87 | before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 | ]] | , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every | ||||||
| 89 | [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 | ]] | , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west | ||||||
| 93 | ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ 26 august | ]] [[ | 1961 ]] and [[ 17 december ]] [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that | ||||||
| 99 | german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on [[ august 15 | ]] | , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad | ||||||
| 100 | no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on [[ august 15 ]] , | [[ | 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , | ||||||
| 103 | : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ | ||||||
| 107 | this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on [[ june 12 | ]] | , [[ 1987 ]] . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations | ||||||
| 111 | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on [[ august 23 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to | ||||||
| 112 | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . | ||||||
| 115 | ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand | ||||||
| 121 | , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 | ]] | , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the | ||||||
| 123 | including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 17 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to | ||||||
| 127 | task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 | ]] | , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the | ||||||
| 134 | removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 21 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic | ||||||
| 138 | was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and | ||||||
| 150 | " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 | ]] | , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany | ||||||
| 154 | . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on [[ july 1 | ]] | , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . | ||||||
| 156 | of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 | ]] | , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] | ||||||
| 160 | , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 | ]] | , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , which included the final movement of [[ ludwig van beethoven | ||||||
| 161 | was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , which included the final movement of [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven | ||||||
| 167 | concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july | ]] [[ | 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] | ||||||
| 177 | , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ november 9 | ]] | , [[ 2009 ]] , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , | ||||||
| 323394992 | 323401089 | 2009-11-02 02:44:44 | 0 days 00:39:51 | 0|96.52.147.110 | 0 | death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november | 9 | 29 | , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the |
| 323401089 | 323401489 | 2009-11-02 02:47:51 | 0 days 00:03:07 | 4916882 | 0 | death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november | 29 | 9 | , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the |
| 323401489 | 323401564 | 2009-11-02 02:48:26 | 0 days 00:00:35 | 0|68.144.85.0 | 0 | step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , | 1989 | 2008 | , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . |
| 323401564 | 323401673 | 2009-11-02 02:49:20 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 0|68.144.85.0 | 0 | step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , | 2008 | 1989 | , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . |
| 323401756 | 323401811 | 2009-11-02 02:50:22 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 0|68.144.85.0 | 0 | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , | 1989 | 2008 | , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref |
| 323401811 | 323401873 | 2009-11-02 02:50:53 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 4916882 | 1 | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , | 2008 | 1989 | , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref |
| 324911705 | 324911771 | 2009-11-09 21:14:34 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 0|216.239.87.133 | 5 | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august | 1 | 1st . | , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / |
| 12 | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july | 25 | 25th . | , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - | |||||
| 15 | ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august | 19 , 1961 | 19th | . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the | |||||
| 17 | berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august | 16 | 16th . | , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s | |||||
| 18 | , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august | 19 | 19th . | , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] | |||||
| 20 | berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august | 21 | 21st . | , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every | |||||
| 324942089 | 324949378 | 2009-11-10 00:33:49 | 0 days 00:39:52 | 0|71.112.226.115 | 5 | ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th | . | , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - | |
| 324968388 | 324972093 | 2009-11-10 02:50:04 | 0 days 00:22:49 | 67136 | 0 | france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16th . , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19th | . | , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth | |
| 325029920 | 325030211 | 2009-11-10 11:46:59 | 0 days 00:03:17 | 8694237 | 0 | s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19th | . | , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us | |
| 1 | brigade ]] s & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16th | . | , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19th , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover | ||||||
| 2 | just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21st | . | , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every | ||||||
| 325814566 | 325940817 | 2009-11-15 07:25:15 | 0 days 15:05:38 | 433328 | 2 | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august | 1st | 1 | . , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : |
| 3 | politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , august | 12th | 12 | . , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to | |||||
| 4 | close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august | 13th | 13 | . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable | |||||
| 7 | president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july | 25th | 25 | . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk | |||||
| 9 | allied brigade ]] s & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august | 16th | 16 | , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19th , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover | |||||
| 10 | , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16th , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august | 19th | 19 | , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth | |||||
| 15 | berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august | 21st | 21 | , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every | |||||
| 20 | encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august | 15th | . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers | ||||||
| 326442219 | 326773006 | 2009-11-19 18:33:39 | 1 days 18:21:48 | 3415874 | 0 | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august | 1 . | 1 | , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / |
| 3 | on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 | , 1961 | . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers | ||||||
| 4 | / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , august 12 | . | , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the | ||||||
| 326773006 | 326888943 | 2009-11-20 07:19:36 | 0 days 12:45:57 | 6971250 | 0 | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august | 1 | 1 . | , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / |
| 1 | / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , august 12 | . | , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the | ||||||
| 4 | on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 | , 1961 | . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers | ||||||
| 326888943 | 327026868 | 2009-11-21 00:36:06 | 0 days 17:16:30 | 5680520 | 1 | | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 | . , 1961 | in the same year | , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages |
| 3 | president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july | 25 . | 25 | , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - | |||||
| 5 | / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang | de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august | 14th . | 14 | , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a | |||||
| 327266196 | 327412162 | 2009-11-23 04:12:24 | 0 days 17:53:52 | 0|65.188.34.200 | 0 | between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , | 1989 | 1776 | , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , |
| 327412162 | 327412470 | 2009-11-23 04:14:50 | 0 days 00:02:26 | 10771021 | 0 | between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , | 1776 | 1989 | , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , |
| 379213340 | 379465324 | 2010-08-17 20:43:38 | 1 days 07:33:49 | 0|140.194.192.30 | 0 | on west berlin at any point . later , it was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august | 15 | 17 | . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers |
| 379899513 | 380623034 | 2010-08-24 02:22:27 | 3 days 22:29:53 | 0|99.109.61.22 | 0 | brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , | 1989 | 1990 | , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / |
| 380623034 | 380623738 | 2010-08-24 02:26:54 | 0 days 00:04:27 | 8786164 | 0 | brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , | 1990 | 1989 | , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / |
| 388122216 | 388783895 | 2010-10-04 23:12:30 | 3 days 06:45:22 | 0|68.146.25.56 | 0 | president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on july | 25 | 26 | , 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / |
| 391495052 | 391570615 | 2010-10-19 02:52:26 | 0 days 07:37:51 | 0|98.233.138.27 | 0 | 593816 / page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by | [[ | wolfgang engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where | |
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 26 | . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june | 1987 | 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary | |
| 62 | [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on november | 9 , | 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other | ||||||
| 64 | | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october | 7 , | 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over | ||||||
| 67 | image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june | 15 , | 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated | ||||||
| 68 | / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] < / ref > on saturday , august | 12 , | 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north | ||||||
| 72 | on west berlin at any point . later , it was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august | 17 | . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers | ||||||
| 74 | president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on july | 26 , | 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us | ||||||
| 79 | , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august | 19 | , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth | ||||||
| 80 | berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august | 21 | , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every | ||||||
| 87 | on the berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august | 19 , | 1989 , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / | ||||||
| 89 | . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october | 18 , | 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " | ||||||
| 92 | prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november | 9 , | to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal | ||||||
| 95 | down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on november | 9 | , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the | ||||||
| 106 | wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june | 13 , | 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency | ||||||
| 107 | " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july | 1 | , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless | ||||||
| 109 | , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september | , | 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that | ||||||
| 111 | september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on december | 25 , | 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no | ||||||
| 117 | not official and complete until october 3 ; that day was finally chosen as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november | 9 , | 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an | ||||||
| 393650284 | 394024649 | 2010-10-31 19:18:37 | 2 days 00:55:21 | 0|79.75.4.79 | 0 | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 | august | , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover | |
| 397607940 | 397878109 | 2010-11-20 15:42:29 | 1 days 12:56:02 | 0|79.74.81.116 | 1 | , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august | 28 , | 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > | |
| 397878109 | 397878286 | 2010-11-20 15:43:36 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 0|79.74.81.116 | 2 | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august | 1 | in the same year , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > [ http : / / einestages | |
| 402113966 | 402621776 | 2010-12-16 01:42:22 | 2 days 16:46:22 | 0|71.51.2.228 | 0 | president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on 26 june 1963 . ]] in a speech on 26 july | 1961 | 1963 | , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - |
| 428575817 | 428576147 | 2011-05-11 12:54:42 | 0 days 00:02:47 | 10714345 | 1 | . tagesspiegel . de / berlin / die - mauer - als - muse / 821970 . html " die mauer als muse " ] der tagespiegel on 13 march 2007 | ] | ( in german ) , starting with " die mauer fiel am 18 . juni 1982 " ( the wall fell on june 18th 1982 ) < / ref > [[ | |
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 106 | east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied , and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august | 15 , | 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > " conrad schumann , | |
| 110 | , london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february | 6 , | 1989 . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , who confided to | ||||||
| 444182652 | 444482392 | 2011-08-12 18:46:58 | 1 days 16:17:34 | 2989394 | 4 | . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on 26 june 1963 | . | ]] in a speech on 26 july 1963 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / | |
| 445097289 | 445112728 | 2011-08-16 07:20:53 | 0 days 02:52:17 | 6971250 | 10 | hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = on august | 13 , | 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ | |
| 538062628 | 538916225 | 2013-02-18 19:08:38 | 5 days 03:00:19 | 10728040 | 5 | of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | upright | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 | removes | a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 | |
| 26 | of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | upright | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 | ]] | the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and | ||||||
| 568939424 | 569120812 | 2013-08-18 19:36:42 | 1 days 04:36:40 | 59005 | 4 | short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 | with the dissolution of east germany and the official reunification of the german state along the democratic lines of the west german government | . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard talks to a westerner | |
| 575077055 | 575102993 | 2013-09-30 06:21:17 | 0 days 05:04:59 | 7328338 | 0 | | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall - bruce springsteen visit = = july | 19th | 19 | , 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin , which was |
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 33 | edition associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : 23 june 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > on 22 august 1961 | , | [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall : she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartment at 48 [[ bernauer strasse ]] . | |
| 44 | | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} {{ de icon }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november | , | when half a million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin | ||||||
| 590849769 | 590964946 | 2014-01-16 13:37:35 | 0 days 19:20:34 | 736651 | 1 | / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached not u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 | , | august | 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the [[ kennedy compound ]] in [[ hyannis port , massachusetts ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had no advance |
| 23 | tnsa20130925 " / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached not u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on | august | 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the [[ kennedy compound ]] in [[ hyannis port , massachusetts ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had | ||||||
| 633175257 | 633183384 | 2014-11-10 03:39:40 | 0 days 01:27:14 | 151197 | 0 | perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot and killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on 6 february 1989 | , while the final person to die in an escape attempt was [[ winfried freudenberg ]] who was killed when his homemade [[ natural gas ]] - filled [[ aerostat | balloon ]] crashed on march 8 , 1989 | . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , who confided to her | |
| 635210295 | 635851215 | 2014-11-29 03:10:52 | 4 days 19:13:09 | 917223 | 6 | to die in an escape attempt was [[ winfried freudenberg ]] who was killed when his homemade [[ natural gas ]] - filled [[ aerostat | balloon ]] crashed on march | 8 , | 1989 . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , who confided to | |
| 7 | | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on november | 21 , | 1989 , [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( | ||||||
| 656846739 | 659612103 | 2015-04-28 03:39:31 | 11 days 00:23:37 | 24802543 | 1 | . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on 26 june 1963 | . | ]] with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . berlin | |
| 734284492 | 734407317 | 2016-08-14 03:25:55 | 0 days 18:58:58 | 4977632 | 22 | | video ]] ) * [ https : / / secure . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] | | first = norbert | last = nail | title = meine mauer | ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ https : / / secure . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin | |
| 774536875 | 774994359 | 2017-04-11 23:38:06 | 2 days 19:28:09 | 204692 | 0 | . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on 26 june 1963 | . | ]] with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . berlin | |
| 779016763 | 779442748 | 2017-05-08 23:18:55 | 2 days 08:38:12 | 19339494 | 10 | }} < / ref > = = concerts by western artists and growing anti - wall sentiment = = = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on june | 6 , | 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin , played [[ glass spider tour | a concert close to the wall |
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| 23087892 | 23088038 | 2005-09-12 07:07:07 | 0 days 00:03:58 | 156674 | 0 | buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] {{ | list | link | fa | de }} [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ |
| 40915337 | 40944082 | 2006-02-24 01:02:35 | 0 days 03:27:05 | 304316 | 0 | . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | date = 2006 - | 2 | 02 | - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it |
| 42982893 | 43080078 | 2006-03-10 03:49:02 | 0 days 11:48:42 | 51235 | 34 | = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 | ]] | }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | |
| 36 | = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 | ]] | }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . | ||||||
| 38 | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 | ]] | }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ | ||||||
| 43080078 | 43116053 | 2006-03-10 10:22:16 | 0 days 06:33:14 | 13040 | 34 | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 | ]] | }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | |
| 36 | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 | ]] | }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . | ||||||
| 38 | | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 | ]] | }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ | ||||||
| 61679517 | 61913575 | 2006-07-03 21:31:57 | 1 days 09:06:51 | 82835 | 33 | = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 | ]] | }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | |
| 35 | = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 | ]] | }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . | ||||||
| 37 | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 | ]] | }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ | ||||||
| 81741555 | 81768193 | 2006-10-16 11:34:13 | 0 days 05:05:36 | 686868 | 0 | rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons | < ref > http : / / www | . {{ cn }} as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ | |
| 81768427 | 81865132 | 2006-10-16 21:32:20 | 0 days 09:55:34 | 2496238 | 9 | wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = | 1989 | 1992 | }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org |
| 91100212 | 91268666 | 2006-12-01 00:00:24 | 0 days 17:36:40 | 433328 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ unreferenced | article | | date = november 2006 | }} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | | |
| 105982408 | 106435973 | 2007-02-07 23:29:12 | 1 days 18:38:54 | 433328 | 0 | connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | | date = february 2007 | }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower | |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 64 | | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = | * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war | }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks | |
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 10 | wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin | ! " ) | , and the attendant [[ defector | | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as |
| 18 | was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! | ||||||
| 54 | the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ | wal★mart | wall★mart | . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east | ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] | |||||
| 55 | germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] | {{ | minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " | german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] | |||||
| 56 | oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german | * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war | }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] | ||||||
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 64 | | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = | * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war | }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks | |
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 10 | wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin | ! " ) | , and the attendant [[ defector | | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as |
| 18 | was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! | ||||||
| 54 | the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ | wal★mart | wall★mart | . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east | ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] | |||||
| 55 | germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] | {{ | minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " | german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] | |||||
| 56 | oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german | * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war | }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] | ||||||
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 64 | | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = | * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war | }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks | |
| 111079436 | 111080379 | 2007-02-26 14:54:17 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 0|193.194.158.107 | 10 | wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin | ! " ) | , and the attendant [[ defector | | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as |
| 18 | soviet tyranny and oppression . . . peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! | ||||||
| 128224981 | 128227069 | 2007-05-04 15:35:03 | 0 days 00:10:22 | 433328 | 0 | the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] {{ fact | | date = may 2007 | }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived | |
| 150804778 | 150804911 | 2007-08-12 18:27:55 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 1085473 | 0 | / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc news | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found | }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved | |
| 151309170 | 151366024 | 2007-08-15 11:15:15 | 0 days 08:26:07 | 433328 | 0 | [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | | date = august 2007 | }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter | |
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 52 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | {{ fact | date = | f . , growing up sexually . volume i . world reference atlas [ full text ] raymond j . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , | august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , |
| 55 | new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - | 26736 | 1488 | - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | | |||||
| 161777106 | 161777207 | 2007-10-02 12:49:29 | 0 days 00:00:50 | 0|217.111.20.10 | 0 | / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ | bundesrepublik deutschland | westberlin | ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) including [[ east berlin ]] . an iconic symbol of |
| 162088831 | 162097147 | 2007-10-03 21:04:01 | 0 days 00:39:48 | 400903 | 3 | ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ | westberlin | east berlin | ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) including [[ east berlin ]] . an iconic symbol of |
| 168158740 | 168159990 | 2007-10-30 20:54:18 | 0 days 00:05:57 | 433328 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ refimprove | | date = october 2007 | }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november | |
| 172964319 | 173175116 | 2007-11-22 22:18:16 | 1 days 02:32:10 | 137113 | 1 | which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 | ) | }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its | |
| 173175116 | 173175378 | 2007-11-22 22:19:57 | 0 days 00:01:41 | 137113 | 1 | which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . ( [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 | ) | }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its | |
| 173588740 | 173666794 | 2007-11-25 11:52:44 | 0 days 11:18:38 | 433328 | 0 | this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | | date = november 2007 | }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall | |
| 1 | / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " {{ | cn | fact | date = november 2007 | }} = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about | |||||
| 173866573 | 173976252 | 2007-11-26 21:13:05 | 0 days 10:26:45 | 433328 | 0 | railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | | date = november 2007 | }} . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle | |
| 201724471 | 201855065 | 2008-03-29 18:05:49 | 0 days 15:57:55 | 0|68.47.21.231 | 1 | georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to | 1999 ] * {{ | suck my dick ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! us berliners love sucking dicks ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! all you pepole should try | it }} [[ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . |
| 229217140 | 229650556 | 2008-08-03 21:25:53 | 2 days 08:34:27 | 577301 | 158 | . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 | ]] | speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | | |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 7 | preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date | mentioned non | = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a |
| 11 | / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = | july | http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 2430 & cs = 1 & query = muppets ' ' variety ' ' , 3 / 11 / 08 , segel and stoller take on muppets ] < / ref > this will be the first muppet theatrical film since ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' . = = physical appearance = = a common design for a jim henson muppet is a character with a very wide mouth and large protruding eyes . the puppets are often molded or carved out of [[ foam rubber ]] , and then covered with fleece . muppets may represent humans , [[ anthropomorphism | anthropomorphic ]] animals , realistic animals , robots , extraterrestrial creatures , mythical beings or other unidentified , newly imagined creatures , monsters or abstract characters . muppets are distinguished from [[ ventriloquist ]] " dummies " / " puppets " , which are typically animated only in the head and face , in that their arms or other features are also mobile and expressive . muppets are typically made of softer materials . they are also presented as being independent of the puppeteer , who is usually not visible & mdash ; hidden behind a set or outside of the camera frame . using the camera frame as the " stage " was an innovation of the muppets . < ref > christopher finch ' ' jim henson : the works ' ' 1993 , isbn 0679412034 < / ref > previously on television , there would typically be a stage hiding the performers , as if in a live presentation . = = operation = = the muppeteer typically holds the puppet above his head or in front of his body , with one hand operating the head and mouth and the other manipulating the hands and arms , either with two separate control rods or by " wearing " the hands like gloves . one consequence of this design is that most muppets are left - handed as the puppeteer uses his right hand to operate the head while operating the arm rod with his left hand . there are many other common designs and means of operation . in advanced muppets , several puppeteers may control a single character ; the performer who controls the mouth usually provides the voice for the character . as technology has evolved , the jim henson team and other puppeteers have developed an enormous variety of means to operate puppets for film and television , including the use of suspended rigs , internal motors , remote radio control , and computer enhanced and superimposed images . creative use of a mix of technologies has allowed for scenes in which muppets appear to be riding a bicycle , rowing a boat , and even dancing on - stage with no puppeteer in sight . = = muppets characters = = {{ unreferencedsection | date = june 2008 }} [[ image : fishinvid1024 . jpg | left | thumb | 250px | the muppets in [[ weezer ]] ' s ' [[ keep fishin ]] ' " ]] : ' ' see also : [[ : category : muppet characters ]] ' ' famous muppets from ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and its numerous spin - offs include [[ kermit the frog ]] , [[ miss piggy ]] , [[ fozzie bear ]] , [[ rizzo the rat ]] , [[ gonzo the great ]] , [[ rowlf the dog ]] , [[ dr . bunsen honeydew ]] and [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] , [[ scooter ( muppet ) | scooter ]] , [[ statler and waldorf ]] , the [[ swedish chef ]] , [[ sam the eagle ]] , [[ sweetums ]] , [[ pepe the king prawn ]] , [[ janice ]] , [[ animal ( muppet ) | animal ]] and [[ dr . teeth and the electric mayhem ]] . other well - known muppets include ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' characters such as [[ big bird ]] , [[ oscar the grouch ]] , [[ elmo ]] , [[ zoe ( sesame street ) | zoe ]] , [[ bert and ernie ]] , [[ cookie monster ]] , [[ grover ]] , [[ abby cadabby ]] and [[ the count ]] , as well as the main characters of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' . the most widely known {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} television shows featuring muppets have been ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ bear in the big blue house ]] ' ' . other series have included ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' , ' ' the ghost of faffner hall ' ' , ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the wubbulous world of dr . seuss ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] ' ' . a recurring adult - oriented cast of muppets ( in a setting known as [[ snl : season 1 | the land of gorch ]] ) were featured throughout the first season of ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' . guest stars on some of these programs have occasionally had muppet versions of themselves . | 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell | |||||
| 80 | germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid | ||||||
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 12 | the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] ( now the muppets studio , llc , {{ fact | date = | june | section | 2008 }} a division of the walt disney company ) ; although sesame workshop and the jim henson company continue to use the term on their characters with certain permissions . |
| 75 | muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . | com muppetcast ] - podcast | http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] | {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es | |||||
| 76 | ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ | muppet films | http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el | }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] | |||||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 7 | preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date | mentioned non | = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a |
| 11 | / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = | july | http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 2430 & cs = 1 & query = muppets ' ' variety ' ' , 3 / 11 / 08 , segel and stoller take on muppets ] < / ref > this will be the first muppet theatrical film since ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' . = = physical appearance = = a common design for a jim henson muppet is a character with a very wide mouth and large protruding eyes . the puppets are often molded or carved out of [[ foam rubber ]] , and then covered with fleece . muppets may represent humans , [[ anthropomorphism | anthropomorphic ]] animals , realistic animals , robots , extraterrestrial creatures , mythical beings or other unidentified , newly imagined creatures , monsters or abstract characters . muppets are distinguished from [[ ventriloquist ]] " dummies " / " puppets " , which are typically animated only in the head and face , in that their arms or other features are also mobile and expressive . muppets are typically made of softer materials . they are also presented as being independent of the puppeteer , who is usually not visible & mdash ; hidden behind a set or outside of the camera frame . using the camera frame as the " stage " was an innovation of the muppets . < ref > christopher finch ' ' jim henson : the works ' ' 1993 , isbn 0679412034 < / ref > previously on television , there would typically be a stage hiding the performers , as if in a live presentation . = = operation = = the muppeteer typically holds the puppet above his head or in front of his body , with one hand operating the head and mouth and the other manipulating the hands and arms , either with two separate control rods or by " wearing " the hands like gloves . one consequence of this design is that most muppets are left - handed as the puppeteer uses his right hand to operate the head while operating the arm rod with his left hand . there are many other common designs and means of operation . in advanced muppets , several puppeteers may control a single character ; the performer who controls the mouth usually provides the voice for the character . as technology has evolved , the jim henson team and other puppeteers have developed an enormous variety of means to operate puppets for film and television , including the use of suspended rigs , internal motors , remote radio control , and computer enhanced and superimposed images . creative use of a mix of technologies has allowed for scenes in which muppets appear to be riding a bicycle , rowing a boat , and even dancing on - stage with no puppeteer in sight . = = muppets characters = = {{ unreferencedsection | date = june 2008 }} [[ image : fishinvid1024 . jpg | left | thumb | 250px | the muppets in [[ weezer ]] ' s ' [[ keep fishin ]] ' " ]] : ' ' see also : [[ : category : muppet characters ]] ' ' famous muppets from ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and its numerous spin - offs include [[ kermit the frog ]] , [[ miss piggy ]] , [[ fozzie bear ]] , [[ rizzo the rat ]] , [[ gonzo the great ]] , [[ rowlf the dog ]] , [[ dr . bunsen honeydew ]] and [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] , [[ scooter ( muppet ) | scooter ]] , [[ statler and waldorf ]] , the [[ swedish chef ]] , [[ sam the eagle ]] , [[ sweetums ]] , [[ pepe the king prawn ]] , [[ janice ]] , [[ animal ( muppet ) | animal ]] and [[ dr . teeth and the electric mayhem ]] . other well - known muppets include ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' characters such as [[ big bird ]] , [[ oscar the grouch ]] , [[ elmo ]] , [[ zoe ( sesame street ) | zoe ]] , [[ bert and ernie ]] , [[ cookie monster ]] , [[ grover ]] , [[ abby cadabby ]] and [[ the count ]] , as well as the main characters of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' . the most widely known {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} television shows featuring muppets have been ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ bear in the big blue house ]] ' ' . other series have included ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' , ' ' the ghost of faffner hall ' ' , ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the wubbulous world of dr . seuss ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] ' ' . a recurring adult - oriented cast of muppets ( in a setting known as [[ snl : season 1 | the land of gorch ]] ) were featured throughout the first season of ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' . guest stars on some of these programs have occasionally had muppet versions of themselves . | 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell | |||||
| 80 | germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid | ||||||
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 12 | the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] ( now the muppets studio , llc , {{ fact | date = | june | section | 2008 }} a division of the walt disney company ) ; although sesame workshop and the jim henson company continue to use the term on their characters with certain permissions . |
| 75 | muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . | com muppetcast ] - podcast | http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] | {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es | |||||
| 76 | ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ | muppet films | http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el | }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] | |||||
| 254999894 | 255064232 | 2008-11-30 21:29:49 | 0 days 06:39:11 | 7903804 | 1 | harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | | id | isbn | = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons |
| 3 | ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = | isbn | 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * | ||||||
| 259059250 | 259263977 | 2008-12-21 01:22:55 | 1 days 02:15:45 | 28010 | 0 | the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord missing | | germany | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title | }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category |
| 1 | images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord | missing | | germany }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] | ||||||
| 265543543 | 265553126 | 2009-01-21 20:35:32 | 0 days 00:47:46 | 0|76.190.175.181 | 1 | that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill | ' | ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could | |
| 265797534 | 265797894 | 2009-01-22 22:37:55 | 0 days 00:01:48 | 634828 | 4 | the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' ' licence to kill | ' | ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could | |
| 272467225 | 272476022 | 2009-02-22 11:42:29 | 0 days 01:00:09 | 0|93.132.133.36 | 3 | [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some {{ | who | cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden / kontra | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online | }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the |
| 280460425 | 280462457 | 2009-03-29 18:13:49 | 0 days 00:09:46 | 0|96.245.236.126 | 2 | date = is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . | " | }} = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; | |
| 280462457 | 280512918 | 2009-03-29 22:18:28 | 0 days 04:04:39 | 6999039 | 0 | the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . {{ fact | date = | " is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . " | march 2009 | }} indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . = = the fall , 1989 = = |
| 281475066 | 281579157 | 2009-04-03 21:42:24 | 0 days 11:25:16 | 6019534 | 0 | of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} | {{ eastern bloc defection }} | {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ | |
| 294710470 | 295845404 | 2009-06-11 20:15:46 | 5 days 17:25:28 | 9742999 | 0 | of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} | {{ fall of communism }} | {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ | |
| 305130153 | 305728347 | 2009-08-03 00:58:10 | 3 days 05:42:38 | 0|67.163.100.198 | 3 | . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = | ronald reagan presidential | harry trumanpresidential | foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top |
| 305747907 | 305749049 | 2009-08-03 03:34:07 | 0 days 00:09:09 | 118722 | 2 | . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = | harry trumanpresidential | ronald reagan presidential | foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top |
| 306392630 | 306465427 | 2009-08-06 20:16:27 | 0 days 07:30:09 | 0|84.153.80.33 | 0 | berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | | antifascistischer | antifaschistischer | schutzwall }} ) , expressing their view that the western countries were fascist . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb |
| 318872025 | 319488273 | 2009-10-12 20:24:27 | 3 days 06:02:12 | 3058538 | 11 | http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it | icon | }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] | |
| 27 | ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] | * | {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip | ||||||
| 320971298 | 320975384 | 2009-10-20 09:57:52 | 0 days 00:48:13 | 3058538 | 13 | www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 | }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university | |
| 322000370 | 322274629 | 2009-10-27 03:17:35 | 1 days 06:39:48 | 82982 | 62 | / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = | {{ lang | de | | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east | |
| 324397140 | 324422544 | 2009-11-07 07:25:09 | 0 days 04:09:16 | 5899356 | 0 | their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | | [[ | oberbürgermeister }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood | |
| 1 | jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | oberbürgermeister | ]] | }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of | ||||||
| 324912788 | 324913447 | 2009-11-09 21:23:45 | 0 days 00:03:37 | 0|98.221.128.45 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin | defence | defense | }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art |
| 324932966 | 324937840 | 2009-11-09 23:32:03 | 0 days 00:24:17 | 16710 | 18 | history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 11 | / | - | 17 / 1989 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t |
| 325583646 | 325814566 | 2009-11-14 16:19:37 | 1 days 08:56:00 | 5663757 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ semiprotected | small = yes }} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess variation | berlin | defense | defence | }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art |
| 328189152 | 328227127 | 2009-11-27 16:25:08 | 0 days 05:51:41 | 38198 | 1 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess variation | | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of | |
| 330019766 | 330331803 | 2009-12-07 22:49:51 | 1 days 15:59:29 | 0|71.50.18.192 | 3 | ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : | 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech | ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr |
| 332489251 | 332955731 | 2009-12-21 01:07:32 | 2 days 11:20:53 | 88026 | 0 | [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | | 2 | colwidth = 30em | }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het |
| 342665226 | 342710201 | 2010-02-08 15:14:12 | 0 days 06:08:11 | 0|204.85.26.1 | 0 | | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of | berlin | that oneplace with the wall | }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | |
| 342710201 | 342710348 | 2010-02-08 15:15:04 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 10823618 | 0 | | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of | that oneplace with the wall | berlin | }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | |
| 343535162 | 343773536 | 2010-02-13 17:47:19 | 1 days 04:57:14 | 5326371 | 1 | ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] | " | {{ ndash }} a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . after several weeks | |
| 350296557 | 350338092 | 2010-03-17 03:59:09 | 0 days 04:50:19 | 0|99.56.2.131 | 0 | | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of | berlin | your mom | }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | |
| 350338092 | 350338289 | 2010-03-17 04:00:39 | 0 days 00:01:30 | 4916882 | 0 | | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of | your mom | berlin | }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | |
| 355986426 | 356043954 | 2010-04-14 21:11:38 | 0 days 05:16:57 | 0|138.163.0.42 | 0 | in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of | berlin | burlin | }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | |
| 356043954 | 356044092 | 2010-04-14 21:12:27 | 0 days 00:00:49 | 0|138.163.0.42 | 0 | in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of | burlin | berlin | }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | |
| 357049473 | 357049703 | 2010-04-19 19:27:06 | 0 days 00:01:14 | 0|131.122.46.127 | 0 | in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of | berlin | francis | }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the framcos wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | |
| 357049703 | 357055327 | 2010-04-19 19:57:39 | 0 days 00:30:33 | 3308922 | 0 | in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of | francis | berlin | }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the framcos wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | |
| 357297916 | 357496729 | 2010-04-21 22:33:18 | 0 days 23:37:31 | 0|71.111.55.161 | 0 | in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of | the | berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | |
| 1 | 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin | wall | }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | | ||||||
| 357897333 | 358424098 | 2010-04-26 15:38:35 | 2 days 18:36:26 | 10996774 | 2 | htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = | usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 | }} < / ref > on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of | |
| 3 | gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | | location = london | first = india | last = knight | }} < / ref > {{ cquote | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders , and we cannot allow that | ||||||
| 4 | allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | | location = london | first = charles | last = clover | }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of | ||||||
| 358498578 | 358498909 | 2010-04-26 21:28:16 | 0 days 00:01:33 | 0|138.88.120.190 | 0 | annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | | berliner mauer | sean barry | }} ) was a big cock built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , |
| 358498909 | 358499716 | 2010-04-26 21:32:05 | 0 days 00:03:49 | 134937 | 0 | annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | | sean barry | berliner mauer | }} ) was a big cock built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , |
| 358728706 | 358850281 | 2010-04-28 14:09:48 | 0 days 16:34:31 | 10996774 | 0 | want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london | | first = india | last = knight | }} < / ref > {{ cquote | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders , and we cannot allow that | |
| 1 | mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london | | first = charles | last = clover | }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of | ||||||
| 360333358 | 360333645 | 2010-05-05 17:57:22 | 0 days 00:01:29 | 0|199.197.103.35 | 1 | {st@rt} { hi weggie its jack tj built the wall | { about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence | haha this is cooldefence | {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the |
| 360334342 | 360334542 | 2010-05-05 18:01:55 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 292494 | 0 | {st@rt} | jonathan is really cool weege and i built the wall haha this is cooldefence | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence | {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the |
| 367995322 | 368038978 | 2010-06-14 20:42:05 | 0 days 04:10:54 | 262550 | 3 | http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe - meyer13 latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date = | october | 13 september | 2009 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . |
| 376102866 | 376154207 | 2010-07-29 21:06:22 | 0 days 05:43:39 | 9540157 | 15 | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 | | ref = harv | postscript = }} | }} * {{ citation | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | | |
| 391276698 | 391495052 | 2010-10-18 19:14:35 | 1 days 00:32:39 | 10996774 | 1 | sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 | - | – | 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to |
| 3 | a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 | - | – | 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses | |||||
| 5 | 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 | - | – | 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 . by a secret | |||||
| 7 | checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 | - | – | 14 }} < / ref > several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin | |||||
| 395750266 | 395972413 | 2010-11-10 17:58:56 | 1 days 03:00:14 | 0|64.251.50.130 | 0 | stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | | p = 13 | p13 | }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other |
| 398200111 | 398244809 | 2010-11-22 13:56:07 | 0 days 07:08:00 | 0|217.186.139.4 | 0 | - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer | schutzwall | schutzmauer | }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http |
| 398520724 | 398753727 | 2010-11-25 04:28:33 | 1 days 06:12:17 | 433328 | 0 | expression was destroyed , the two men did not care . in fact they were over joyed to see the fall of the hideous , boring wall . {{ citation needed | | date = november 2010 | }} = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits | |
| 398787758 | 398858085 | 2010-11-25 20:48:26 | 0 days 10:28:08 | 12323565 | 2 | org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | | archivedate = 2006 - 09 - 13 | }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high | |
| 399051464 | 399052561 | 2010-11-27 00:55:57 | 0 days 00:08:05 | 16710 | 8 | mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 | {{ refend | }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - | |
| 11 | wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 | ref = harv | | postscript = | }} * {{ cite document | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the | ||||||
| 12 | rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 | ref = harv | | postscript = | }} * {{ cite book | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - | ||||||
| 13 | = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 | ref = harv | postscript = | }} * {{ cite book | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year | |||||||
| 14 | | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 | ref = harv | postscript = | }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - | |||||||
| 402621776 | 402719269 | 2010-12-16 17:31:28 | 0 days 15:49:06 | 0|85.177.68.249 | 0 | - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer | schutzmauer | schutzwall | }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ |
| 427751982 | 427752945 | 2011-05-06 14:34:35 | 0 days 00:06:33 | 7611264 | 0 | ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " {{ citation _ needed | | date = | may 2011 }} if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were | |
| 427752945 | 427753574 | 2011-05-06 14:38:50 | 0 days 00:04:15 | 13543148 | 4 | few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " {{ citation _ needed | date = | 22 | may 2011 }} if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were | |
| 5 | days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " {{ citation _ needed | date = may | 2011 | 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / / www . dpa . de / detailansicht - 80er - jahre . 543 + m517a9d5ff09 . 0 . html | }} if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people | |||||
| 429104564 | 429636376 | 2011-05-17 22:46:18 | 3 days 05:51:37 | 207712 | 5 | wochen _ zeit . html wiegrefe , klaus . " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online | - | – | einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - |
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 26 | = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 | pages = 363 | - | – | 367 }} < / ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by [[ wolfgang engels ]] , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the |
| 41 | not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = | london | uk | | }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that | |||||
| 45 | , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = | london | uk | | }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the | |||||
| 51 | | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | | publisher | work | = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of the end of | |||||
| 52 | = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = | der | spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of the end of the | ||||||
| 71 | resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 | october 2009 | }} * {{ cite book | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | ||||||
| 82 | , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 | - 11 - 09 | }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 | ||||||
| 94 | / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 | - 11 - 09 | }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet | ||||||
| 97 | web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | archivedate = 2006 | - 09 - 13 | }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high | ||||||
| 99 | facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 | - 11 - 09 | }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref | ||||||
| 102 | 12 | title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 | - 11 - 09 | }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin | ||||||
| 130 | debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel | online | }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions | ||||||
| 131 | — 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 1989 | - 11 - 17 | }} – elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until 3 | ||||||
| 136 | wall in the world 2009 – 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall – goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 | - 11 - 09 | }} < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in | ||||||
| 141 | 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 | - 02 - 23 | }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans | ||||||
| 144 | / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 | - 02 - 23 | }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated , however , that only about | ||||||
| 146 | url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 2006 | - 11 - 06 | }} < / ref > a recent poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than half of all russians do not know who built the berlin wall | ||||||
| 435754285 | 437174317 | 2011-07-01 04:13:48 | 7 days 23:56:46 | 764789 | 2 | britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 11 september 2009 | work = michael binyon | work = times | location = uk | | | }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that | |
| 3 | another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = helen nugent | work = times | location = uk | | | }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the | ||||||
| 443416955 | 443420038 | 2011-08-06 22:56:21 | 0 days 00:23:24 | 16710 | 9 | biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = notes = = {{ reflist | | colwidth = 30em | 20em | }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration |
| 444482392 | 444513279 | 2011-08-12 21:53:37 | 0 days 03:06:39 | 314721 | 1 | party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ pov - check - section | date = | july 2008 | august 2011 | }} kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the |
| 474175877 | 476209082 | 2012-02-11 00:44:21 | 10 days 16:49:11 | 10996774 | 2 | not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 15 september 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu | | location = chennai , india | }} < / ref > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . timesonline . | |
| 3 | britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 11 september 2009 | work = michael binyon | work = times | location = uk | | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles | }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that | ||||||
| 4 | another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = helen nugent | work = times | location = uk | | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles | }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the | ||||||
| 6 | / | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | publisher = the globe and mail | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 | | location = toronto | }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / | ||||||
| 9 | ? most russians don ' t know & # 124 ; reuters | publisher = uk . reuters . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 | | first = dmitry | last = solovyov | }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall | ||||||
| 479597706 | 479685255 | 2012-03-01 17:59:02 | 0 days 13:09:10 | 404531 | 1 | | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 | ref = harv | postscript = | }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the | ||
| 485297583 | 489424180 | 2012-04-27 04:49:49 | 23 days 21:13:49 | 14405583 | 11 | | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = | title | blockade | }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] |
| 14 | war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type | : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display | = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - | ||||||
| 489424180 | 489424644 | 2012-04-27 04:54:53 | 0 days 00:05:04 | 14405583 | 0 | . png | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag | | east | germany }} , {{ flag | east germany }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display | |
| 489512475 | 490220839 | 2012-05-02 00:52:01 | 4 days 05:56:18 | 4604963 | 0 | nothing then would stand in the way of a united communist germany within the bloc . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | | p13 | p = 13 | }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other |
| 492573792 | 492640902 | 2012-05-15 04:29:52 | 0 days 08:32:31 | 14405583 | 0 | 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = august 13 , 1961 | building _ type = | blockade | [[ separation barrier ]] | }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the |
| 507301035 | 508690466 | 2012-08-22 22:16:31 | 8 days 21:06:49 | 7661756 | 0 | | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ use dmy dates | date = | june 2011 | august 2012 | }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic building | name = berlin wall | image = |
| 25 | wall - 1271894147 / | title = germany marks construction of the berlin wall | agency = associated press | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 | - 08 - | | accessdate = | 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / news / 2011 / 08 / | |||||
| 26 | | title = germany marks construction of the berlin wall | agency = associated press | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 | august 2011 | }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / news / 2011 / 08 / 11 | ||||||
| 28 | title = reflecting on the berlin wall , 50 years after its construction | publisher = history . com | date = 2011 - 08 - 11 | accessdate = 2011 | - 08 - | | accessdate = | 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germanworldonline . com / index . php / 50 - | |||||
| 29 | the berlin wall , 50 years after its construction | publisher = history . com | date = 2011 - 08 - 11 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 | august 2011 | }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germanworldonline . com / index . php / 50 - years | ||||||
| 31 | | title = 50 years berlin wall 1961 – 1989 [ video clips ] | publisher = german world | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 | - 08 - | | accessdate = | 13 }} < / ref > = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * | |||||
| 32 | years berlin wall 1961 – 1989 [ video clips ] | publisher = german world | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 | august 2011 | }} < / ref > = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ | ||||||
| 38 | title = record of the conversation | language = {{ de icon }} | publisher = welt . de | date = 2009 - 05 - 30 | accessdate = 2011 | - 08 - 06 | }} < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative western reaction . what is beyond dispute , | ||||||
| 40 | wall goes up in berlin - events of 1961 - year in review | publisher = upi . com | date = 1998 - 05 - 29 | accessdate = 2011 | - 08 - 06 | }} < / ref > = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east | ||||||
| 44 | institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 2008 - 04 - 09 | accessdate = 2011 | - 08 - 06 | }} < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen | ||||||
| 45 | | language = german | title = neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 | publisher = zlb . de | date = | accessdate = 2011 | - 08 - 06 | }} < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of | ||||||
| 46 | todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989 " : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | date = | accessdate = 2011 | - 08 - 06 | }} < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam ]] has confirmed 136 deaths | ||||||
| 47 | historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2011 | - 08 - 06 | }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]] ) to border guards dealing with | ||||||
| 48 | - bau und fall der berliner mauer & # 124 ; opfer der mauer | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2011 | - 08 - 06 | }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor | ||||||
| 52 | html | title = palestinians break israel ' s wall - middle east | publisher = al jazeera english | date = 2009 - 11 - 09 | accessdate = 2011 | - 08 - 06 | }} < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary | ||||||
| 58 | . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 | - 08 - 06 | }} < / ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away | url = http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = - ummj | ||||||
| 513767223 | 514812998 | 2012-09-27 15:04:09 | 6 days 18:49:18 | 7809335 | 1 | the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag | east germany }} , < br > {{ flag | of east berlin ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | | west germany }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | | |
| 543449478 | 545358277 | 2013-03-19 05:11:08 | 7 days 12:34:11 | 1609140 | 0 | 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ | separation barrier | wall | ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] |
| 545358277 | 545361184 | 2013-03-19 05:32:47 | 0 days 00:21:39 | 7868001 | 0 | 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ | wall | separation barrier | ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] |
| 545361184 | 545373409 | 2013-03-19 06:54:43 | 0 days 01:21:56 | 210954 | 0 | 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ | separation barrier | wall | ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] |
| 545373409 | 545381105 | 2013-03-19 07:46:16 | 0 days 00:51:33 | 18079202 | 0 | 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ | wall | separation barrier | ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] |
| 545381105 | 545455691 | 2013-03-19 16:10:59 | 0 days 08:24:43 | 145394 | 0 | 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ | separation barrier | wall | ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] |
| 551472920 | 551475174 | 2013-04-21 16:10:40 | 0 days 00:17:21 | 17003997 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ | leadtoolong | lead too long | date = april 2013 | }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ use dmy dates |
| 560696523 | 560697108 | 2013-06-20 02:48:53 | 0 days 00:07:08 | 5681311 | 2 | . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = | url | = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . | |
| 8 | mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | | date | = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . | ||||||
| 9 | . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = | august 2011 | }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening | ||||||
| 560698146 | 560703430 | 2013-06-20 04:11:03 | 0 days 01:09:43 | 1108424 | 4 | border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com " > {{ cite web | url = | http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = june 19 , 2013 | august 2011 | }} < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically |
| 560703430 | 560704004 | 2013-06-20 04:18:37 | 0 days 00:07:34 | 5681311 | 2 | . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = | url | = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . | |
| 10 | mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | | date | = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . | ||||||
| 11 | . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = | august 2011 | }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening | ||||||
| 574620114 | 574657896 | 2013-09-26 21:17:35 | 0 days 05:19:04 | 16715243 | 0 | did springsteen ' s 1988 berlin gig rock the wall ? | url = http : / / www . thelocal . de / opinion / 20130709 - 50749 . html | | work = the local - germany ' s news in english | publisher = the local - germany ' s news in english | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 | }} < / ref > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} [[ file | |
| 577726713 | 578192175 | 2013-10-22 00:51:09 | 3 days 08:58:25 | 13799985 | 2 | berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _ and _ east _ berlin interactive map | ] | ]] | ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic |
| 581369678 | 581987398 | 2013-11-17 00:44:35 | 4 days 05:45:37 | 4561669 | 0 | wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = | {{ wikiquote }} | {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * | |
| 588574374 | 588587093 | 2013-12-31 23:10:41 | 0 days 02:00:08 | 7611264 | 0 | s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ’ s tacit indication {{ how | | date = december 2013 | }} that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector of berlin . < ref > {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | |
| 590849769 | 590964946 | 2014-01-16 13:37:35 | 0 days 19:20:34 | 736651 | 0 | | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ use dmy dates | date = | august 2012 | january 2014 | }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic building | name = berlin wall | image = |
| 16 | : 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = | [[ | wall ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow | ||||||
| 17 | | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ wall | ]] | }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] [[ | ||||||
| 20 | welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html | title = record of the conversation | language = | {{ | de icon }} | publisher = welt . de | date = 30 may 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > however , other sources suggest | ||||||
| 36 | , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html | newspaper = [[ time ( magazine ) | time ]] | date = 2009 - 04 - 19 | accessdate = 2013 | - 05 - 06 | }} < / ref > asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the | ||||||
| 43 | . html | title = the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? | publisher = voicesunderberlin . com | date = | accessdate = 2013 | - 03 - 26 | }} < / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 nyt | ||||||
| 45 | / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html | title = cold war reheated | publisher = nytimes . com | date = | accessdate = 2013 | - 03 - 26 | }} < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' | ||||||
| 48 | * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall | * {{ | de icon }} {{ en icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http | ||||||
| 632340179 | 632389254 | 2014-11-04 07:32:40 | 0 days 09:03:37 | 14508071 | 7 | - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = | 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october | |
| 633021579 | 633040519 | 2014-11-09 02:15:56 | 0 days 02:47:56 | 10340692 | 20 | large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history | society / | history }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to 1990 , famous videos | |
| 21 | | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com | / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall | }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to 1990 , famous videos from | ||||||
| 40 | php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * | [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm | {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ | ||||||
| 49 | / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall | history }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to 1990 , famous videos | ||||||
| 633858023 | 634823844 | 2014-11-21 12:27:24 | 6 days 15:18:49 | 10289486 | 0 | : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = | {{ lang | de | | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} {{ de icon }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november , | |
| 677787947 | 677791285 | 2015-08-25 15:01:06 | 0 days 00:26:42 | 16283967 | 0 | werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | | date | deadurl | = november 2010 }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated |
| 1 | | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = | yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de : 80 / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + | november 2010 }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by | ||||||
| 4 | / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 rsf . org ] {{ dead link | date = | november 2010 | 20120907214853 | }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr | |||||
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 42 | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 7 september 2004 | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | first = jörg | last = aberger | work = | [[ | der spiegel }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of the 1918 abdication of | |
| 43 | debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 7 september 2004 | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | first = jörg | last = aberger | work = der spiegel | ]] | }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ | ||||||
| 703715928 | 703717802 | 2016-02-07 05:29:19 | 0 days 00:20:04 | 7611264 | 0 | would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . {{ fact | | date = february 2016 | }} the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west kept increasing . by early november refugees were finding their way to hungary via czechoslovakia , or via the west | |
| 706975021 | 707177225 | 2016-02-27 07:39:45 | 0 days 22:24:26 | 16283967 | 0 | " < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | | date | web | = november 2010 }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — |
| 1 | ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = | november | accessdate | 2010 }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term | |||||
| 7 | > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . | 20 september | = august 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to | ||||||
| 8 | www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ] {{ dead link | | < ref > {{ cite news | url = | 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the | ||||||
| 16 | www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ] {{ dead link | | date | = august 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to | ||||||
| 17 | montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ] {{ dead link | date = | august | 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the | ||||||
| 714997403 | 722498372 | 2016-05-28 14:48:32 | 45 days 12:07:39 | 27823944 | 7 | {{ wayback | url = http : / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 | date = | 20120907214853 | 20091108121553 | }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr |
| 10 | : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html | date = 20111130150904 | | df | bot | = y }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate | |||||
| 11 | / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html | date = 20111130150904 | df = | y | medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic | }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the 20th | |||||
| 724233530 | 724394204 | 2016-06-09 00:08:05 | 1 days 00:27:59 | 28438241 | 0 | ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] | * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line ( lebanon ) ]] | }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | |
| 724394204 | 724394247 | 2016-06-09 00:08:38 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 28438241 | 0 | rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line ( | lebanon | beirut | ) ]] }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last |
| 724631450 | 727656922 | 2016-06-30 12:00:49 | 19 days 22:13:11 | 17832782 | 0 | ] * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} | * {{ worldcat | name = works about berlin wall | id = nc - berlin % 20wall % 20berlin % 20germany % 201961 % 201989 }} | {{ berlin wall }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ destroyed heritage }} {{ authority control }} [[ category : berlin wall | | |
| 729057394 | 733423677 | 2016-08-07 18:35:16 | 29 days 02:59:40 | 3131428 | 4 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence | }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border | ]] }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ use dmy dates | date = january 2014 }} {{ | |
| 733423677 | 733487340 | 2016-08-08 04:39:46 | 0 days 10:04:30 | 264323 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence | {{ ! }} | | | berlin defence ]] }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ use dmy dates | date = january 2014 |
| 733515231 | 734284492 | 2016-08-13 08:26:57 | 4 days 22:04:07 | 80913 | 11 | 2011 }} < / ref > * * " chippin ' away " , < ref > {{ youtube | - ummj _ jnway | crosby , stills & nash 1990 | - | – | chippin ' away }} < / ref > a song by tom fedora , as performed by [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[ |
| 735821858 | 736676388 | 2016-08-29 03:36:10 | 5 days 18:00:42 | 27823944 | 6 | / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | archivedate = | 25 june 2009 | medic | }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members |
| 738865701 | 738877220 | 2016-09-11 16:07:47 | 0 days 01:20:46 | 27015025 | 5 | / wall . asp | archivedate = 22 june 2008 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 9 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation | | deadurl = no | df = dmy | }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 | |
| 749083438 | 749172446 | 2016-11-12 21:38:14 | 0 days 13:26:19 | 7611264 | 2 | bowie . 2c 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ | ill | nl | interlanguage link multi | | klein orkest }} , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http |
| 3 | ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest | | nl | }} , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / | ||||||
| 5 | ] }} < / ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' {{ ill | de | | elsner | | 3 = | stephan elsner }} ' ' created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " border injuries " . on one | |||||
| 749499810 | 750161040 | 2016-11-18 03:30:42 | 3 days 09:52:21 | 27823944 | 2 | {{ wayback | url = http : / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 | date = | 20091108121553 | 8 november 2009 | }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr |
| 761201385 | 762042542 | 2017-01-26 08:15:19 | 4 days 16:23:22 | 16488383 | 2 | the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . {{ citation needed | | date | title | = february 2016 }} [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing the new regulations |
| 762133796 | 764579261 | 2017-02-09 18:56:43 | 13 days 21:24:23 | 22515348 | 0 | concert by [[ roger waters ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line ( beirut ) ]] | * [[ reunification of jerusalem ]] | }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | |
| 774996064 | 774996115 | 2017-04-11 23:54:33 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 204692 | 0 | 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . | {{ fact | }} < / ref > * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | |
| 1 | by [[ martin ritt ]] * * ' ' the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 | {{ fact | }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael | ||||||
| 2 | by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > {{ cite web | url = | http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | title = something to do with the wall ( 1991 ) – imdb | author = maxhauser | date = 3 april 1991 | work = imdb | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | }} < / ref > * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | ||||||
| 4 | the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > {{ cite web | url = | http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / | title = imdb . com | date = 15 july 1965 | work = imdb | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael | ||||||
| 774997908 | 774999975 | 2017-04-12 00:29:40 | 0 days 00:20:04 | 7611264 | 2 | becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = | |
| 3 | it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that the initiative for the construction of the | ||||||
| 7 | mi }} from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin | ||||||
| 8 | months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to | ||||||
| 9 | , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east berlin death strip seen from axel springer building 1984 | ||||||
| 10 | ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} * wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) * improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) * improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) * ' | ||||||
| 11 | ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was | ||||||
| 13 | visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all – all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . | ||||||
| 14 | year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east | ||||||
| 15 | east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} east berliners and east germans could not , at first , travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall | ||||||
| 16 | matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} for each of these exceptions , gdr citizens had to apply for individual approval , which was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr | ||||||
| 17 | annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin to help alleviate this situation . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) | ||||||
| 18 | in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required | ||||||
| 20 | western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : | ||||||
| 21 | - available basis . the trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special | ||||||
| 23 | the sewer system predated the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ unternehmen reisebüro ]] . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the [[ gesellschaft für sport und technik ]] , | ||||||
| 24 | crowd of west berliners jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking through [[ checkpoint | ||||||
| 26 | wall peckers " ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | a berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire | ||||||
| 27 | all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued | ||||||
| 28 | virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german | ||||||
| 29 | german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards [[ german reunification ]] , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the | ||||||
| 30 | trabant crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} the [[ allied museum ]] in the [[ dahlem ( berlin ) | dahlem ]] district of berlin hosted a number of events to mark the twentieth anniversary of the | ||||||
| 32 | for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , still in its original spot , 2016 ]] = = = 50th anniversary | ||||||
| 33 | about the fall of the berlin wall by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | the spy who | ||||||
| 34 | martin ritt ]] * * ' ' the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] , directed | ||||||
| 779016763 | 779442748 | 2017-05-08 23:18:55 | 2 days 08:38:12 | 19339494 | 0 | wall ( video game ) }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ use dmy dates | date = | january 2014 | may 2017 | }} {{ infobox historic building | name = berlin wall | image = berlinermauer . jpg | caption = view from the west berlin side of [[ berlin wall graffiti art |
| 14 | = crosby , stills and nash sound a positive note at berlin wall | work = los angeles times | date = 1989 - 11 - 21 | accessdate = 2014 | - 07 - 02 | }} < / ref > on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | ||||||
| 16 | stm | title = did david hasselhoff really help end the cold war ? | work = bbc news | date = 2004 - 02 - 06 | accessdate = 2014 | - 07 - 02 | }} < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' | ||||||
| 780019390 | 781687181 | 2017-05-22 17:34:23 | 10 days 04:39:20 | 8719036 | 11 | hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert | , 21 july 1990 ) | }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first | |
| 787359385 | 787408974 | 2017-06-25 06:54:21 | 0 days 07:37:56 | 31190988 | 6 | ref > {{ cite web | title = memorial landscape : berlin wall | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | publisher = | berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 | 20141220054134 text = web page on the border watch tower }} , accessed on 27 | january 2016 }} < / ref > nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall |
| 791624973 | 793523187 | 2017-08-02 08:44:50 | 11 days 19:51:02 | 38455 | 16 | and growing anti - wall sentiment = = < center > {{ cquote | text = ' ' every stone bears witness to the moral bankruptcy of the society it encloses | ' ' | }} < small > — margaret thatcher commenting about the wall , west berlin , 1982 < ref > [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / 1982 | |
| 807562970 | 808145196 | 2017-11-01 04:07:12 | 3 days 08:42:17 | 31813604 | 1 | in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . {{ fact | date = | april | 2014 - 11 - 11 | work = newsweek | access - date = | 2017 }} [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , still in its original spot , 2016 ]] = = = 50th |
| 810071958 | 810072027 | 2017-11-13 05:36:43 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 19339494 | 0 | | date = april 2017 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ use dmy dates | date = | may | november | 2017 }} {{ infobox historic building | name = berlin wall | image = berlinermauer . jpg | caption = view from the west berlin side of [[ berlin wall graffiti |
| 10 | / combined | last2 = varela | last3 = arco | last4 = block | first2 = yolanda | first3 = nino del | first4 = karin | accessdate = 2017 | - 05 - 12 | }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael | ||||||
| 812015131 | 812456655 | 2017-11-27 23:08:43 | 2 days 10:38:49 | 27015025 | 1 | berlin wall 1961 – 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = 23 july 2010 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany | | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110717064521 / http : / / www . alliiertenmuseum . de / en / 4 _ 2 . php ? year = & activity _ id = 214 | archivedate = 17 july 2011 | df = dmy - all | }} < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp ]] s designed by t . h . e . hill , the author | |
| 813096804 | 813824036 | 2017-12-05 12:23:25 | 3 days 17:15:48 | 2126435 | 2 | * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' {{ interlanguage link multi | elsner | de | 3 = | stephan | elsner }} ' ' created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " border injuries " . on one of | |
| 816797571 | 816797805 | 2017-12-23 19:37:49 | 0 days 00:02:02 | 11112747 | 7 | * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) {{ div col end }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | | 20em | }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international | |
| 822396886 | 822504643 | 2018-01-26 19:24:33 | 0 days 15:37:47 | 5841175 | 5 | = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | accessdate = | 6 august 2011 | 26 january 2018 | }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]] ) to border guards dealing with |
| 825606275 | 825749968 | 2018-02-15 05:25:14 | 0 days 19:08:55 | 29164674 | 0 | : public / west and east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer | }} , {{ ipa - de | bɛʁˈliːnɐ ˈmaʊ̯ɐ | pron | }} ) was a guarded concrete [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that physically and ideologically divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago | |
| 825799691 | 825801760 | 2018-02-15 14:24:54 | 0 days 00:17:08 | 5946478 | 2 | west berliners jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . {{ citation needed | | date | title | = april 2017 }} < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking |
| 3 | jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . {{ citation needed | date = | april 2017 | the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = 146 - 147 | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06490 - 6 | }} < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking through [[ checkpoint | |||||
| 825801760 | 825801993 | 2018-02-15 14:26:52 | 0 days 00:01:58 | 5946478 | 0 | mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = 146 - 147 | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - | 06490 | 06494 | - 6 }} < / ref > < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . |
| 825804625 | 825804984 | 2018-02-15 14:50:22 | 0 days 00:02:43 | 5946478 | 2 | it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . {{ citation needed | | date | title | = april 2017 }} = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | 220px | |
| 825804984 | 825807680 | 2018-02-15 15:11:19 | 0 days 00:20:57 | 5946478 | 7 | the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed | | date | title | = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government |
| 8 | three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed | date = | april 2017 | escaping the bonds of earth : the fifties and the sixties | last = evans | first = ben | publisher = praxis publishing | year = 2014 | location = chichester uk | pages = 38 | isbn = 978 - 0 - 387 - 79093 - 0 | }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to | |||||
| 825807680 | 825810334 | 2018-02-15 15:29:53 | 0 days 00:18:34 | 5946478 | 2 | after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . {{ citation needed | | date | title | = april 2017 }} = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float - right " |
| 825819301 | 825820281 | 2018-02-15 16:36:38 | 0 days 00:06:43 | 5946478 | 2 | " ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . {{ citation needed | | date | title | = april 2017 }} west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin |
| 5 | stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . | {{ citation needed | date | < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location | = april 2017 }} on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there | |||||
| 9 | the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . | {{ citation needed | date | < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 | = april 2017 }} the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards [[ german reunification ]] , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october | |||||
| 10 | ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . {{ citation needed | date = | april 2017 | < / ref > | }} the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards [[ german reunification ]] , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the | |||||
| 825833265 | 825837217 | 2018-02-15 18:34:55 | 0 days 00:25:53 | 5946478 | 4 | the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . {{ citation needed | | date | title | = april 2017 }} the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that the initiative for the |
| 5 | time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . {{ citation needed | date = | april 2017 | the berlin wall and the intra - germa border 1961 - 1989 | last = rottman | first = gordon | publisher = osprey publishing | year = 2008 | location = oxford uk | pages = 29 | isbn = 978 - 184603 - 193 - 9 | }} the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that the initiative for the construction of the | |||||
| 830413321 | 830738474 | 2018-03-16 17:09:21 | 1 days 23:23:44 | 32932216 | 2 | the berlin wall by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . {{ citation needed | date = | april 2017 | 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 | }} * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka , told from point of view of a |
| 831699815 | 833238425 | 2018-03-30 12:11:06 | 8 days 15:20:23 | 10289486 | 1 | ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html wiegrefe , klaus . " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | | ' ' spiegel online – | einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / www . welt . de / politik | |
| 2 | zeit . html wiegrefe , klaus . " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online – einestages | ' ' | }} , may 2009 < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / | ||||||
| 836314607 | 837089893 | 2018-04-18 17:08:36 | 4 days 16:52:32 | 10289486 | 1 | . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 | ' ' | ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = | |
| 843144692 | 843537822 | 2018-05-29 19:55:32 | 2 days 14:29:27 | 30675059 | 5 | imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - | 05 | - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka , told | |
| 6 | before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? – an alternate history of cold war espionage ' ' , < ref > {{ cite web | url = | 29 | }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka , told from point | ||||||
| 14 | www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - | 03 | - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka , told | ||||||
| 15 | imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - | 16 | }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka , told from point | ||||||
| 848888136 | 848901284 | 2018-07-05 03:45:12 | 0 days 02:00:21 | 7611264 | 0 | 0 }} . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = = how khrushchev – kennedy relations affected the construction of the wall = = = {{ confusing | | date = july 2018 | }} in april 1961 , khrushchev gained an impression that kennedy ' ' is not very smart ' ' when he saw washington supporting the failed invasion of cuba by anti | |
| 851056497 | 851685920 | 2018-07-23 22:56:52 | 4 days 03:31:40 | 27015025 | 0 | freedom without walls | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc | | archive - url = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20101228094243 / http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | archive - date = 28 december 2010 | dead - url = yes | df = dmy - all | }} < / ref > an international project called ' ' mauerreise ' ' ( journey of the wall ) took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks were | |
| 858467139 | 858475938 | 2018-09-07 13:17:40 | 0 days 01:32:51 | 9092818 | 0 | convert | 155 | km | 1 | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = wall }} {{ eastern bloc sidebar | | cold war | }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] [[ |
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| 1744605 | 1776158 | 2003-11-15 23:25:56 | 0 days 00:05:35 | 0|82.82.131.134 | 0 | 16 , 1989 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the | russians | soviet union | , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin |
| 1 | 1989 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , | americans | the usa | , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - | |||||
| 2 | ' ' < / center > < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , | british | the united kingdom | and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , | |||||
| 3 | < / center > < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and | french | france | each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , | |||||
| 4 | ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the | russian | soviet | sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee | |||||
| 5 | - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the | soviets | soviet union | led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the americans . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin | |||||
| 6 | , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviets led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the | americans | united states | . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent , were in effect | |||||
| 4583370 | 4705728 | 2004-07-12 16:15:05 | 0 days 18:23:40 | 42670 | 0 | treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the | united states | western allies | . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent , were in |
| 7274103 | 7274236 | 2004-11-09 21:58:06 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 0|83.109.145.235 | 3 | the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | the fall of the berlin wall marked the symbolic end of the cold war . american poststamp commemorating the | event | soviet empire | . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , |
| 15881315 | 15902037 | 2005-06-26 21:50:58 | 0 days 18:23:00 | 44454 | 1 | west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west germans demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the | usa | united states | for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of |
| 20104674 | 20199669 | 2005-08-03 17:01:11 | 1 days 07:56:03 | 0|207.134.5.195 | 0 | east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the | soviet | soviets | government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of |
| 20199669 | 20199705 | 2005-08-03 17:01:52 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 0|207.134.5.195 | 0 | east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the | soviets | soviet | government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of |
| 26467857 | 26918322 | 2005-10-30 22:25:26 | 5 days 02:16:53 | 0|205.188.116.204 | 5 | of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the | [[ soviet ]] | city college of new york with a degree in electrical engineering in 1939 and in 1940 joined the | army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each |
| 24 | conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the | western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] | soviet project | , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , | |||||
| 26918322 | 26918978 | 2005-10-30 22:32:59 | 0 days 00:07:33 | 67107 | 5 | children 7 in fiction 8 see also 9 external links [ edit ] background julius rosenberg was born on may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from the | city college of new york with a degree in electrical engineering in 1939 and in 1940 joined the | [[ soviet ]] | army signal corps where he worked on radar equipment . he became a leader in the young communist league , where in 1936 he met ethel , whom he married three |
| 26 | that the rosenberg / greenglass data would have significantly aided the soviet project . even the detailed information given by fuchs and hall seems to have only marginally sped up the | soviet project | western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] | , as it was heavily distrusted by project leader lavrenty beria . this , of course , is a question not necessarily related to their guilt or sentencing . [ edit | |||||
| 29 | and michael , were orphaned by the execution , and no relatives dared adopt them for fear of ostracism or worse . they were finally adopted by the songwriters ann and | abel meeropol . abel meeropol wrote the classic anti - lynching anthem " strange fruit , " made famous by singer billie holiday . robert and michael co - wrote a book about the experience , we are your sons : the legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg | france | ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book in 2004 , an execution in the family : one son ' s journey . in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg | |||||
| 33019543 | 33732100 | 2006-01-03 15:20:54 | 5 days 20:55:47 | 0|208.22.177.10 | 0 | = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ | soviet | teletubies | ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by |
| 33732100 | 33736122 | 2006-01-03 16:14:24 | 0 days 00:53:30 | 174808 | 0 | = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ | teletubies | soviet | ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by |
| 40904768 | 40905200 | 2006-02-23 20:20:49 | 0 days 00:03:37 | 89179 | 3 | ] however , its miles of concrete and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall became a focus of | anti | what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high | - communist reformers between the 1960s and 1990s . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of the [[ soviet union ]] , led |
| 42452968 | 42535304 | 2006-03-06 21:07:47 | 0 days 12:19:03 | 0|69.118.136.26 | 0 | east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to | alied | allied | personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west |
| 44441770 | 44468502 | 2006-03-19 06:27:35 | 0 days 04:19:24 | 0|67.150.44.54 | 0 | escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training | organisation | organization | , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with |
| 45851032 | 46015271 | 2006-03-29 14:49:03 | 1 days 01:44:53 | 154626 | 0 | for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ | britain | united kingdom | | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] |
| 46947936 | 46949495 | 2006-04-04 17:06:33 | 0 days 00:11:44 | 97676 | 1 | an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet | union | soviet ]] | leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany , which permanently closed the border between [[ | |
| 54107483 | 54268993 | 2006-05-20 23:49:24 | 1 days 00:45:45 | 0|69.124.27.151 | 2 | most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east | germans | gad | to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ |
| 54268993 | 54269525 | 2006-05-20 23:53:19 | 0 days 00:03:55 | 1008387 | 1 | most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east | gad | germans | to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ |
| 68356935 | 68486767 | 2006-08-08 22:01:37 | 0 days 14:33:29 | 0|128.195.89.181 | 0 | , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced | country | countries | in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non |
| 73800540 | 74099078 | 2006-09-06 08:47:27 | 1 days 13:57:58 | 169140 | 3 | into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four | occupation | zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ | |
| 4 | occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the | [[ france | | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] | ||||||
| 100920432 | 100940360 | 2007-01-15 20:23:22 | 0 days 01:29:37 | 2181758 | 0 | built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of | labour | labor | and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , |
| 100940597 | 100941637 | 2007-01-15 20:29:28 | 0 days 00:04:57 | 2181758 | 0 | travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of | labour | labor | and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , |
| 100946186 | 100948158 | 2007-01-15 20:59:57 | 0 days 00:09:11 | 302522 | 0 | built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of | labor | labour | and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , |
| 2 | travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of | labor | labour | and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , | |||||
| 111415383 | 111428832 | 2007-02-27 22:10:55 | 0 days 00:57:04 | 0|62.3.246.124 | 0 | by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ | soviet union | soviets | china | ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the |
| 111428832 | 111431459 | 2007-02-27 22:21:46 | 0 days 00:10:51 | 302522 | 0 | by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ | china | soviet union | soviets | ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the |
| 113464478 | 113475444 | 2007-03-08 02:24:08 | 0 days 00:52:34 | 0|68.18.0.87 | 0 | ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of | world war ii | wwii | in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the |
| 1 | | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four | occupation zones | sectors | ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united | |||||
| 113475754 | 113475882 | 2007-03-08 02:26:18 | 0 days 00:00:35 | 902207 | 1 | 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of | wwii | world war ii | in europe , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four sectors ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying |
| 3 | 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of wwii in europe , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four | sectors | occupation zones | ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united | |||||
| 114799754 | 114832623 | 2007-03-13 16:56:18 | 0 days 02:33:52 | 0|66.18.62.36 | 0 | besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of | nazi | germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united | |
| 114987991 | 115016505 | 2007-03-14 09:34:46 | 0 days 04:16:30 | 0|220.101.111.166 | 2 | . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american | battalion | poo slinger patrol | was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of |
| 115016505 | 115016570 | 2007-03-14 09:35:16 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 2608485 | 2 | gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 fatty boobaladahs . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american | poo slinger patrol | battalion | was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of |
| 117292393 | 117354193 | 2007-03-23 19:40:25 | 0 days 04:50:00 | 0|206.176.109.44 | 0 | built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of | labour | labor | and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , |
| 117486747 | 117487278 | 2007-03-24 09:35:03 | 0 days 00:05:58 | 302522 | 0 | built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of | labor | labour | and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , |
| 118635394 | 118639947 | 2007-03-28 23:11:07 | 0 days 00:19:40 | 0|65.24.114.248 | 2 | ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western | capitalist | communist | country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged |
| 10 | bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - | communist | democratic | countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = | |||||
| 118654236 | 118657778 | 2007-03-29 00:33:26 | 0 days 00:17:42 | 911178 | 2 | ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1917 onwards , west germany mutated into a western | communist | capitalist | country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged |
| 9 | looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) the flight of growing numbers of northwestern germans to non - | democratic | communist | countries via northern berlin led to germany destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further shananagans . = | |||||
| 118657778 | 119194198 | 2007-03-31 03:19:34 | 2 days 02:46:08 | 0|69.236.50.115 | 5 | and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ | soviet union | soviet | mormon | ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press |
| 9 | nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ | united states | brendon urie | | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] | |||||
| 11 | zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ | united kingdom | jon walker | | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ | |||||
| 13 | ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ | france | ryan ross | | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was | |||||
| 119194198 | 119196685 | 2007-03-31 03:37:08 | 0 days 00:17:34 | 196242 | 5 | and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ las vegas , | nevada ]] administration of [[ jon walker ]] and approved by [[ | mormon | soviet union | soviet | ]] leader [[ brendon urie ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press |
| 13 | the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | | jon walker | british | ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the | |||||
| 14 | ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ | ryan ross | france | | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] | |||||
| 15 | one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | | ryan ross | french | ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself | |||||
| 16 | the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ | spencer smith | soviet union | | spencer smith ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones | |||||
| 124840894 | 124869673 | 2007-04-22 14:46:41 | 0 days 03:13:36 | 0|66.189.65.147 | 0 | wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in | the soviet union | france | and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin |
| 124869673 | 124871938 | 2007-04-22 14:57:52 | 0 days 00:11:11 | 302522 | 0 | wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in | france | the soviet union | and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin |
| 127992744 | 128043670 | 2007-05-03 20:30:16 | 0 days 03:40:39 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 1 | germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the | [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers | germans decided | to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ |
| 128122655 | 128140895 | 2007-05-04 04:30:18 | 0 days 01:56:54 | 0|67.188.185.11 | 0 | built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of | labour | labor | and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , |
| 128140895 | 128156051 | 2007-05-04 06:38:38 | 0 days 02:08:20 | 3647339 | 0 | built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of | labor | labour | and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , |
| 128208648 | 128224669 | 2007-05-04 15:23:14 | 0 days 01:17:51 | 0|206.227.19.200 | 0 | ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for | political | po33 l | freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] |
| 128224669 | 128224981 | 2007-05-04 15:24:41 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 302522 | 0 | ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for | po33 l | political | freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] |
| 128227069 | 128511750 | 2007-05-05 22:07:47 | 1 days 06:32:44 | 0|89.173.44.118 | 0 | leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist | czech | czechoslovak | government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing |
| 129554675 | 129554933 | 2007-05-09 16:37:49 | 0 days 00:01:02 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 9 | germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | | democratic | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' |
| 133075428 | 133085305 | 2007-05-24 02:33:08 | 0 days 00:58:04 | 0|71.236.38.133 | 0 | ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil | unrest | war | , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory |
| 133085305 | 133093747 | 2007-05-24 03:28:24 | 0 days 00:55:16 | 715870 | 0 | ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil | war | unrest | , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory |
| 133131431 | 133266201 | 2007-05-24 21:31:51 | 0 days 12:42:18 | 0|68.55.7.91 | 0 | by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by | souvenir | communist | hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was |
| 133266201 | 133267024 | 2007-05-24 21:35:43 | 0 days 00:03:52 | 302522 | 0 | by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by | communist | souvenir | hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was |
| 138718856 | 138723953 | 2007-06-17 08:23:26 | 0 days 00:50:27 | 4281205 | 0 | berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : | allied | soviet | occupation of europe ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : |
| 148145763 | 148756413 | 2007-08-02 17:27:15 | 2 days 18:48:36 | 4750633 | 0 | more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a | communist | totalitarianist | society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - |
| 1 | can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the | communists | totalitarians | had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = | |||||
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 0 | europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the | [[ communism | | communist regime gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment has always denied having such a policy . < ref | |
| 153257087 | 153261470 | 2007-08-24 01:02:51 | 0 days 00:26:17 | 4927734 | 0 | / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a | german politician alleges | that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment has always denied having | |
| 1 | europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the | [[ communism | communist ]] regime | east german government | gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment has always denied having such a policy . < ref name = | |||||
| 159172135 | 159182654 | 2007-09-20 15:36:21 | 0 days 00:58:05 | 0|72.43.0.244 | 0 | , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - | fascist | t | protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was |
| 1 | the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - | fascist | t | protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s | |||||
| 159182654 | 159184132 | 2007-09-20 15:44:15 | 0 days 00:07:54 | 3704376 | 0 | , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - | t | fascist | protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was |
| 1 | the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - | t | fascist | protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s | |||||
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 20 | ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in | the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti | the belief that the simple division of all humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent of this movement away from polar oppositions , anne fausto | - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref |
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 21 | of all humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent of this movement away from polar oppositions , anne fausto - | sterling | fascist protective rampart | , recognized five sexes : male , female , merm ( male pseudohermaphrodite ) , ferm ( female pseudohermaphrodite ) and herm ( true hermaphrodite ) . although she was heavily |
| 163097473 | 163098190 | 2007-10-08 14:37:50 | 0 days 00:03:43 | 0|216.237.254.146 | 0 | the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - | fascist | t | protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s |
| 163102843 | 163105476 | 2007-10-08 15:13:04 | 0 days 00:12:54 | 5173527 | 0 | the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - | t | fascist | protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s |
| 163105476 | 163371605 | 2007-10-09 17:45:07 | 1 days 02:32:03 | 0|82.41.42.114 | 2 | | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ | allied | all = = ied | control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers |
| 163371605 | 163373226 | 2007-10-09 17:53:00 | 0 days 00:07:53 | 5451838 | 2 | | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ | all = = ied | allied | control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers |
| 165409653 | 165409865 | 2007-10-18 14:21:33 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|89.240.178.51 | 1 | show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the | american | u . s . | effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as |
| 2 | gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new | american | u . s . | battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people | |||||
| 165409865 | 165410058 | 2007-10-18 14:22:40 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 0|89.240.178.51 | 0 | although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and | american | u . s . | zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including |
| 165598417 | 165643339 | 2007-10-19 15:25:00 | 0 days 05:20:28 | 2073927 | 4 | although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and | u . s . | american | zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including |
| 6 | show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the | u . s . | american | effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as | |||||
| 7 | gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new | u . s . | american | battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people | |||||
| 170955559 | 171328388 | 2007-11-14 00:42:00 | 1 days 11:14:07 | 5809976 | 0 | separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ | cold | civil | war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] |
| 171328388 | 171330844 | 2007-11-14 00:55:02 | 0 days 00:13:02 | 0|83.24.232.6 | 0 | separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ | civil | cold | war of monkeies in balerina outfits eating pancakes going up the pyrimid of wakawakadoodooyeah ]] , the wall joined forces with mars and neptune [[ east berlin | east ]] and |
| 173864676 | 173866475 | 2007-11-26 10:45:25 | 0 days 00:17:35 | 137113 | 0 | also marked the frontier in the cold war which would likely play a major role in hostilities or the start of a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the | soviet union | gdr and ussr | considered the new west germany to be largely a militaristic [[ puppet state ]] which had not been properly [[ denazification | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official |
| 178433680 | 178872694 | 2007-12-19 03:34:38 | 2 days 00:13:36 | 0|67.188.74.176 | 21 | . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by | soviet | canadian | leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted |
| 28 | . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat | groups | troops | of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the | |||||
| 178873340 | 178873918 | 2007-12-19 03:42:19 | 0 days 00:03:39 | 2537811 | 21 | . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the plans for the creation of the berlin wall came from lower german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by | canadian | soviet | leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted |
| 27 | physically divided the city and completely surrounded north berlin . during the construction of the death star , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ space combat | troops | groups | of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the | |||||
| 189354281 | 189354826 | 2008-02-05 21:59:41 | 0 days 00:02:04 | 0|70.118.67.29 | 1 | the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - | fascist | t | protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe |
| 189354826 | 189355039 | 2008-02-05 22:00:27 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 2537811 | 1 | the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - | t | fascist | protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe |
| 190567614 | 190901097 | 2008-02-12 14:26:36 | 1 days 07:42:59 | 0|209.7.208.2 | 0 | throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the | german people | nazis | , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 |
| 190901097 | 190901889 | 2008-02-12 14:32:04 | 0 days 00:05:28 | 911178 | 0 | throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the | nazis | german people | , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 |
| 195868891 | 195985747 | 2008-03-05 06:33:28 | 0 days 10:24:59 | 0|24.80.100.146 | 1 | proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions | stalin | khrushchev | ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east |
| 2 | system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . | stalin | khrushchev | agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and | |||||
| 195985747 | 195987434 | 2008-03-05 06:49:11 | 0 days 00:15:43 | 3622922 | 1 | proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ khrushchev ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions | khrushchev | stalin | ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east |
| 2 | system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . | khrushchev | stalin | agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and | |||||
| 197071265 | 197073422 | 2008-03-09 20:41:24 | 0 days 00:10:13 | 67155 | 0 | ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the [[ | communism | soviet | | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < |
| 1 | thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the [[ communism | | communist | soviet union | ]] government gave explicit orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name | |||||
| 197073422 | 197073715 | 2008-03-09 20:42:40 | 0 days 00:01:16 | 67155 | 0 | / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the [[ soviet | | soviet union | ]] government gave explicit orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name | |
| 197073715 | 197075558 | 2008-03-09 20:51:04 | 0 days 00:08:24 | 0|98.17.134.249 | 6 | the frontier in the cold war which would likely play a major role in hostilities or the start of a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the gdr and | ussr | their other warsaw pact allies | considered the new west germany to be largely a militarized [[ puppet state ]] which had not been properly [[ denazification | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official |
| 7 | berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious | soviet | eastern | threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu | |||||
| 11 | of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the | soviet | east german | checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( | |||||
| 15 | acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged | [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] | the east germans | to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly | |||||
| 197077024 | 197077031 | 2008-03-09 20:57:59 | 0 days 00:00:02 | 3622922 | 6 | the frontier in the cold war which would likely play a major role in hostilities or the start of a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the gdr and | their other warsaw pact allies | ussr | considered the new west germany to be largely a militarized [[ puppet state ]] which had not been properly [[ denazification | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official |
| 9 | berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious | eastern | soviet | threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu | |||||
| 12 | of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the | east german | soviet | checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( | |||||
| 15 | acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged | the east germans | [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] | to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the | |||||
| 200567003 | 200626917 | 2008-03-24 20:41:25 | 0 days 04:15:07 | 0|69.249.55.70 | 1 | and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of | defence | defense | with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' |
| 204725508 | 204726521 | 2008-04-10 16:52:06 | 0 days 00:04:56 | 137113 | 0 | / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the | [[ soviet ]] | gdr / east german | government gave explicit orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = |
| 229217140 | 229650556 | 2008-08-03 21:25:53 | 2 days 08:34:27 | 577301 | 24 | one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , | [[ france | | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly | |
| 233916986 | 234024060 | 2008-08-24 23:20:03 | 0 days 11:33:33 | 0|71.223.119.62 | 1 | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the | territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | nazi army ! | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam |
| 234024129 | 234024267 | 2008-08-24 23:21:19 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 0|71.223.119.62 | 1 | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the | territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | nazi army ! | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam |
| 234024308 | 234024639 | 2008-08-24 23:23:29 | 0 days 00:01:55 | 0|71.223.119.62 | 1 | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the | territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | nazi army ! | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam |
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 7 | . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the | soviet | zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension | |
| 239141721 | 239163119 | 2008-09-18 01:43:56 | 0 days 01:47:56 | 0|71.180.245.172 | 0 | kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east | german government | your mom is east germany | announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed |
| 239163119 | 239163147 | 2008-09-18 01:44:03 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 556700 | 0 | kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east | your mom is east germany | german government | announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed |
| 239453915 | 239456329 | 2008-09-19 03:25:00 | 0 days 00:12:32 | 736477 | 16 | west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the | eastern | soviet | and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | |
| 239456748 | 239564841 | 2008-09-19 13:58:32 | 0 days 10:31:31 | 0|209.174.67.217 | 0 | - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the | east german | united kingdom | government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans |
| 239564841 | 239565752 | 2008-09-19 14:02:18 | 0 days 00:03:46 | 0|209.174.67.217 | 1 | germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two | german | australian | states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to |
| 239565752 | 239565807 | 2008-09-19 14:02:30 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 1395162 | 1 | germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the baboon separated the two | australian | german | states for 99 , 999 years and 364 days , from the day construction began on august 32 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was |
| 7 | - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the | united kingdom | east german | government announced on november 9 , 1949 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans | |||||
| 240013658 | 240013759 | 2008-09-21 15:30:32 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 6660588 | 0 | one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , | [[ | [[ france | | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into |
| 240240944 | 240242156 | 2008-09-22 15:58:49 | 0 days 00:07:42 | 736477 | 13 | , as well as entry into and exit from east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied | military traffic | personnel | in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east |
| 240527995 | 240571674 | 2008-09-24 00:23:26 | 0 days 03:27:09 | 0|67.191.11.141 | 2 | wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the | soviet | hannah montana | leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes |
| 240571674 | 240572171 | 2008-09-24 00:25:45 | 0 days 00:02:19 | 911178 | 2 | wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the | hannah montana | soviet | leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes |
| 240735201 | 241070670 | 2008-09-26 06:04:34 | 1 days 10:11:16 | 770269 | 0 | , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a | propaganda | public relations | disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which |
| 245370107 | 245417666 | 2008-10-15 10:41:25 | 0 days 07:04:30 | 0|98.181.39.113 | 1 | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four | occupation | military | zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the |
| 245417666 | 245418082 | 2008-10-15 10:45:36 | 0 days 00:04:11 | 0|98.181.39.113 | 2 | ]] after the [[ end of world war ii ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was sectioned into four | military | occupation | zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one governed by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the |
| 255794996 | 255852545 | 2008-12-04 15:35:20 | 0 days 09:15:23 | 0|64.8.177.252 | 0 | nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by | one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] | jordan treichel | . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet |
| 255867827 | 255870439 | 2008-12-04 17:23:39 | 0 days 00:15:17 | 911178 | 0 | nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by | czar dunbar iii of the ussr | one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] | . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet |
| 257284183 | 257291690 | 2008-12-11 16:06:25 | 0 days 00:50:25 | 0|71.130.177.243 | 0 | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating people like | lilwayne | stalin | from tyra and [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ |
| 265328211 | 265375952 | 2009-01-20 23:03:51 | 0 days 04:21:53 | 0|65.31.228.149 | 3 | wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - | fascist | t | protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe |
| 5 | the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in | propaganda | pro da | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | |||||
| 265375952 | 265376259 | 2009-01-20 23:05:34 | 0 days 00:01:43 | 4928500 | 3 | wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - | t | fascist | protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe |
| 5 | the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in | pro da | propaganda | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | |||||
| 265376259 | 265376312 | 2009-01-20 23:05:48 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 0|65.31.228.149 | 0 | wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - | fascist | t | protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe |
| 2 | the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in | propaganda | pro da | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | |||||
| 265376312 | 265376378 | 2009-01-20 23:06:12 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 118722 | 0 | wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - | t | fascist | protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe |
| 2 | the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in | pro da | propaganda | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | |||||
| 266290464 | 266355258 | 2009-01-25 18:30:17 | 0 days 07:44:36 | 0|64.180.72.150 | 1 | - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a | soviet | cowboy | - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany |
| 266355258 | 266356606 | 2009-01-25 18:36:50 | 0 days 00:06:33 | 118722 | 1 | - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a | cowboy | soviet | - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany |
| 269767784 | 269853148 | 2009-02-10 21:25:40 | 0 days 07:23:39 | 0|76.118.246.211 | 1 | berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the | german democratic republic | russian communist headquarters | ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west |
| 269853251 | 269858109 | 2009-02-10 21:45:42 | 0 days 00:19:34 | 5047767 | 1 | berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating the republic of dave from the | russian communist headquarters | german democratic republic | ( in berlin ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ |
| 273103201 | 273103350 | 2009-02-25 02:27:17 | 0 days 00:01:04 | 1469567 | 0 | {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see | hitler | [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] | . . . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] |
| 276783723 | 276786967 | 2009-03-12 17:40:59 | 0 days 00:16:20 | 0|167.206.179.131 | 0 | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four | occupation | gay | zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the |
| 276786967 | 276787142 | 2009-03-12 17:41:59 | 0 days 00:01:00 | 2372780 | 0 | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four | gay | occupation | zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the |
| 277902757 | 277903755 | 2009-03-17 17:22:39 | 0 days 00:04:22 | 3505251 | 0 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ | allies of wwii ]] | usa ]] | and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 |
| 277903755 | 277906414 | 2009-03-17 17:34:06 | 0 days 00:11:27 | 6984319 | 1 | germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ | usa ]] | allies of wwii ]] | and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 |
| 277907821 | 277908340 | 2009-03-17 17:42:14 | 0 days 00:02:00 | 3505251 | 0 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ | allies of wwii | usa | ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august |
| 277908340 | 277908940 | 2009-03-17 17:45:00 | 0 days 00:02:46 | 6984319 | 1 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ | usa | allies of wwii | ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august |
| 277908940 | 277909503 | 2009-03-17 17:47:21 | 0 days 00:02:21 | 6984319 | 3 | borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the western [[ allies of | wwii | world war ii | ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august |
| 278131212 | 278138099 | 2009-03-18 16:52:35 | 0 days 00:35:23 | 6984319 | 0 | bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the | number of eastern europeans | emigrants | moving westward in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < |
| 281090935 | 281109932 | 2009-04-01 17:12:18 | 0 days 01:48:07 | 9358984 | 1 | _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html ] freedom without walls : german | mission | missions | in the united states * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id |
| 281322387 | 281323676 | 2009-04-02 17:16:57 | 0 days 00:07:21 | 0|91.45.99.171 | 0 | same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the | east german minister of | party secretary for | propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference |
| 283525851 | 283525990 | 2009-04-13 08:36:55 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 0|194.144.117.217 | 0 | a reformist government started to dismantle the iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the | austro | austrian | - hungarian gevernamental meeting ( [[ august 23 ]] ) . on [[ september 11 ]] thousends of [[ gdr | east germans ]] started to cross the austro - hungarian |
| 3 | and the austro - hungarian gevernamental meeting ( [[ august 23 ]] ) . on [[ september 11 ]] thousends of [[ gdr | east germans ]] started to cross the | austro | austrian | - hungarian border to emigrate to [[ west germany ]] . that event caused popular demonstration and a unreversible political crisis in the government of [[ gdr ]] . when the | |||||
| 284527500 | 284528364 | 2009-04-18 00:18:32 | 0 days 00:05:54 | 0|122.110.183.192 | 0 | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four | occupation | tities | zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the |
| 3 | ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the | soviet zone | warm vagina | . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american | |||||
| 284528364 | 284529573 | 2009-04-18 00:27:25 | 0 days 00:08:53 | 6984319 | 0 | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four | tities | occupation | zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying cock suckers [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] |
| 2 | ]] . the dildo , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the | warm vagina | soviet zone | . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american | |||||
| 287077460 | 288317163 | 2009-05-06 18:40:49 | 6 days 01:59:42 | 0|63.133.248.1 | 0 | sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million | east germans | aliens | that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain |
| 288317163 | 288317903 | 2009-05-06 18:44:59 | 0 days 00:04:10 | 1099776 | 0 | sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million | aliens | east germans | that had landed in the mother ship approximately 20 % of the entire alien population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain |
| 304807664 | 304813427 | 2009-07-29 04:28:07 | 0 days 00:41:10 | 6984319 | 11 | zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and | american | industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german | zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic |
| 305811876 | 306233278 | 2009-08-05 16:38:35 | 2 days 03:19:42 | 0|140.32.22.135 | 0 | the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france the united | state | states | and the benelux countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] |
| 313044179 | 313129853 | 2009-09-11 04:02:49 | 0 days 09:42:44 | 43300 | 0 | border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * | diplomatic incident | [[ berlin crisis | of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] |
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 161 | the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 | [[ nazi party | nazi ]] | [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . | |
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 173 | of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in 1918 , the date of the 1923 | [[ nazi party | nazi ]] | [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . so , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was | |
| 316727646 | 316789597 | 2009-09-29 00:08:54 | 0 days 05:53:48 | 0|98.145.216.106 | 0 | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the | german | russian | democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the |
| 316789597 | 316789672 | 2009-09-29 00:09:19 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 0|98.145.216.106 | 0 | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the | russian | german | democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the |
| 317514851 | 317571115 | 2009-10-03 02:01:29 | 0 days 06:53:53 | 0|201.41.255.203 | 0 | 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the | soviet imperial | german communist | frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins |
| 323553877 | 323566540 | 2009-11-02 22:58:43 | 0 days 01:00:45 | 6340927 | 1 | , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the | party secretary for propaganda | east german politburo | , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on |
| 323786711 | 323839905 | 2009-11-04 04:57:08 | 0 days 05:54:45 | 0|210.3.39.29 | 3 | the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german | democratic republic | people . | ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ |
| 323839905 | 323840518 | 2009-11-04 05:01:42 | 0 days 00:04:34 | 10519822 | 2 | chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german | people . | democratic republic | ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter |
| 323949431 | 323949763 | 2009-11-04 20:13:10 | 0 days 00:01:49 | 0|90.212.100.1 | 0 | < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , | soviet | nazi | leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary |
| 323949763 | 323950472 | 2009-11-04 20:16:54 | 0 days 00:03:44 | 10519822 | 0 | < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , | nazi | soviet | leader [[ joseph stalin ]] attacked jews protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and |
| 324105954 | 324119733 | 2009-11-05 18:01:53 | 0 days 01:22:11 | 0|12.165.250.13 | 5 | preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the | founding | communist party | of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for |
| 6 | of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the | city | soviet union | general secretary ]] | of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that | |||||
| 324815104 | 324815547 | 2009-11-09 10:03:18 | 0 days 00:04:02 | 4638533 | 0 | and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of | defense | defence | with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently |
| 325363892 | 325364899 | 2009-11-12 02:24:44 | 0 days 00:07:00 | 0|202.158.12.194 | 2 | soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by | the german democratic | roger jr | republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin |
| 325364899 | 325364978 | 2009-11-12 02:25:22 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 10122993 | 2 | the soviet zone . ]] | } ' ' ' nazi germany ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by | roger jr | the german democratic | republic ( gdr ) ( [[ tekken ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] |
| 325526737 | 325552397 | 2009-11-13 02:23:02 | 0 days 02:58:07 | 0|63.248.139.15 | 1 | ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of | world war ii in europe | gay porn | ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement |
| 2 | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ | nazi germany | skankey nasty ass hary pussy | ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one | |||||
| 325552397 | 325552663 | 2009-11-13 02:25:05 | 0 days 00:02:03 | 8214624 | 0 | , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ the end of | gay porn | world war ii in europe | ]] , what remained of [[ skankey nasty ass hary pussy ]] west of the [[ the right pussy flap ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the |
| 1 | ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ the end of gay porn ]] , what remained of [[ | skankey nasty ass hary pussy | nazi germany | ]] west of the [[ the right pussy flap ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [ ( i ; love pussy ! ]] ) , each | |||||
| 325566075 | 325566396 | 2009-11-13 04:30:57 | 0 days 00:03:13 | 0|150.101.251.68 | 3 | < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to | german | penis | communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing |
| 325566396 | 325566439 | 2009-11-13 04:31:24 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 8214624 | 4 | < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to | penis | german | communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing |
| 325566615 | 325566651 | 2009-11-13 04:33:30 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 0|150.101.251.68 | 2 | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ | nazi germany | cat | ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one |
| 325566651 | 325566841 | 2009-11-13 04:35:21 | 0 days 00:01:51 | 8214624 | 2 | willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = postman pat = = = after the [[ end of the first episode ]] , what remained of [[ | cat | nazi germany | ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one |
| 330959637 | 330960317 | 2009-12-10 22:40:34 | 0 days 00:02:45 | 0|142.29.101.33 | 0 | with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , | military | militarylizationabiibles | and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > |
| 330960317 | 330960458 | 2009-12-10 22:41:07 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 7821268 | 0 | with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , | militarylizationabiibles | military | and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > |
| 343535162 | 343773536 | 2010-02-13 17:47:19 | 1 days 04:57:14 | 5326371 | 24 | 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited | soviet exercise of | power over | the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p |
| 25 | soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and | soviet penetration of | penetrated east german | administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > | |||||
| 346946452 | 347116386 | 2010-03-01 16:47:35 | 0 days 20:15:21 | 0|206.80.29.120 | 0 | ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ | united states | crack heads | ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council |
| 2 | one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ | france | the man whores | ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite | |||||
| 3 | the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ | soviet union | damn commies | ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep | |||||
| 347117220 | 347117362 | 2010-03-01 16:52:53 | 0 days 00:00:56 | 0|206.80.29.75 | 0 | in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until october 3 ; that day was finally chosen as [[ | german unity | green | day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with |
| 347133221 | 347136856 | 2010-03-01 18:40:55 | 0 days 00:19:09 | 5177550 | 3 | occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ crack heads ]] , [[ the stoners ]] , [[ the man whores ]] and the [[ | damn commies | soviet union | ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep |
| 8 | in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until october 3 ; that day was finally chosen as [[ | green | german unity | day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with | |||||
| 355153463 | 355153543 | 2010-04-10 15:30:34 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 8918196 | 2 | one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ | united kingdom | france | ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite |
| 360334542 | 360379379 | 2010-05-05 21:31:07 | 0 days 03:29:12 | 0|174.51.215.236 | 0 | : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ | hungary | russia | ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer |
| 360379379 | 360380251 | 2010-05-05 21:35:33 | 0 days 00:04:26 | 262550 | 0 | : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ | russia | hungary | ]] removed its physical border defences with germany , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer |
| 361201195 | 361272541 | 2010-05-10 13:58:14 | 0 days 11:16:30 | 0|81.15.172.66 | 0 | berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - | war germany | graham grmany | = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] |
| 361272541 | 361293877 | 2010-05-10 16:04:55 | 0 days 02:06:41 | 6971250 | 0 | berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - | graham grmany | war germany | = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] |
| 362026715 | 362031754 | 2010-05-14 04:36:58 | 0 days 00:41:39 | 0|65.100.196.54 | 0 | zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the | german democratic republic ( gdr | ussr | , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the |
| 362040150 | 362054246 | 2010-05-14 08:19:33 | 0 days 02:26:14 | 6971250 | 0 | zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the | ussr | german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) | that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it west germany from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers |
| 362122979 | 362143454 | 2010-05-14 19:20:05 | 0 days 02:09:18 | 0|78.43.105.45 | 0 | . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of | [[ nazi | pre - war | germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one |
| 366522148 | 366794399 | 2010-06-08 14:22:01 | 1 days 05:46:00 | 0|141.210.145.180 | 1 | zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the | united | uniteproxy - connection : keep - alive cache - control : max - age = 0 | states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west |
| 366794399 | 366804645 | 2010-06-08 15:20:20 | 0 days 00:58:19 | 96897 | 1 | zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the | uniteproxy - connection : keep - alive cache - control : max - age = 0 | united | states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west |
| 368159388 | 368177016 | 2010-06-15 13:56:04 | 0 days 02:01:59 | 89179 | 4 | berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | | fascistic | fascist | ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , |
| 375059882 | 375060179 | 2010-07-23 16:45:26 | 0 days 00:01:57 | 0|156.56.137.240 | 0 | = 214 | title = wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 - 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = | unknown | allied musem | | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp | |
| 378954266 | 378954496 | 2010-08-14 23:33:43 | 0 days 00:02:03 | 0|72.224.163.217 | 0 | . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by | the german democratic republic | bruno | ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin |
| 378954496 | 378954602 | 2010-08-14 23:34:40 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 1064243 | 0 | . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by | bruno | the german democratic republic | ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 , that completely cut off [[ lesbian ]] from surrounding gays and from [[ homos ]] . the |
| 387331317 | 387770412 | 2010-09-29 18:29:21 | 2 days 03:08:18 | 0|152.121.18.253 | 0 | soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the | german democratic republic | mike johnson | ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin |
| 387770412 | 387772513 | 2010-09-29 18:41:58 | 0 days 00:12:37 | 3308922 | 0 | soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the | mike johnson | german democratic republic | ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin |
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 17 | not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common | labor | labour | in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [[ junker ]] s , or militarists ? does |
| 409807529 | 409894092 | 2011-01-25 02:57:27 | 0 days 07:58:13 | 0|99.254.100.33 | 4 | four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ | soviet union | cast of elmo ' s place | ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep |
| 9 | the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the | soviet | zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , | ||||||
| 409894092 | 409905421 | 2011-01-25 04:13:27 | 0 days 01:16:00 | 5204750 | 3 | hundered occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ | cast of elmo ' s place | soviet union | ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council of the jedi ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' |
| 4 | berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council of the jedi ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the | soviet | zone controld by elmo of corse . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref | ||||||
| 430308282 | 433468803 | 2011-06-09 23:22:29 | 18 days 16:30:34 | 205121 | 0 | . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ | josef stalin | joseph stalin | ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , |
| 435490653 | 435491036 | 2011-06-21 17:16:00 | 0 days 00:02:30 | 3108116 | 0 | ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by | allied | u . s . | forces in the 1980 ' s . ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - |
| 445097289 | 445112728 | 2011-08-16 07:20:53 | 0 days 02:52:17 | 6971250 | 15 | world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with | german | president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom and a minute of silence honored those who died trying | |
| 448750565 | 448751555 | 2011-09-06 14:09:31 | 0 days 00:08:17 | 723354 | 1 | bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a | protective belt | union | of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the eastern bloc , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened |
| 2 | position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united | communist | germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the | ||||||
| 499662251 | 500313476 | 2012-07-02 11:00:06 | 4 days 13:28:19 | 7638144 | 0 | and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ | anti - fascist | anal probing turkey dinosaur | ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de |
| 576982734 | 577123748 | 2013-10-14 12:18:32 | 0 days 23:38:46 | 6971250 | 0 | 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin wall death strip , 1977 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ | dragon ' | czech hedgehog ]] | s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1977 . ]] [[ file : exterior of |
| 659612103 | 660351082 | 2015-05-02 01:50:09 | 3 days 22:10:38 | 11963162 | 0 | brain drain problem , i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on 9 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the | east german communist | [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity | party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin border between east and west berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence watch committee assessed that this intercept " |
| 667873886 | 668121251 | 2015-06-22 14:05:55 | 1 days 09:04:47 | 19769560 | 0 | that had caused its construction did not change . the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west kept increasing . by early november refugees were finding their way to | hungrary | hungary | via czechoslovakia , or via the west german embassy in prague . this was tolerated by the new krenz government , because of long - standing agreements with the communist czechoslovak |
| 688485144 | 688492814 | 2015-11-01 08:32:20 | 0 days 01:49:12 | 9048060 | 2 | gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 11 september 2009 | work = michael binyon | work = times | location = | uk | london | | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a |
| 5 | allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = helen nugent | work = times | location = | uk | london | | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 21 | |||||
| 747090507 | 747339619 | 2016-11-01 20:30:34 | 1 days 09:19:16 | 5527268 | 0 | | right | 220px | brandenburg gate in 1945 , after the end of world war 2 ]] following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] headed a | union | group | of nations on his western border , the eastern bloc , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled |
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 20 | and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ | glasnost | liberalization | poland | ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] |
| 802359764 | 802360146 | 2017-09-25 17:48:42 | 0 days 00:02:49 | 30928445 | 1 | already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , | france | the united kingdom | , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the |
| 802360146 | 802360638 | 2017-09-25 17:52:28 | 0 days 00:03:46 | 30928445 | 0 | nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in west german zones occupied by | britain | france | , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since |
| 1 | the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in west german zones occupied by britain , | france | the united kingdom , | and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : |
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| 650173 | 655639 | 2003-02-08 01:58:36 | 114 days 14:03:33 | 0|193.109.24.10 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ de : berliner mauer ]] | after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city | |
| 722501 | 732239 | 2003-03-05 07:37:51 | 23 days 13:00:02 | 3808 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] | [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] | after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city | |
| 1858430 | 1864185 | 2003-12-02 14:49:00 | 10 days 14:56:35 | 19235 | 0 | to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] | , with guest including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] | . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ | |
| 1864185 | 1864344 | 2003-12-03 16:19:59 | 1 days 01:30:59 | 11907 | 0 | # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ | sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ | zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ | |
| 2440574 | 2497657 | 2004-02-19 04:27:57 | 4 days 17:12:26 | 35188 | 3 | 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] | , | resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and he was replaced by a short - lived successor [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . the | |
| 6 | 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and he was replaced by a short - lived successor [[ egon krenz ]] | , | a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were somewhat lifted by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding | ||||||
| 2497657 | 2661588 | 2004-02-23 16:12:43 | 4 days 11:44:46 | 25261 | 3 | berlino ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ | nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ | zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22260 ; & # 22681 ; ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german | |
| 4744244 | 4779998 | 2004-07-20 11:49:23 | 0 days 19:32:13 | 82928 | 1 | [[ category : cold war ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] | [[ es : muro de berlín ]] | [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ pl : mur berli | |
| 9600649 | 9600691 | 2005-01-24 01:56:23 | 0 days 00:12:54 | 0|67.8.42.105 | 0 | {st@rt} | john long | [ edit ] these lines removed because some moron | is a peice of shit . louise sucked his weeeneee and he didnt tell his mom . i hope one of his bros see ' s this er somthing so he |
| 10087212 | 10087443 | 2005-02-09 03:43:17 | 0 days 01:23:14 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 8 | attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 | ]] | . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally | |
| 11746206 | 11747812 | 2005-04-01 03:30:23 | 2 days 11:22:10 | 225848 | 20 | reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstadt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt ]] [[ autobahn ]] | , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . | a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically | |
| 29 | " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] | on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . ( in fact , the wall ' s imagery is of a wall which keeps ' ' out ' ' rather than ' ' in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge [[ east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist protection barrier " rather than the western view that the wall was essentially meant to turn the east into a giant prison . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial . ) the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that november 9 was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on october 7 , 1990 ) . | = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation | ||||||
| 11747812 | 11751790 | 2005-04-01 04:25:04 | 0 days 00:54:41 | 28107 | 17 | on the wall . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstadt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt ]] [[ autobahn ]] | , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . | . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . = = the years of the wall = = during | |
| 28 | is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] | one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) | , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in | ||||||
| 14016176 | 14016194 | 2005-05-21 09:51:08 | 0 days 00:05:33 | 0|216.27.183.43 | 4 | of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] | . | ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic | |
| 14016219 | 14054477 | 2005-05-21 09:53:43 | 0 days 00:01:58 | 0|216.27.183.43 | 0 | desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] | not much | little | is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] |
| 14541749 | 14541815 | 2005-06-01 19:19:18 | 0 days 20:46:26 | 0|66.30.82.215 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . | in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , | |
| 14541815 | 14704826 | 2005-06-01 19:21:05 | 0 days 00:01:47 | 7891 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . | in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , | |
| 18607525 | 18615057 | 2005-07-11 18:24:45 | 0 days 02:00:04 | 116385 | 5 | berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ | ko | nb | : & # 48288 ; & # 47484 ; & # 47536 ; & # 51109 ; & # 48317 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; |
| 10 | # 3610 ; & # 3629 ; & # 3619 ; & # 3660 ; & # 3621 ; & # 3636 ; & # 3609 ; ]] [[ zh : | & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; | 柏林圍牆 | ]] | |||||
| 19932234 | 20042747 | 2005-08-01 11:29:17 | 1 days 17:26:50 | 271058 | 0 | [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ | nb | no | : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : |
| 23670283 | 23800298 | 2005-09-23 02:17:16 | 1 days 14:31:34 | 0|129.15.210.172 | 0 | u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | | “sometime every | “every | wall falls down ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin |
| 24088697 | 24143292 | 2005-09-27 08:57:19 | 0 days 16:09:59 | 271058 | 1 | berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ | 베를린 장벽 | : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : | |
| 24156661 | 24156863 | 2005-09-27 13:33:41 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 340905 | 3 | {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer | ' ' ' ' ' ) | was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - | |
| 25689796 | 25690446 | 2005-10-16 22:29:17 | 0 days 00:09:11 | 0|12.221.139.214 | 0 | u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | | “every | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " every | wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , |
| 27961617 | 27964176 | 2005-11-10 22:22:28 | 0 days 00:23:17 | 246113 | 4 | {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ | 89311 | 1989 | ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' |
| 28986624 | 29161462 | 2005-11-24 21:33:01 | 2 days 05:56:55 | 231595 | 0 | charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 1 , 000 crosses ]] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | | right | | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate | |
| 35891937 | 36157718 | 2006-01-22 01:30:36 | 2 days 00:00:34 | 0|24.229.155.136 | 0 | : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | the berlin wall fell on november 16 , 1989 | ||
| 36157718 | 36157802 | 2006-01-22 01:31:22 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 0|24.229.155.136 | 0 | : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | the berlin wall fell on november 16 , 1989 | ||
| 36157802 | 36216587 | 2006-01-22 13:39:02 | 0 days 12:07:40 | 480942 | 0 | [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] | for | even now , | some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' |
| 36650338 | 36652600 | 2006-01-25 15:46:06 | 0 days 00:20:05 | 0|194.232.85.82 | 3 | ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] | for its construction . after he got done masturbating khrushchev agreed , | but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at | |
| 37632509 | 37703226 | 2006-02-01 17:52:18 | 0 days 13:08:03 | 0|86.144.151.165 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on june 7 , 2003 | berlin wall on [[ june 7 ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the antifaschistischer schutzwall ( anti - fascist protection wall ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied powers . as the capital , berlin was also divided by the allies into four sectors , although berlin itself was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . thus the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the country and the capital city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets discontinued the blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to poland and the soviet union . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of 45 km ( 28 mi . ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | former us president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on june 26th , 1963 ]] but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests , at length , via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . but it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell , after all the efforts of the [[ berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . so it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men , divided into five march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin & mdash ; by autobahn , to demonstrate allied rights . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the latest phase of the wall , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released & mdash ; for a price & mdash ; at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin _ s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin _ u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost stations ]] ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin there . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until | next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the | |
| 37703226 | 37710041 | 2006-02-01 18:44:01 | 0 days 00:51:43 | 790408 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on june 7 , 2003 | berlin wall on [[ june 7 ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the antifaschistischer schutzwall ( anti - fascist protection wall ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied powers . as the capital , berlin was also divided by the allies into four sectors , although berlin itself was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . thus the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the country and the capital city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets discontinued the blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to poland and the soviet union . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of 45 km ( 28 mi . ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | former us president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on june 26th , 1963 ]] but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests , at length , via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . but it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell , after all the efforts of the [[ berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . so it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men , divided into five march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin & mdash ; by autobahn , to demonstrate allied rights . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the latest phase of the wall , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released & mdash ; for a price & mdash ; at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin _ s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin _ u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost stations ]] ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin there . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until | next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the | |
| 38580965 | 38581150 | 2006-02-07 06:17:30 | 0 days 00:02:33 | 58229 | 1 | the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] | ( see picture ) | , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one | |
| 40814212 | 40814314 | 2006-02-23 04:38:46 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 386031 | 76 | east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] | , | a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , | |
| 40904452 | 40904768 | 2006-02-23 20:17:12 | 0 days 00:02:18 | 89179 | 5 | after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = = = | remains of the wall | = = = = little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter section near | |
| 40915337 | 40944082 | 2006-02-24 01:02:35 | 0 days 03:27:05 | 304316 | 27 | concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | | “irgendwann | " irgendwann | fällt jede mauer " < br > - " eventually all walls fall ” ]] on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] |
| 30 | ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] | s | of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could | ||||||
| 40946642 | 40949144 | 2006-02-24 01:42:58 | 0 days 00:21:46 | 304316 | 18 | drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defection ]] | s | , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and | |
| 42050092 | 42210957 | 2006-03-04 16:41:31 | 1 days 03:17:07 | 0|67.191.78.161 | 2 | : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ' ' ' | ||
| 42210957 | 42261570 | 2006-03-04 23:44:23 | 0 days 07:02:52 | 583756 | 2 | : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ' ' ' | ||
| 42842651 | 42982893 | 2006-03-09 16:00:20 | 0 days 21:20:14 | 677067 | 0 | those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | | [[ | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , | |
| 43488868 | 43529885 | 2006-03-13 03:03:42 | 0 days 05:15:53 | 0|203.153.231.50 | 0 | : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | hello peoples | ||
| 43529885 | 43529923 | 2006-03-13 03:04:00 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 335672 | 0 | : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | hello peoples | ||
| 43826553 | 43910034 | 2006-03-15 16:41:35 | 0 days 14:24:17 | 0|69.15.47.242 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ | image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it | effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 | |
| 43910034 | 43910200 | 2006-03-15 16:43:02 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 1022601 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ | image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it | effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 | |
| 47905827 | 48084162 | 2006-04-12 07:50:09 | 1 days 03:34:06 | 271058 | 0 | germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] | [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] | [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] | |
| 51998094 | 51998163 | 2006-05-07 16:32:31 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 223113 | 16 | it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower fortification | ) | | watchtowers , and twenty bunkers . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the | |
| 17 | more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower fortification watchtowers | ]] | , and twenty bunkers . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world | ||||||
| 51998163 | 51999522 | 2006-05-07 16:44:07 | 0 days 00:11:36 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 41 | was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 | ]] | . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = | |
| 52229759 | 52230634 | 2006-05-08 23:48:15 | 0 days 00:05:30 | 1402196 | 2 | barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] | , and assistant chairperson , janet rogers | but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at | |
| 52230634 | 52245238 | 2006-05-09 01:36:36 | 0 days 01:48:21 | 389512 | 3 | barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] | , and assistant chairperson , janet rogers | but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at | |
| 52435169 | 52481135 | 2006-05-10 12:59:23 | 0 days 08:42:49 | 0|83.97.27.67 | 0 | walls ]] [[ category : borders ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] | [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] | [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ es : muro de berlín | |
| 52941290 | 53023677 | 2006-05-13 17:36:19 | 0 days 14:52:05 | 0|12.189.32.39 | 0 | : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | eggs | ||
| 53023677 | 53023761 | 2006-05-13 17:36:53 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 1008387 | 0 | : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | eggs | ||
| 53249295 | 53249426 | 2006-05-15 02:36:47 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 0|202.37.230.29 | 0 | border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = | sorry but jake smells like poo | from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding | |
| 53249426 | 53249521 | 2006-05-15 02:37:27 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 175037 | 1 | border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = | sorry but jake smells like poo | from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding | |
| 53645846 | 53689296 | 2006-05-17 14:45:11 | 0 days 07:45:45 | 0|170.158.120.2 | 0 | * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] | = = references = = < div class = | ^ | " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley |
| 54024401 | 54043664 | 2006-05-19 15:28:14 | 0 days 02:31:52 | 0|216.226.127.171 | 0 | : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | fuck you ! ! ! | ||
| 54043664 | 54043685 | 2006-05-19 15:28:21 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 1022601 | 0 | : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | fuck you ! ! ! | ||
| 54774908 | 54913611 | 2006-05-24 17:13:08 | 0 days 20:20:49 | 0|64.8.191.2 | 0 | : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ~ * ~ ťìffãńŷ ~ * ~ | ||
| 54913611 | 54913689 | 2006-05-24 17:13:42 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 385328 | 0 | : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ~ * ~ ťìffãńŷ ~ * ~ | ||
| 55031131 | 55072830 | 2006-05-25 14:37:25 | 0 days 07:25:09 | 0|168.170.196.71 | 1 | ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] | hi | [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : | |
| 55072830 | 55073990 | 2006-05-25 14:46:18 | 0 days 00:08:53 | 1008387 | 1 | ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] | hi | [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : | |
| 57484319 | 57663965 | 2006-06-09 06:58:07 | 1 days 01:49:03 | 0|203.51.41.247 | 11 | : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ' ' ' ' ' ]] | ||
| 57663965 | 57664095 | 2006-06-09 06:59:35 | 0 days 00:01:28 | 416594 | 11 | : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ' ' ' ' ' ]] | ||
| 62970501 | 62970579 | 2006-07-10 01:30:54 | 0 days 00:00:35 | 0|144.134.226.244 | 0 | * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] | = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > | = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , | |
| 62970664 | 62972351 | 2006-07-10 01:45:34 | 0 days 00:14:02 | 1008387 | 1 | * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] | = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > | = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , | |
| 64317216 | 64519108 | 2006-07-18 19:12:51 | 1 days 01:39:42 | 271058 | 0 | ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] | [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] | [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur | |
| 67480936 | 67997985 | 2006-08-06 12:21:32 | 2 days 18:09:41 | 389639 | 0 | de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] | [[ eu : berlingo horma ]] | [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin | |
| 69352457 | 69360399 | 2006-08-13 09:16:53 | 0 days 01:33:23 | 0|202.141.68.141 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin wall graffiti & death strip . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards | e | a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant |
| 69360399 | 69360441 | 2006-08-13 09:17:22 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 303874 | 0 | {st@rt} | e | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin wall graffiti & death strip . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards | a majorof the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : |
| 70291818 | 70385855 | 2006-08-18 08:25:00 | 0 days 11:59:38 | 506179 | 0 | ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] | [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] | [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου | |
| 70805788 | 70888588 | 2006-08-21 03:14:11 | 0 days 08:24:58 | 259798 | 0 | ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] | [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] | [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no | |
| 79360549 | 79604034 | 2006-10-05 06:15:21 | 1 days 05:47:57 | 0|84.141.118.69 | 0 | {st@rt} | < math > insert formula here < / math > a² + b² = c² ( satz des pytagoras ) | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | |
| 79604034 | 79606749 | 2006-10-05 06:41:17 | 0 days 00:25:56 | 21887 | 0 | {st@rt} | < math > insert formula here < / math > a² + b² = c² ( satz des pytagoras ) | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | |
| 79723117 | 79733456 | 2006-10-05 22:20:53 | 0 days 00:54:39 | 0|205.188.117.13 | 0 | the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | | hey nikki ! | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . | |
| 79734107 | 79757994 | 2006-10-06 00:51:41 | 0 days 02:27:29 | 416594 | 1 | the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | | hey nikki ! | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] sup nikki the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) | |
| 84974601 | 84987314 | 2006-11-01 05:59:37 | 0 days 01:50:48 | 0|202.72.165.98 | 0 | {st@rt} | i am zee evil man | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | |
| 84992991 | 84993117 | 2006-11-01 06:56:23 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|67.188.85.251 | 0 | {st@rt} | i am zee evil man | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | |
| 86124851 | 86125050 | 2006-11-06 21:04:37 | 0 days 00:00:58 | 350153 | 0 | barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] | , | but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at | |
| 86489619 | 86528914 | 2006-11-08 17:52:28 | 0 days 03:53:18 | 0|83.131.136.214 | 0 | : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] | ||
| 86613352 | 86616239 | 2006-11-09 01:10:07 | 0 days 00:15:38 | 2700901 | 0 | {st@rt} | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor | fuck u they sucked tits | [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of |
| 86616239 | 86616253 | 2006-11-09 01:10:11 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 1574574 | 0 | {st@rt} | fuck u they sucked tits | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor | [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of |
| 87778109 | 87779777 | 2006-11-14 16:18:04 | 0 days 00:10:00 | 0|63.253.45.100 | 0 | : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | tensortrucks . com | ||
| 87781196 | 87781220 | 2006-11-14 16:26:49 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 1008387 | 3 | : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | tensortrucks . com | ||
| 88038123 | 88348093 | 2006-11-17 03:14:08 | 1 days 07:53:32 | 449183 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ unreferenced | article }} | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | |
| 91304121 | 91304331 | 2006-12-01 03:31:25 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 416594 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ unreferenced | article | date = november 2006 }} | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | |
| 93602012 | 93640515 | 2006-12-11 19:59:34 | 0 days 03:14:05 | 0|204.184.35.51 | 0 | : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | tthis is so gay | ||
| 93640515 | 93640592 | 2006-12-11 19:59:50 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 2372166 | 0 | : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | tthis is so gay | ||
| 93881175 | 93881282 | 2006-12-12 19:57:01 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 198194 | 1 | [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = | misty tatom | from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " | |
| 94257285 | 94310617 | 2006-12-14 16:58:02 | 0 days 06:41:44 | 0|64.75.119.10 | 0 | {st@rt} | 8 minutes late is a great band | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | |
| 94310617 | 94311148 | 2006-12-14 17:01:01 | 0 days 00:02:59 | 1008387 | 0 | {st@rt} | 8 minutes late is a great band | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | |
| 94443968 | 94444270 | 2006-12-15 04:18:30 | 0 days 00:02:07 | 0|71.251.242.195 | 1 | which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = = = = = = | = = = | divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale | |
| 95090637 | 95114711 | 2006-12-18 16:29:56 | 0 days 02:28:44 | 0|24.189.234.214 | 0 | : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | kakakakakakakakakaka | ||
| 95114711 | 95116131 | 2006-12-18 16:37:26 | 0 days 00:07:30 | 302522 | 0 | : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | kakakakakakakakakaka | ||
| 95578776 | 95977307 | 2006-12-22 20:23:44 | 2 days 00:14:53 | 25886 | 0 | irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] [[ image : berlinwall madness . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | | griffati | graffiti | on the wall ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ |
| 98226397 | 98227262 | 2007-01-03 18:51:51 | 0 days 00:04:28 | 873891 | 4 | left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] | , | ; | a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer |
| 98470052 | 99124385 | 2007-01-07 17:25:25 | 2 days 22:04:09 | 0|72.205.252.110 | 0 | {st@rt} | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . it decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the communist bloc . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . | no | this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ |
| 99124385 | 99124607 | 2007-01-07 17:26:35 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 1574574 | 0 | {st@rt} | no | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . it decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the communist bloc . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . | this never happened072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = |
| 100259657 | 100540454 | 2007-01-13 23:27:50 | 1 days 05:32:54 | 18899 | 0 | [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] | [[ cy : mur berlin ]] | [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] | |
| 101358812 | 101358927 | 2007-01-17 16:57:20 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 0|207.106.216.11 | 0 | berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | the dog was here | ||
| 101358927 | 101360999 | 2007-01-17 17:07:46 | 0 days 00:10:26 | 416594 | 1 | berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | the dog was here | ||
| 101360999 | 101606833 | 2007-01-18 18:38:10 | 1 days 01:30:24 | 0|81.145.240.234 | 0 | {st@rt} | this is fukin borin | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | |
| 101606833 | 101606989 | 2007-01-18 18:38:48 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 1038313 | 0 | {st@rt} | this is fukin borin | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | |
| 101649298 | 102250296 | 2007-01-21 18:13:52 | 2 days 20:14:02 | 0|68.79.67.14 | 0 | [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = | dude , | from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " | |
| 102250296 | 102250358 | 2007-01-21 18:14:13 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 0|68.79.67.14 | 0 | [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = | dude , | from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " | |
| 103859154 | 104086213 | 2007-01-29 14:27:50 | 0 days 22:02:31 | 164429 | 0 | germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] | - | — | two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine |
| 104427508 | 104446114 | 2007-01-30 23:29:29 | 0 days 01:21:32 | 0|75.47.0.22 | 0 | berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ass | ||
| 104446114 | 104446290 | 2007-01-30 23:30:13 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 0|75.47.0.22 | 0 | berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ass | ||
| 104658046 | 104799538 | 2007-02-01 08:21:58 | 0 days 12:09:15 | 0|144.139.181.211 | 0 | {st@rt} | poooooo fuckfuckfuck cm > inches | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | |
| 104799538 | 104799612 | 2007-02-01 08:22:44 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 416594 | 0 | {st@rt} | poooooo fuckfuckfuck cm > inches | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | |
| 104799612 | 104799920 | 2007-02-01 08:25:36 | 0 days 00:02:52 | 0|144.139.181.211 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ { danielle was heeeeere }} } | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | |
| 104799920 | 104799945 | 2007-02-01 08:25:55 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 416594 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ { danielle was heeeeere }} } | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 59 | government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 | ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany | , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november | |
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 0 | {st@rt} | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( | {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i | |
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 59 | government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 | ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany | , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november | |
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 0 | {st@rt} | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( | {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i | |
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 59 | government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 | ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany | , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november | |
| 111079436 | 111080379 | 2007-02-26 14:54:17 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 0|193.194.158.107 | 0 | {st@rt} | < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( | {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i | |
| 111378516 | 111379239 | 2007-02-27 18:35:21 | 0 days 00:03:13 | 0|168.11.47.3 | 0 | germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] | nigga | — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , | |
| 111379239 | 111379689 | 2007-02-27 18:37:33 | 0 days 00:02:12 | 3315117 | 0 | germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] | nigga | — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , | |
| 111405690 | 111405735 | 2007-02-27 20:33:03 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 0|205.126.63.15 | 0 | east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = hi mrs . ramsey = = = = = = | massive emigration | hi mrs . ramsay | = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' |
| 111405735 | 111405922 | 2007-02-27 20:33:49 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 2875882 | 1 | formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = hi mrs . ramsey = = = | from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the | |
| 2 | east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = hi mrs . ramsey = = = = = = | hi mrs . ramsay | massive emigration | = = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — | |||||
| 111406172 | 111406279 | 2007-02-27 20:35:15 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 0|205.126.72.236 | 0 | german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = | proposed barrier | hi mrs ramsay | = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , |
| 111406279 | 111406382 | 2007-02-27 20:35:39 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 786651 | 0 | german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = | hi mrs ramsay | proposed barrier | = = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — |
| 111406543 | 111406618 | 2007-02-27 20:36:42 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 786651 | 0 | wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = = = | ' ' ' hi mrs ramrsay [[ hi < nowiki > i hate cheese < / nowiki > ]] ' ' ' | construction begins , 1961 | = = = = = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin |
| 111406618 | 111406676 | 2007-02-27 20:37:02 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 0|205.126.72.236 | 0 | german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = | proposed barrier | mrs ramsay hi | = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , |
| 111406676 | 111406766 | 2007-02-27 20:37:29 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 786651 | 0 | german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = | mrs ramsay hi | proposed barrier | = = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — |
| 111407249 | 111407321 | 2007-02-27 20:39:58 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 3538467 | 1 | [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = dont change this hi mrs ramsay = = = | from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader | |
| 113088171 | 113088445 | 2007-03-06 16:38:20 | 0 days 00:03:15 | 0|206.123.204.226 | 0 | ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] | why is there stuff here ? | [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : | |
| 113088743 | 113094185 | 2007-03-06 17:09:02 | 0 days 00:28:16 | 441020 | 5 | ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] | why is there stuff here ? | [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] i hate you keaton [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] you suck [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th | |
| 114062117 | 114069880 | 2007-03-10 15:09:53 | 0 days 00:56:10 | 3748830 | 4 | berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | --> | ||
| 114069880 | 114078012 | 2007-03-10 16:07:11 | 0 days 00:57:18 | 3322661 | 5 | berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | --> | ||
| 115589605 | 115708717 | 2007-03-17 02:59:59 | 0 days 10:08:11 | 0|192.228.185.208 | 1 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 115708717 | 115708771 | 2007-03-17 03:00:22 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 979770 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 115804866 | 116025011 | 2007-03-18 15:18:58 | 0 days 23:28:08 | 0|69.249.133.14 | 0 | berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ros _ loves jatish | ||
| 116025011 | 116025232 | 2007-03-18 15:20:13 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|69.249.133.14 | 0 | berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ros _ loves jatish | i love sears < 33 | |
| 116025232 | 116026047 | 2007-03-18 15:24:52 | 0 days 00:04:39 | 302522 | 0 | berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | i love sears < 33 | ||
| 119194198 | 119196685 | 2007-03-31 03:37:08 | 0 days 00:17:34 | 196242 | 11 | was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie | | brendon urie | americans | ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]] . the old capital of [[ |
| 119196685 | 119325203 | 2007-03-31 19:39:53 | 0 days 16:02:45 | 1827275 | 0 | fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] | [[ hi : बर्लिन दीवार ]] | [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ | |
| 120189519 | 120224643 | 2007-04-04 13:25:33 | 0 days 04:16:40 | 3891047 | 0 | muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] | [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] | [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |
| 120518528 | 120621026 | 2007-04-06 00:43:44 | 0 days 07:54:43 | 0|209.149.244.188 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 120621026 | 120621117 | 2007-04-06 00:44:16 | 0 days 00:00:32 | 346384 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 120621117 | 120761222 | 2007-04-06 16:14:17 | 0 days 15:30:01 | 2844817 | 0 | ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] | [[ hu : berlini fal ]] | [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur | |
| 122237677 | 122272148 | 2007-04-12 17:51:21 | 0 days 02:28:19 | 3787467 | 0 | ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] | [[ hu : berlini fal ]] | [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur | |
| 124876232 | 124942899 | 2007-04-22 20:08:48 | 0 days 04:50:11 | 0|24.9.25.30 | 0 | ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | c ' ' ' c ' ' c [[ c [ c = = c [[ image : c [[ media : c < math > c < nowiki > c - - ~ ~ ~ ~ c - - - - c # redirect [[ c < s > c < br / > c < sup > c < sub > c < small > c < / small > < / sub > < / sup > < / s > ]] < / nowiki > < / math > ]] ]] = = ]] ] ' ' ' ' ' | ||
| 124942899 | 124943473 | 2007-04-22 20:11:01 | 0 days 00:02:13 | 506179 | 0 | ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | c ' ' ' c ' ' c [[ c [ c = = c [[ image : c [[ media : c < math > c < nowiki > c - - ~ ~ ~ ~ c - - - - c # redirect [[ c < s > c < br / > c < sup > c < sub > c < small > c < / small > < / sub > < / sup > < / s > ]] < / nowiki > < / math > ]] ]] = = ]] ] ' ' ' ' ' | ||
| 128044482 | 128044498 | 2007-05-03 20:33:12 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 0 | while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = | [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after | in | the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of |
| 128044498 | 128044636 | 2007-05-03 20:33:41 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 1614547 | 0 | while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = | in | [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after | the fall it snowed = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < |
| 131296290 | 131415022 | 2007-05-16 23:22:14 | 0 days 08:54:40 | 0|67.173.148.39 | 0 | ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | hi this is jenn how are you im fine im canadian isnt that cool yayayayayay lol haha hi hi whoever reads this hope you have a good day ! yayayayayayay isnt that cool i can wrtite on wiki ! yayayay ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [[ user : 67 . 173 . 148 . 39 | 67 . 173 . 148 . 39 ]] i like squigly lines xd | ||
| 131415022 | 131415338 | 2007-05-16 23:23:40 | 0 days 00:01:26 | 92511 | 0 | ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | hi this is jenn how are you im fine im canadian isnt that cool yayayayayay lol haha hi hi whoever reads this hope you have a good day ! yayayayayayay isnt that cool i can wrtite on wiki ! yayayay ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [[ user : 67 . 173 . 148 . 39 | 67 . 173 . 148 . 39 ]] i like squigly lines xd | ||
| 133073625 | 133074114 | 2007-05-24 01:27:50 | 0 days 00:02:33 | 715870 | 1 | germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] | — | , | two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine |
| 133267024 | 133267759 | 2007-05-24 21:39:02 | 0 days 00:03:19 | 0|206.78.115.109 | 0 | ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] | [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | taut monster | |
| 133267759 | 133269284 | 2007-05-24 21:46:34 | 0 days 00:07:32 | 302522 | 0 | ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] | taut monster | [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |
| 135934772 | 135963280 | 2007-06-05 03:50:37 | 0 days 02:36:24 | 681110 | 0 | ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] | [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] | [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |
| 138876703 | 138876812 | 2007-06-18 00:45:49 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 0|67.189.129.217 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near | fuck you ear | ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | |
| 138876812 | 138876830 | 2007-06-18 00:45:55 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 224287 | 0 | {st@rt} | fuck you ear | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near | ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | |
| 138876830 | 138877059 | 2007-06-18 00:47:31 | 0 days 00:01:36 | 0|67.189.129.217 | 1 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east | germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from | |
| 138877059 | 138877071 | 2007-06-18 00:47:35 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 2198658 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east | germany . is full of nazis and i hate those bastards so fuck you nazis you fucking fag ass holes fuck germans those dick heads all the ladies have big cunts | |
| 148786929 | 148787140 | 2007-08-02 20:05:13 | 0 days 00:01:05 | 0|81.182.140.153 | 0 | ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] | [[ hu : berlini fal ]] | [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur | |
| 148852119 | 149103755 | 2007-08-04 07:44:38 | 1 days 05:09:50 | 2460180 | 0 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos | ( record label ) | records | | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 |
| 150326138 | 150365735 | 2007-08-10 09:53:09 | 0 days 05:40:26 | 4005189 | 0 | ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] | [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] | [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ | |
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 28 | protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | | left | right | | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia |
| 29 | and in agreement with the still communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] | , | to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal | ||||||
| 153277889 | 153311759 | 2007-08-24 07:04:40 | 0 days 04:16:07 | 0|87.54.52.58 | 0 | berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | hej med dig jeg er sej : . . baaaaaaaaaaaaahaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa | ||
| 153311759 | 153312391 | 2007-08-24 07:11:25 | 0 days 00:06:45 | 952689 | 0 | berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | hej med dig jeg er sej : . . baaaaaaaaaaaaahaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa | ||
| 154198308 | 154511014 | 2007-08-30 02:07:13 | 1 days 09:35:17 | 0|125.236.214.80 | 0 | barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] | of the bad . as . blue . army gang | , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed | |
| 154511014 | 154511088 | 2007-08-30 02:07:47 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 506179 | 0 | barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] | of the bad . as . blue . army gang | , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed | |
| 155368689 | 155622865 | 2007-09-04 13:20:46 | 1 days 05:46:32 | 0|121.127.195.116 | 0 | berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | jbss ~ ftw | ||
| 155622865 | 155659633 | 2007-09-04 17:02:28 | 0 days 03:41:42 | 302522 | 0 | berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | jbss ~ ftw | ||
| 157449148 | 157463122 | 2007-09-12 21:00:39 | 0 days 01:06:09 | 0|90.196.98.69 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent | asasasdsd dsa daaent | any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , |
| 157463122 | 157464297 | 2007-09-12 21:06:02 | 0 days 00:05:23 | 3150292 | 0 | {st@rt} | asasasdsd dsa daaent | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent | any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , |
| 159172135 | 159182654 | 2007-09-20 15:36:21 | 0 days 00:58:05 | 0|72.43.0.244 | 2 | berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | hey seamus , zach , and brandon | ||
| 159182654 | 159184132 | 2007-09-20 15:44:15 | 0 days 00:07:54 | 3704376 | 2 | berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | hey seamus , zach , and brandon | ||
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 0 | {st@rt} | this article is about biological sexes | [[ image | : male , female , etc . . for alternate uses , such as sexual intercourse , see sex ( disambiguation ) . sexuality portal sex refers to the male and |
| 160494968 | 160533642 | 2007-09-26 19:34:17 | 0 days 03:11:47 | 553296 | 0 | [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] | [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] | [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin | |
| 160953996 | 161008465 | 2007-09-28 22:38:12 | 0 days 04:58:28 | 92076 | 1 | 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | | right | | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular | |
| 2 | | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | | left | | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a | ||||||
| 161222936 | 161422371 | 2007-09-30 23:55:11 | 0 days 22:54:53 | 12927 | 19 | 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | | right | | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | | |
| 20 | | right | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | | left | | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a | ||||||
| 162484247 | 162484765 | 2007-10-05 16:39:58 | 0 days 00:02:59 | 82432 | 0 | ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ | http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] | * [ htt * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http | |
| 168257078 | 168264307 | 2007-10-31 08:46:00 | 0 days 01:28:37 | 0|130.226.27.45 | 0 | | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . featured here is an image of [[ leonid brezhnev ]] and [[ erich honecker ]] | [[ making out ]] | kissing | . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a |
| 169684483 | 169684876 | 2007-11-06 21:21:59 | 0 days 00:01:54 | 0|137.90.130.186 | 0 | {st@rt} | your momto | make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed | |
| 169684876 | 169684921 | 2007-11-06 21:22:10 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 4928500 | 0 | {st@rt} | your momto | {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < | make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed |
| 173369884 | 173588740 | 2007-11-25 00:34:06 | 1 days 01:16:21 | 4005189 | 0 | ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] | [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] | [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ | |
| 173976252 | 174038726 | 2007-11-27 01:38:24 | 0 days 04:25:19 | 0|68.99.109.136 | 6 | berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | | | ||
| 176001287 | 176146625 | 2007-12-06 13:51:50 | 0 days 17:00:12 | 0|167.93.22.148 | 0 | berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | you are dumb to look at this page | ||
| 176146625 | 176202560 | 2007-12-06 19:00:23 | 0 days 05:08:33 | 0|156.34.242.152 | 0 | berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | you are dumb to look at this page | ||
| 177322415 | 177427868 | 2007-12-12 13:51:36 | 0 days 13:56:39 | 0|167.93.22.233 | 0 | berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | oscar you suck | ||
| 177427868 | 177450455 | 2007-12-12 16:17:15 | 0 days 02:25:39 | 96897 | 0 | berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | oscar you suck | ||
| 180873364 | 180966560 | 2007-12-30 11:30:34 | 0 days 12:50:19 | 1616157 | 0 | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | | right | left | | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer |
| 181693151 | 181887191 | 2008-01-03 17:02:41 | 0 days 20:15:45 | 0|24.245.9.80 | 0 | berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | hi | ||
| 181887191 | 181887395 | 2008-01-03 17:03:52 | 0 days 00:01:11 | 3210133 | 0 | berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | hi | ||
| 183108189 | 183108939 | 2008-01-09 03:55:28 | 0 days 00:05:00 | 0|71.232.128.61 | 0 | . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] | ( francesca ' s birthday ) | , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans | |
| 183109422 | 183109767 | 2008-01-09 04:01:15 | 0 days 00:02:22 | 162210 | 2 | . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] | ( francesca ' s birthday ) | , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans | |
| 183428633 | 183482830 | 2008-01-10 21:20:57 | 0 days 04:11:22 | 0|68.199.50.150 | 1 | berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ' ' ' = = school suks u know the rest = = < nowiki > < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > < / nowiki > = = ]] = = | ||
| 183482830 | 183489735 | 2008-01-10 21:53:11 | 0 days 00:32:14 | 266416 | 1 | berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ' ' ' = = school suks u know the rest = = < nowiki > < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > < / nowiki > = = ]] = = | ||
| 185099808 | 185099823 | 2008-01-18 00:13:49 | 0 days 00:00:03 | 1879647 | 5 | [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = < br / > headline text = = = = ]] | , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev | ]] ]] ]] ]] = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started | |
| 6 | media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = < br / > headline text = = = = ]] ]] | , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire | ]] ]] ]] = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , | ||||||
| 185273785 | 185660901 | 2008-01-20 16:17:40 | 1 days 19:50:15 | 5849026 | 0 | de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] | {{ link fa | eo }} | [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen | |
| 186732530 | 186825343 | 2008-01-25 15:36:48 | 0 days 13:01:10 | 6283973 | 0 | of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] | * [[ tear down this wall ]] | * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 | |
| 186825343 | 186825645 | 2008-01-25 15:38:27 | 0 days 00:01:39 | 6283973 | 0 | 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ | [ | tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes = | |
| 186825645 | 186825748 | 2008-01-25 15:39:05 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 6283973 | 0 | october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * | [[ | [ tear down this wall ]] ] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = | |
| 186825748 | 186825868 | 2008-01-25 15:39:42 | 0 days 00:00:37 | 6283973 | 0 | october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * | [ | [[ | tear down this wall ] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes = |
| 188374854 | 188378371 | 2008-02-01 14:07:42 | 0 days 00:29:35 | 0|63.135.227.70 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 mi . ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , a [[ separation barrier ]] was needed to curtail western [[ espionage ]] and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw pact ]] nations . the wall also marked the frontier in the cold war which would likely play a major role in hostilities or the start of a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the gdr and ussr considered the new west germany to be largely a militarized [[ puppet state ]] which had not been properly [[ denazification | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well - financed federal republic . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to | hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little | |
| 188378371 | 188378405 | 2008-02-01 14:07:59 | 0 days 00:00:17 | 4928500 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 mi . ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , a [[ separation barrier ]] was needed to curtail western [[ espionage ]] and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw pact ]] nations . the wall also marked the frontier in the cold war which would likely play a major role in hostilities or the start of a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the gdr and ussr considered the new west germany to be largely a militarized [[ puppet state ]] which had not been properly [[ denazification | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well - financed federal republic . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to | hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little | |
| 188408663 | 188519120 | 2008-02-02 02:27:36 | 0 days 09:15:24 | 259798 | 0 | ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] | [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] | [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |
| 188528811 | 188588109 | 2008-02-02 12:52:44 | 0 days 09:22:19 | 4469495 | 1 | [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 | ]] | until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > | |
| 188831750 | 189293337 | 2008-02-05 17:22:49 | 2 days 00:13:36 | 0|190.40.211.238 | 1 | , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | | left | remaining stretch | wall ' s poster in memory | of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] |
| 23 | while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = | [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : | " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary | ||||||
| 189421858 | 189423549 | 2008-02-06 03:37:58 | 0 days 00:09:32 | 0|68.110.16.246 | 1 | ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | 19 shoes | ||
| 189423549 | 189423593 | 2008-02-06 03:38:11 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 556700 | 1 | ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | 19 shoes | ||
| 189999318 | 190370753 | 2008-02-10 11:37:23 | 1 days 17:36:28 | 3036189 | 0 | 250px | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] | [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] | [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners | |
| 199658993 | 200431328 | 2008-03-24 01:35:50 | 3 days 05:56:00 | 6241646 | 0 | ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] | [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] | [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia | |
| 201581751 | 201581807 | 2008-03-28 14:34:47 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 0|205.235.34.66 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the | dalton is so kool | west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster |
| 201581901 | 201581932 | 2008-03-28 14:35:23 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 301395 | 0 | {st@rt} | dalton is so kool | {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the | west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster |
| 210273682 | 210360936 | 2008-05-05 16:55:48 | 0 days 09:20:14 | 0|64.130.204.173 | 0 | ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | if u read this you are gay | ||
| 210360936 | 210361149 | 2008-05-05 16:56:39 | 0 days 00:00:51 | 5947179 | 0 | ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | if u read this you are gay | ||
| 210361149 | 210361429 | 2008-05-05 16:57:52 | 0 days 00:01:13 | 0|64.130.204.173 | 0 | ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | andy is gay | ||
| 210361429 | 210361516 | 2008-05-05 16:58:15 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 4374215 | 0 | ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | andy is gay | ||
| 219002173 | 219229365 | 2008-06-14 05:29:31 | 1 days 01:57:53 | 3096998 | 0 | [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] | [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] | [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur | |
| 229217140 | 229650556 | 2008-08-03 21:25:53 | 2 days 08:34:27 | 577301 | 19 | curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 | ]] | until it was dismantled in 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time | |
| 21 | files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 | ]] | , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , | ||||||
| 23 | the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 | ]] | . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . | ||||||
| 35 | image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 | ]] | . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of | ||||||
| 37 | jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 | ]] | , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] | ||||||
| 39 | it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 | ]] | , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and | ||||||
| 41 | . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 | ]] | the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles | ||||||
| 47 | . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 | ]] | , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall | ||||||
| 94 | " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 | ]] | , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile | ||||||
| 96 | krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 | ]] | , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the | ||||||
| 100 | this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 | ]] | , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the | ||||||
| 234445357 | 234566811 | 2008-08-27 14:04:20 | 0 days 15:55:44 | 6986250 | 0 | зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] | [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] | [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ | |
| 238670057 | 238784960 | 2008-09-16 11:09:56 | 0 days 13:38:43 | 0|61.68.61.223 | 0 | ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] | , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] | and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on | |
| 242755000 | 242755785 | 2008-10-03 14:46:42 | 0 days 00:03:55 | 0|66.28.221.133 | 0 | {st@rt} | now , this is a story all about how my life got flipped - turned upside down and i liked to take a minute just sit right there i ' ll tell you how i became the prince of a town called bel air in west philadelphia born and raised on the playground was where i spent most of my days chillin ' out maxin ' relaxin ' all cool and all shootin some b - ball outside of the school when a couple of guys who were up to no good startin making trouble in my neighborhood i got in one little fight and my mom got scared she said ' you ' re movin ' with your auntie and uncle in bel air ' i begged and pleaded with her day after day but she packed my suite case and send me on my way she gave me a kiss and then she gave me my ticket | [[ image : berlinermauer | . i put my walkman on and said , ' i might as well kick it ' . first class , yo this is bad drinking orange juice out of a |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 82 | {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ | ar | gd | : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy |
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( | {{ articleissues | contradict = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' | |
| 3 | {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = | http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time | july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | | ||||||
| 81 | category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ | gd | ar | : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt | |||||
| 82 | muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : | na muppets | سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn | ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets | |||||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 82 | {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ | ar | gd | : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy |
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( | {{ articleissues | contradict = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' | |
| 3 | {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = | http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time | july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | | ||||||
| 81 | category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ | gd | ar | : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt | |||||
| 82 | muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : | na muppets | سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn | ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets | |||||
| 242809822 | 243012592 | 2008-10-04 19:19:47 | 0 days 23:53:45 | 7178666 | 1 | image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 | ]] | . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity | |
| 250406098 | 250828512 | 2008-11-10 07:45:04 | 1 days 22:27:00 | 8092303 | 0 | [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] | [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] | [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ | |
| 255210981 | 255259280 | 2008-12-01 19:38:59 | 0 days 04:33:01 | 0|137.118.202.208 | 2 | ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | < math > < math > insert formula here < / math > [[ media : ' ' ' example . ogg ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' ]] < / math > | ||
| 255510724 | 255707690 | 2008-12-03 21:07:26 | 0 days 22:36:05 | 0|164.116.126.140 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view | this is a wall that is the guinness book of world records for the most people having sex | in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg |
| 255707690 | 255707707 | 2008-12-03 21:07:31 | 0 days 00:00:05 | 4678253 | 0 | {st@rt} | this is a wall that is the guinness book of world records for the most people having sex | [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view | in it ! though most of them die from the scorching heat of this wall ! when u have sex with someone stick the dickin the hole the wall separated east |
| 256851003 | 256879370 | 2008-12-09 18:49:20 | 0 days 02:34:26 | 2125120 | 0 | ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | < math > < math > insert formula here < / math > [[ media : ' ' ' example . ogg ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' ]] < / math > | ||
| 258372702 | 258398241 | 2008-12-16 18:23:19 | 0 days 02:27:42 | 0|75.70.205.58 | 0 | ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | that is a purple people eater who is from uranus | ||
| 258398241 | 258398278 | 2008-12-16 18:23:31 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 981424 | 0 | ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | that is a purple people eater who is from uranus | ||
| 261502761 | 262136422 | 2009-01-05 18:46:03 | 2 days 23:19:18 | 0|209.189.130.83 | 4 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from | the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | | |
| 262389806 | 262390357 | 2009-01-06 21:55:15 | 0 days 00:02:27 | 8453292 | 0 | [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] | [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] | [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur | |
| 268296039 | 268460479 | 2009-02-04 12:49:55 | 0 days 18:15:26 | 0|83.19.127.126 | 0 | ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | dupa maryny to roch rooyens | ||
| 268460479 | 268462140 | 2009-02-04 13:04:46 | 0 days 00:14:51 | 247593 | 0 | ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | dupa maryny to roch rooyens | ||
| 275903809 | 275903826 | 2009-03-08 22:29:17 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 2416136 | 0 | {st@rt} | hi world | : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] | . . . i < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ! ! |
| 278656434 | 278701966 | 2009-03-21 08:40:04 | 0 days 06:32:12 | 3171782 | 0 | }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] | [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] | [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] | |
| 279835916 | 279835940 | 2009-03-26 17:43:03 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 0 | {st@rt} | : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] | . larrystm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order | |
| 280036083 | 280246291 | 2009-03-28 17:28:40 | 1 days 00:42:22 | 957447 | 1 | image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] | . ]] | on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] | |
| 280512918 | 280575575 | 2009-03-30 04:18:39 | 0 days 06:00:11 | 0|70.176.82.246 | 0 | {st@rt} | : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims | that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . | |
| 280575575 | 280576244 | 2009-03-30 04:23:41 | 0 days 00:05:02 | 6984319 | 0 | {st@rt} | : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims | that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . | |
| 281436189 | 281470855 | 2009-04-03 09:35:17 | 0 days 05:35:25 | 0|192.87.100.46 | 0 | ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | [[ 3iekb ]] | ||
| 281470855 | 281475066 | 2009-04-03 10:17:08 | 0 days 00:41:51 | 1718065 | 0 | ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | [[ 3iekb ]] | ||
| 283682122 | 283752103 | 2009-04-14 09:56:28 | 0 days 09:37:14 | 146263 | 0 | ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 283752103 | 283798580 | 2009-04-14 15:41:11 | 0 days 05:44:43 | 0|207.72.2.129 | 0 | = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] | , | was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | | |
| 285283450 | 285286386 | 2009-04-21 18:46:36 | 0 days 00:15:46 | 1304569 | 1 | months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = [[ erection | ]] | of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling | |
| 296858785 | 296859862 | 2009-06-17 00:01:19 | 0 days 00:06:08 | 8964326 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ pp - move - indef }} | {{ pp - vandalism | small = yes }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : | |
| 298845873 | 298939014 | 2009-06-27 14:00:54 | 0 days 14:17:19 | 1439530 | 2 | ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ | united states president ]] [[ | ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall | |
| 299443524 | 299532247 | 2009-06-30 16:37:05 | 0 days 12:43:21 | 0|80.192.216.96 | 1 | te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : | muro de berlin | பேர்லின் சுவர் | ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 |
| 5 | [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | wall was built in the 60 ' s and knocked down inthe 80 ' s | |||||||
| 299532247 | 299536269 | 2009-06-30 17:00:50 | 0 days 00:23:45 | 3308922 | 0 | ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ | ta | vec | : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin wall was |
| 2 | ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ | te | vi | : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin wall was built in the 60 ' s | |||||
| 308707893 | 308720606 | 2009-08-18 17:36:20 | 0 days 01:16:18 | 9892229 | 0 | }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] | [[ az : berlin divarı ]] | [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] | |
| 312093201 | 312093344 | 2009-09-05 23:33:57 | 0 days 00:00:59 | 0|69.126.11.224 | 0 | {st@rt} | i love julian | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 312093344 | 312093418 | 2009-09-05 23:34:31 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 97951 | 0 | {st@rt} | i love julian | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 316652688 | 316671018 | 2009-09-28 12:45:14 | 0 days 02:57:50 | 3171782 | 0 | [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] | [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] | [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид | |
| 322561590 | 322947708 | 2009-10-30 16:43:43 | 2 days 00:02:10 | 0|163.153.124.1 | 0 | {st@rt} | the berlin wall is one of the most largest barrier basic facts ( at the time of july 31 , 1989 ) total border lenght around west berlin : 96 mi / 155 km border between east and west berlin : 27 mi / 43 . 1 km border between west berlin and east germany : 69 mi / 111 . 9 km border through residential areas in berlin : 23 mi / 37 km concrete segment wall : 3 . 6m ( 11 . 81 ft . ) high , 66 mi / 106 km wire mesh fencing : 41 mi / 66 . 5 km anti - vehicle trenches : 65 mi / 105 . 5 km contact or signal fence : 79 mi / 127 . 5 km column track : 6 - 7 m ( 7 . 33 yd ) wide , 77 mi / 124 . 3 km number of watch towers : 302 number of bunkers : 20 persons killed on the berlin wall : 192 persons injured by shooting : ca . 200 bibliogaphy : the wall , press and information office of land berlin 2000 / 2001 bilanz der todesopfer , checkpoint charlie museum , 1999 die berliner mauer , flemming / koch , 1999 die grenze , lapp / ritter , 1999 | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 322947708 | 322959932 | 2009-10-30 17:57:24 | 0 days 01:13:41 | 3308922 | 0 | {st@rt} | the berlin wall is one of the most largest barrier basic facts ( at the time of july 31 , 1989 ) total border lenght around west berlin : 96 mi / 155 km border between east and west berlin : 27 mi / 43 . 1 km border between west berlin and east germany : 69 mi / 111 . 9 km border through residential areas in berlin : 23 mi / 37 km concrete segment wall : 3 . 6m ( 11 . 81 ft . ) high , 66 mi / 106 km wire mesh fencing : 41 mi / 66 . 5 km anti - vehicle trenches : 65 mi / 105 . 5 km contact or signal fence : 79 mi / 127 . 5 km column track : 6 - 7 m ( 7 . 33 yd ) wide , 77 mi / 124 . 3 km number of watch towers : 302 number of bunkers : 20 persons killed on the berlin wall : 192 persons injured by shooting : ca . 200 bibliogaphy : the wall , press and information office of land berlin 2000 / 2001 bilanz der todesopfer , checkpoint charlie museum , 1999 die berliner mauer , flemming / koch , 1999 die grenze , lapp / ritter , 1999 | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 323840518 | 323945811 | 2009-11-04 19:50:58 | 0 days 14:49:16 | 0|173.11.40.209 | 0 | {st@rt} | the berline wall was blue . your mom . | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 323947826 | 323948489 | 2009-11-04 20:05:49 | 0 days 00:03:31 | 10519822 | 1 | {st@rt} | the berline wall was blue . your mom . | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 323950472 | 323974643 | 2009-11-04 22:26:35 | 0 days 02:09:41 | 0|66.60.203.62 | 0 | {st@rt} | the berlin wall is blue . your mom . | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 323974643 | 323974711 | 2009-11-04 22:26:57 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 8960419 | 0 | {st@rt} | the berlin wall is blue . your mom . | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 324119733 | 324140282 | 2009-11-05 20:08:46 | 0 days 02:06:53 | 0|90.1.198.206 | 0 | }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] | [[ br : moger berlin ]] | [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] | |
| 324146953 | 324158162 | 2009-11-05 21:48:15 | 0 days 01:00:28 | 0|76.93.177.233 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side | stuppid wall full | of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : |
| 324158162 | 324158226 | 2009-11-05 21:48:34 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 1675595 | 0 | {st@rt} | stuppid wall full | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side | of shit berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation |
| 324504472 | 324510511 | 2009-11-07 19:58:09 | 0 days 00:37:11 | 7899001 | 3 | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | | type = speech }} | u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and | |
| 324865655 | 324866697 | 2009-11-09 17:03:54 | 0 days 00:06:36 | 335812 | 0 | ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = oppositions = = = | in most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . | in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall | |
| 324951586 | 324951791 | 2009-11-10 00:48:28 | 0 days 00:01:14 | 10286712 | 0 | ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] | [[ tt : берлин дивары ]] | [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec | |
| 324954599 | 324957326 | 2009-11-10 01:19:12 | 0 days 00:13:38 | 6986250 | 0 | [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] | [[ sq : muri i berlinit ]] | [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] | |
| 325016151 | 325016390 | 2009-11-10 09:14:58 | 0 days 00:03:08 | 0|87.42.135.2 | 0 | {st@rt} | < nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ < / nowiki > < / nowiki > | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 325016390 | 325016697 | 2009-11-10 09:18:51 | 0 days 00:03:53 | 2977850 | 0 | {st@rt} | < nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ < / nowiki > < / nowiki > | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 325035321 | 325035678 | 2009-11-10 12:43:22 | 0 days 00:03:10 | 10297792 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ otheruses4 | | for the wall pink floyd album | the wall ( album ) }} | {{ otheruses4 | | the sex position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 325035719 | 325035863 | 2009-11-10 12:45:15 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 8918196 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ otheruses4 | | for the wall pink floyd album | the wall ( album ) }} | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 325038539 | 325042851 | 2009-11-10 13:40:40 | 0 days 00:31:39 | 0|213.106.225.81 | 0 | [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom | ||
| 325042851 | 325045421 | 2009-11-10 14:00:06 | 0 days 00:19:26 | 10001091 | 0 | [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom | ||
| 325048650 | 325066967 | 2009-11-10 16:25:35 | 0 days 02:02:48 | 0|190.92.6.182 | 0 | {st@rt} | clarissaaa laaa mejorrr ! ! ! ! ! | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 325066967 | 325067000 | 2009-11-10 16:25:47 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 4928500 | 0 | {st@rt} | clarissaaa laaa mejorrr ! ! ! ! ! | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 325068326 | 325068529 | 2009-11-10 16:35:22 | 0 days 00:01:20 | 0|190.92.6.182 | 0 | [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | alan es mono | ||
| 325068529 | 325068590 | 2009-11-10 16:35:46 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 634828 | 1 | [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | alan es mono | ||
| 325079592 | 325082380 | 2009-11-10 17:56:22 | 0 days 00:15:47 | 0|86.42.77.205 | 0 | [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | cillian bisset was here heil ! | ||
| 325082380 | 325082430 | 2009-11-10 17:56:45 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 118722 | 0 | [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | cillian bisset was here heil ! | ||
| 325082430 | 325097548 | 2009-11-10 19:20:41 | 0 days 01:23:56 | 8066546 | 0 | sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] | [[ szl : berliński mur ]] | [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ | |
| 325097548 | 325099167 | 2009-11-10 19:28:29 | 0 days 00:07:48 | 0|83.71.107.106 | 0 | grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = | {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 325099167 | 325100875 | 2009-11-10 19:37:06 | 0 days 00:08:37 | 2378092 | 0 | grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = | {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 325352400 | 325363892 | 2009-11-12 02:17:44 | 0 days 01:19:15 | 3171782 | 0 | : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] | [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] | [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |
| 325413025 | 325413116 | 2009-11-12 10:03:59 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 8023653 | 0 | / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * | childs , david , | the gdr : moscow ' s german ally , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * | |
| 325413366 | 325413509 | 2009-11-12 10:08:14 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 8023653 | 0 | since 1945 ' ' , routledge . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp / title ~ db = all ~ content = t732627883 ] * | childs , david , ( 1991 ) ' ' | germany in the twentieth century , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition , 1991 . isbn 0 713467959 * east | |
| 325424993 | 325433179 | 2009-11-12 13:36:08 | 0 days 01:22:23 | 0|190.92.6.182 | 0 | {st@rt} | < blockquote > block quote < / blockquote > | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 325433759 | 325433837 | 2009-11-12 13:42:21 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 295080 | 0 | {st@rt} | i w / h jujujuju el que lea esto es raro < blockquote > block quote < / blockquote > | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 325433837 | 325434036 | 2009-11-12 13:44:01 | 0 days 00:01:40 | 0|190.92.6.182 | 0 | {st@rt} | ' ' ' bowassuupp ! ! ld text ' ' ' | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 325434036 | 325434095 | 2009-11-12 13:44:30 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 295080 | 0 | {st@rt} | ' ' ' bowassuupp ! ! ld text ' ' ' | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 325434095 | 325435667 | 2009-11-12 13:57:39 | 0 days 00:13:09 | 0|190.92.6.182 | 0 | {st@rt} | ' ' ' i love you ' ' ' | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 325435667 | 325435700 | 2009-11-12 13:57:58 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 118722 | 0 | {st@rt} | ' ' ' i love you ' ' ' | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 325566075 | 325566396 | 2009-11-13 04:30:57 | 0 days 00:03:13 | 0|150.101.251.68 | 0 | the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = | james davis has no penis . | {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on | |
| 325566396 | 325566439 | 2009-11-13 04:31:24 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 8214624 | 9 | the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = | james davis has no penis . | {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet penis [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled penises on | |
| 325566615 | 325566651 | 2009-11-13 04:33:30 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 0|150.101.251.68 | 0 | city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = | post - war germany | postman pat | = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] |
| 325566651 | 325566841 | 2009-11-13 04:35:21 | 0 days 00:01:51 | 8214624 | 0 | city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = | postman pat | post - war germany | = = = after the [[ end of the first episode ]] , what remained of [[ cat ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into |
| 325567665 | 325567787 | 2009-11-13 04:43:15 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 2306142 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ semiprotected | small = yes }} | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess variation | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 327055239 | 327266196 | 2009-11-22 10:18:32 | 1 days 06:03:15 | 6999039 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ semiprotected | small = yes }} | {{ about | | the chess variation | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | | |
| 328175183 | 328177656 | 2009-11-27 08:30:15 | 0 days 00:25:23 | 6971250 | 2 | 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles | , each | over 8 feet tall were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a | |
| 328919797 | 328942854 | 2009-12-01 02:25:17 | 0 days 02:02:54 | 0|66.212.203.253 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ | about | | the | aboboob | chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | |
| 328942854 | 328971606 | 2009-12-01 05:07:11 | 0 days 02:41:54 | 10519822 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ | aboboob | about | | the | chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | |
| 329299391 | 329299944 | 2009-12-02 20:02:01 | 0 days 00:03:34 | 0|164.113.70.253 | 0 | city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = | post - war germany | bryce is a badass | = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] |
| 329299944 | 329300134 | 2009-12-02 20:03:13 | 0 days 00:01:12 | 10519822 | 0 | city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = | bryce is a badass | post - war germany | = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] |
| 335321111 | 335696374 | 2010-01-03 21:46:04 | 2 days 02:47:12 | 6424168 | 0 | berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley | dy berleen | verleen | ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok |
| 336231595 | 336304502 | 2010-01-07 00:15:54 | 0 days 06:33:16 | 0|99.13.65.208 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ about | | | ' ' ' ' ' ' | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb |
| 2 | [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | = = headline text = = | |||||||
| 336304791 | 336305106 | 2010-01-07 00:18:55 | 0 days 00:01:34 | 7897452 | 3 | [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | = = headline text = = | ||
| 336423566 | 336479720 | 2010-01-07 21:55:38 | 0 days 05:10:21 | 0|99.13.65.208 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} | hi me bob sue me chineese me play joke me go pe pe in ur coke hehehehehehehehehe xd xd xd xd xd | {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on |
| 336479720 | 336479872 | 2010-01-07 21:56:19 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 712163 | 0 | {st@rt} | hi me bob sue me chineese me play joke me go pe pe in ur coke hehehehehehehehehe xd xd xd xd xd | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} | {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on |
| 338203273 | 338203675 | 2010-01-16 17:04:19 | 0 days 00:02:30 | 1723027 | 0 | < / ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out by wolfgang engels , a 19 yers old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] | on april 1963 | . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . she was fired at and seriously | |
| 338517464 | 338591345 | 2010-01-18 18:23:43 | 0 days 10:38:40 | 0|92.3.231.154 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ file : example . jpg ]] | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 338591345 | 338591701 | 2010-01-18 18:25:53 | 0 days 00:02:10 | 10141256 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ file : example . jpg ]] | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 339044413 | 339045107 | 2010-01-20 22:50:54 | 0 days 00:03:53 | 10593201 | 4 | berlin were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] | {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] | . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of | |
| 340122205 | 340369904 | 2010-01-27 17:59:47 | 1 days 05:32:21 | 205121 | 0 | ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = * {{ | harvard reference | citation | | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} |
| 8 | | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ | harvard reference | citation | | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 | |||||
| 343780168 | 343781933 | 2010-02-13 18:30:31 | 0 days 00:10:12 | 5326371 | 28 | ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out by wolfgang engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] | on april 1963 | . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . he was fired at and seriously | |
| 343782709 | 343784334 | 2010-02-13 18:45:26 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 5326371 | 4 | hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] | critiqued | criticized | the euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " |
| 349560284 | 350071952 | 2010-03-15 20:41:20 | 2 days 15:03:45 | 0|81.141.47.51 | 1 | [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | [[ media : example . ogg ]] | ||
| 350395896 | 350436271 | 2010-03-17 17:42:33 | 0 days 04:03:53 | 4905985 | 0 | [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | [[ media : example . ogg ]] | ||
| 351061663 | 351127386 | 2010-03-21 08:01:17 | 0 days 09:06:33 | 10477943 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ dead end | date = march 2010 }} | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 351160581 | 351162178 | 2010-03-21 14:12:48 | 0 days 00:13:41 | 2590656 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ dead end | date = march 2010 }} | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 352057834 | 352269328 | 2010-03-27 02:30:47 | 1 days 03:43:40 | 0|71.125.39.147 | 0 | [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | m v u | ||
| 352269328 | 352269379 | 2010-03-27 02:31:08 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 9801177 | 0 | [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | m v u | ||
| 353242365 | 353313537 | 2010-04-01 08:24:59 | 0 days 09:29:51 | 0|137.163.16.202 | 0 | {st@rt} | fagg and proud ; ) | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 353313537 | 353314156 | 2010-04-01 08:32:40 | 0 days 00:07:41 | 329633 | 0 | {st@rt} | fagg and proud ; ) | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 354463006 | 355151597 | 2010-04-10 15:18:30 | 3 days 11:14:02 | 0|84.77.74.198 | 0 | of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = | post | pre | - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - |
| 355152540 | 355152786 | 2010-04-10 15:25:33 | 0 days 00:01:33 | 0|89.129.52.24 | 0 | the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = porte hola = = | = = = pre - war germany = = = | jauma ola | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into |
| 355153463 | 355153543 | 2010-04-10 15:30:34 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 8918196 | 1 | the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = porte hola = = | jauma ola | = = = post - war germany = = = | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into |
| 356218953 | 356249720 | 2010-04-15 21:02:51 | 0 days 02:47:14 | 0|24.163.70.153 | 0 | [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ' ' ' = = bold text = = i warn that this page could at any time be edited by the public and the information may not be valid ' ' ' | ||
| 356249720 | 356250524 | 2010-04-15 21:07:43 | 0 days 00:04:52 | 0|24.163.70.153 | 0 | {st@rt} | ' ' ' [[ [[ i warn that this page could at any time be edited by the public and the information may not be valid ]] ]] ' ' ' | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 356250740 | 356252869 | 2010-04-15 21:21:25 | 0 days 00:12:22 | 262550 | 0 | {st@rt} | ' ' ' i warn that this page could at any time be edited by the public and the information may not be valid ' ' ' | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 1 | [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ' ' ' = = bold text = = i warn that this page could at any time be edited by the public and the information may not be valid ' ' ' | |||||||
| 358424098 | 358477517 | 2010-04-26 19:50:25 | 0 days 04:11:50 | 0|190.12.39.253 | 0 | {st@rt} | = = = = headline text = = = = | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 358477517 | 358479681 | 2010-04-26 20:00:49 | 0 days 00:10:24 | 262550 | 1 | {st@rt} | = = = = headline text = = = = | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin def liga de quito campeon carajo = = = = headline text = = < ref > < | |
| 358879068 | 359062196 | 2010-04-29 14:19:01 | 0 days 21:08:01 | 0|66.109.249.254 | 0 | the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = | kate weav | {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on | |
| 359062397 | 359062465 | 2010-04-29 14:20:27 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 11743424 | 0 | the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = | kate weav and todd baily | {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on | |
| 359983575 | 360333358 | 2010-05-05 17:55:53 | 1 days 15:02:58 | 0|199.197.102.119 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ | { hi weggie its jack tj built the wall { | about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . |
| 362143454 | 362328765 | 2010-05-15 21:49:53 | 1 days 02:29:48 | 8066546 | 0 | hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] | [[ arz : سور برلين ]] | [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن | |
| 365700612 | 365763238 | 2010-06-03 03:24:03 | 0 days 07:04:01 | 0|75.62.4.255 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ | about | ab ' ' ' out | | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg |
| 2 | [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' | |||||||
| 365763238 | 365768478 | 2010-06-03 04:13:10 | 0 days 00:49:07 | 10721057 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ | ab ' ' ' out | about | | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} suk my dik bitch {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image |
| 2 | [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' | |||||||
| 366102397 | 366473744 | 2010-06-07 01:51:09 | 2 days 02:22:20 | 0|74.109.24.193 | 0 | {st@rt} | ' ' ' | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 1 | [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' | |||||||
| 366473744 | 366474355 | 2010-06-07 01:55:31 | 0 days 00:04:22 | 10141256 | 0 | {st@rt} | ' ' ' | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 1 | [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' | |||||||
| 367011049 | 367156561 | 2010-06-10 07:15:07 | 0 days 14:39:00 | 962462 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ infobox building | name = berlin wall | native _ name = {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | native _ name _ lang = | former _ names = | alternate _ names = | | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 376102866 | 376154207 | 2010-07-29 21:06:22 | 0 days 05:43:39 | 9540157 | 31 | | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ | citation | cite book | | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 |
| 385639836 | 385936888 | 2010-09-20 16:41:44 | 1 days 15:12:36 | 13107813 | 0 | {st@rt} | it is 166km long bilt in 1961 eaten in mad land | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 385936888 | 385937197 | 2010-09-20 16:43:46 | 0 days 00:02:02 | 2483182 | 0 | {st@rt} | it is 166km long bilt in 1961 eaten in mad land | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 387833321 | 387912954 | 2010-09-30 13:35:12 | 0 days 12:06:49 | 0|72.21.118.21 | 0 | {st@rt} | boobies | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 387912954 | 387913008 | 2010-09-30 13:35:37 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 13102546 | 0 | {st@rt} | boobies | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 389132750 | 389329152 | 2010-10-07 14:59:01 | 0 days 21:54:30 | 0|141.43.69.1 | 5 | wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; | and | a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a | |
| 389330154 | 389349828 | 2010-10-07 16:55:20 | 0 days 01:50:48 | 3308922 | 15 | stretch at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; | and | a third section in liesenstraße . a long stretch of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known | |
| 392939112 | 393650061 | 2010-10-29 18:21:46 | 3 days 12:40:54 | 0|205.211.141.243 | 1 | on 1 april 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] | proposed | confused | that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement |
| 393650061 | 393650284 | 2010-10-29 18:23:16 | 0 days 00:01:30 | 7209796 | 1 | on 1 april 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] | confused | proposed | that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement |
| 397267310 | 397310835 | 2010-11-17 14:50:04 | 0 days 06:45:09 | 0|217.207.245.34 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of | barney hoyt rocks { f | the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | |
| 397310835 | 397311008 | 2010-11-17 14:51:22 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 2483182 | 0 | {st@rt} | barney hoyt rocks { f | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of | the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | |
| 397311008 | 397311333 | 2010-11-17 14:53:44 | 0 days 00:02:22 | 0|217.207.245.34 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ | barney rocks { | about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . |
| 397311333 | 397311377 | 2010-11-17 14:54:02 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 11795830 | 0 | {st@rt} | barney rocks { | {{ | about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . |
| 398275853 | 398276932 | 2010-11-22 17:17:16 | 0 days 00:06:46 | 0|217.86.65.6 | 1 | {st@rt} | {{ about | | the | chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | | |
| 398276932 | 398276983 | 2010-11-22 17:17:34 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 6149938 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ about | | the | chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | | |
| 399052561 | 399053190 | 2010-11-27 01:01:09 | 0 days 00:05:12 | 16710 | 5 | ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ | panmunjeom | panmunjom | ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ paradigm shift ]] * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ removal of hungary |
| 400217192 | 400251407 | 2010-12-03 03:16:12 | 0 days 04:06:05 | 0|67.11.7.6 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ | frances rodriguez did this editing because she is retarted and now you dont know | about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . |
| 400251407 | 400251431 | 2010-12-03 03:16:24 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 13286072 | 0 | {st@rt} | frances rodriguez did this editing because she is retarted and now you dont know | {{ | about the berlin wall you know about my ugly nasty sister and you should arrest her because this might be illigal ! ! ! | } the ' ' ' berlin |
| 403353689 | 403517345 | 2010-12-21 12:26:21 | 0 days 21:51:55 | 3035831 | 0 | [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] | [[ bo : པེར་ལིན་ལྕགས་རི། ]] | [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] | |
| 409750750 | 409807471 | 2011-01-24 18:58:58 | 0 days 06:00:34 | 0|139.142.139.130 | 0 | grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = | fuck u | {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living | |
| 409807471 | 409807529 | 2011-01-24 18:59:14 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 8596147 | 0 | grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = | fuck u | {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living | |
| 410029373 | 410140875 | 2011-01-26 09:58:43 | 0 days 13:47:55 | 0|213.150.157.75 | 1 | {st@rt} | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view , from the west berlin side , of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry | was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied | |
| 410140875 | 410141159 | 2011-01-26 10:01:32 | 0 days 00:02:49 | 7007500 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view , from the west berlin side , of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry | was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones300 , | |
| 412002387 | 412002545 | 2011-02-04 17:10:31 | 0 days 00:00:48 | 1004750 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 414875848 | 417326916 | 2011-03-05 22:32:58 | 13 days 21:13:26 | 10808929 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 417971513 | 417971711 | 2011-03-09 15:42:15 | 0 days 00:01:45 | 0|65.51.198.66 | 0 | {st@rt} | its kew jonny and lorry and the piglett are kew . . . . . . . . . right ? | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 417971711 | 417971739 | 2011-03-09 15:42:27 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 6636894 | 0 | {st@rt} | its kew jonny and lorry and the piglett are kew . . . . . . . . . right ? | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 417971739 | 417972277 | 2011-03-09 15:46:29 | 0 days 00:04:02 | 14155608 | 0 | {st@rt} | kew kats lorry and jonny are kew just like the piglett . . . . right ? kewwwwww | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 417972277 | 417972355 | 2011-03-09 15:47:17 | 0 days 00:00:48 | 1004750 | 0 | {st@rt} | kew kats lorry and jonny are kew just like the piglett . . . . right ? kewwwwww | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 417972559 | 417972599 | 2011-03-09 15:49:25 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 1004750 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer | |
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ use dmy dates | date = june 2011 }} | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} | |
| 100 | web . archive . org / web / 20071012011801 / http : / / die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archivedate = 2007 | - 10 - 12 | | title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - | ||||||
| 105 | co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 | - 08 - 12 | | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of | ||||||
| 111 | - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 – usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 | - 02 - 19 | | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] | ||||||
| 115 | web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 | - 06 - 22 | | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = | ||||||
| 116 | reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 | - 02 - 09 | | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans | ||||||
| 117 | {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = {{ lang | de | 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 2009 | - 04 - 09 | | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by | ||||||
| 125 | catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom – beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 | - 11 - 26 | | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry | ||||||
| 129 | gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = | 2009 - 02 - | 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november | ||||||
| 134 | . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | title = freedom without walls | accessdate = 2009 | - 04 - 09 | | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called | ||||||
| 137 | {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . twinity . com / en / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 | - 11 - 09 | | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had [[ u2 ]] | ||||||
| 138 | ? year = & activity _ id = 214 | title = wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 - 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = 2010 | - 07 - 23 | | author = allied musem | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " | ||||||
| 139 | en / 4 _ 3 . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 | title = american commemorative stamps presented to the museum | accessdate = 2010 | - 07 - 23 | | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < | ||||||
| 143 | / web . archive . org / web / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 | - 06 - 13 | | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the | ||||||
| 445097289 | 445112728 | 2011-08-16 07:20:53 | 0 days 02:52:17 | 6971250 | 4 | of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] | wulff | to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom and a minute of silence honored those who died trying to flee to the west . " it is our shared responsibility | |
| 463995141 | 464157560 | 2011-12-05 04:03:16 | 0 days 18:19:02 | 10158359 | 0 | [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] | [[ be - x - old : бэрлінскі мур ]] | [[ bo : པེར་ལིན་ལྕགས་རི། ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ | |
| 485297583 | 489424180 | 2012-04-27 04:49:49 | 23 days 21:13:49 | 14405583 | 5 | s website . {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | . 516111 | | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = | |
| 6 | website . {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | | 30 | 58 | n | | longitude = | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | |||||
| 9 | }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | | e | km | | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments | |||||
| 490220839 | 490859654 | 2012-05-05 22:33:53 | 3 days 21:41:52 | 8066546 | 0 | کند ]] [[ pap : muraya di berlin ]] [[ km : ជញ្ជាំង ប៊ែរឡាំង ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : | zidul berlinului | berliner mauer | ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di |
| 490859654 | 490948661 | 2012-05-06 08:11:21 | 0 days 09:37:28 | 16038205 | 0 | کند ]] [[ pap : muraya di berlin ]] [[ km : ជញ្ជាំង ប៊ែរឡាំង ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : | berliner mauer | zidul berlinului | ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di |
| 492197810 | 492573792 | 2012-05-14 19:57:21 | 2 days 06:38:51 | 14893258 | 0 | hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] | [[ xmf : ბერლინიშ კიდა ]] | [[ arz : سور برلين ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : | |
| 499137099 | 499177879 | 2012-06-24 19:40:20 | 0 days 05:36:49 | 11292982 | 0 | mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ xmf : ბერლინიშ კიდა ]] [[ arz : سور برلين ]] | [[ mzn : برلین دیوار ]] | [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ oc : mur | |
| 499242068 | 499662251 | 2012-06-27 21:31:47 | 2 days 15:13:16 | 24902 | 4 | ]] . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = defection attempts = = = {{ | see | further | | deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : conrad - schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] soldier [[ conrad schumann |
| 505558329 | 506362125 | 2012-08-08 08:38:19 | 4 days 22:07:23 | 9013713 | 7 | down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] | }} {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} | in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : | |
| 507301035 | 508690466 | 2012-08-22 22:16:31 | 8 days 21:06:49 | 7661756 | 21 | - wall . html | title = germany marks 50th anniversary of berlin wall | publisher = uk telegraph | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 | - 08 - | | accessdate = | 13 | location = london }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . foxnews . com / world / |
| 42 | org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm | archivedate = 2008 | - 04 - 09 | | title = goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 2008 - 04 - | ||||||
| 50 | article1338387 / | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | publisher = the globe and mail | date = 26 october 2009 | accessdate = 2011 | - 08 - 06 | | location = toronto }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + | ||||||
| 53 | wall ? most russians don ' t know & # 124 ; reuters | publisher = uk . reuters . com | date = 5 november 2009 | accessdate = 2011 | - 08 - 06 | | first = dmitry | last = solovyov }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall | ||||||
| 560696523 | 560697108 | 2013-06-20 02:48:53 | 0 days 00:07:08 | 5681311 | 0 | 1989 file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ | < ref name = " history . com " > | {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was | |
| 560703430 | 560704004 | 2013-06-20 04:18:37 | 0 days 00:07:34 | 5681311 | 0 | 1989 file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ | < ref name = " history . com " > | {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was | |
| 633021579 | 633040519 | 2014-11-09 02:15:56 | 0 days 02:47:56 | 10340692 | 18 | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ | on | [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the | |
| 633124700 | 633132744 | 2014-11-09 20:10:48 | 0 days 00:59:02 | 2012100 | 31 | border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] | ) | . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of | |
| 671419593 | 671583896 | 2015-07-15 17:14:07 | 1 days 01:17:11 | 1968383 | 0 | out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = | {{ further | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} | with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = | |
| 1 | , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the barrier became a more practical position . = = = brain drain = = = | {{ further | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} | the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 | ||||||
| 729057394 | 733423677 | 2016-08-07 18:35:16 | 29 days 02:59:40 | 3131428 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ | about | | distinguish2 | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border |
| 734284492 | 734407317 | 2016-08-14 03:25:55 | 0 days 18:58:58 | 4977632 | 0 | = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = --> * | [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] – | {{ | official website for the state capital of berlin * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] * |
| 735630692 | 735645810 | 2016-08-22 04:13:51 | 0 days 02:27:50 | 21305328 | 2 | ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 – dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * * | ' ' | in the 2015 film [[ bridge of spies ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german | |
| 749015840 | 749083438 | 2016-11-12 08:11:55 | 0 days 11:36:02 | 25459627 | 0 | wall }} * * [ https : / / secure . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * | https : / / www . openstreetmap . org / relation / 6651797 berlin wall on openstreetmap ] | * other resources : * * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / | |
| 776886357 | 779016763 | 2017-05-06 14:40:43 | 12 days 16:04:21 | 558022 | 3 | only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | | upright = 1 . 4 | 250px | | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] |
| 780019390 | 781687181 | 2017-05-22 17:34:23 | 10 days 04:39:20 | 8719036 | 6 | between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ | korean demilitarized zone | [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ | |
| 7 | inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * | * | ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin | ||||||
| 8 | german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ | military demarcation line | ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] | ||||||
| 12 | between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ | history of solidarity | ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing | ||||||
| 13 | german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ | panmunjom | ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin | ||||||
| 14 | ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] | , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war | * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a | ||||||
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 35 | in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] | of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems | and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . < ref name = | |
| 791624973 | 793523187 | 2017-08-02 08:44:50 | 11 days 19:51:02 | 38455 | 8 | permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states . * the former management station at bergfelde , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] | - | — | the tower is located in an already reforested area of the border strip and is used together with surrounding terrain as a nature protection tower by the deutschen waldjugend . * |
| 810365117 | 810365760 | 2017-11-14 20:40:55 | 0 days 00:04:10 | 6554947 | 1 | the area , however , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] | reports | has reported | having often been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / gallery / 2014 / apr / |
| 812700355 | 813096804 | 2017-12-01 19:07:37 | 2 days 08:34:21 | 27015025 | 0 | title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | deadurl = | no | yes | | df = dmy }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s with hundreds of guards . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen |
| 825749968 | 825750205 | 2018-02-15 05:27:12 | 0 days 00:01:58 | 29164674 | 0 | ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ ipa - de | bɛʁˈliːnɐ ˈmaʊ̯ɐ | pron | | de - berliner mauer . ogg | }} ) was a guarded concrete [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that physically and ideologically divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago | |
| 825811905 | 825814813 | 2018-02-15 16:00:22 | 0 days 00:19:34 | 5946478 | 1 | such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . < ref > {{ cite cornell international law journal | last1 = goodman | first1 = micah | | date = | ( | 1996 | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | url = https : / / scholarship . law |
| 838879438 | 838895196 | 2018-04-29 23:54:28 | 0 days 02:14:24 | 19082616 | 0 | [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} [[ file : president ronald reagan ' s speech at the berlin wall , june 12 , 1987 . webm | thumb | | 250px | upright = 1 . 15 | | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] |
| 839289662 | 840547834 | 2018-05-10 16:16:26 | 8 days 02:24:23 | 29463730 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ | distinguish2 | distinguish | | the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence : 3 . . . nf6 | berlin defence ]] |
| 1 | {st@rt} {{ distinguish2 | | text = | the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence : 3 . . . nf6 | berlin defence ]] }} | ||||||
| 843144692 | 843537822 | 2018-05-29 19:55:32 | 2 days 14:29:27 | 30675059 | 1 | wall | date = 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | | last | = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' | |
| 10 | wall | date = 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | | first2 | = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la | ||||||
| 854070499 | 854078225 | 2018-08-08 20:29:20 | 0 days 01:04:58 | 3563616 | 1 | ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by [[ wolfgang engels ]] , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] | ' ' ( nva ) | . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . he was fired at and seriously | |
| 856004544 | 858448093 | 2018-09-07 07:51:25 | 16 days 00:16:21 | 15622650 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ very long | date = september 2018 }} | {{ distinguish | text = the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence : 3 . . . nf6 |
| left_string | del_string | ins_string | right_string | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| from revision id | to revision id | timestamp | timegap | editor | |||||
| 7969787 | 7969802 | 2004-11-29 23:56:41 | 0 days 21:05:14 | 0|64.174.210.9 | 0 | territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . | hi | = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was | |
| 7969802 | 8079487 | 2004-11-29 23:57:10 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 0|64.174.210.9 | 0 | territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . | hi | = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was | |
| 11746206 | 11747812 | 2005-04-01 03:30:23 | 2 days 11:22:10 | 225848 | 3 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was | |
| 11747812 | 11751790 | 2005-04-01 04:25:04 | 0 days 00:54:41 | 28107 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was | |
| 11755213 | 11755223 | 2005-04-01 09:38:57 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 0|217.68.115.26 | 0 | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin fuck | ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck | = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was |
| 11755223 | 11763678 | 2005-04-01 09:39:31 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 0|217.68.115.26 | 0 | berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] | fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was |
| 14125556 | 14140365 | 2005-05-23 20:14:41 | 1 days 10:42:33 | 54820 | 2 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | the [[ german democratic republic | east german ]] government called it the ' ' ' " antifaschistischen schutzwall " ' ' ' ' ' ( " anti - fascist protection wall " ) ' ' . | = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was | |
| 14140365 | 14260653 | 2005-05-24 02:16:18 | 0 days 06:01:37 | 6661 | 2 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | the [[ german democratic republic | east german ]] government called it the ' ' ' " antifaschistischen schutzwall " ' ' ' ' ' ( " anti - fascist protection wall " ) ' ' . | = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was | |
| 17902797 | 18119157 | 2005-07-04 08:34:54 | 3 days 15:43:24 | 0|62.171.194.11 | 2 | built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished | . | coz ryan smells like really bad poo ! ! ! ! ! | = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet |
| 18119157 | 18119315 | 2005-07-04 08:39:48 | 0 days 00:04:54 | 0|24.17.97.123 | 0 | east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | and subsequently almost entirely demolished coz ryan smells like really bad poo ! ! ! ! ! | . | = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet |
| 18119489 | 18119581 | 2005-07-04 08:49:33 | 0 days 00:03:19 | 7580 | 2 | east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | . | and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet |
| 18210660 | 18248123 | 2005-07-06 09:08:31 | 0 days 13:27:13 | 0|203.221.154.11 | 0 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | jess is wicked . | = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet | |
| 18248123 | 18248155 | 2005-07-06 09:09:39 | 0 days 00:01:08 | 0|203.221.154.11 | 0 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | jess is wicked . | = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet | |
| 19041793 | 19066933 | 2005-07-18 07:51:29 | 0 days 09:40:01 | 0|82.110.149.173 | 0 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | npa 4 life | = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet | |
| 19067249 | 19067310 | 2005-07-18 08:03:06 | 0 days 00:01:57 | 7580 | 0 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | npa 4 life | = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet | |
| 24150723 | 24150980 | 2005-09-27 11:40:40 | 0 days 00:04:54 | 0|212.219.59.226 | 0 | [[ 1066 ]] and camply decorated over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | years later , a crack team of builder monkeys would rebuild the wall , only to have their work cruelly critiscised by the daily mail . in a fit of rage , the mokeys destroyed sweden . | = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ london ]] , was deep within the | |
| 24150980 | 24151055 | 2005-09-27 11:41:54 | 0 days 00:01:14 | 7580 | 3 | [[ 1066 ]] and camply decorated over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | years later , a crack team of builder monkeys would rebuild the wall , only to have their work cruelly critiscised by the daily mail . in a fit of rage , the mokeys destroyed sweden . | = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ london ]] , was deep within the | |
| 26052050 | 26386659 | 2005-10-24 22:19:06 | 3 days 22:30:51 | 0|24.118.221.35 | 0 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | subject of an ungodly long project assigned by 10th grade history teachers nation wide ( u . s ) | = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep | |
| 26386659 | 26390590 | 2005-10-24 23:06:47 | 0 days 00:47:41 | 127734 | 0 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | subject of an ungodly long project assigned by 10th grade history teachers nation wide ( u . s ) | = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep | |
| 26390590 | 26460471 | 2005-10-25 18:24:27 | 0 days 19:17:40 | 0|206.131.39.76 | 0 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | subject of many history essays nationwide . a total pain in the ass . | = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep | |
| 26460471 | 26467857 | 2005-10-25 20:08:33 | 0 days 01:44:06 | 21397 | 0 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | subject of many history essays nationwide . a total pain in the ass . | = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep | |
| 28791862 | 28792067 | 2005-11-20 01:04:12 | 0 days 00:04:02 | 0|201.252.93.29 | 8 | to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured | |
| 28792067 | 28792082 | 2005-11-20 01:04:30 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 159620 | 2 | east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . | its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east | = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] , [[ berlin ]] , the [[ soviet ]] army | |
| 36652943 | 36689141 | 2006-01-25 20:46:27 | 0 days 04:56:55 | 838711 | 0 | in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished | . | , by [[ alec roberts ]] | = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured |
| 36689141 | 36689372 | 2006-01-25 20:48:08 | 0 days 00:01:41 | 269651 | 0 | in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished | , by [[ alec roberts ]] | . | = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured |
| 51848752 | 51927725 | 2006-05-07 03:30:21 | 0 days 10:40:35 | 0|134.48.165.202 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | united states president ronald regan played a humungous role in the " fall of the berlin wall " . | = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii | |
| 51927725 | 51928692 | 2006-05-07 03:38:24 | 0 days 00:08:03 | 767514 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | united states president ronald regan played a humungous role in the " fall of the berlin wall " . | = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii | |
| 77998390 | 78107608 | 2006-09-27 14:33:25 | 0 days 15:28:56 | 0|204.122.253.240 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = riddle = = what if a baby is born on the berlin wall ? where is it from ? | = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii | |
| 78107608 | 78107896 | 2006-09-27 14:35:15 | 0 days 00:01:50 | 142220 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = riddle = = what if a baby is born on the berlin wall ? where is it from ? | = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii | |
| 100887174 | 100916417 | 2007-01-15 18:33:14 | 0 days 02:34:19 | 2810123 | 1 | next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | jesus . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war | |
| 100916417 | 100920432 | 2007-01-15 18:53:45 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 1 | next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | jesus . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war | |
| 113273294 | 113334386 | 2007-03-07 15:54:57 | 0 days 07:32:17 | 0|65.1.6.32 | 1 | next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | [ img ] http : / / i175 . photobucket . com / albums / w142 / aswnut / peanut . jpg [ / img ] | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war | |
| 113334386 | 113334424 | 2007-03-07 15:55:06 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 2654847 | 1 | next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | [ img ] http : / / i175 . photobucket . com / albums / w142 / aswnut / peanut . jpg [ / img ] | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war | |
| 113700927 | 113720783 | 2007-03-09 01:12:20 | 0 days 01:28:40 | 0|24.251.130.168 | 0 | next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | the berlin wall was one of japan ' s worst things that ever happended to them . the japanese all died . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war | |
| 113720783 | 113721501 | 2007-03-09 01:15:51 | 0 days 00:03:31 | 2198470 | 0 | next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | the berlin wall was one of japan ' s worst things that ever happended to them . the japanese all died . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war | |
| 121573836 | 121815930 | 2007-04-10 23:58:00 | 0 days 22:34:01 | 0|71.251.78.138 | 5 | service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > | however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies , which gained ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | > | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war |
| 121815930 | 121816065 | 2007-04-10 23:58:38 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 1587622 | 8 | prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . jauan is a dumbass fuck the berlin wall asshole > > | > | however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies , which gained ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war |
| 131436845 | 131436990 | 2007-05-17 01:14:01 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 0|71.48.127.221 | 0 | " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | black power | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] niggaz rule muthafuckas . | |
| 131437128 | 131437212 | 2007-05-17 01:15:13 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 302522 | 5 | " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | black power | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] niggaz rule muthafuckas . | |
| 142514453 | 144205776 | 2007-07-12 16:14:10 | 7 days 20:53:32 | 0|71.247.128.158 | 0 | rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] | . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end | |
| 144205776 | 144205863 | 2007-07-12 16:14:45 | 0 days 00:00:35 | 0|71.247.128.158 | 0 | rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] | . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end | |
| 154511088 | 155319953 | 2007-09-03 01:14:47 | 3 days 23:07:00 | 0|71.122.210.90 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | sex | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world | |
| 155319953 | 155368689 | 2007-09-03 07:34:14 | 0 days 06:19:27 | 0|142.165.77.7 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | sex | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world | |
| 233812027 | 233916638 | 2008-08-24 11:43:29 | 0 days 13:36:43 | 7706949 | 0 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | an alternative story to the creation of the berlin wall that is not very well known and has been dismissed by numerous scholars is that the berlin wall was created during an epic battle of [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / tron _ ( film ) tron ] between adolf hitler and alun king . the berlin wall was the wall that king shat out of his vehicle , and the brandenburg gate marks the place of impact for hitler and his ultimate demise . this is how hitler actually died , engaged in a heated tron battle . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the | |
| 233916638 | 233916986 | 2008-08-24 11:46:30 | 0 days 00:03:01 | 377396 | 0 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | an alternative story to the creation of the berlin wall that is not very well known and has been dismissed by numerous scholars is that the berlin wall was created during an epic battle of [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / tron _ ( film ) tron ] between adolf hitler and alun king . the berlin wall was the wall that king shat out of his vehicle , and the brandenburg gate marks the place of impact for hitler and his ultimate demise . this is how hitler actually died , engaged in a heated tron battle . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the | |
| 248618478 | 248619037 | 2008-10-30 14:29:35 | 0 days 00:03:40 | 0|217.42.107.75 | 1 | rest of it . the fall of the great wall of china paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 34 , 1990 . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the | ||
| 248619037 | 248638203 | 2008-10-30 16:20:12 | 0 days 01:50:37 | 352579 | 6 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 34 , 1990 . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the | ||
| 271560704 | 271630409 | 2009-02-18 19:11:38 | 0 days 06:28:06 | 0|65.79.248.113 | 0 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | ' ' ' [[ bold text ]] [ = = http : / / www . example . com link title = = [[ file : [[ media : example . jpg ]] < math > < nowiki > insert formula here < / nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - # redirect [[ < s > target page name < / s > < br / > < sup > < sub > superscript text < / sub > < small > < gallery > small text < / gallery > < gallery > < blockquote > image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 < / blockquote > { | class = " wikitable " border = " 1 " | < ref > - ! header 1 ! header 2 ! header 3 | - | row 1 , cell 1 | row 1 , cell 2 | row 1 , cell 3 | - | row 2 , cell 1 | row 2 , cell 2 | row 2 , cell 3 < / ref > | } < / gallery > < / small > < / sup > ]] < / math > ]] ] ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the | |
| 271630409 | 271630532 | 2009-02-18 19:12:11 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 6163802 | 0 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | ' ' ' [[ bold text ]] [ = = http : / / www . example . com link title = = [[ file : [[ media : example . jpg ]] < math > < nowiki > insert formula here < / nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - # redirect [[ < s > target page name < / s > < br / > < sup > < sub > superscript text < / sub > < small > < gallery > small text < / gallery > < gallery > < blockquote > image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 < / blockquote > { | class = " wikitable " border = " 1 " | < ref > - ! header 1 ! header 2 ! header 3 | - | row 1 , cell 1 | row 1 , cell 2 | row 1 , cell 3 | - | row 2 , cell 1 | row 2 , cell 2 | row 2 , cell 3 < / ref > | } < / gallery > < / small > < / sup > ]] < / math > ]] ] ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' | = = background = = < math > sjfjfjxdfhkhnkjghnkghfklgh # redirect [[ dhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhf ]] < / math > [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | | |
| 273667722 | 273674256 | 2009-02-27 15:56:35 | 0 days 00:34:13 | 9091630 | 0 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | it was built by oliver smith , who resided in hampshire , uk . in the 1950 ' s it was used by [ retards ] who used to headbutt it . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the | |
| 273674565 | 273674705 | 2009-02-27 15:59:03 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 4666642 | 0 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | it was built by santa vii , who resided in hampshire , uk . he was a gay man who liked to eat dead , mutilated animals . in the 1950 ' s it was used by retards who used to headbutt it . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the | |
| 274315302 | 274322212 | 2009-03-02 02:37:47 | 0 days 00:30:41 | 0|71.217.202.193 | 0 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | kkk | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the | |
| 274322212 | 274328124 | 2009-03-02 03:04:29 | 0 days 00:26:42 | 0|64.92.142.206 | 3 | almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , | 1990 . | 2067 | kkk = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . |
| 274331907 | 274344223 | 2009-03-02 04:30:16 | 0 days 01:07:26 | 0|67.165.36.36 | 0 | almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , | 2067 kkk | 1990 . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 2001 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 2008 . the |
| 277119282 | 277132095 | 2009-03-14 05:57:04 | 0 days 01:33:48 | 0|58.172.9.133 | 0 | rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = | the | background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east | |
| 277132095 | 277132148 | 2009-03-14 05:57:30 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 0|58.172.9.133 | 0 | rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = | the | background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east | |
| 306233278 | 306295438 | 2009-08-05 22:49:30 | 0 days 06:10:55 | 9487683 | 0 | all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . | the berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifascistischer schutzwall }} ) . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the | |
| 321349222 | 321400601 | 2009-10-22 16:02:51 | 0 days 07:11:40 | 0|216.248.234.63 | 0 | almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | people are very sick in this country . | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ | |
| 321400601 | 321400717 | 2009-10-22 16:03:44 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 0|216.248.234.63 | 0 | of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . people are very sick in this country . | they are not educated in their own language . most germans were at peace when the berlin wall fell . this is a retard writing . | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ | |
| 321400717 | 321400884 | 2009-10-22 16:04:50 | 0 days 00:01:06 | 7746361 | 0 | almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | people are very sick in this country . they are not educated in their own language . most germans were at peace when the berlin wall fell . this is a retard writing . | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ | |
| 325016705 | 325016969 | 2009-11-10 09:22:03 | 0 days 00:03:04 | 0|87.42.135.2 | 1 | almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | what was hitler mad ? because he saw his gas bill . | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ | |
| 325016969 | 325017008 | 2009-11-10 09:22:21 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 6513930 | 2 | almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | what was hitler mad ? because he saw his gas bill . | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ | |
| 325037769 | 325038462 | 2009-11-10 13:08:19 | 0 days 00:06:06 | 10001091 | 0 | almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist authorities . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ | |
| 325399702 | 325401741 | 2009-11-12 08:06:48 | 0 days 00:21:22 | 10999656 | 0 | were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . | owairoa rm 20 this is the berlin page | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ | |
| 325401741 | 325401770 | 2009-11-12 08:07:06 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 9518048 | 0 | were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . | owairoa rm 20 this is the berlin page | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ | |
| 331504394 | 331525878 | 2009-12-14 00:33:15 | 0 days 02:15:08 | 0|74.179.15.90 | 0 | were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . | = = war filipović = = mirco crocrop filipović was very angered by the wall because he absolutly hates art and the dividing of a country so he spent months feeling ot the wall looking for a weak spot . 6 months later with president ronald " tha truth " reagan by his side he threw a high roundhouse kick taking the entire wall down . | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ | |
| 331525878 | 331526070 | 2009-12-14 00:34:28 | 0 days 00:01:13 | 10783139 | 0 | were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . | = = war filipović = = mirco crocrop filipović was very angered by the wall because he absolutly hates art and the dividing of a country so he spent months feeling ot the wall looking for a weak spot . 6 months later with president ronald " tha truth " reagan by his side he threw a high roundhouse kick taking the entire wall down . | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ | |
| 341571052 | 341696405 | 2010-02-03 15:41:01 | 0 days 16:44:02 | 0|195.194.47.34 | 0 | almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | you can ' t put stuff on the p : \ drive ! | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ | |
| 341696405 | 341696550 | 2010-02-03 15:41:56 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 10519822 | 0 | almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | you can ' t put stuff on the p : \ drive ! | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ | |
| 364487169 | 364554671 | 2010-05-27 21:52:20 | 0 days 07:13:21 | 0|75.105.128.36 | 0 | remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | = = | justin bieber is a gay fags | background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war |
| 825795679 | 825799159 | 2018-02-15 14:02:55 | 0 days 00:30:54 | 5946478 | 5 | tribune 1 " / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took place on 3 october 1990 . | < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre | |
| 838878947 | 838879438 | 2018-04-29 21:40:04 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 764861 | 4 | tribune 1 " / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took place on 3 october 1990 . | < ref name = " cnn . com " / > | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre |
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| 238414 | 238415 | 2001-09-16 15:09:28 | 129 days 22:13:31 | 35 | 5 | in 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . it came down on november 9 , 1989 . see [[ berlin ]] | ; http : / / www | . | |
| 6 | 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . it came down on november 9 , 1989 . see [[ berlin ]] . | wall - berlin . org / | |||||||
| 13872 | 86615 | 2002-02-25 15:51:15 | 6 days 11:48:33 | 0|62.253.64.7 | 4 | the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . | the wall was over 155km long . after the initial construction | it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october | |
| 9 | to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin | ]] | . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ | ||||||
| 86615 | 86626 | 2002-06-06 12:52:54 | 100 days 21:01:39 | 0|168.169.199.81 | 0 | {st@rt} after [[ ww ii ]] berlin | was divided | wasdivided | into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest |
| 86626 | 86668 | 2002-06-06 13:00:44 | 0 days 00:07:50 | 62 | 0 | {st@rt} after [[ ww ii ]] berlin | wasdivided | was divided | into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest |
| 102788 | 102790 | 2002-06-22 18:16:03 | 5 days 16:18:17 | 59 | 2 | {st@rt} after [[ ww ii ]] berlin | ]] | was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far | |
| 19 | helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin | , | ; | 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , 1989 hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in in september 1989 | |||||
| 206507 | 206604 | 2002-09-09 16:14:40 | 0 days 01:43:38 | 372 | 1 | where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] did a concert in berlin celebrating the | the | fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 | |
| 732239 | 732530 | 2003-03-08 18:33:30 | 3 days 10:55:39 | 6815 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] | < div style = " float : right " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall , on november 16 , 1989 . ' ' < / div > | after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city | |
| 732530 | 732537 | 2003-03-08 21:13:53 | 0 days 02:40:23 | 4388 | 12 | 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering [[ west germany ]] . the wall physically divided the city into [[ west berlin | ]] | and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up to | |
| 732558 | 773189 | 2003-03-08 21:25:25 | 0 days 00:08:13 | 4388 | 0 | which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city into west berlin and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . | east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . | the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up to the fourth generation wall , begun in 1975 . this wall was reinforced | |
| 1012031 | 1092751 | 2003-06-08 12:37:20 | 31 days 17:34:08 | 9244 | 6 | americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - | - | friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , | |
| 9 | . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . from [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] | . | the citizens of east germany from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) | ||||||
| 42 | . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . from [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] | , | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' prevented the citizens of east germany from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic | ||||||
| 1097715 | 1098066 | 2003-06-30 22:31:21 | 1 days 09:23:53 | 7495 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] | [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from | |
| 1546609 | 1554867 | 2003-10-10 15:08:08 | 3 days 03:50:24 | 0|195.157.85.87 | 0 | , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) | formed | , although nominally independent , were in effect | a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by [[ east germany ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors |
| 1596460 | 1596496 | 2003-10-20 16:27:26 | 0 days 00:10:19 | 26248 | 1 | november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the | end of the wall , including [[ beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony with the the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . roger waters performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz in [[ 1990 ]] . the | fall of the wall , the first step to the [[ reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] | |
| 1744576 | 1744581 | 2003-11-15 23:19:05 | 0 days 00:03:05 | 2 | 1 | ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from | [[ east berlin ]] and | the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . < div style = " float : right ; margin : | |
| 2 | berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " | by the soviets | led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , | ||||||
| 3 | lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] | by the americans | . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent , were in effect | ||||||
| 2155508 | 2155517 | 2004-01-15 01:43:47 | 1 days 18:55:42 | 0|209.6.243.123 | 0 | through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin | celebrating | celebratsaddsadaing | the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " |
| 2155517 | 2302553 | 2004-01-15 01:44:37 | 0 days 00:00:50 | 0|209.6.243.123 | 0 | through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin | celebratsaddsadaing | celebrating | the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " |
| 2959424 | 2959465 | 2004-03-28 22:45:23 | 0 days 11:17:03 | 55079 | 0 | united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - | [[ | friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet | |
| 1 | kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain | ]] | , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union | ||||||
| 2964656 | 3053555 | 2004-03-29 07:53:56 | 0 days 09:05:02 | 0|24.12.96.52 | 0 | , the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin | - - | & # 8212 ; | [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow |
| 3053555 | 3156940 | 2004-04-04 14:23:59 | 6 days 06:30:03 | 57417 | 1 | | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade | ]] | " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain | |
| 3374365 | 3416164 | 2004-04-28 20:43:18 | 1 days 16:58:42 | 23616 | 0 | was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = related articles = = * [[ berlin ]] | * [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] | = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http | |
| 3668312 | 3668416 | 2004-05-21 03:41:41 | 8 days 09:46:46 | 8780 | 3 | ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " [[ berlin blockade ]] | " | by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and | |
| 3702165 | 3783344 | 2004-05-23 15:02:43 | 2 days 11:07:51 | 0|212.100.173.72 | 0 | was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = related articles = = * [[ berlin ]] | * [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] | = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http | |
| 3800134 | 3800736 | 2004-05-31 10:22:36 | 0 days 18:49:48 | 3808 | 9 | , the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin | & # 8212 ; | - | [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow |
| 38 | into the west between 1949 and 1961 . construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin | ]] | . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city ; as it completely surrounded west | ||||||
| 4779998 | 4780030 | 2004-07-22 08:05:56 | 1 days 20:16:33 | 0|217.169.121.36 | 0 | [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] | ( as well as the rest of germany ) | was divided into four sectors . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states | usa ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had | |
| 5637725 | 5637810 | 2004-09-03 21:31:42 | 0 days 00:15:54 | 49471 | 0 | the german democratic republic . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] | ( | , | as well as the rest of germany ) was divided into four sectors . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states | usa ]] , the [[ united |
| 7274640 | 7274734 | 2004-11-09 22:10:20 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 0|84.57.81.84 | 0 | german democratic republic . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , | as well as | like | the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france |
| 9268476 | 9300388 | 2005-01-10 23:50:02 | 0 days 03:03:49 | 151197 | 4 | west berlin and west germany . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east , as east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and | from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to | the rest of west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood | |
| 9338110 | 9340902 | 2005-01-13 15:39:41 | 1 days 13:58:21 | 0|198.20.32.180 | 3 | west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin | ]] | , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union | |
| 12 | ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - | [[ | friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] | ||||||
| 13 | [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain | ]] | , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and | ||||||
| 9340902 | 9400082 | 2005-01-13 19:37:16 | 0 days 03:57:35 | 28107 | 12 | the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - | [[ | friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade | |
| 13 | united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain | ]] | , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] | ||||||
| 14 | kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , | [[ | köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by | ||||||
| 9533284 | 9533310 | 2005-01-21 15:56:43 | 0 days 00:34:18 | 26468 | 4 | wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it | first consisted | was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west german side | of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively |
| 16 | , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany | a means of preventing | the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen | ||||||
| 9614078 | 9649252 | 2005-01-24 13:17:26 | 0 days 03:28:40 | 55217 | 3 | - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , | it | effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen | |
| 9658614 | 9762535 | 2005-01-26 01:42:57 | 0 days 06:03:58 | 26468 | 29 | s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . | the checkpoints | the three crossing points | were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( |
| 10084850 | 10084995 | 2005-02-09 02:13:18 | 0 days 00:02:21 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 1 | access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii , [[ berlin | ]] | , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union | |
| 10 | ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - | [[ | friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] | ||||||
| 11 | [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain | ]] | , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and | ||||||
| 29 | | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade | ]] | by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain | ||||||
| 31 | ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift | ]] | by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally | ||||||
| 35 | the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin | ]] | ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of | ||||||
| 10084995 | 10087212 | 2005-02-09 02:20:03 | 0 days 00:06:45 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 15 | into an [[ enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda | ]] | soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . the construction of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies . | |
| 10091995 | 10144491 | 2005-02-09 07:09:31 | 0 days 03:18:09 | 28107 | 12 | the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - | [[ | friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet | |
| 13 | united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain | ]] | , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union | ||||||
| 14 | kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , | [[ | köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led | ||||||
| 33 | berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift | ]] | by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( west berlin ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty | ||||||
| 37 | the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( west berlin | ]] | ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of west germany that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were | ||||||
| 61 | effectively turning the western sectors into an enclave in east germany . during the construction of the wall national people ' s army | nva and kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda | ]] | soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . the construction of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies . | ||||||
| 10144491 | 10147296 | 2005-02-10 23:53:18 | 1 days 16:43:47 | 0|64.45.226.93 | 0 | being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . | the majority | of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as | |
| 10147296 | 10244127 | 2005-02-11 01:34:32 | 0 days 01:41:14 | 28107 | 0 | being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . | the majority | of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as | |
| 10599750 | 10685284 | 2005-02-27 00:20:44 | 3 days 02:23:39 | 90467 | 1 | the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the berlin - helmstadt | autobahn | berlin - helmstadt ]] | [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east | |
| 11746206 | 11747812 | 2005-04-01 03:30:23 | 2 days 11:22:10 | 225848 | 4 | ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin | - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies | . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty | |
| 5 | berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) | , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , | were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] and were completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the | ||||||
| 12 | workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point | ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil | . the streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built | ||||||
| 21 | of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . | the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) | . = = the years of the wall = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; | ||||||
| 11747812 | 11751790 | 2005-04-01 04:25:04 | 0 days 00:54:41 | 28107 | 1 | ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin | - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies | . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) were in effect a part of [[ | |
| 2 | largest and covered most of eastern berlin . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) | , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , | were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] and were completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the | ||||||
| 9 | workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point | ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil | . the streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built | ||||||
| 18 | helmstadt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt ]] [[ autobahn ]] . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . | the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) | a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . = = the years of the wall = = during the | ||||||
| 12310883 | 12498340 | 2005-04-14 19:41:28 | 0 days 11:53:58 | 137616 | 0 | . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected | ) | . ) this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s | |
| 2 | the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . | ) | this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was | ||||||
| 13195082 | 13195297 | 2005-05-03 22:51:59 | 3 days 05:20:56 | 0|129.67.43.240 | 0 | not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . | it | that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier | was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not |
| 13207767 | 13207835 | 2005-05-04 04:55:42 | 0 days 01:03:36 | 0|129.67.43.240 | 7 | four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin | , the western powers decided not to challenge it | . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the wall ' s creation was due partly to political expediency but largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open | |
| 13838373 | 13838493 | 2005-05-17 15:54:43 | 0 days 00:08:21 | 0|161.97.212.117 | 0 | of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . | ~ ( _ 8 ( l ) | the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie | |
| 13838493 | 13838651 | 2005-05-17 15:58:16 | 0 days 00:03:33 | 67107 | 1 | of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . | ~ ( _ 8 ( l ) | the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie | |
| 13838651 | 13838657 | 2005-05-17 16:02:47 | 0 days 00:04:31 | 67107 | 0 | a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and it completely surrounded west berlin | , effectively turning the western sectors into an [[ enclave ]] in east germany | . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with | |
| 13855862 | 13887739 | 2005-05-17 23:05:53 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 6661 | 0 | berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the capital of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt | - an - der - main | ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the | |
| 14015916 | 14016061 | 2005-05-21 09:38:46 | 2 days 17:36:54 | 0|216.27.183.43 | 2 | however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin | did | the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened | |
| 14269487 | 14269638 | 2005-05-26 16:38:51 | 0 days 00:02:48 | 0|164.68.120.3 | 0 | [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over | barbed wire | barbeques | on august 15 , 1961 ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed |
| 14269815 | 14329087 | 2005-05-26 16:46:05 | 0 days 00:04:01 | 157530 | 5 | [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german penises guarded [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over | barbeques | barbed wire | on august 15 , 1961 ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed |
| 14830564 | 14834006 | 2005-06-07 04:56:11 | 0 days 06:28:40 | 0|81.180.132.3 | 2 | of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . | the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstadt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . | = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into | |
| 14834006 | 14943216 | 2005-06-07 06:53:53 | 0 days 01:57:42 | 8780 | 2 | of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . | the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstadt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . | = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into | |
| 15066593 | 15077566 | 2005-06-12 13:50:16 | 0 days 04:48:31 | 156968 | 3 | his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin | - | & mdash ; | by autobahn , to demonstrate allied rights . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west |
| 15881315 | 15902037 | 2005-06-26 21:50:58 | 0 days 18:23:00 | 44454 | 0 | control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and contained the traditional city center , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , and the eastern districts of berlin | - | & mdash ; | [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . |
| 20042747 | 20104674 | 2005-08-02 09:05:08 | 0 days 21:35:51 | 0|83.135.157.10 | 1 | but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstadt autobahn | berlin - | helmstadt | helmstedt | ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / |
| 20652186 | 20668374 | 2005-08-10 03:32:17 | 0 days 04:36:14 | 0|70.30.191.58 | 10 | [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin . however , | [[ günter schabowski ]] , | the gdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a | |
| 20668374 | 20669087 | 2005-08-10 03:48:06 | 0 days 00:15:49 | 21397 | 7 | briefly replaced by a successor a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow west berliners to apply for visas to travel to east berlin . however , | [[ günter schabowski ]] , | the bdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a | |
| 22024698 | 22103054 | 2005-08-29 14:58:12 | 1 days 02:59:08 | 92511 | 2 | to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] | , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and contained the traditional city center , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , and the eastern districts of berlin & mdash ; [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . | = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the berlin | |
| 22103054 | 22154405 | 2005-08-30 05:20:39 | 0 days 14:22:27 | 28107 | 3 | was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = see [[ history of berlin ]] | , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and contained the traditional city center , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , and the eastern districts of berlin & mdash ; [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . | = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the berlin | |
| 22741071 | 22753187 | 2005-09-07 05:41:08 | 0 days 03:52:34 | 0|24.85.45.237 | 0 | entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was | deep | filled with niggers | within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital |
| 22753187 | 22753298 | 2005-09-07 05:43:35 | 0 days 00:02:27 | 49312 | 0 | entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was | filled with niggers | deep | within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital |
| 23361590 | 23389607 | 2005-09-17 09:11:31 | 0 days 12:12:41 | 271058 | 0 | de : berliner mauer ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] | [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] | [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] | |
| 24151055 | 24156661 | 2005-09-27 13:29:22 | 0 days 01:47:28 | 0|205.202.36.246 | 8 | | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin | ]] | from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' | |
| 9 | ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from | [[ | east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' | ||||||
| 10 | ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin | ]] | and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' | ||||||
| 24 | and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin | ]] | , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . | ||||||
| 43 | cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade | ]] | by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] | ||||||
| 45 | allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift | ]] | by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and | ||||||
| 49 | the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin | ]] ) | , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . | ||||||
| 56 | berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or | [[ | frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted | ||||||
| 57 | s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt | ]] | . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the | ||||||
| 24156661 | 24156863 | 2005-09-27 13:33:41 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 340905 | 7 | {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin | ]] | from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was to restrict access | |
| 8 | {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from | [[ | east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was to restrict access between | ||||||
| 9 | {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin | ]] | and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin | ||||||
| 23 | 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on november 9 , 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin | ]] | , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the soviet army during the closing months of world war ii . as the capital , | ||||||
| 44 | tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a currency reform in 1948 prompted the berlin blockade by the soviet union and led to the berlin airlift | ]] | by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france west | ||||||
| 48 | the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france west berlin | ]] ) | , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an exclave of west germany , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s | ||||||
| 55 | . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make bonn the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or | [[ | frankfurt . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . | ||||||
| 56 | west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make bonn the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or frankfurt | ]] | . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the | ||||||
| 26467857 | 26918322 | 2005-10-30 22:25:26 | 5 days 02:16:53 | 0|205.188.116.204 | 20 | ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by | fuchs and theodore hall , it is unlikely that the rosenberg / greenglass data would have significantly aided | the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , | |
| 23 | . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by | fuchs and hall seems to have only marginally sped up | the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france | ||||||
| 29 | the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , | although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were | and robert wrote another book | in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision | |||||
| 32 | under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s | precarious position was a key factor | journey . | in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin | |||||
| 35 | position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . | initially the citizens of berlin were allowed | [ edit ] in fiction the book of daniel , a 1971 novel by e . l . doctorow , is loosely based on the rosenberg case , while robert coover ' s 1977 novel the public burning is a parodic reconstruction of their execution . tony kushner ' s 1992 play angels in america features a fictionalized version of ethel rosenberg , played by meryl streep in the hbo version . [ edit ] see also soviet atomic bomb project . the case is thought to have spurred lee harvey oswald ' s interest in marxism . [ 5 ] [ edit ] external links timeline of events relating to the rosenberg trial . ethel ' s brother says he trumped up evidence . project venona messages . rosenberg fbi files ( summary only ) heir | to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was | |||||
| 28483115 | 28532961 | 2005-11-16 21:05:29 | 0 days 14:07:00 | 116385 | 0 | eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] | [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] | [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ | |
| 28791862 | 28792067 | 2005-11-20 01:04:12 | 0 days 00:04:02 | 0|201.252.93.29 | 5 | schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany | . it was built in [[ 1961 | ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background | |
| 12 | months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was | completely surrounded | on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france | ||||||
| 16 | escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] | by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . | after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - | ||||||
| 18 | the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) | . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government | . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the | ||||||
| 28792067 | 28792082 | 2005-11-20 01:04:30 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 159620 | 11 | [[ berlin ]] , the [[ soviet ]] army duringof [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was , one for each , although berlin was | completely surrounded | on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france | |
| 15 | [[ cold war ]] a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] | by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . | after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - | ||||||
| 17 | berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) | . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government | . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the | ||||||
| 28895370 | 28895372 | 2005-11-21 09:44:05 | 0 days 00:00:03 | 0|212.132.0.10 | 0 | of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . | i want 2 go there . | the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie | |
| 28895372 | 28895434 | 2005-11-21 09:45:36 | 0 days 00:01:31 | 44020 | 2 | of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . | i want 2 go there . | the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie | |
| 31042058 | 31084094 | 2005-12-12 19:26:03 | 0 days 06:57:07 | 549849 | 3 | closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin | itself | was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , | |
| 35365390 | 35373255 | 2006-01-16 07:22:31 | 0 days 01:31:20 | 0|207.102.64.194 | 0 | caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin | and west germany was widely seen as being closer to the truth | . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr | |
| 36443992 | 36484473 | 2006-01-24 10:26:12 | 0 days 08:18:20 | 6661 | 0 | caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin | was widely seen as being the truth | . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr | |
| 36641976 | 36642576 | 2006-01-25 14:09:00 | 0 days 00:05:37 | 0|194.232.85.82 | 0 | uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . | the majority | huge numbers | of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore |
| 36650338 | 36652600 | 2006-01-25 15:46:06 | 0 days 00:20:05 | 0|194.232.85.82 | 2 | any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . | the | some | streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into |
| 7 | the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) penis around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning | , at midnight , | the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built | ||||||
| 36940912 | 37108530 | 2006-01-28 19:11:04 | 1 days 05:27:34 | 0|66.177.112.110 | 1 | ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge | numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to poland and the soviet union . | = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin | |
| 38448507 | 38522275 | 2006-02-06 22:20:35 | 0 days 11:26:12 | 0|63.150.51.8 | 1 | [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade | ]] | " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with | |
| 38769484 | 38769741 | 2006-02-08 15:09:30 | 0 days 00:02:42 | 0|84.64.190.165 | 0 | . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] | [[ category : east germany ]] | [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti | |
| 38896088 | 38974751 | 2006-02-09 21:59:58 | 0 days 12:40:41 | 293907 | 2 | westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin | _ | s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin _ u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . some lines were cut in | |
| 3 | berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin _ s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin | _ | u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled | ||||||
| 40378504 | 40459448 | 2006-02-20 18:39:58 | 0 days 14:44:59 | 386031 | 13 | uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . | between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . = = reason for the wall = = from 1949 to 1961 | huge numbers of professional and skilled workers migrated daily , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ | |
| 40460981 | 40648652 | 2006-02-22 01:28:28 | 1 days 06:34:58 | 386031 | 1 | crossed into the west , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . = = | reason for the wall | why it was built | = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan |
| 11 | friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; | varying reports claim either | 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along | ||||||
| 12 | ) . = = the wall years = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 | or 239 | people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the | ||||||
| 40686196 | 40687505 | 2006-02-22 08:24:42 | 0 days 00:20:24 | 0|144.137.251.28 | 0 | % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . | suck my fucking dick asshole please , i love you u monster , suck my dicky doo da ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 40687505 | 40688772 | 2006-02-22 08:46:34 | 0 days 00:21:52 | 0|203.214.133.62 | 0 | % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . | suck my fucking dick asshole please , i love you u monster , suck my dicky doo da ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 40814212 | 40814314 | 2006-02-23 04:38:46 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 386031 | 1 | are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = passage = = although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin | following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people | . this | was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were |
| 4 | only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at | [[ | dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße | ||||||
| 5 | land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden | ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) | in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] | ||||||
| 10 | to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin | ; | . | varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 | |||||
| 64 | , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn | ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border | ||||||
| 65 | was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin | and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border | . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | | ||||||
| 66 | of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . | the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . | foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when | ||||||
| 84 | far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . | they quickly became a major crowd control problem for | the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became | ||||||
| 40814314 | 40816080 | 2006-02-23 04:56:58 | 0 days 00:18:12 | 386031 | 2 | the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstadt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at [[ dreilinden | ]] | ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between | |
| 40898814 | 40900018 | 2006-02-23 19:38:26 | 0 days 00:09:50 | 89179 | 5 | ' ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] | and [[ east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ division of germany | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defection ]] s , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration | from [[ east germany ]] . germany ' s border was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only remained open in [[ berlin ]] . the border between [[ east | |
| 12 | % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . | the wall was subsequently destroyed by a jubilant public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | ||||||
| 14 | ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from | [[ east germany ]] . germany ' s border was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only remained open in [[ berlin ]] . the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june | june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during an [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | east german uprising ]] and permananently closed in [[ 1961 ]] . it was finally reopened in [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently destroyed . from [[ 1949 ]] - [[ 1961 ]] | 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % | ||||||
| 40915337 | 40944082 | 2006-02-24 01:02:35 | 0 days 03:27:05 | 304316 | 15 | barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik | ( | , | an [[ east german ]] youth military training organisation ) at [[ raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east |
| 39 | = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . | and | if west berlin fell , after all the efforts of the [[ berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other | ||||||
| 40 | = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell | , | after all the efforts of the [[ berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face | ||||||
| 41 | [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank | ( | as kennedy ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ | ||||||
| 45 | his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin | & mdash ; | by [[ autobahn ]] , to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany | ||||||
| 49 | and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to | a total of | twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via | ||||||
| 50 | berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin | that was | accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected | ||||||
| 60 | army to use lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were | simply | not willing to use lethal force so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no | ||||||
| 40946642 | 40949144 | 2006-02-24 01:42:58 | 0 days 00:21:46 | 304316 | 21 | their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift | ]] | ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s | |
| 41618920 | 41618954 | 2006-02-28 15:38:46 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 0|65.241.105.4 | 0 | [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a | tunnel | funnel | * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / > |
| 41619461 | 41619542 | 2006-02-28 15:44:33 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 800894 | 4 | [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a | funnel | tunnel | * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / > |
| 41672068 | 41672131 | 2006-02-28 23:47:46 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 0|69.15.111.135 | 0 | 1989 ) ]] construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . | that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . | additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr | |
| 41672131 | 41672202 | 2006-02-28 23:48:13 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 161478 | 0 | 1989 ) ]] construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . | that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . | additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr | |
| 41746791 | 41761508 | 2006-03-01 15:37:50 | 0 days 02:21:39 | 24373 | 28 | 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] | : | | publisher = | berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 |
| 29 | * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag | , | | year = | [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech | |||||
| 39 | / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin | ' ' . | | location = | [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall | |||||
| 42309097 | 42336641 | 2006-03-05 13:06:23 | 0 days 06:06:51 | 686868 | 1 | are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin | . | without passport check ; likewhise soviet patrols could pass | this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners |
| 8 | in south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin | was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers | . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . | ||||||
| 9 | entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . | a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only | access between west and east berlin . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful | ||||||
| 42377886 | 42382313 | 2006-03-05 20:29:26 | 0 days 00:35:54 | 686868 | 0 | , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personal into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , | providen | provided | they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries |
| 46530181 | 46947936 | 2006-04-04 16:54:49 | 2 days 15:32:33 | 97676 | 1 | administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and | [[ | east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the | |
| 58219539 | 58219714 | 2006-06-12 15:35:26 | 0 days 00:01:48 | 0|24.60.99.51 | 1 | . they were relocated to munich , and berlin ' s economy fell . berlin was dependant on the money the prostitues brought in . munich flourished while berlin fell . | whore riots broke out at the berlin wall , which was one of the reasons it fell . topless woman and teenagers were rioting atht they wanted their corner back so they could get more meat in the gooch . | it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the | |
| 63027687 | 63086213 | 2006-07-10 18:33:21 | 0 days 07:22:29 | 0|141.211.172.204 | 0 | lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected | {{ fact }} | ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than | |
| 63357225 | 63858347 | 2006-07-14 22:07:07 | 2 days 17:42:04 | 1793767 | 2 | day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do | their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin | away with commusism | . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the |
| 3 | many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . | this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations | he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer | to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader | |||||
| 80237146 | 80538105 | 2006-10-10 02:22:34 | 1 days 09:21:48 | 0|71.250.160.186 | 1 | 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the berlin | ]] | wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and | |
| 82597586 | 82692252 | 2006-10-20 20:45:47 | 0 days 10:47:58 | 1063177 | 0 | gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin | ; another one was at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , with its famous sign reading in english , russian , french and german : " end of the free world . you are leaving american zone " | . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - | |
| 82835134 | 82879500 | 2006-10-21 21:17:43 | 0 days 04:29:04 | 2542109 | 2 | an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and | the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > | take pix | however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western |
| 83832893 | 83835783 | 2006-10-26 13:10:22 | 0 days 00:22:46 | 686868 | 0 | gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin | ; another one was at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , with its famous sign reading in english , russian , french and german : " end of the free world . you are leaving american zone " | . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - | |
| 89219950 | 89358889 | 2006-11-22 02:08:27 | 0 days 13:36:15 | 0|72.146.48.170 | 2 | an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and | the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that | there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | | |
| 93317647 | 93333338 | 2006-12-10 08:52:55 | 0 days 02:28:29 | 1102920 | 0 | list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel | * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] | * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < div class | |
| 95977307 | 96015503 | 2006-12-23 00:22:37 | 0 days 03:58:53 | 508734 | 0 | [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] | [[ category : history of europe ]] | [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de | |
| 98453918 | 98470052 | 2007-01-04 19:21:16 | 0 days 01:21:18 | 873891 | 10 | ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for | a period of | 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort | |
| 102660385 | 102792447 | 2007-01-24 00:22:45 | 0 days 10:41:48 | 0|24.155.249.78 | 0 | ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for | 28 | 2 | years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ |
| 102792447 | 102792502 | 2007-01-24 00:23:04 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 0|24.155.249.78 | 0 | ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for | 2 | 28 | years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ |
| 104426285 | 104427508 | 2007-01-30 22:07:57 | 0 days 00:05:34 | 63451 | 1 | segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] | the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . | an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in | |
| 109202413 | 109820921 | 2007-02-21 15:00:14 | 2 days 13:06:22 | 3171782 | 0 | es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] | [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] | [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ | |
| 110118193 | 110118448 | 2007-02-22 18:31:19 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 0|66.160.72.205 | 0 | . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] fuck the world ! world sucks monkey ass fuck mj ! fuck u all bitches hos im yaw moma | britney spears looks like shit | so many people died over this stupid cause fuck this world up everyones stupid asses after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of | |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 10 | opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ | fact | q | | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , |
| 35 | krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on | the same day | their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results | , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the | |||||
| 51 | states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin | ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones | . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british | ||||||
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 17 | it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin | ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones | . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg | |
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 10 | opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ | fact | q | | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , |
| 35 | krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on | the same day | their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results | , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the | |||||
| 51 | states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin | ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones | . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british | ||||||
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 17 | it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin | ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones | . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg | |
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 10 | opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ | fact | q | | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , |
| 35 | krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on | the same day | their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results | , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the | |||||
| 51 | states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin | ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones | . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british | ||||||
| 111079436 | 111080379 | 2007-02-26 14:54:17 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 0|193.194.158.107 | 17 | of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin | ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones | . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg | |
| 115357154 | 115431063 | 2007-03-15 23:16:02 | 0 days 05:40:37 | 3849022 | 0 | barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin | roflcopter | for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] | |
| 115431063 | 115431184 | 2007-03-15 23:16:43 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 911178 | 0 | barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin | roflcopter | for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] | |
| 115708771 | 115802630 | 2007-03-17 15:36:20 | 0 days 12:35:58 | 0|91.64.129.222 | 11 | gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin | and at checkpoint charlie | . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - | |
| 115803261 | 115804646 | 2007-03-17 15:49:40 | 0 days 00:09:19 | 54809 | 12 | 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin | and at checkpoint charlie | . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - | |
| 115804646 | 115804866 | 2007-03-17 15:50:50 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 54809 | 11 | gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin | and at checkpoint charlie | . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - | |
| 117073720 | 117077906 | 2007-03-22 17:49:00 | 0 days 00:18:56 | 0|147.31.4.47 | 5 | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny your a noob berlin | east ]] and west berlin for | 28 years . construction on | the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the | |
| 117902707 | 117903581 | 2007-03-26 02:45:29 | 0 days 00:04:39 | 1804716 | 8 | human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . | the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not demand the wall be removed . they wanted to reform east germany and did not want german unification at this time . the east german government decided to open the wall even though protestors had not demanded this , to take the initative away from the street protests which threatened their authority , privileges and power . | meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in | |
| 118635394 | 118639947 | 2007-03-28 23:11:07 | 0 days 00:19:40 | 0|65.24.114.248 | 12 | to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany | erecting | destroying | the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the |
| 118654236 | 118657778 | 2007-03-29 00:33:26 | 0 days 00:17:42 | 911178 | 11 | freedoms and economic prosperity . ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) the flight of growing numbers of northwestern germans to non - democratic countries via northern berlin led to germany | destroying | erecting | the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further shananagans . = = = proposed barrier = = = the |
| 124875869 | 124876106 | 2007-04-22 15:18:00 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 0|68.41.84.92 | 0 | = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin | fell | hell | after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? |
| 124876106 | 124876232 | 2007-04-22 15:18:37 | 0 days 00:00:37 | 4113076 | 0 | = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin | hell | fell | after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? |
| 129555771 | 129555882 | 2007-05-09 16:41:30 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 4 | = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . | if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely | from that day | on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear |
| 130123030 | 130123251 | 2007-05-11 16:47:08 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 0|209.184.226.15 | 3 | ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal | account | akccount | of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , |
| 130124262 | 130124523 | 2007-05-11 16:52:43 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 0|209.184.226.15 | 0 | berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ | wall | wallpooalloveryou | . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin |
| 130124687 | 130125487 | 2007-05-11 16:57:06 | 0 days 00:03:41 | 2073927 | 0 | berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ | wallpooalloveryou | wall | . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the poo |
| 132298025 | 132298254 | 2007-05-20 21:18:24 | 0 days 00:01:13 | 0|70.143.50.176 | 2 | ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . | that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers | jhlbhnmbnhmj | , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one |
| 132997348 | 133070307 | 2007-05-24 01:07:06 | 0 days 05:44:33 | 129409 | 3 | barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin | | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] | for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] | |
| 4 | [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years | . | , from the day | construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | |||||
| 133074114 | 133074678 | 2007-05-24 01:30:42 | 0 days 00:02:52 | 715870 | 2 | luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 | & ndash ; | - | 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and |
| 6 | ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . | that morning | the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built | ||||||
| 133074927 | 133075428 | 2007-05-24 01:35:04 | 0 days 00:03:00 | 715870 | 2 | had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin | or fleeing | was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a | |
| 149103755 | 149424881 | 2007-08-05 22:30:58 | 1 days 14:46:20 | 0|125.238.29.168 | 0 | denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste | to | be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' | |
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 41 | cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin | ]] | ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] | |
| 47 | ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin | ]] | ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social | ||||||
| 52 | troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point | ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil | . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built | ||||||
| 62 | brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by | [[ | autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east | ||||||
| 63 | now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn | ]] | to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government | ||||||
| 153595819 | 153780641 | 2007-08-26 17:53:06 | 0 days 22:54:33 | 0|70.246.156.12 | 0 | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for | 28 | 4 , 000 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 153783102 | 153784826 | 2007-08-26 18:19:24 | 0 days 00:10:45 | 1718065 | 0 | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for | 4 , 000 | 28 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 157117672 | 157129007 | 2007-09-11 10:50:46 | 0 days 01:41:35 | 4857317 | 2 | germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under | the | restrictive conditions , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day | |
| 162097147 | 162236037 | 2007-10-04 13:31:03 | 0 days 16:27:02 | 0|209.174.242.3 | 1 | / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the | end | start | of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode |
| 162236037 | 162236073 | 2007-10-04 13:31:19 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 301395 | 3 | / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the | start | end | of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode |
| 162484765 | 162838184 | 2007-10-07 10:15:05 | 1 days 17:35:07 | 0|58.179.236.38 | 1 | {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ | east berlin | tony | ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ |
| 166091165 | 166163043 | 2007-10-21 23:35:42 | 0 days 05:37:26 | 0|76.211.17.132 | 28 | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin | border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend | , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours | |
| 166163043 | 166165378 | 2007-10-21 23:47:46 | 0 days 00:12:04 | 605084 | 17 | 9th of november was a thursday in 1989 , and i was still at school . but on friday , i managed to get a seat on a flight to berlin | border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend | , and i stayed there for the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon , and by that time i had missed a test in history - | |
| 166331546 | 166354092 | 2007-10-22 20:00:56 | 0 days 01:42:19 | 716438 | 0 | with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . | varying reports claim around 192 | the number of | people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref |
| 170290210 | 170292124 | 2007-11-09 09:20:51 | 0 days 00:19:27 | 0|213.221.119.178 | 0 | göring ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin | , of which 43 km ( 27 mi | . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . | |
| 1 | ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . | ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . | the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it | ||||||
| 170955559 | 171328388 | 2007-11-14 00:42:00 | 1 days 11:14:07 | 5809976 | 3 | [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for | 28 | 97549375683254 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 171328388 | 171330844 | 2007-11-14 00:55:02 | 0 days 00:13:02 | 0|83.24.232.6 | 2 | outfits eating pancakes going up the pyrimid of wakawakadoodooyeah ]] , the wall joined forces with mars and neptune [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for | 97549375683254 | 28 | years , from the day destructio began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 174708204 | 174741786 | 2007-11-30 02:18:00 | 0 days 03:04:44 | 5918353 | 0 | ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for | 28 | 29 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 174741786 | 174746112 | 2007-11-30 02:42:18 | 0 days 00:24:18 | 28422 | 0 | ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for | 29 | 28 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1990 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 178433680 | 178872694 | 2007-12-19 03:34:38 | 2 days 00:13:36 | 0|67.188.74.176 | 9 | ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for | 28 | 280 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 178872694 | 178873340 | 2007-12-19 03:38:40 | 0 days 00:04:02 | 0|72.240.200.36 | 0 | ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for | 280 | 28 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 178873340 | 178873918 | 2007-12-19 03:42:19 | 0 days 00:03:39 | 2537811 | 9 | ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for | 28 | 28 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 179105571 | 179206430 | 2007-12-20 16:38:18 | 0 days 13:38:27 | 0|144.92.120.26 | 0 | and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . | it as at least worth noting , that jon hillman was the last person to die attempting to cross the berlin wall in october , 1989 . he tripped into a tangled mass of barbed - wire , badly cutting his scrotum . he bled out over a matter of hours as he screamed for pain and repeatedly deficated in his pants . | meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in | |
| 179206430 | 179206678 | 2007-12-20 16:39:49 | 0 days 00:01:31 | 97951 | 0 | and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . | it as at least worth noting , that jon hillman was the last person to die attempting to cross the berlin wall in october , 1989 . he tripped into a tangled mass of barbed - wire , badly cutting his scrotum . he bled out over a matter of hours as he screamed for pain and repeatedly deficated in his pants . | meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in | |
| 182012991 | 182138699 | 2008-01-04 18:01:55 | 0 days 16:24:11 | 0|75.138.94.78 | 0 | " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin | {{ fact }} | . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and | |
| 182138699 | 182408420 | 2008-01-05 23:37:36 | 1 days 05:35:41 | 433328 | 0 | by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | | date = january 2008 | }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government | |
| 182793062 | 183023326 | 2008-01-08 20:42:04 | 1 days 00:45:43 | 0|206.123.212.68 | 0 | ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for | 28 | 44 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 183023326 | 183023808 | 2008-01-08 20:44:31 | 0 days 00:02:27 | 0|206.123.212.68 | 0 | ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for | 44 | 28 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1945 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 185101957 | 185237071 | 2008-01-18 17:27:34 | 0 days 17:02:57 | 0|71.41.129.70 | 0 | ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for | 28 | 30 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 185237071 | 185237633 | 2008-01-18 17:30:37 | 0 days 00:03:03 | 0|71.41.129.70 | 0 | ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for | 30 | 30000000 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 185237633 | 185237754 | 2008-01-18 17:31:15 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 911178 | 0 | ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for | 30000000 | 30 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 186840155 | 186840524 | 2008-01-25 16:59:29 | 0 days 00:02:02 | 0|71.41.129.70 | 0 | - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for | 30 | 28 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 188385606 | 188405306 | 2008-02-01 16:54:15 | 0 days 01:52:34 | 0|71.41.129.70 | 2 | ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ | east berlin ]] | beef ] | and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - |
| 189948667 | 189998964 | 2008-02-08 17:59:24 | 0 days 04:47:20 | 0|207.63.14.7 | 0 | - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for | 28 | 100 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 189998964 | 189999141 | 2008-02-08 18:00:10 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 0|207.63.14.7 | 0 | - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for | 100 | 1000 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 189999141 | 189999318 | 2008-02-08 18:00:55 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 2048686 | 0 | - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for | 1000 | 28 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 192259798 | 192705444 | 2008-02-20 01:47:10 | 1 days 17:47:01 | 6483353 | 0 | - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for | 28 | 5 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 192705444 | 192707199 | 2008-02-20 01:55:45 | 0 days 00:08:35 | 2537811 | 0 | - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for | 5 | 28 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 193137199 | 193162865 | 2008-02-22 00:38:28 | 0 days 02:00:50 | 6483353 | 0 | - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for | 28 | almost 5 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 193162865 | 193162921 | 2008-02-22 00:38:46 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 461300 | 0 | - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for | almost 5 | 28 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to |
| 197073715 | 197075558 | 2008-03-09 20:51:04 | 0 days 00:08:24 | 0|98.17.134.249 | 17 | by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin | at any point | . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built | |
| 197075558 | 197077024 | 2008-03-09 20:57:57 | 0 days 00:06:53 | 0|98.17.134.249 | 1 | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin | after the wall was built | . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by | |
| 4 | [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . | later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through | the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats | ||||||
| 197077024 | 197077031 | 2008-03-09 20:57:59 | 0 days 00:00:02 | 3622922 | 3 | zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built very well by east german construction workers . it was built right outside west berlin | at any point | . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built | |
| 20 | . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . | later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through | another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east | ||||||
| 29 | [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were no successful escapes into west berlin | after the wall was built | . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by | ||||||
| 198362532 | 198983944 | 2008-03-17 23:54:50 | 2 days 17:32:57 | 0|76.205.75.132 | 0 | - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for | 28 | 27 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed |
| 9 | the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in | 1949 | 1947 | , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany | |||||
| 198983944 | 198984976 | 2008-03-17 23:59:41 | 0 days 00:04:51 | 911178 | 0 | - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for | 27 | 28 | years , from the day construction began on [[ august 11 ]] [[ 1963 ]] until it was dismantled in 1984 . during this period at least 143 people were confirmed |
| 9 | the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in | 1947 | 1949 | , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany | |||||
| 204486644 | 204488418 | 2008-04-09 17:05:25 | 0 days 00:08:51 | 137113 | 0 | taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a ddr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin | , | i . e the wall would have been an unneccessary move if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > | |
| 210605542 | 210686797 | 2008-05-06 23:31:20 | 0 days 06:23:04 | 0|161.130.130.2 | 0 | the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social | market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the | |
| 210716210 | 210716844 | 2008-05-07 02:17:19 | 0 days 00:03:50 | 911178 | 0 | the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social | market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the | |
| 211225942 | 211226287 | 2008-05-09 10:02:08 | 0 days 00:03:52 | 686868 | 1 | general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for tourist visits of east berlin were issued | without previous application | in a simplified procedure at the same day . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all | |
| 214991201 | 215551281 | 2008-05-28 18:27:39 | 2 days 12:19:20 | 355538 | 6 | on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 miles ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the | zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , | soviets were | not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running |
| 14 | troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point | . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles | , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west | ||||||
| 229217140 | 229650556 | 2008-08-03 21:25:53 | 2 days 08:34:27 | 577301 | 27 | states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin | ]] | , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . | |
| 230777585 | 231070132 | 2008-08-10 19:03:42 | 1 days 09:57:22 | 0|68.223.184.198 | 0 | bot generated title --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to | taylor | official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . | |
| 231070132 | 231070273 | 2008-08-10 19:04:27 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 2306142 | 0 | bot generated title --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to | taylor | official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . | |
| 231070273 | 231100032 | 2008-08-10 21:53:45 | 0 days 02:49:18 | 4626 | 0 | " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin | - | & mdash ; | it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also |
| 237420572 | 237421084 | 2008-09-10 02:42:59 | 0 days 00:04:00 | 7823265 | 3 | formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin | ) . = = = divergence | people could keep the rabbit problem the berlin people are normally very hot and have nice arses every one should go there cause you get laid every night and there is lots | of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country |
| 237421084 | 237421104 | 2008-09-10 02:43:05 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 2372780 | 2 | the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . many people lived in berlin and | soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , french and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed | the german decided to build a wall so that the berlin people could keep the rabbit problem the berlin people are normally very hot and have nice arses every one should | |
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 15 | 1961 , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , | and walter | at which time | ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the |
| 47 | bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden | ]] | ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . | ||||||
| 61 | < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin | would be permitted | , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , | ||||||
| 239050940 | 239141721 | 2008-09-17 23:56:00 | 0 days 07:40:53 | 736477 | 14 | to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' , officials , and ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without | submitting to east german | passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] | |
| 19 | ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into west berlin | and exit from east | . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . = = = escape attempts = = = ] < / ref > during this period , at least 15 , 000 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into ' ' ' west berlin | ' ' ' | , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 20 , 000 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin | ||||
| 261502761 | 262136422 | 2009-01-05 18:46:03 | 2 days 23:19:18 | 0|209.189.130.83 | 6 | separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . | the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . | the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until | |
| 263696071 | 263818058 | 2009-01-13 15:23:31 | 0 days 15:31:30 | 0|216.20.70.81 | 2 | separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . | the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . | the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until | |
| 267773611 | 267775034 | 2009-02-01 05:39:44 | 0 days 00:12:12 | 214542 | 1 | " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin | & mdash ; it | , which had | appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw |
| 267775034 | 267775661 | 2009-02-01 05:45:14 | 0 days 00:05:30 | 214542 | 1 | < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , | allowing | which allowed | visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into |
| 2 | , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided | that | they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries | ||||||
| 267777804 | 268040666 | 2009-02-02 14:56:26 | 1 days 08:53:01 | 0|87.38.134.241 | 3 | time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , | and my tiny nipples went to france | according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref | |
| 276265321 | 276265514 | 2009-03-10 13:29:47 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 6 | separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . | the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] | . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] | |
| 14 | berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . | < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www | . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der | ||||||
| 276265541 | 276308584 | 2009-03-10 17:12:10 | 0 days 03:42:12 | 0|71.127.75.223 | 0 | and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . | the soviets were not directly involved . | the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up | |
| 278326464 | 278326603 | 2009-03-19 13:45:28 | 0 days 00:01:08 | 3505251 | 1 | 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayrisches staatsministerium für arbeit | und sozialordnung | , familie und soziales , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " | |
| 279781081 | 279820445 | 2009-03-26 16:14:22 | 0 days 04:29:22 | 0|97.113.67.149 | 0 | peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin | {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} | ( henslin , 07 ) | . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement |
| 280246291 | 280459932 | 2009-03-29 18:01:34 | 1 days 00:32:54 | 0|96.227.178.26 | 0 | speeches / wall . asp < / ref > indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . | [ reference ? ] | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it | |
| 280459932 | 280460425 | 2009-03-29 18:04:03 | 0 days 00:02:29 | 0|96.227.178.26 | 0 | of the last chapter of the soviet union . indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . | [ reference ? ] | {{ opinion | date = is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . }} | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it |
| 288394735 | 288559090 | 2009-05-07 22:00:38 | 0 days 19:51:31 | 9632273 | 0 | in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und | sozialordnung | sozialorkjytghkjgfhtdtftyugygu ] dnung | , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " |
| 288559090 | 288559693 | 2009-05-07 22:03:59 | 0 days 00:03:21 | 911178 | 0 | in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und | sozialorkjytghkjgfhtdtftyugygu ] dnung | sozialordnung | , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " |
| 289216105 | 289227657 | 2009-05-11 10:18:48 | 0 days 01:59:47 | 1301909 | 1 | ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] | , separating it | from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border | |
| 296859862 | 297273023 | 2009-06-19 00:59:30 | 2 days 00:58:11 | 4562410 | 0 | www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , | aug . | august | 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was |
| 299164112 | 299165691 | 2009-06-28 19:04:01 | 0 days 00:10:50 | 0|75.2.134.42 | 1 | ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , | in order not to | which could | jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' |
| 299443524 | 299532247 | 2009-06-30 16:37:05 | 0 days 12:43:21 | 0|80.192.216.96 | 4 | [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin | ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] | the | [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] |
| 299532247 | 299536269 | 2009-06-30 17:00:50 | 0 days 00:23:45 | 3308922 | 4 | [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin | ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] | berlin wall was built in the 60 ' s and knocked down inthe 80 ' s | |
| 6 | [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin | wall was built in the 60 ' s and knocked down inthe 80 ' s | |||||||
| 304807664 | 304813427 | 2009-07-29 04:28:07 | 0 days 00:41:10 | 6984319 | 15 | borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin | ) | ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated urged the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > | in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german |
| 16 | the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in | may | 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states | ||||||
| 20 | federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) | . = = = divergence of | ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which | the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of | |||||
| 306465427 | 306538732 | 2009-08-07 04:34:49 | 0 days 08:18:22 | 6984319 | 17 | boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . | ref | early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these | |
| 306538732 | 306539582 | 2009-08-07 04:41:52 | 0 days 00:07:03 | 6984319 | 0 | 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at | [[ | dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . | |
| 1 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden | ]] | ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . non - | ||||||
| 306539582 | 306540083 | 2009-08-07 04:46:29 | 0 days 00:04:37 | 6984319 | 1 | even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin | travelling | traveling | to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . |
| 306954476 | 307001452 | 2009-08-09 17:09:23 | 0 days 06:40:39 | 6984319 | 0 | germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . | during its existence | from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] , 1989 , the wall | |
| 4 | had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . from | the day construction began on 13 august | 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] , 1989 , the wall stopped most such emigration and separated east germany | ||||||
| 308484644 | 308602478 | 2009-08-18 02:36:12 | 0 days 12:03:29 | 6984319 | 1 | in german history | announced on 9 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin | , | . | crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts |
| 310513985 | 310535257 | 2009-08-28 12:43:20 | 0 days 03:32:26 | 6971250 | 4 | in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east berlin and west berlin were again | separated | by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | | |
| 310542185 | 311083982 | 2009-08-31 14:19:42 | 3 days 00:37:19 | 0|59.92.68.233 | 0 | october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin | wall | will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 | |
| 311127689 | 311192075 | 2009-09-01 01:30:17 | 0 days 06:37:33 | 6984319 | 0 | october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin | wall | will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 | |
| 313670259 | 314279419 | 2009-09-16 05:02:01 | 2 days 06:35:48 | 5794239 | 1 | ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] | 0 | [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : | |
| 315255142 | 315255881 | 2009-09-21 08:16:07 | 0 days 00:07:59 | 204692 | 1 | section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin | . if | , since the prospect of the fall of | west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely |
| 5 | july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin | fell | after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? | ||||||
| 6 | potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , | how | could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like | ||||||
| 317824549 | 317979368 | 2009-10-05 04:18:29 | 0 days 16:16:48 | 1938651 | 1 | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade | | allied brigade | ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic | |
| 2 | airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] | " | s - one each from the uk | , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( | |||||
| 318091580 | 318274763 | 2009-10-06 16:40:43 | 0 days 22:27:51 | 1476858 | 22 | east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , which could jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all berlin . | ' ' ' | ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to | |
| 322000370 | 322274629 | 2009-10-27 03:17:35 | 1 days 06:39:48 | 82982 | 56 | night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : | ' ' ' | * | checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the western allies accredited to |
| 323358471 | 323393153 | 2009-11-02 01:53:39 | 0 days 03:22:26 | 10834630 | 4 | tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian access in berlin | to east germany | , which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " | |
| 323533642 | 323548201 | 2009-11-02 21:31:09 | 0 days 01:09:45 | 6340927 | 0 | 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . | a west german television channel , ard , reporting incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference helped accelerate the flood . < ref > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved november 2 , 2009 . < / ref > | the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would | |
| 323786711 | 323839905 | 2009-11-04 04:57:08 | 0 days 05:54:45 | 0|210.3.39.29 | 8 | lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , | separating | it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany | |
| 10 | german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . | the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . | during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of | ||||||
| 324422544 | 324469466 | 2009-11-07 15:15:06 | 0 days 07:49:57 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 3 | democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the | wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much | longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] | |
| 324923936 | 324925080 | 2009-11-09 22:26:16 | 0 days 00:05:39 | 6986250 | 0 | berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] | [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] | [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن | |
| 324962097 | 324962711 | 2009-11-10 01:50:50 | 0 days 00:03:42 | 1723027 | 0 | october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin | will celebrate | celebrated | the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall |
| 325101666 | 325109373 | 2009-11-10 20:21:24 | 0 days 00:40:22 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 3 | germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . | from west berlin , emigrants could travel to west germany and other western european countries . | during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . | |
| 325109943 | 325110541 | 2009-11-10 20:27:49 | 0 days 00:03:13 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 0 | and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , | [[ emigration | | emigrants could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr | |
| 1 | defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , emigrants | ]] | could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from | ||||||
| 325134523 | 325134867 | 2009-11-10 22:44:03 | 0 days 00:02:00 | 0|68.187.237.50 | 0 | and by boat using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at | [[ | checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin | |
| 2 | at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * | [[ | checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the western allies accredited to | ||||||
| 325185447 | 325190185 | 2009-11-11 05:02:52 | 0 days 00:42:42 | 0|210.3.39.29 | 10 | }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] | ( | , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later | |
| 11 | was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating | germany | separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known | ||||||
| 14 | ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] | germany | , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip | ||||||
| 15 | gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . | . | the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle | ||||||
| 325190185 | 325190637 | 2009-11-11 05:07:12 | 0 days 00:04:20 | 10857892 | 12 | }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] | , | separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known | |
| 13 | was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating | it | from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the | ||||||
| 15 | ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] | . | the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle | ||||||
| 325272110 | 325328825 | 2009-11-11 22:38:55 | 0 days 05:22:23 | 723158 | 0 | - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were | [[ | fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background | |
| 1 | fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were fascist | ]] | . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = | ||||||
| 325814566 | 325940817 | 2009-11-15 07:25:15 | 0 days 15:05:38 | 433328 | 19 | police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13th . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed | . | east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences | |
| 326442219 | 326773006 | 2009-11-19 18:33:39 | 1 days 18:21:48 | 3415874 | 2 | police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13 . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed | . | . | east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences |
| 326773006 | 326888943 | 2009-11-20 07:19:36 | 0 days 12:45:57 | 6971250 | 3 | the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13 , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed | . | . | east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences |
| 328227127 | 328272267 | 2009-11-27 21:55:57 | 0 days 05:30:49 | 0|91.34.110.26 | 2 | | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} * luftbildatlas entlang der berliner mauer | 1961 bis heute | . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) . berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = = | |
| 329423612 | 329424623 | 2009-12-03 09:17:13 | 0 days 00:10:50 | 6971250 | 3 | practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin | , | to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable | |
| 329424623 | 330019766 | 2009-12-06 06:50:22 | 2 days 21:33:09 | 49010 | 0 | guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist riccardo ehrman , the berlin | correspondant | correspondent | of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " |
| 330019766 | 330331803 | 2009-12-07 22:49:51 | 1 days 15:59:29 | 0|71.50.18.192 | 0 | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address | high | hi | . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june |
| 330331803 | 330332083 | 2009-12-07 22:51:06 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 17447 | 0 | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address | hi | high | }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr |
| 336479872 | 336546683 | 2010-01-08 05:24:47 | 0 days 07:28:28 | 8066546 | 0 | {{ link fa | sw }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] | [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]] | [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] | |
| 336829512 | 336831441 | 2010-01-09 17:49:45 | 0 days 00:11:53 | 10141256 | 1 | [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied | brigade | brigades | ]] s & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , |
| 339044413 | 339045107 | 2010-01-20 22:50:54 | 0 days 00:03:53 | 10593201 | 2 | fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were [[ | fascist | de - nazification | de - nazified | ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background |
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 6 | divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point | . later it | an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | |
| 19 | die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . | east germans and others greeted such statements | most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east | ||||||
| 31 | his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin | ; each traveled | by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the | ||||||
| 45 | divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point | , and | was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , | ||||||
| 53 | was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . | indeed , | a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international | ||||||
| 54 | . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin | , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal | , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet | ||||||
| 55 | die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . | most of these positions were , however , viewed | with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , | ||||||
| 61 | general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank | as kennedy ' s special advisor | . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . | ||||||
| 343988676 | 344092620 | 2010-02-14 22:03:46 | 0 days 12:35:09 | 3171782 | 0 | ( berlien ) ]] [[ lmo : mür de berlin ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] | [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] | [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : | |
| 347223391 | 347522257 | 2010-03-03 15:37:28 | 1 days 12:44:19 | 6229647 | 0 | republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] | if you lick it you will get aids fact ! " | . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - | |
| 347522257 | 347523561 | 2010-03-03 15:45:50 | 0 days 00:08:22 | 262550 | 0 | republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] | if you lick it you will get aids fact ! " | . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - | |
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 30 | ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in virtual berlin . | < | to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in virtual berlin . < ref | |
| 66 | german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > " conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes " ; | [ | north sports final edition ] associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref | ||||||
| 357189889 | 357297916 | 2010-04-20 22:55:47 | 0 days 10:34:21 | 0|75.164.161.4 | 1 | , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , came down because including [[ east berlin ]] | ) | . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - | |
| 362031860 | 362040150 | 2010-05-14 05:53:19 | 0 days 01:15:05 | 3171782 | 0 | ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] | [[ kn : ಬರ್ಲಿನ್ ಗೋಡೆ ]] | [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] | |
| 362923271 | 363041154 | 2010-05-19 17:38:21 | 0 days 16:20:49 | 0|71.111.55.161 | 1 | {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin | ]] | , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( | |
| 363210288 | 363268461 | 2010-05-20 21:00:57 | 0 days 05:46:52 | 0|173.69.9.231 | 3 | republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . | the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . | the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the | |
| 364160963 | 364239018 | 2010-05-26 03:49:01 | 0 days 08:49:20 | 591174 | 1 | east germany ]] ) , in 1961 , that completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . | the official version promulgated by the soviet dominated [[ eastern block ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . | the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle | |
| 368159388 | 368177016 | 2010-06-15 13:56:04 | 0 days 02:01:59 | 89179 | 2 | germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of berlin , separating west berlin from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] | ) | from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] | . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements |
| 13 | and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , | [[ emigration | emigrants ]] | " | could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from | |||||
| 24 | ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of berlin , separating west berlin from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . | the official version promulgated by | the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of | ||||||
| 28 | circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin | . from west berlin | , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such | ||||||
| 384523324 | 384586437 | 2010-09-13 14:15:23 | 0 days 09:47:24 | 0|158.169.131.14 | 1 | = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift | ]] | " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > | |
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 14 | with skepticism , as most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin | traveling | travelling | to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 |
| 399637116 | 399955415 | 2010-12-01 17:33:15 | 1 days 15:04:42 | 271168 | 0 | the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ berlin border crossings ]] | * [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] | |
| 403665286 | 404621084 | 2010-12-28 11:37:15 | 6 days 04:15:39 | 13689206 | 2 | wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin | or fleeing was widely accepted | . an east german [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the | |
| 409993256 | 410029342 | 2011-01-25 20:10:37 | 0 days 03:24:48 | 0|98.65.198.4 | 0 | , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is | the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions | stubied | of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} |
| 417972599 | 418362137 | 2011-03-11 22:01:37 | 2 days 06:12:12 | 14143658 | 4 | < / ref > by 4 november , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin | ' s large public square and transportation hub | ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or | |
| 435294058 | 435472529 | 2011-06-21 15:14:46 | 0 days 23:06:42 | 9771938 | 1 | semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view , from the west berlin side | , | of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows | |
| 438816969 | 439163215 | 2011-07-12 22:11:43 | 1 days 23:24:49 | 42558 | 6 | nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , the berlin correspondent of | ansa newsagency | the reporters - - by most accounts | , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as |
| 443414712 | 443416955 | 2011-08-06 22:32:57 | 0 days 00:17:32 | 16710 | 1 | - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ file : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view from the west berlin side of [[ | berlin wall graffiti art | | graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve | |
| 477491005 | 478048873 | 2012-02-21 10:24:10 | 3 days 04:14:32 | 1261928 | 0 | east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east [[ germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] . | < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) | url = http : / / www . archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = february 20 , 2012 }} < / ref > | the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles | |
| 481923664 | 484820788 | 2012-03-31 09:10:21 | 16 days 11:08:20 | 11292982 | 0 | [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ kn : ಬರ್ಲಿನ್ ಗೋಡೆ ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] | [[ ku : hêta berlînê ]] | [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) | |
| 499054497 | 499130826 | 2012-06-24 13:05:40 | 0 days 14:00:21 | 1708682 | 0 | for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at | [[ | checkpoint charlie ]] . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ | |
| 503455175 | 503485036 | 2012-07-21 20:28:08 | 0 days 03:51:14 | 173996 | 1 | ' rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , | due to the fact | because | of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( duty ) trains that traveled between their respective duty stations |
| 504102528 | 505248510 | 2012-08-01 12:00:15 | 6 days 23:47:00 | 17222084 | 10 | allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin | ; | . | the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were |
| 525466527 | 526071586 | 2012-12-02 21:25:07 | 3 days 20:00:22 | 2929257 | 1 | schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 – cold war spy farce about an olympic athlete who defects . director [[ george marshall ]] * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 | ]] | ' ' , 1981 – a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route | |
| 534109278 | 534983192 | 2013-01-26 13:51:29 | 5 days 09:46:51 | 9090359 | 1 | student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik | ]] | , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to | |
| 546489570 | 546994321 | 2013-03-26 00:13:50 | 2 days 16:58:12 | 1469567 | 0 | east germany }} < br > [[ file : flag of east berlin ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ | history | allied occupation | of berlin # the divided city | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region |
| 576975983 | 576976108 | 2013-10-13 11:25:36 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 7496434 | 0 | began in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin | which had been ended | in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin | |
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 5 | = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin | airlift | | airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < / | |
| 54 | was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on august | 9 , | 1961 the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders between east - and west - berlin | ||||||
| 595829165 | 595829584 | 2014-02-17 04:49:55 | 0 days 00:04:16 | 182902 | 0 | . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied germany # british zone of occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 | . photo by george garrigues | ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin . these allowed visits by west berliners , other west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin | |
| 609218762 | 610971867 | 2014-05-31 19:49:06 | 12 days 09:28:54 | 8611774 | 2 | . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin | ]] | city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' | |
| 610971867 | 610979419 | 2014-05-31 20:49:32 | 0 days 01:00:26 | 3308922 | 3 | {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > or suggesting that [[ capitalism ]] was somehow related to [[ fascism ]] . the [[ west berlin | ]] | city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' | |
| 633183384 | 633189879 | 2014-11-10 04:55:00 | 0 days 01:15:20 | 1833 | 3 | began in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin | which had been ended in | until that | december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall |
| 9 | military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) | were | was | reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls | |||||
| 640243071 | 641499497 | 2015-01-08 00:05:29 | 8 days 09:29:01 | 2705932 | 21 | complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . | on | later | the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . [[ günter schabowski ]] , |
| 667488103 | 667488605 | 2015-06-18 13:34:47 | 0 days 00:04:41 | 24555049 | 0 | circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin | , | ; | from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > |
| 1 | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , from | where | which | they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite | |||||
| 693645737 | 693646880 | 2015-12-03 22:49:28 | 0 days 00:08:04 | 23149456 | 4 | been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the berlin airlift | , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank | . clay was immensely popular with the residents of west berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that kennedy would not compromise on the status of west berlin . | |
| 699308679 | 699406529 | 2016-01-12 03:29:27 | 0 days 11:43:07 | 111277 | 5 | 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = david bowie concert 1987 = = having earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , | on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] | played a concert close to the wall . this was accompanied with violent rioting in east berlin . according to tobias ruther , these protests in east berlin were the first | |
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 4 | on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until | government officials opened | it was opened in november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 | |
| 37 | + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof | , | | first2 = | alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 / http | |||||
| 60 | 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until it | was opened | in november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) | url | ||||||
| 707177225 | 707245740 | 2016-02-27 18:44:15 | 0 days 11:04:30 | 22186892 | 1 | been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the berlin airlift | ]] | . he was immensely popular with the residents of west berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that kennedy would not compromise on the status of west berlin . | |
| 710470018 | 712353861 | 2016-03-28 16:31:53 | 11 days 12:46:26 | 11324670 | 0 | david bowie , 1987 = = = on june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin , played | [[ glass spider tour | | a concert close to the wall . this was attended by thousands of eastern concertgoers across the wall , < ref name = " fisher " > {{ cite web | | |
| 713111597 | 713738020 | 2016-04-05 17:01:56 | 3 days 16:22:20 | 29695 | 1 | ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided berlin | ]] | from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / | |
| 752045266 | 760657011 | 2017-01-18 08:28:16 | 50 days 03:00:30 | 29937011 | 3 | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] | < nowiki / > | from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / | |
| 4 | ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] from | [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) of 13 august | 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news | ||||||
| 760740289 | 761201385 | 2017-01-21 15:51:57 | 2 days 19:27:40 | 96897 | 9 | ' ' ( in [[ separation barrier | german ]] , berlin mauer ) was a barrier that divided [[ east germany | germany ]] and separated [[ east berlin ]] | < nowiki / > | from [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) of 13 august 1961 to 9 november 1989 . this wall is | |
| 774994359 | 774996064 | 2017-04-11 23:54:04 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 204692 | 6 | | 156 | km | mi }} around the three western sectors , and the {{ convert | 43 | km | mi }} that divided west and east berlin . | {{ fact }} | the barrier was built inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . generally , the wall was only | |
| 24 | military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin . | {{ fact }} | the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were | ||||||
| 774997908 | 774999975 | 2017-04-12 00:29:40 | 0 days 00:20:04 | 7611264 | 5 | | km | mi }} around the three western sectors , and the {{ convert | 43 | km | mi }} that divided west and east berlin . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} the barrier was built inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . generally , the wall was | |
| 19 | to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures | ||||||
| 780019390 | 781687181 | 2017-05-22 17:34:23 | 10 days 04:39:20 | 8719036 | 10 | cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] | ( | * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line ( beirut ) ]] * [[ reunification of jerusalem ]] }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} | |
| 15 | cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] | , a | rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line ( | ||||||
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 17 | 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 | , [[ | | series of | revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc |
| 791624973 | 793523187 | 2017-08-02 08:44:50 | 11 days 19:51:02 | 38455 | 6 | > * the former " kieler eck " ( kieler eck ) on kieler strasse in [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , close to the berlin - spandau schifffahrtskanal | - | — | the tower is protected as a historic monument and now surrounded on three sides by new buildings . it houses a memorial site named after the wallopfer [[ günter litfin ]] |
| 798241666 | 800698581 | 2017-09-15 03:51:19 | 14 days 08:23:33 | 10031342 | 21 | 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 | , | a [[ revolutions of 1989 | series of revolutions ]] in nearby eastern bloc countries — [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] in particular — caused a chain reaction in | |
| 810231237 | 810234613 | 2017-11-14 02:24:09 | 0 days 00:25:23 | 6554947 | 5 | in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets | not infrequently | ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = | |
| 814621118 | 814764354 | 2017-12-10 20:15:35 | 0 days 21:20:10 | 6554947 | 2 | in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip ; even sidewalks of west berlin streets | even | ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = | |
| 823238815 | 823239462 | 2018-01-31 01:50:53 | 0 days 00:04:27 | 32940610 | 17 | strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin | and about 110 kilometers on the border of west berlin to the surrounding area . on the pages of the | senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( | |
| 824236669 | 825606275 | 2018-02-14 10:16:19 | 8 days 06:43:34 | 21948199 | 25 | other route guidance . the mauerweg is a total of about 160 kilometers long , of which run about 50 kilometers along the inner city border in the city of berlin | and about 110 kilometers on the border of west berlin to the surrounding area . on the pages of the | senate administration , the wall trail is divided into 14 individual sub - stages , which begin and end near railway or subway stations . if the inner - city border | |
| 825801993 | 825804625 | 2018-02-15 14:47:39 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5946478 | 3 | | 156 | km | mi }} around the three western sectors , and the {{ convert | 43 | km | mi }} that divided west and east berlin . | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} | the date of 13 august became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / | |
| 825804984 | 825807680 | 2018-02-15 15:11:19 | 0 days 00:20:57 | 5946478 | 2 | his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin | ; each traveled | , | by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming |
| 825818178 | 825819094 | 2018-02-15 16:28:37 | 0 days 00:06:08 | 5946478 | 4 | military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin . | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} | < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > | the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were |
| 825831503 | 825832314 | 2018-02-15 18:02:19 | 0 days 00:05:30 | 5946478 | 0 | left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > an important reason that the west berlin border | , [[ crossing the inner german border ]] , | was not closed earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . construction of a new railway bypassing west berlin , the [[ | |
| 826899654 | 827316878 | 2018-02-24 01:04:34 | 2 days 08:38:31 | 508734 | 61 | that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 | & nbsp ; | km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved | |
| 827808358 | 829158703 | 2018-03-07 00:20:49 | 8 days 02:58:44 | 1871064 | 0 | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin ; from | which | there | they could then travel to west germany and to other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite |
| 834027685 | 836226216 | 2018-04-13 13:11:08 | 9 days 21:47:36 | 29980587 | 0 | flag | east germany }} * [[ file : flag of east berlin ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ | allied occupation | history | of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | coordinates = {{ coord | 52 . 516111 | 13 . 376944 | region : de | display |
| 849362847 | 851056229 | 2018-07-19 19:22:47 | 11 days 06:07:12 | 6726022 | 3 | 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin | ) | , | was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 & nbsp ; km of wall , 154 & nbsp ; km border fence , 144 & |
| 854070499 | 854078225 | 2018-08-08 20:29:20 | 0 days 01:04:58 | 3563616 | 3 | ref > an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the [[ gesellschaft für sport und technik ]] | ' ' | , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to |
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| 241970745 | 242241429 | 2008-10-01 13:26:10 | 1 days 04:25:43 | 0|198.110.209.235 | 0 | | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were | eight | 8 | border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 81 | fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : | berlynse muur | muppet | ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď |
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 81 | fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : | berlynse muur | muppet | ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď |
| 267775034 | 267775661 | 2009-02-01 05:45:14 | 0 days 00:05:30 | 214542 | 0 | | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were | 8 | eight | border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by |
| 275903826 | 276188699 | 2009-03-10 03:26:16 | 1 days 04:56:59 | 0|203.24.163.5 | 0 | | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were | eight | eighte | border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits |
| 276188699 | 276189319 | 2009-03-10 03:30:38 | 0 days 00:04:22 | 5989171 | 0 | | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were | eighte | eight | border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits |
| 331714109 | 331722183 | 2009-12-15 01:19:38 | 0 days 00:50:20 | 0|76.174.34.173 | 0 | , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} | jasmin was there | there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as | |
| 331722183 | 331722212 | 2009-12-15 01:19:49 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 10003852 | 1 | , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} | jasmin was there | there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as | |
| 331722212 | 331722884 | 2009-12-15 01:23:48 | 0 days 00:03:59 | 0|76.174.34.173 | 0 | , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} | jasmin had seen it all | there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as | |
| 331722884 | 331723216 | 2009-12-15 01:25:47 | 0 days 00:01:59 | 2378092 | 0 | , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} | jasmin had seen it all | there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as | |
| 355563986 | 355970305 | 2010-04-14 14:19:41 | 1 days 21:50:13 | 0|98.23.105.178 | 0 | | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were | eight | nine | border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits |
| 513767223 | 514812998 | 2012-09-27 15:04:09 | 6 days 18:49:18 | 7809335 | 4 | | abbr = on }} * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * | * * | border distance through residential areas in berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3 | |
| 514816402 | 515867543 | 2012-10-03 22:20:21 | 6 days 06:52:08 | 609725 | 1 | = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border distance around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * | length of | border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance between west and | |
| 2 | = on }} * * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * | length of | border distance between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance through residential areas in | ||||||
| 3 | abbr = on }} * * border distance between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * | length of | border distance through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | | ||||||
| 10 | inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border distance around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border | distance | between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance between west and east berlin | ||||||
| 11 | on }} * * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border | distance | between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance through residential areas in east berlin | ||||||
| 12 | = on }} * * border distance between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border | distance | through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3 . | ||||||
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 7 | to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after | the | soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to | |
| 615295062 | 618841270 | 2014-07-28 16:55:14 | 26 days 03:09:29 | 114091 | 1 | inline , title | other _ dimensions = * length of border around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * | border | length of border between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border between | |
| 2 | on }} * * length of border between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * | border | length of border between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border through residential | ||||||
| 3 | = on }} * * length of border between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * | border | length of border through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | ||||||
| 4 | = on }} * * length of border through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment | of | wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall length : {{ convert | 106 | km | | ||||||
| 5 | | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * concrete segment | of | wall length : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi | ||||||
| 6 | | mi | abbr = on }} * anti - vehicle trenches length : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * contact | or | / | signal fence length : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | | |||||
| 8 | , title | other _ dimensions = * length of border around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length | of border | between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border between west and east | ||||||
| 9 | }} * * length of border between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length | of border | between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border through residential areas in east | ||||||
| 10 | on }} * * length of border between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length | of border | through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3 . | ||||||
| 618841270 | 619750670 | 2014-08-04 01:20:28 | 6 days 08:25:14 | 14405583 | 1 | _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | * * | | | border length between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border length between west and |
| 2 | | abbr = on }} * * border length between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | * * | | | border length between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border length through residential areas in | |||||
| 3 | mi | abbr = on }} * * border length between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | * * | | | border length through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment of wall height : {{ convert | |||||
| 4 | | mi | abbr = on }} * * border length through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | * | | | concrete segment of wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * concrete segment of wall length : {{ convert | | |||||
| 5 | | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment of wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} | * | | | concrete segment of wall length : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | | |||||
| 6 | . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * concrete segment of wall length : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | * | | | wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * anti - vehicle trenches length : {{ convert | 105 . | |||||
| 7 | | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | * | | | anti - vehicle trenches length : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * contact / signal fence length : {{ convert | | |||||
| 8 | | km | mi | abbr = on }} * anti - vehicle trenches length : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | * | | | contact / signal fence length : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 | | |||||
| 9 | | km | mi | abbr = on }} * contact / signal fence length : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | * | | | column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | yd | abbr = on }} * column track length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | | |||||
| 10 | | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | yd | abbr = on }} | * | | | column track length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * number of watch towers : 302 * number of bunkers : | |||||
| 11 | | 7 | m | yd | abbr = on }} * column track length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | * | | | number of watch towers : 302 * number of bunkers : 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ |
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| 68486767 | 68703823 | 2006-08-09 22:23:19 | 1 days 00:21:42 | 0|217.88.158.5 | 0 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ | http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . de / the berlin wall - www . the - berlin - wall . de will assist you in your journey through the history of the berlin wall and help you to discover the last remaining pieces of this most visible embodiment of the cold war , commentated routes , east side gallery . ] | * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / | |
| 68703898 | 68764117 | 2006-08-10 05:33:15 | 0 days 07:09:34 | 157842 | 0 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ | http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . de / the berlin wall - www . the - berlin - wall . de will assist you in your journey through the history of the berlin wall and help you to discover the last remaining pieces of this most visible embodiment of the cold war , commentated routes , east side gallery . ] | * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die | |
| 89358931 | 89531736 | 2006-11-22 22:04:55 | 0 days 19:56:13 | 0|85.178.123.221 | 0 | across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ | http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] | * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner | |
| 233718719 | 233719779 | 2008-08-23 11:46:32 | 0 days 00:09:49 | 7701560 | 0 | }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic | * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / | |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 69 | }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ | muppetcentral | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle | |
| 112 | }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ | ||||||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 69 | }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ | muppetcentral | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle | |
| 112 | }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ | ||||||
| 281069184 | 281085471 | 2009-04-01 14:52:19 | 0 days 01:49:55 | 0|63.242.177.139 | 0 | = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ | http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html ] freedom without walls : german mission in the united states | * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original | |
| 314413450 | 314764222 | 2009-09-18 18:35:09 | 1 days 21:59:41 | 10586423 | 0 | / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ | http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba - ac3c - d7af - 5b98808a1ebd6b9e the cwihp collection on the rise and fall of the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle | |
| 321122011 | 321159821 | 2009-10-21 08:47:46 | 0 days 06:11:06 | 0|80.254.146.68 | 0 | the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ | http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on guardian video series on the berlin wall : 20 years on ] | * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / | |
| 324820066 | 324825240 | 2009-11-09 11:50:42 | 0 days 00:56:47 | 0|87.36.53.53 | 0 | stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} | * hhgd admine @ vx [ | http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from | |
| 324833874 | 324833939 | 2009-11-09 13:14:18 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 545027 | 2 | stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} | * hhgd admine @ vx [ | http : / / www . redtube . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from | |
| 324838374 | 324838628 | 2009-11-09 13:53:17 | 0 days 00:01:50 | 0|213.64.19.23 | 0 | the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ | http : / / www . dw - world . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html ] deutsche welle , the berlin wall in detail , animeted video | * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba | |
| 326127754 | 326393226 | 2009-11-17 19:21:27 | 1 days 11:09:57 | 8179044 | 0 | the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ | http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video | |
| 332313949 | 332477899 | 2009-12-18 12:02:04 | 0 days 20:13:52 | 0|84.111.55.153 | 0 | philipp meuser ( eds . ) . berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ | http : / / ein - hod . info / article / wall / index . html a section of the wall placed at ein hod artists ' village , israel ] | * [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ | |
| 332477899 | 332489251 | 2009-12-18 13:46:39 | 0 days 01:44:35 | 6971250 | 0 | philipp meuser ( eds . ) . berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ | http : / / ein - hod . info / article / wall / index . html a section of the wall placed at ein hod artists ' village , israel ] | * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : | |
| 629624465 | 631868858 | 2014-10-31 09:57:07 | 16 days 13:07:37 | 448012 | 0 | ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} * [ | http : / / www . svenlittkowski . name / d / fallofthewallbysvenlittkowski . pdf eye witness view of the events of november 9 , 1989 ] | * [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ | |
| 631868858 | 631869000 | 2014-10-31 09:59:30 | 0 days 00:02:23 | 9505858 | 0 | ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} * [ | http : / / www . svenlittkowski . name / d / fallofthewallbysvenlittkowski . pdf eye witness view of the events of november 9 , 1989 ] | * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : | |
| 632819951 | 632911058 | 2014-11-08 03:18:25 | 0 days 14:50:53 | 10340692 | 0 | eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} | {{ external links | date = november 2014 }} | * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : | |
| 632911058 | 632912474 | 2014-11-08 03:39:03 | 0 days 00:20:38 | 10340692 | 3 | the east german border system ] * {{ youtube | o2grqp7k0iy | escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin }} * [ | http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com / allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] | * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in | |
| 633021579 | 633040519 | 2014-11-09 02:15:56 | 0 days 02:47:56 | 10340692 | 2 | berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ external links | | date = november 2014 }} | ]] and [[ wikipedia | * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : |
| 706975021 | 707177225 | 2016-02-27 07:39:45 | 0 days 22:24:26 | 16283967 | 3 | / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / | | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = http : | | url = http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / |
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| 41746791 | 41761508 | 2006-03-01 15:37:50 | 0 days 02:21:39 | 24373 | 1 | britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | | date | accessdate | = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as |
| 4 | publishyear = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | | date | accessdate | = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the | |||||
| 58813816 | 58814119 | 2006-06-15 19:42:01 | 0 days 00:02:00 | 0|70.28.201.133 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall | 1961 - | 11 - 20 - 1961 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] ]] | |
| 58814119 | 58814173 | 2006-06-15 19:42:28 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 0|70.28.201.133 | 1 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ | 1961 - | 11 - 20 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the | |
| 58814173 | 58814260 | 2006-06-15 19:42:56 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 0|70.28.201.133 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ | 1961 - | 11 - 20 - 1961 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development | |
| 58814260 | 58821996 | 2006-06-15 20:25:47 | 0 days 00:42:51 | 157842 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ | 20 november ]] [[ | 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development | |
| 85493361 | 85506823 | 2006-11-03 17:45:12 | 0 days 01:14:30 | 0|84.177.194.94 | 5 | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - | berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die | - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . | |
| 114856947 | 114892736 | 2007-03-13 21:11:02 | 0 days 02:30:33 | 0|204.187.23.125 | 0 | * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] | * more german pictures [ http : / / www . tubgirl . com ] | - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold | |
| 114892736 | 114892766 | 2007-03-13 21:11:10 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 2654847 | 0 | * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] | * more german pictures [ http : / / www . tubgirl . com ] | - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold | |
| 123830148 | 123849129 | 2007-04-18 16:58:40 | 0 days 01:17:26 | 302522 | 0 | respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . | 3840823501934 ` 59134059819034581 | [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti | - 9468 - 4 = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to |
| 129555699 | 129555771 | 2007-05-09 16:41:06 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 2073927 | 0 | [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) = = | alex is really dumb | = divergence of german states | = = - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( |
| 4 | utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( | utc | ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german | ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc | |||||
| 9 | 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . | 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) | prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 | - - = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader mat wood approved by soviet leader bainca | |||||
| 10 | - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - | year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner | - = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader mat wood approved by soviet leader bainca , | ||||||
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 54 | hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - | 471 | 8264 | - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = |
| 80 | = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , | although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = {{ weasel words }} even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = | isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = | ||||||
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 54 | atlas [ full text ] raymond j . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august | 2003 | 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ gdr border system | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ]] " speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the wall . ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] | , isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by |
| 55 | full text ] raymond j . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2003 , | although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = {{ weasel words }} even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = | isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university | ||||||
| 56 | raymond j . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2003 , isbn 0 - | 8264 | 471 | - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara | |||||
| 167330269 | 167330987 | 2007-10-27 00:51:18 | 0 days 00:04:40 | 50001 | 7 | soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the wall . ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a | [[ | zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . | |
| 173857018 | 173857115 | 2007-11-26 09:08:28 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 137113 | 1 | a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the soviet union considered the new west germany to be largely a militaristic [[ puppet state ]] which had been properly [[ | de - nazification | denazification | | de - nazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of |
| 203261588 | 203261700 | 2008-04-04 10:59:02 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 0|87.33.62.141 | 0 | the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 | ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) | - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ |
| 203261700 | 203261718 | 2008-04-04 10:59:08 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 4928500 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | willy willy washer ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 | - - - - - = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall |
| 1 | [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) - | 11 | - - - - = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and | ||||||
| 2 | german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) - - | 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 miles ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed | - - - = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its | ||||||
| 3 | reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) - - - | wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full | - - = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | ||||||
| 254999894 | 255064232 | 2008-11-30 21:29:49 | 0 days 06:39:11 | 7903804 | 0 | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | | id | isbn | = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the |
| 2 | the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = | isbn | 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall | ||||||
| 313039666 | 313043981 | 2009-09-10 18:18:45 | 0 days 00:24:11 | 0|64.8.162.47 | 0 | | - | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | this wall was made to keep out prostitutes . they came over and spread diseases like aids and herpes . ex . one person who contracted aids from the saliva of a monkey . wow thats disturbing . . and thats why they built the wall . . | | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow | |
| 313043981 | 313044179 | 2009-09-10 18:20:05 | 0 days 00:01:20 | 7899452 | 0 | | - | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | this wall was made to keep out prostitutes . they came over and spread diseases like aids and herpes . ex . one person who contracted aids from the saliva of a monkey . wow thats disturbing . . and thats why they built the wall . . | | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow | |
| 317333853 | 317478433 | 2009-10-02 14:44:39 | 0 days 19:18:20 | 0|86.24.251.21 | 0 | in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | was really good | | - | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | |
| 317478433 | 317478524 | 2009-10-02 14:45:24 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 8918196 | 0 | in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | was really good | | - | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | |
| 320971298 | 320975384 | 2009-10-20 09:57:52 | 0 days 00:48:13 | 3058538 | 19 | / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / {{ it icon }} borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] | {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} | 2007 [[ black - and - white | b & w ]] photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall | |
| 21 | in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | | - | | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | ||||||
| 323501406 | 323533536 | 2009-11-02 20:20:54 | 0 days 03:00:05 | 0|173.35.95.128 | 0 | = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the | chicken sandwhich | [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ | |
| 323533536 | 323533642 | 2009-11-02 20:21:24 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 4883587 | 0 | = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the | chicken sandwhich | [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ | |
| 324818143 | 324818231 | 2009-11-09 10:32:15 | 0 days 00:00:56 | 6971250 | 0 | cite web | url = http : / / www . twinity . com / en / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - | 11 - | 09 - 11 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la | |
| 324899230 | 324902376 | 2009-11-09 20:26:10 | 0 days 00:16:57 | 0|68.211.97.75 | 1 | ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in | yellow | green | ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories |
| 324902376 | 324902901 | 2009-11-09 20:28:59 | 0 days 00:02:49 | 118722 | 1 | ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in | green | yellow | ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories |
| 324937840 | 324940062 | 2009-11-09 23:43:42 | 0 days 00:11:39 | 16710 | 0 | pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall | 1961 - | 11 - 20 - 1961 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20th . , 1961 . ]] on june 15 | |
| 325433528 | 325433622 | 2009-11-12 13:40:26 | 0 days 00:00:48 | 0|190.92.6.182 | 0 | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | ' ' ' | | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east | |
| 325481176 | 325491054 | 2009-11-12 20:02:04 | 0 days 00:53:47 | 9771399 | 0 | in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | hi man | | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | |
| 325493379 | 325493685 | 2009-11-12 20:17:37 | 0 days 00:01:55 | 10519822 | 0 | in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | hi man | | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | |
| 337517879 | 337694423 | 2010-01-13 23:22:52 | 0 days 21:04:14 | 11432846 | 0 | in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | the berlin wall was created by jonny apple seed in 1956 | | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | |
| 337694423 | 337710206 | 2010-01-14 00:59:19 | 0 days 01:36:27 | 0|98.18.21.252 | 0 | in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | the berlin wall was created by jonny apple seed in 1956 | | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | |
| 361362049 | 361546217 | 2010-05-11 20:49:54 | 0 days 22:20:17 | 0|67.238.225.63 | 1 | the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of the berlin wall | ]] | | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints | |
| 367791832 | 367995322 | 2010-06-14 16:31:11 | 1 days 00:02:50 | 0|76.126.226.142 | 3 | . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / | la - | oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < / ref > this set up | |
| 379465324 | 379655969 | 2010-08-18 21:19:38 | 1 days 00:36:00 | 0|209.82.164.34 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ | about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | i c wiener | | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints |
| 379655969 | 379656612 | 2010-08-18 21:22:55 | 0 days 00:03:17 | 3683078 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ | i c wiener | about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints |
| 391276698 | 391495052 | 2010-10-18 19:14:35 | 1 days 00:32:39 | 10996774 | 0 | subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | | p | pp | = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal |
| 2 | other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | | p | pp | = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , | |||||
| 4 | , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | | p | pp | = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 . | |||||
| 6 | known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | | p | pp | = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany | |||||
| 398244809 | 398275575 | 2010-11-22 17:08:51 | 0 days 03:12:44 | 0|217.86.65.6 | 4 | {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border | checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow | |
| 398275575 | 398275606 | 2010-11-22 17:09:04 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 13286072 | 0 | {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border | checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone ( wow that is a vey cool lamb . | |
| 429104564 | 429636376 | 2011-05-17 22:46:18 | 3 days 05:51:37 | 207712 | 19 | goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm | title = the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall | - | – | goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of |
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 6 | 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = | 9 november | 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting | |
| 12 | berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = | 9 november | 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . | ||||||
| 13 | . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = | 9 november | 2009 - 11 - 09 | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin | ||||||
| 16 | / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = | 9 november | 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through | ||||||
| 18 | - 12 | title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = | 9 november | 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , | ||||||
| 20 | = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc | date = | 12 august | 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit | ||||||
| 22 | news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | | accessdate = | august | 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says | |||||
| 30 | 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 – usatoday . com | accessdate = | 19 february | 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] | ||||||
| 33 | . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = | 9 february | 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | | ||||||
| 35 | content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved | 2 november | 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be | ||||||
| 36 | 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = | 8 november | 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > < ref name = " | ||||||
| 38 | . timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = | 8 november | 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ | ||||||
| 39 | timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 | - | | date = | 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ quote | | |||||
| 42 | co . uk / tol / news / world / europe / article6828556 . ece | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = | 9 november | 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > = | ||||||
| 46 | / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom – beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = | 26 november | 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the | ||||||
| 49 | www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = | 7 september | 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the | ||||||
| 53 | history — 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = | 17 november | 1989 - 11 - 17 }} – elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not | ||||||
| 54 | 2010 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | title = freedom without walls | accessdate = | 9 april | 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref | ||||||
| 55 | the wall in the world 2009 – 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall – goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = | 9 november | 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale | ||||||
| 56 | > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . twinity . com / en / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = | 9 november | 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of november | ||||||
| 60 | php ? year = & activity _ id = 214 | title = wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 - 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = | 23 july | 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied musem | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < / ref > a sheet of | ||||||
| 61 | / en / 4 _ 3 . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 | title = american commemorative stamps presented to the museum | accessdate = | 23 july | 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = | ||||||
| 63 | july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = | 23 february | 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences | ||||||
| 66 | web / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = | 23 february | 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated , | ||||||
| 81 | = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! | - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of | ||||||
| 93 | . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | | date = | | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = | ||||||
| 95 | http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | | date = | | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall | ||||||
| 98 | com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | | date = | | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their | ||||||
| 101 | archivedate = 2007 - 10 - 12 | title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | | date = | | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in | ||||||
| 135 | . htm | title = the wall in the world 2009 – 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall – goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | | date = | | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity reconstructed a true - to | ||||||
| 444182652 | 444482392 | 2011-08-12 18:46:58 | 1 days 16:17:34 | 2989394 | 2 | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | . | ]] | - | [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in | |
| 507301035 | 508690466 | 2012-08-22 22:16:31 | 8 days 21:06:49 | 7661756 | 3 | - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html | title = record of the conversation | language = {{ de icon }} | publisher = welt . de | date = | 30 may | 2009 - 05 - 30 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building | |
| 4 | | title = record of the conversation | language = {{ de icon }} | publisher = welt . de | date = 2009 - 05 - 30 | accessdate = | 6 august | 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative western reaction . | ||||||
| 5 | berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / | title = wall goes up in berlin - events of 1961 - year in review | publisher = upi . com | date = | 29 may | 1998 - 05 - 29 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the | ||||||
| 6 | = wall goes up in berlin - events of 1961 - year in review | publisher = upi . com | date = 1998 - 05 - 29 | accessdate = | 6 august | 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , | ||||||
| 9 | - 04 - 09 | title = goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | 9 april | 2008 - 04 - 09 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . | ||||||
| 10 | - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 2008 - 04 - 09 | accessdate = | 6 august | 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | | ||||||
| 11 | html | language = german | title = neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 | publisher = zlb . de | date = | accessdate = | 6 august | 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall | ||||||
| 12 | die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989 " : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | date = | accessdate = | 6 august | 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam | ||||||
| 13 | contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = | 6 august | 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]] ) | ||||||
| 14 | mauer - bau und fall der berliner mauer & # 124 ; opfer der mauer | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = | 6 august | 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty | ||||||
| 16 | / article1338387 / | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | publisher = the globe and mail | date = 26 october 2009 | accessdate = | 6 august | 2011 - 08 - 06 | location = toronto }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin | ||||||
| 17 | / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html | title = palestinians break israel ' s wall - middle east | publisher = al jazeera english | date = | 9 november | 2009 - 11 - 09 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant | ||||||
| 18 | . html | title = palestinians break israel ' s wall - middle east | publisher = al jazeera english | date = 2009 - 11 - 09 | accessdate = | 6 august | 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in | ||||||
| 19 | berlin wall ? most russians don ' t know & # 124 ; reuters | publisher = uk . reuters . com | date = 5 november 2009 | accessdate = | 6 august | 2011 - 08 - 06 | first = dmitry | last = solovyov }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | ||||||
| 20 | - of - berlin - wall . html | title = germany marks 50th anniversary of berlin wall | publisher = uk telegraph | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | | accessdate = | august | 2011 - 08 - 13 | location = london }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . foxnews . | |||||
| 24 | construction - berlin - wall - 1271894147 / | title = germany marks construction of the berlin wall | agency = associated press | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | | accessdate = | august | 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / news / | |||||
| 27 | - construction / | title = reflecting on the berlin wall , 50 years after its construction | publisher = history . com | date = 2011 - 08 - 11 | | accessdate = | august | 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germanworldonline . com / index . | |||||
| 30 | 1961 - 1989 / | title = 50 years berlin wall 1961 – 1989 [ video clips ] | publisher = german world | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | | accessdate = | august | 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel | |||||
| 33 | www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = | 6 august | 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away | url = http : / / www . youtube . com / watch | ||||||
| 590849769 | 590964946 | 2014-01-16 13:37:35 | 0 days 19:20:34 | 736651 | 6 | com / time / world / article / 0 , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html | newspaper = [[ time ( magazine ) | time ]] | date = | 19 april | 2009 - 04 - 19 | accessdate = 2013 - 05 - 06 }} < / ref > asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' | |
| 7 | 0 , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html | newspaper = [[ time ( magazine ) | time ]] | date = 2009 - 04 - 19 | accessdate = | 6 may | 2013 - 05 - 06 }} < / ref > asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the | ||||||
| 12 | daybefore . html | title = the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? | publisher = voicesunderberlin . com | date = | accessdate = | 26 march | 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall | ||||||
| 13 | 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html | title = cold war reheated | publisher = nytimes . com | date = | accessdate = | 26 march | 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' | ||||||
| 42 | / voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html | title = the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? | publisher = voicesunderberlin . com | | date = | | accessdate = 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' | ||||||
| 44 | . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html | title = cold war reheated | publisher = nytimes . com | | date = | | accessdate = 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , | ||||||
| 633040519 | 633043240 | 2014-11-09 02:46:03 | 0 days 00:30:07 | 10340692 | 1 | media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 | to | - | 1990 ] - [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] - a chronicle of |
| 2 | of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to 1990 | ) | ] - [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] - a chronicle of the | ||||||
| 633074293 | 633082368 | 2014-11-09 12:29:03 | 0 days 02:03:34 | 21488686 | 2 | rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ | de - nazification | fascism | | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf |
| 724165325 | 724233530 | 2016-06-07 23:40:06 | 0 days 08:53:06 | 11795905 | 6 | {{ cite book | last = crozier | first = brian | date = 1999 | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = forum | | page | pages | = 170 - 171 | isbn = 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 }} {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ |
| 779016763 | 779442748 | 2017-05-08 23:18:55 | 2 days 08:38:12 | 19339494 | 5 | 413 _ 1 _ berlin - wall | title = crosby , stills and nash sound a positive note at berlin wall | work = los angeles times | date = | 21 november | 1989 - 11 - 21 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in | |
| 6 | title = crosby , stills and nash sound a positive note at berlin wall | work = los angeles times | date = 1989 - 11 - 21 | accessdate = | 2 july | 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , | ||||||
| 7 | / uk _ news / magazine / 3465301 . stm | title = did david hasselhoff really help end the cold war ? | work = bbc news | date = | 6 february | 2004 - 02 - 06 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] | ||||||
| 8 | . stm | title = did david hasselhoff really help end the cold war ? | work = bbc news | date = 2004 - 02 - 06 | accessdate = | 2 july | 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' | ||||||
| 782699210 | 782774870 | 2017-05-29 02:55:58 | 0 days 10:24:10 | 30707369 | 0 | freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , | {{ | isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and ( for persons | |
| 1 | elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn | | | 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and ( for persons outside | ||||||
| 3 | < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , | {{ | isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to | ||||||
| 4 | ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn | | | 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin | ||||||
| 6 | the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , | {{ | isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ west germany | federal republic of germany | ||||||
| 7 | global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn | | | 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] | ||||||
| 9 | proved particularly useful . < ref > crozier , brian ( 1999 ) . the rise and fall of the soviet empire . forum . p . 170 - 171 . | {{ | isbn 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild | ||||||
| 10 | particularly useful . < ref > crozier , brian ( 1999 ) . the rise and fall of the soviet empire . forum . p . 170 - 171 . isbn | | | 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 | ||||||
| 12 | , hans - hermann ( 2008 ) . ' ' the berlin wall : monument of the cold war ' ' . ch . links verlag , p . 72 . | {{ | isbn 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 < / ref > [[ file : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | | ||||||
| 13 | hans - hermann ( 2008 ) . ' ' the berlin wall : monument of the cold war ' ' . ch . links verlag , p . 72 . isbn | | | 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 < / ref > [[ file : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | | | ||||||
| 15 | , [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . | {{ | isbn 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' | ||||||
| 16 | [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn | | | 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s | ||||||
| 18 | . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , | {{ | isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , | ||||||
| 19 | uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , isbn | | | 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first | ||||||
| 21 | david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) | {{ | isbn 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the | ||||||
| 22 | , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn | | | 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall | ||||||
| 24 | s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , | {{ | isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . | ||||||
| 25 | german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , isbn | | | 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . isbn | ||||||
| 27 | isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . | {{ | isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / | ||||||
| 28 | 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . isbn | | | 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp | ||||||
| 30 | ( 1991 ) ' ' germany in the twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition . | {{ | isbn 0 - 7134 - 6795 - 9 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / | ||||||
| 31 | 1991 ) ' ' germany in the twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition . isbn | | | 0 - 7134 - 6795 - 9 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east | ||||||
| 33 | / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . | {{ | isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , isbn 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / | ||||||
| 34 | ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . isbn | | | 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , isbn 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search | ||||||
| 36 | the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , | {{ | isbn 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs | ||||||
| 37 | _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , isbn | | | 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % | ||||||
| 39 | }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . | {{ | isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 * sarotte , mary elise , collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall , new york : basic books | ||||||
| 40 | none --> }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn | | | 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 * sarotte , mary elise , collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall , new york : basic books , | ||||||
| 810071958 | 810072027 | 2017-11-13 05:36:43 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 19339494 | 2 | / www . newsweek . com / where - world - berlin - wall - 283566 | title = where in the world is the berlin wall ? | date = | 11 november | 2014 - 11 - 11 | work = newsweek | access - date = 2017 - 11 - 01 | language = en }} < / ref > [[ file : | |
| 3 | - 283566 | title = where in the world is the berlin wall ? | date = 2014 - 11 - 11 | work = newsweek | access - date = | 1 november | 2017 - 11 - 01 | language = en }} < / ref > [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , | ||||||
| 4 | 1965 < ref > {{ citation | last = gélin | first = daniel | title = the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall | date = | 15 july | 1965 - 07 - 15 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / combined | last2 = varela | last3 = arco | ||||||
| 5 | tt0058412 / combined | last2 = varela | last3 = arco | last4 = block | first2 = yolanda | first3 = nino del | first4 = karin | accessdate = | 12 may | 2017 - 05 - 12 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – | ||||||
| 810225119 | 810227691 | 2017-11-14 01:34:10 | 0 days 00:19:37 | 6554947 | 7 | standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - | german | news | - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall and was |
| 826899654 | 827316878 | 2018-02-24 01:04:34 | 2 days 08:38:31 | 508734 | 112 | | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | | location = new york | pages = | xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > until then , they could only visit east germany and east | |
| 115 | | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | | location = new york | pages = | xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began | ||||||
| 843144692 | 843537822 | 2018-05-29 19:55:32 | 2 days 14:29:27 | 30675059 | 4 | www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - | website = rossmcelwee . com | archive - url = | archive - date = | dead - url = | access - date | = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by | |
| 13 | http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | | accessdate | = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by |
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| 43910200 | 43948107 | 2006-03-15 21:38:06 | 0 days 04:55:04 | 0|71.116.44.203 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development | |
| 43948107 | 43948178 | 2006-03-15 21:38:28 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 44020 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development | |
| 51996698 | 51997271 | 2006-05-07 16:25:07 | 0 days 00:04:52 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 0 | wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | |
| 51997271 | 51997348 | 2006-05-07 16:25:49 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 223113 | 10 | wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | |
| 52583154 | 52588137 | 2006-05-11 01:14:05 | 0 days 00:36:39 | 0|203.55.106.252 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . | jack fahy | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | |
| 52588137 | 52588237 | 2006-05-11 01:14:41 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 0|203.55.106.252 | 0 | s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . jack fahy | was here | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | |
| 52588237 | 52588372 | 2006-05-11 01:15:48 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 145855 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . | jack fahy was here | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | |
| 54492401 | 54611815 | 2006-05-22 23:17:09 | 0 days 15:31:13 | 0|210.18.208.34 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . | mr kennedy is a donught . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | |
| 54611815 | 54612020 | 2006-05-22 23:18:29 | 0 days 00:01:20 | 1008387 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . | mr kennedy is a donught . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | |
| 55336076 | 55789015 | 2006-05-29 19:52:40 | 2 days 20:35:15 | 0|168.103.141.14 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . | erhkthdglkasgrlk | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | |
| 55789015 | 55792325 | 2006-05-29 20:11:53 | 0 days 00:19:13 | 416594 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . | erhkthdglkasgrlk | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | |
| 83498591 | 83832893 | 2006-10-26 12:47:36 | 1 days 15:50:23 | 0|209.96.111.80 | 0 | prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two | germanies | germanys | . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin |
| 85254741 | 85255260 | 2006-11-02 14:24:12 | 0 days 00:03:21 | 0|204.13.204.162 | 0 | and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . i fuckin hate germans | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . | heeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall |
| 85255260 | 85256076 | 2006-11-02 14:29:43 | 0 days 00:05:31 | 1008387 | 1 | and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . i fuckin hate germans | heeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee | to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall |
| 86977625 | 86978084 | 2006-11-10 18:13:43 | 0 days 00:02:44 | 0|206.158.3.70 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . | kt & hearts ; yab | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | |
| 86978875 | 86978923 | 2006-11-10 18:18:41 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 572610 | 1 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . | kt & hearts ; yab | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | |
| 88440245 | 88440346 | 2006-11-17 16:03:05 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 0|72.159.168.35 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . | mrs . love ' s class is the greatest class in the world ! ! ! | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | |
| 88440346 | 88440358 | 2006-11-17 16:03:10 | 0 days 00:00:05 | 1574574 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . | mrs . love ' s class is the greatest class in the world ! ! ! | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | |
| 91304331 | 91359879 | 2006-12-01 11:48:04 | 0 days 08:16:39 | 579524 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . | {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two : by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of the socialist east germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengtehened , turning from a usual wall into the system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signalisation , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and perfidious shooting automata , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guard . < br > but the more work , ingenuities , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only with the impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at the back . the wall meant : system , that the communists had built , attracted no - one . it pushed away . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | |
| 95161280 | 95209117 | 2006-12-19 00:45:35 | 0 days 04:03:39 | 0|207.7.167.43 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | why would people be stupid and put up a wall in a | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | |
| 95209117 | 95229938 | 2006-12-19 02:43:29 | 0 days 01:57:54 | 81718 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | why would people be stupid and put up a wall in a | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | |
| 111352020 | 111353043 | 2007-02-27 16:33:08 | 0 days 00:05:31 | 0|205.126.63.15 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | , beer is good ! ! ! ! beer is good ! ! ! | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 111379689 | 111392335 | 2007-02-27 19:34:44 | 0 days 00:57:11 | 0|132.162.192.18 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | , beer is good ! ! ! ! beer is good ! ! ! | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 111406382 | 111406543 | 2007-02-27 20:36:24 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 0|205.126.72.236 | 2 | the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = | on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | = = | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border |
| 111406766 | 111406786 | 2007-02-27 20:37:33 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 0|205.126.63.15 | 1 | being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to | the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | do \ | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border |
| 111406786 | 111406884 | 2007-02-27 20:37:59 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 2360249 | 1 | view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . i dont know what to | do \ | the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border |
| 111406884 | 111406932 | 2007-02-27 20:38:11 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 0|205.126.72.236 | 1 | the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = | on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 111407321 | 111407534 | 2007-02-27 20:40:52 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 302522 | 1 | , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = mrs ramsay tell them to stop over writing me = = | on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 115016570 | 115357144 | 2007-03-15 17:35:21 | 1 days 08:00:05 | 0|165.138.121.8 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | all nazis should live forver not haha i love hitler - - - damn jews | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 115357144 | 115357154 | 2007-03-15 17:35:25 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 2198658 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | all nazis should live forver not haha i love hitler - - - damn jews | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 118145580 | 118145673 | 2007-03-27 00:44:43 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 0|24.16.228.161 | 0 | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . i ' m serious people | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 118145673 | 118145720 | 2007-03-27 00:44:55 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 2198470 | 1 | soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . i ' | m serious people | ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border |
| 123394654 | 123514873 | 2007-04-17 12:56:31 | 0 days 12:50:44 | 0|81.100.106.51 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | in jfk ' s speech he sad ' ich bin berliner ' which he thought to mean i am a berliner , but in german this actually means ' i am a doughnut ' lol | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 123514873 | 123515047 | 2007-04-17 12:57:23 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 3647339 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | in jfk ' s speech he sad ' ich bin berliner ' which he thought to mean i am a berliner , but in german this actually means ' i am a doughnut ' lol | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 123515983 | 123516541 | 2007-04-17 13:05:31 | 0 days 00:03:06 | 0|24.73.99.18 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | the berlin wall is made of pie and potatoes . 70 % potatoes 30 % pie | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 123516548 | 123517699 | 2007-04-17 13:11:36 | 0 days 00:06:03 | 2875882 | 3 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | the berlin wall is made of pie and potatoes . 70 % potatoes 30 % pie | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 125581203 | 125903168 | 2007-04-25 18:25:58 | 1 days 00:10:39 | 0|216.56.26.30 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | colleen is stupid | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 125903775 | 125906845 | 2007-04-25 18:41:03 | 0 days 00:12:40 | 764861 | 1 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | colleen is stupid | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 127671209 | 127671245 | 2007-05-02 12:53:50 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 0|68.85.23.179 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | then the y would be retarted and eat hotdogs . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 127671395 | 127671439 | 2007-05-02 12:55:05 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 0|68.85.23.179 | 1 | west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there | was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} then the y would be retarted and eat hotdogs . | big boy | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border |
| 127671439 | 127671464 | 2007-05-02 12:55:16 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 385115 | 2 | and were not to fire first under any circumstances . if the allies challenged the barrieer they were to eat hotdogs with out using their hands or knees . hey there | big boy | was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border |
| 127671586 | 127671718 | 2007-05-02 12:56:48 | 0 days 00:00:50 | 0|68.85.23.179 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | the willie wonka factory suplies everlasting chocalote | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 127671718 | 127671956 | 2007-05-02 12:58:05 | 0 days 00:01:17 | 1749459 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | the willie wonka factory suplies everlasting chocalote | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 127671956 | 127672022 | 2007-05-02 12:58:30 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 0|68.85.23.179 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | hey there big boyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 127672022 | 127672041 | 2007-05-02 12:58:36 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 2198658 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | hey there big boyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 127672041 | 127672125 | 2007-05-02 12:59:10 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 0|68.85.23.179 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | hey there big boyyyyyy ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 127672125 | 127672193 | 2007-05-02 12:59:31 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 1283289 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | hey there big boyyyyyy ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 128043972 | 128044131 | 2007-05-03 20:31:52 | 0 days 00:00:35 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 1 | the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the | viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | bath room | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border |
| 128044362 | 128044374 | 2007-05-03 20:32:44 | 0 days 00:00:03 | 1614547 | 7 | from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = one of the leaders said he had to go to the | bath room | viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | = = layout and modifications = = i dont no why he just didnt ask the sarge about that one stipud idoits = = official crossings and usage = = berlin |
| 129201765 | 129222220 | 2007-05-08 12:45:05 | 0 days 02:39:44 | 0|68.85.23.179 | 0 | the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | hd | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border |
| 129222220 | 129222453 | 2007-05-08 12:46:41 | 0 days 00:01:36 | 1749459 | 0 | the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | hd | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border |
| 129555771 | 129555882 | 2007-05-09 16:41:30 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 9 | meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' | ' , chapter 7 }} | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 129555882 | 129556310 | 2007-05-09 16:43:07 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 2073927 | 8 | charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to never eat cheese on a roller coaster again . ' ' | the shadow of the victory | ' = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its | |
| 9 | cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to never eat cheese on a roller coaster again . ' ' ' | ' , chapter 7 }} | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | ||||||
| 131436650 | 131436693 | 2007-05-17 01:12:30 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 0|71.48.127.221 | 1 | ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . | that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | niggaz rule | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border |
| 131437128 | 131437212 | 2007-05-17 01:15:13 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 302522 | 4 | germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . it was really gay and full of nazi skinheads who are stupid mutherfuckers 4real . . | niggaz rule | that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border |
| 132707539 | 132822797 | 2007-05-23 00:48:47 | 0 days 08:37:08 | 0|24.113.241.251 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | suck my dick this shit aint real | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 132822797 | 132822819 | 2007-05-23 00:48:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 2198658 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | suck my dick this shit aint real | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 152951162 | 153108042 | 2007-08-23 08:06:12 | 0 days 15:20:35 | 0|59.100.147.18 | 0 | a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = | it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border |
| 153108042 | 153108080 | 2007-08-23 08:06:31 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 4414625 | 0 | a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = | ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh | it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border |
| 160548666 | 160589462 | 2007-09-27 00:19:41 | 0 days 03:33:40 | 0|70.119.146.173 | 0 | the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | hi joey ! = ] | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 160590967 | 160592013 | 2007-09-27 00:31:33 | 0 days 00:04:52 | 2048686 | 1 | the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | hi joey ! = ] | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 166317359 | 166331432 | 2007-10-22 18:18:07 | 0 days 01:08:33 | 0|204.171.49.205 | 0 | the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | hitler eats me . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 166331432 | 166331546 | 2007-10-22 18:18:37 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 4131122 | 0 | the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | hitler eats me . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 169291974 | 169292136 | 2007-11-05 02:26:16 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 0|141.151.18.144 | 0 | the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | yooooo dawwwggg ! ! ! | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 169292136 | 169297346 | 2007-11-05 03:00:35 | 0 days 00:34:19 | 0|168.122.247.39 | 0 | the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | yooooo dawwwggg ! ! ! | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 173175378 | 173176362 | 2007-11-22 22:26:06 | 0 days 00:06:09 | 137113 | 0 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . - [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 173256912 | 173333858 | 2007-11-23 19:40:42 | 0 days 09:28:53 | 0|72.90.88.128 | 2 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | you look like your mother shit on your head | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 173333858 | 173353310 | 2007-11-23 21:37:46 | 0 days 01:57:04 | 137113 | 4 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | you look like your mother shit on your head | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 176514246 | 176894686 | 2007-12-10 01:01:41 | 1 days 20:04:34 | 0|203.97.42.184 | 1 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | nuts | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 176894686 | 176928245 | 2007-12-10 04:23:41 | 0 days 03:22:00 | 0|97.97.161.97 | 1 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | nuts | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 181089717 | 181089981 | 2007-12-31 00:27:50 | 0 days 00:01:39 | 0|208.104.149.90 | 2 | the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . | < / font > | < font size = 300 > he advised < / font > the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east | |
| 181089981 | 181090151 | 2007-12-31 00:28:53 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 0|208.104.149.90 | 0 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | < font size = 500 > caitlin wolfe 2009 vintage lane rock hill sc 29730 < / font > | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 181090431 | 181090540 | 2007-12-31 00:31:22 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 2306142 | 18 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | < font size = 150 > < font color = green > caitlin wolfe < br > < br > < br > < br > 2009 vintage lane < br > < br > < br > < br > rock hill sc 29730 < / font > < / font > | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 186020848 | 186157650 | 2008-01-22 18:13:56 | 0 days 16:14:06 | 0|89.242.10.211 | 0 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | - poo | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 186157650 | 186157668 | 2008-01-22 18:14:02 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 134937 | 0 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | - poo | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 186265094 | 186265517 | 2008-01-23 02:53:48 | 0 days 00:02:30 | 0|121.1.57.190 | 0 | the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german | states | countries | . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its |
| 186265517 | 186280526 | 2008-01-23 04:29:08 | 0 days 01:35:20 | 911178 | 0 | the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german | countries | states | . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its |
| 188151539 | 188151752 | 2008-01-31 14:22:58 | 0 days 00:01:22 | 0|208.108.158.196 | 0 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | chris was here ! ! ! | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 188151752 | 188151765 | 2008-01-31 14:23:02 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 4928500 | 0 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | chris was here ! ! ! | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 188168848 | 188169113 | 2008-01-31 16:07:30 | 0 days 00:01:38 | 0|208.108.156.224 | 0 | down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of | [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 188169113 | 188178589 | 2008-01-31 16:56:12 | 0 days 00:48:42 | 911178 | 0 | down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of | [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 191058845 | 191452071 | 2008-02-14 17:19:08 | 1 days 14:07:01 | 0|70.118.101.154 | 0 | airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet | threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 200px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 191452071 | 191452132 | 2008-02-14 17:19:23 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 6395239 | 0 | airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet | threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 200px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 194653335 | 194683842 | 2008-02-28 16:50:18 | 0 days 02:51:27 | 0|68.119.97.2 | 0 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | they fuck each other | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 200px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 194683842 | 194684124 | 2008-02-28 16:51:30 | 0 days 00:01:12 | 642191 | 0 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | they fuck each other | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 200px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 196053579 | 196053859 | 2008-03-05 15:51:39 | 0 days 00:01:28 | 0|84.12.55.2 | 0 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | i love you ! ! ! ! | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 196053859 | 196054243 | 2008-03-05 15:53:39 | 0 days 00:02:00 | 6227797 | 3 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | i love you ! ! ! ! | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 199098110 | 199098162 | 2008-03-18 15:13:44 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 1879647 | 4 | remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this page is empty you shouldn ' t be here , go away now ! | ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 miles ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints |
| 199637820 | 199658671 | 2008-03-20 19:38:31 | 0 days 01:38:41 | 0|209.174.158.226 | 0 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | i love pieeeeeee | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 199658671 | 199658993 | 2008-03-20 19:39:50 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 911178 | 0 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | i love pieeeeeee | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 203261588 | 203261700 | 2008-04-04 10:59:02 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 0|87.33.62.141 | 5 | the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - | baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 203261700 | 203261718 | 2008-04-04 10:59:08 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 4928500 | 4 | ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) - - - - | scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin | - = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control | |
| 5 | , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) - - - - - | baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | ||||||
| 237592684 | 237637552 | 2008-09-11 03:07:47 | 0 days 04:33:39 | 0|221.133.205.214 | 0 | - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint and in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 237637552 | 237637573 | 2008-09-11 03:07:55 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 4928500 | 0 | - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint and in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 237717618 | 237717720 | 2008-09-11 14:35:33 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 0|65.43.198.120 | 0 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | sam feure was here hehe | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 237717720 | 237717789 | 2008-09-11 14:36:00 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 6391508 | 0 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | sam feure was here hehe | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 240058380 | 240115670 | 2008-09-21 23:52:51 | 0 days 04:38:02 | 0|71.176.120.87 | 0 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | lku | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 240121082 | 240121512 | 2008-09-22 00:25:34 | 0 days 00:02:14 | 736477 | 0 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | lku | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 246467509 | 246467798 | 2008-10-20 10:02:16 | 0 days 00:02:16 | 0|58.179.157.209 | 2 | to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . | edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | massive fucking failure ! | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints |
| 246467798 | 246467841 | 2008-10-20 10:02:36 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 3022076 | 4 | wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . phail ! uckten shniden . . . aka . . . | massive fucking failure ! | edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints |
| 246982976 | 247126364 | 2008-10-23 07:50:40 | 0 days 14:32:48 | 0|217.89.108.69 | 0 | reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . | in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 258398278 | 258398451 | 2008-12-16 18:24:29 | 0 days 00:00:58 | 0|75.70.205.58 | 0 | reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . | it is a purple people eater from uranus | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 258398451 | 258398465 | 2008-12-16 18:24:34 | 0 days 00:00:05 | 2372780 | 0 | reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . | it is a purple people eater from uranus | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 264171111 | 264173997 | 2009-01-15 02:17:34 | 0 days 00:17:04 | 0|67.184.63.75 | 1 | ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " | . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 264173997 | 264175505 | 2009-01-15 02:26:53 | 0 days 00:09:19 | 7214503 | 0 | reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] . " | . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 1 | [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] | . | " = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control | ||||||
| 271265000 | 271489755 | 2009-02-18 02:49:35 | 0 days 23:33:42 | 0|98.217.163.171 | 0 | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 272610872 | 272689603 | 2009-02-23 09:54:15 | 0 days 09:43:56 | 0|220.238.184.192 | 0 | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | we have sex | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 272715063 | 272732729 | 2009-02-23 15:30:03 | 0 days 01:49:41 | 0|82.168.231.109 | 0 | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | we have sex | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 273706407 | 274045045 | 2009-03-01 03:16:07 | 1 days 08:22:00 | 0|201.130.175.30 | 0 | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | fuck you | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 274045045 | 274046676 | 2009-03-01 03:26:10 | 0 days 00:10:03 | 1469567 | 0 | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | fuck you | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 296772448 | 296775707 | 2009-06-16 15:49:37 | 0 days 00:18:53 | 0|194.74.22.170 | 0 | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | lah lah lah lah lah lahlah lah get a life you freaks | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 296787253 | 296787288 | 2009-06-16 16:59:55 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 0|91.105.119.223 | 0 | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | lah lah lah lah lah lahlah lah get a life you freaks | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 297771721 | 298292200 | 2009-06-24 06:10:43 | 2 days 11:15:26 | 9974086 | 0 | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | many people passed away in the building of the wall , as it was very difficult to build . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 298292200 | 298293536 | 2009-06-24 06:19:21 | 0 days 00:08:38 | 4916882 | 0 | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | many people passed away in the building of the wall , as it was very difficult to build . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 298293536 | 298471813 | 2009-06-25 01:01:19 | 0 days 18:41:58 | 0|202.61.173.123 | 1 | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | bushpigs | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints |
| 298471974 | 298472172 | 2009-06-25 01:04:25 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 0|202.61.173.123 | 0 | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | wikipedia is pre good but not as good as wiki answers | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 298472172 | 298472210 | 2009-06-25 01:04:47 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 8786164 | 0 | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | wikipedia is pre good but not as good as wiki answers | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 306561115 | 306563005 | 2009-08-07 08:26:04 | 0 days 00:18:50 | 6984319 | 0 | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | = = structure and adjacent areas = | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 306563005 | 306563071 | 2009-08-07 08:26:46 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 6984319 | 0 | , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = structure and adjacent areas | = = | = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 60 | a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . a high point was when over | 1000 colorfully | 1 , 000 colourfully | designed foam domino tiles , each over {{ convert | 8 | ft | m }} tall , that were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city |
| 420447970 | 422046294 | 2011-04-02 22:14:24 | 9 days 15:56:56 | 1426328 | 4 | ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , 26 june 1963 . duration 9 : 22 | . | ) | | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised |
| 505558329 | 506362125 | 2012-08-08 08:38:19 | 4 days 22:07:23 | 9013713 | 3 | . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 | june | , | 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of |
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| 238414 | 238415 | 2001-09-16 15:09:28 | 129 days 22:13:31 | 35 | 2 | {st@rt} built in 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . it came down on | [[ | november 9 , 1989 . see [[ berlin ]] . | |
| 13872 | 86615 | 2002-02-25 15:51:15 | 6 days 11:48:33 | 0|62.253.64.7 | 5 | citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it | came down | was regularly improved up the fourth generation wall , built from 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 seperate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . there was also mesh fencing , signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners at friedrichstrasse , the western powers opened two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the country border and dreilinden in berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin , 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , 1989 hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany begun in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on october 18 , 1989 . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government | on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd |
| 8 | {st@rt} built | in [[ berlin ]] | on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into | ||||||
| 86668 | 97004 | 2002-06-06 13:36:28 | 0 days 00:35:44 | 0|210.49.193.178 | 0 | 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany begun in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on | [[ | october 18 , 1989 . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and many immediately went to | |
| 1012031 | 1092751 | 2003-06-08 12:37:20 | 31 days 17:34:08 | 9244 | 8 | attractiveness of the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . | from | to stop the migration , construction of the berlin wall around the three western sectors began on | [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] , the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' prevented the citizens of east germany from entering |
| 30 | gave a concert in berlin celebrating the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which | finally took place | was formally concluded | on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel | |||||
| 1092751 | 1097715 | 2003-06-29 13:07:28 | 21 days 00:30:08 | 0|213.157.9.245 | 2 | s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on | [[ | august 23 , 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the | |
| 1776158 | 1788297 | 2003-11-20 08:50:12 | 4 days 09:24:16 | 7580 | 0 | chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz on | on | [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded | |
| 1864344 | 1864936 | 2003-12-03 16:40:35 | 0 days 00:20:36 | 13102 | 0 | ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . | in [[ 1855 ]] , the american [[ central intelligence agency | cia ]] and british intelligence pulled off an intelligence coup by tunneling under the wall in [[ operation gold ]] to install eavesdropping equipment . | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary | |
| 1865423 | 2144113 | 2003-12-03 19:09:03 | 0 days 01:10:13 | 835 | 0 | ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . | in [[ 1955 ]] , the american [[ central intelligence agency | cia ]] and british intelligence pulled off an intelligence coup by tunneling under the wall in [[ operation gold ]] to install eavesdropping equipment . | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary | |
| 3800134 | 3800736 | 2004-05-31 10:22:36 | 0 days 18:49:48 | 3808 | 16 | s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . | = = the fall of the wall = = | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary | |
| 4067832 | 4160094 | 2004-06-13 09:23:06 | 1 days 00:12:45 | 47506 | 1 | 350px ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' east german border guard , hans conrad schumann | , defects | leaps to freedom over barbed wire in berlin | on august 15 , 1961 ; photo by peter leibing . ' ' < / center > < / div > = = the years of the wall = = the |
| 4217580 | 4226911 | 2004-06-22 08:54:23 | 2 days 00:36:09 | 51336 | 1 | the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz | ]] | on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guest including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . the fall of | |
| 5178672 | 5180399 | 2004-08-13 07:38:57 | 0 days 05:29:34 | 24744 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on | [[ | november 16 , 1989 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a | |
| 3 | a family ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on | [[ | august 17 [[ 1962 ]] . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail | ||||||
| 5 | border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , | [[ | december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ | ||||||
| 7034922 | 7038047 | 2004-11-01 16:47:39 | 2 days 17:54:14 | 0|209.71.11.137 | 0 | replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government | ' s shit | on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned . tens | |
| 7038047 | 7053303 | 2004-11-01 19:57:22 | 0 days 03:09:43 | 0|66.152.54.130 | 0 | a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s | shit | shift | on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned . tens |
| 7274073 | 7274103 | 2004-11-09 21:57:26 | 0 days 02:25:17 | 0|83.109.145.235 | 0 | fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | the fall of the berlin wall marked the symbolic end of the cold war . | american poststamp commemorating the event . | ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 | |
| 7369764 | 7466688 | 2004-11-12 05:56:03 | 2 days 07:30:17 | 6661 | 2 | the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps to the west over barbed wire | in berlin | on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first | |
| 8251853 | 9112175 | 2004-12-09 01:50:11 | 0 days 00:52:44 | 28107 | 0 | , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , | the | [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before the german | |
| 9112175 | 9112336 | 2005-01-05 02:38:45 | 27 days 00:48:34 | 0|67.164.50.76 | 0 | west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on | christmas day , [[ | december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] | |
| 9112487 | 9156541 | 2005-01-05 02:49:50 | 0 days 00:04:52 | 615 | 6 | on the wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on | christmas day , [[ | december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ | |
| 9762535 | 9765302 | 2005-01-29 12:56:12 | 3 days 11:13:15 | 124324 | 0 | which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . | for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' ossis ' ' and ' ' wessis ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . | a september 2004 poll found that one quarter of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin | |
| 10084995 | 10087212 | 2005-02-09 02:20:03 | 0 days 00:06:45 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 6 | wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on | [[ | august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a | |
| 10087212 | 10087443 | 2005-02-09 03:43:17 | 0 days 01:23:14 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 6 | brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on | [[ | august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 | |
| 10 | full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy | ]] | on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always | ||||||
| 11 | of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on | [[ | february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to | ||||||
| 10087443 | 10091995 | 2005-02-09 03:51:22 | 0 days 00:08:05 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 0 | wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on | [[ | august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped | |
| 12 | demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on | [[ | october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions | ||||||
| 18 | - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on | [[ | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that | ||||||
| 10091995 | 10144491 | 2005-02-09 07:09:31 | 0 days 03:18:09 | 28107 | 52 | wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on | [[ | august 13 , 1961 in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside | |
| 76 | rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on | [[ | august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall | ||||||
| 79 | and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was | [[ | chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to | ||||||
| 80 | to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy | ]] | on february 6 , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks | ||||||
| 81 | bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on | [[ | february 6 , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both | ||||||
| 103 | wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on | [[ | august 23 , 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the | ||||||
| 114 | east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic , erich honecker | ]] | , resigned on october 18 , 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east | ||||||
| 115 | through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic , erich honecker , resigned on | [[ | october 18 , 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted | ||||||
| 121 | a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on | [[ | november 9 , 1989 . after a misunderstanding , günter schabowski announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned | ||||||
| 10365915 | 10406521 | 2005-02-17 20:18:45 | 0 days 00:42:19 | 44727 | 1 | berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] | until | and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ | november 9 , [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided |
| 10465172 | 10473676 | 2005-02-20 16:23:58 | 1 days 16:56:07 | 137616 | 0 | replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government | ' s shift | on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv | |
| 11747812 | 11751790 | 2005-04-01 04:25:04 | 0 days 00:54:41 | 28107 | 23 | berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . | in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east | |
| 12498340 | 12585093 | 2005-04-19 00:04:06 | 4 days 04:22:38 | 157530 | 0 | first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe | [[ | november 9 , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact | |
| 6 | reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on | [[ | october 7 , 1990 ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] | ||||||
| 13207767 | 13207835 | 2005-05-04 04:55:42 | 0 days 01:03:36 | 0|129.67.43.240 | 1 | wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on | sunday | [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier | |
| 15055113 | 15059402 | 2005-06-12 06:08:12 | 0 days 00:13:20 | 5016 | 1 | [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel | restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government | to west berlin | on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv |
| 15881315 | 15902037 | 2005-06-26 21:50:58 | 0 days 18:23:00 | 44454 | 7 | ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at templehof airport on the afternoon of saturday | [[ | 19 august . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle | |
| 9 | 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on | [[ | 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col glover | ||||||
| 11 | . the battle groups were pentomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on | [[ | 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in | ||||||
| 15 | outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday | [[ | 21 august , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . | ||||||
| 23 | post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between | [[ | august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . | ||||||
| 25 | four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , | [[ | 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and | ||||||
| 27 | agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and | [[ | december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of | ||||||
| 31 | conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on | [[ | august 15 , 1961 ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying | ||||||
| 19029093 | 19029187 | 2005-07-17 18:24:30 | 0 days 00:01:24 | 90467 | 1 | [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the | berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east | |
| 19111126 | 19261911 | 2005-07-20 22:42:15 | 2 days 00:00:08 | 0|195.4.0.21 | 0 | a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin | . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the gdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a press conference | on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . due to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv | |
| 24151055 | 24156661 | 2005-09-27 13:29:22 | 0 days 01:47:28 | 0|205.202.36.246 | 17 | was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on | [[ | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' | |
| 24156661 | 24156863 | 2005-09-27 13:33:41 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 340905 | 16 | its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on | [[ | november 9 , 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun | |
| 27920075 | 27932424 | 2005-11-10 16:11:08 | 0 days 03:02:57 | 471054 | 0 | back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ | 13 | august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was | |
| 27932424 | 27932542 | 2005-11-10 16:12:28 | 0 days 00:01:20 | 471054 | 0 | germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ | 17 | june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into | |
| 27932542 | 27961254 | 2005-11-10 21:55:35 | 0 days 05:43:07 | 0|67.38.154.248 | 1 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | | berlin wall on | clownon | november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german |
| 27961617 | 27964176 | 2005-11-10 22:22:28 | 0 days 00:23:17 | 246113 | 1 | {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | | clownon | berlin wall on | november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] |
| 28791862 | 28792067 | 2005-11-20 01:04:12 | 0 days 00:04:02 | 0|201.252.93.29 | 7 | wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , | but was opened to unrestricted transit on | [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' | |
| 37710041 | 37796162 | 2006-02-02 04:37:22 | 0 days 09:53:21 | 21887 | 3 | outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday | , | [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers | |
| 37796258 | 37828716 | 2006-02-02 10:58:24 | 0 days 06:20:16 | 471054 | 1 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on june 7 , 2003 | berlin wall on [[ | 7 | june 7 ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' | |
| 2 | berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ | 9 | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' | ||||||
| 38580629 | 38580746 | 2006-02-07 06:12:02 | 0 days 00:01:32 | 58229 | 4 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on 7 june 2003 | berlin wall on [[ | 7 | potsdamer platz ]] , | june ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) |
| 40460981 | 40648652 | 2006-02-22 01:28:28 | 1 days 06:34:58 | 386031 | 18 | jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on june 26th , 1963 ]] but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech | [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] | on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans | |
| 40814212 | 40814314 | 2006-02-23 04:38:46 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 386031 | 53 | chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st | " birthday , " | anniversery | on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost |
| 89 | [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because | [[ | november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 | ||||||
| 91 | however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , | the | [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before | ||||||
| 40915337 | 40944082 | 2006-02-24 01:02:35 | 0 days 03:27:05 | 304316 | 1 | east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on | [[ | november 9 , 1989 , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall | |
| 5 | was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on | [[ | june 26th , 1963 ]] but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / | ||||||
| 61 | opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory | , party | atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually | ||||||
| 62 | = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " eventually all walls fall ” ]] on | christmas day , | [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven | ||||||
| 41351748 | 41471054 | 2006-02-27 15:56:41 | 0 days 19:52:39 | 346341 | 0 | ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st | anniversery | anniversary | on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | |
| 41746791 | 41761508 | 2006-03-01 15:37:50 | 0 days 02:21:39 | 24373 | 3 | < / ref > < ref > {{ web reference | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | | publishyear | year | = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | date |
| 6 | by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ web reference | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | | publishyear | year | = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | date = 2006 - 02 - | |||||
| 42982893 | 43080078 | 2006-03-10 03:49:02 | 0 days 11:48:42 | 51235 | 26 | in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 | ]] | , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary | |
| 43080078 | 43116053 | 2006-03-10 10:22:16 | 0 days 06:33:14 | 13040 | 25 | weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of | [[ | 1938 , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st | |
| 26 | republic ]] , in 1918 . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 | ]] | , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary | ||||||
| 43550317 | 43550620 | 2006-03-13 06:02:37 | 0 days 00:02:47 | 635781 | 1 | [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] | and , therefore | , [[ october 3 | october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate | |
| 47397931 | 47528615 | 2006-04-08 08:27:20 | 0 days 19:47:08 | 686868 | 4 | of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards tolerated the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes | more and more | . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july | |
| 47528615 | 47569595 | 2006-04-08 16:43:58 | 0 days 08:16:38 | 686868 | 0 | , including the most famous one at [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were not allowed visa free travel | until | starting | [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . they could visit the gdr , but only at the conditions prevalent before , which included application for a visa several days in |
| 51998163 | 51999522 | 2006-05-07 16:44:07 | 0 days 00:11:36 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 13 | requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between | [[ | august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a | |
| 17 | ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and | [[ | december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in | ||||||
| 39 | . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on | [[ | august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , | ||||||
| 43 | of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy | ]] | on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | | ||||||
| 44 | western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on | [[ | february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | | ||||||
| 51999522 | 51999602 | 2006-05-07 16:44:48 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 223113 | 13 | was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between | [[ | august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . | |
| 15 | of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , | [[ | 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and | ||||||
| 17 | post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and | [[ | december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of | ||||||
| 39 | different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on | [[ | august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . = = the fall , | ||||||
| 42 | to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was | [[ | chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | | ||||||
| 43 | to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy | ]] | on february 6 , 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing | ||||||
| 44 | death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on | [[ | february 6 , 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on | ||||||
| 52670596 | 52734504 | 2006-05-11 22:10:56 | 0 days 06:44:33 | 0|168.212.165.131 | 0 | [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe | [[ | [ | november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date |
| 53314730 | 53320980 | 2006-05-15 14:40:50 | 0 days 00:45:56 | 204661 | 0 | [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe | [ | [[ | november 9 ] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date |
| 54483047 | 54492401 | 2006-05-22 07:45:56 | 0 days 01:49:11 | 157842 | 0 | 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed | in | starting on | [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ |
| 57664095 | 57682142 | 2006-06-09 10:35:15 | 0 days 03:35:40 | 0|195.37.69.10 | 0 | the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere | , and the bars near the wall spontaneously gave out [[ free beer ]] | . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to | |
| 61679517 | 61913575 | 2006-07-03 21:31:57 | 1 days 09:06:51 | 82835 | 19 | had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until | [[ | november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german | |
| 70385855 | 70704241 | 2006-08-20 03:58:21 | 1 days 19:33:21 | 0|68.163.106.28 | 0 | ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere , and the bars near the wall spontaneously gave out [[ free beer ]] | < sup > ' ' [ citation needed ] ' ' < / sup > | . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to | |
| 71159208 | 71240734 | 2006-08-22 20:50:27 | 0 days 08:01:02 | 2059435 | 0 | restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was | broadcast | broadcasted | on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a |
| 71240734 | 71260410 | 2006-08-22 22:30:29 | 0 days 01:40:02 | 302522 | 0 | restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was | broadcasted | broadcast | on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a |
| 71559993 | 71739362 | 2006-08-25 03:40:23 | 0 days 18:50:59 | 0|24.39.240.74 | 0 | the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere | , and the bars near the wall spontaneously gave out [[ free beer ]] {{ fact }} | . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to | |
| 79606749 | 79608608 | 2006-10-05 06:59:52 | 0 days 00:18:35 | 21887 | 3 | in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between | [[ | november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though | |
| 5 | and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and | [[ | december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever | ||||||
| 94311148 | 94378908 | 2006-12-14 22:23:57 | 0 days 05:22:56 | 0|24.227.2.106 | 0 | : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin | wall | wallpoop | , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | |
| 94378908 | 94389378 | 2006-12-14 23:10:12 | 0 days 00:46:15 | 302522 | 0 | : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin | wallpoop | wall | , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | |
| 98077276 | 98151344 | 2007-01-03 10:49:19 | 0 days 08:46:57 | 2001738 | 1 | of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near | potsdamer platz | ostbahnhof in friedrichshain | , august 2006 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' |
| 99129270 | 99129501 | 2007-01-07 17:51:00 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 82835 | 3 | allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on | [[ | 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat | |
| 6 | led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on | [[ | august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing | ||||||
| 9 | ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = | [[ | july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = | ||||||
| 12 | berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = | [[ | september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 | ||||||
| 110122222 | 110123969 | 2007-02-22 18:55:10 | 0 days 00:07:37 | 0|66.160.72.205 | 0 | was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on | to stick his dick through a glory hole to have some skandonavion kid suck on his wrinkly old balls | [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that | |
| 110123969 | 110131239 | 2007-02-22 19:27:51 | 0 days 00:32:41 | 911178 | 0 | was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on | to stick his dick through a glory hole to have some skandonavion kid suck on his wrinkly old balls | [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that | |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 38 | germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ | * < s > | [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior | |
| 57 | between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by | escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on | [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day | ||||||
| 60 | directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . | the new regulations were to take effect on | [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior | ||||||
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 44 | men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . | in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left | by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males | |
| 45 | of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by | escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on | [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , | ||||||
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 38 | germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ | * < s > | [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior | |
| 57 | between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by | escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on | [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day | ||||||
| 60 | directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . | the new regulations were to take effect on | [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior | ||||||
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 44 | men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . | in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left | by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males | |
| 45 | of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by | escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on | [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , | ||||||
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 38 | germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ | * < s > | [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior | |
| 57 | between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by | escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on | [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day | ||||||
| 60 | directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . | the new regulations were to take effect on | [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior | ||||||
| 111079436 | 111080379 | 2007-02-26 14:54:17 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 0|193.194.158.107 | 44 | men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . | in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left | by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males | |
| 45 | of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by | escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on | [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , | ||||||
| 114832623 | 114833011 | 2007-03-13 16:57:58 | 0 days 00:01:40 | 0|66.18.62.36 | 0 | the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday | , the | [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east | |
| 1 | colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ | 13 | 13th of | august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops | |||||
| 117516576 | 117565003 | 2007-03-24 18:16:14 | 0 days 04:36:28 | 0|70.187.198.127 | 0 | ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ | august 13 | | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east | |
| 128181973 | 128203778 | 2007-05-04 13:40:30 | 0 days 02:43:05 | 0|65.43.196.223 | 0 | allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on | the | [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' | |
| 1 | challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ | june | 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' | ||||||
| 2 | the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 | | 15th of | june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " | ||||||
| 128203778 | 128208648 | 2007-05-04 14:05:23 | 0 days 00:24:53 | 764861 | 0 | allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on | the | [[ june 15 | 15th of june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international | |
| 2 | , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on the [[ june 15 | | 15th of | june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " | ||||||
| 132545593 | 132623467 | 2007-05-22 06:33:14 | 0 days 07:59:39 | 715870 | 11 | start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by | [[ | november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving | |
| 132997348 | 133070307 | 2007-05-24 01:07:06 | 0 days 05:44:33 | 129409 | 7 | | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the | weeks following [[ | east german government announced on | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the |
| 21 | berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction | on the wall | began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin | ||||||
| 22 | ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on | [[ | august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was | ||||||
| 133071645 | 133072963 | 2007-05-24 01:21:37 | 0 days 00:07:22 | 715870 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ | november | 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development | |
| 1 | of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on | [[ | august 13 , 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , | ||||||
| 4 | berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on | [[ | november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , | ||||||
| 133073625 | 133074114 | 2007-05-24 01:27:50 | 0 days 00:02:33 | 715870 | 0 | challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ | june | 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' | |
| 133074114 | 133074678 | 2007-05-24 01:30:42 | 0 days 00:02:52 | 715870 | 1 | john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ | july | 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans | |
| 3 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ | quotation | cquote | | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of | |||||
| 133074678 | 133074927 | 2007-05-24 01:32:04 | 0 days 00:01:22 | 715870 | 1 | mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , | the | [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been that morning sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german | |
| 142504621 | 142514453 | 2007-07-04 19:20:38 | 0 days 00:50:04 | 715870 | 0 | wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of | [[ | august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] — formerly the hunting grounds of [[ | |
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 13 | ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ | august | 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd | |
| 15 | instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ | august | 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded | ||||||
| 16 | ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ | august | 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead | ||||||
| 21 | berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ | august | 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and | ||||||
| 59 | the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on | monday , | [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers | ||||||
| 156321626 | 156954834 | 2007-09-10 16:47:50 | 2 days 22:10:52 | 0|86.3.9.126 | 0 | equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on | mciecjhrfn5fn5rhf , khfhjkhfrjfhjfhoirfhrhfruyes this is silly | [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in | |
| 156954834 | 156963155 | 2007-09-10 17:30:51 | 0 days 00:43:01 | 302522 | 0 | equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on | mciecjhrfn5fn5rhf , khfhjkhfrjfhjfhoirfhrhfruyes this is silly | [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in | |
| 158505369 | 158505901 | 2007-09-17 15:08:13 | 0 days 00:02:46 | 0|216.174.135.206 | 0 | were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on | june 2007 i slept with anthonys mom but after doing that i decided i probally needed a drink and before u know it she squirted in my mouth | [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand | |
| 158505901 | 158506910 | 2007-09-17 15:13:17 | 0 days 00:05:04 | 5173527 | 1 | were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on | june 2007 i slept with anthonys mom but after doing that i decided i probally needed a drink and before u know it she squirted in my mouth | [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand | |
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 10 | of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of | the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain | species appear to both masturbate and to use objects as tools to help them do so | , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} |
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 67 | random article interaction about wikipedia community portal recent changes contact wikipedia donate to wikipedia help search toolbox what links here related changes upload file special pages printable version permanent link cite | this article in other languages العربية বাংলা български català česky dansk eesti esperanto français galego 한국어 bahasa indonesia interlingua italiano עברית kernewek lëtzebuergesch मराठी nederlands 日本語 plattdüütsch polski português русский simple english slovenščina suomi svenska türkçe vèneto 中文 this page was last modified 12 : 24 | book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean | , 26 september 2007 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license . ( see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered |
| 161589849 | 161589959 | 2007-10-01 16:38:46 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 0|142.25.180.54 | 1 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers jacking off to the berlin wall , | beacuse it is amazing | [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on | |
| 161589959 | 161590174 | 2007-10-01 16:39:56 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 0|142.25.180.54 | 1 | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers jacking off intensly to the berlin wall , | beacuse it is amazing | [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on | |
| 166091165 | 166163043 | 2007-10-21 23:35:42 | 0 days 05:37:26 | 0|76.211.17.132 | 12 | these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at | the brandenburg gate | school . but on friday | , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , |
| 17 | footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be | opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] | downloaded in resolutions up to 3072x2048 ) which i shot | on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | |||||
| 167927996 | 167928156 | 2007-10-29 21:06:15 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 0|156.108.140.131 | 0 | up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the | night of | chocolate | [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] |
| 167973779 | 168012407 | 2007-10-30 04:17:45 | 0 days 03:51:40 | 60895 | 0 | set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . | the chocolate | [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] | |
| 170955559 | 171328388 | 2007-11-14 00:42:00 | 1 days 11:14:07 | 5809976 | 4 | an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day | construction | destructio | began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape across the wall to west |
| 171328388 | 171330844 | 2007-11-14 00:55:02 | 0 days 00:13:02 | 0|83.24.232.6 | 3 | pyrimid of wakawakadoodooyeah ]] , the wall joined forces with mars and neptune [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 97549375683254 years , from the day | destructio | construction | began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape across the wall to west |
| 173772237 | 173793815 | 2007-11-26 01:15:55 | 0 days 01:57:45 | 0|72.208.179.78 | 1 | - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction | began | there were fights and protest wibegan | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross across the wall into west berlin |
| 173793815 | 173794040 | 2007-11-26 01:17:14 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 4264700 | 0 | - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction | there were fights and protest wibegan | began | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross across the wall into west berlin |
| 188238452 | 188247561 | 2008-01-31 22:19:11 | 0 days 00:38:51 | 0|208.102.187.49 | 1 | , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on | ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' | [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand | |
| 188247561 | 188248620 | 2008-01-31 22:24:03 | 0 days 00:04:52 | 911178 | 1 | construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = ' ' ' on | ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' | [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand | |
| 188831750 | 189293337 | 2008-02-05 17:22:49 | 2 days 00:13:36 | 0|190.40.211.238 | 14 | }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " | [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ | ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van | |
| 15 | before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = | ]] ]] | on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | ||||||
| 195987434 | 196053252 | 2008-03-05 15:48:29 | 0 days 08:59:18 | 0|84.12.55.2 | 0 | the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . = = = proposed barrier = = = | on | gay | [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ |
| 196053859 | 196054243 | 2008-03-05 15:53:39 | 0 days 00:02:00 | 6227797 | 0 | 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . : - ) = = = proposed barrier = = = | gay | on | [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ |
| 198121387 | 198121407 | 2008-03-14 03:58:55 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 0|203.19.252.190 | 0 | to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . | lilko was here 08 | [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around | |
| 198121407 | 198123197 | 2008-03-14 04:12:33 | 0 days 00:13:38 | 6207262 | 0 | to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . | lilko was here 08 | [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around | |
| 198362532 | 198983944 | 2008-03-17 23:54:50 | 2 days 17:32:57 | 0|76.205.75.132 | 12 | germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on | on | [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ | |
| 13 | from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ | 1 | 3 | april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov | |||||
| 198983944 | 198984976 | 2008-03-17 23:59:41 | 0 days 00:04:51 | 911178 | 11 | from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ | 3 | 1 | april ]] , 1951 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav halctav |
| 201305220 | 201315450 | 2008-03-27 13:24:11 | 0 days 01:06:52 | 0|66.226.192.60 | 0 | to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . | the berlin wall is a wall in america lol | [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around | |
| 201315450 | 201315598 | 2008-03-27 13:25:08 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 266416 | 1 | to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . | the berlin wall is a wall in america lol | [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around | |
| 202716037 | 202716386 | 2008-04-02 03:29:15 | 0 days 00:02:12 | 0|150.101.240.77 | 0 | to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . | once upon a time there was a boy his name was joe and he built the berlin wall and the great wall of china | [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around | |
| 202717161 | 202719285 | 2008-04-02 03:47:47 | 0 days 00:13:46 | 0|75.22.78.148 | 0 | to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . | once upon a time there was a boy his name was joe and he built the berlin wall and the great wall of china | [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around | |
| 211252560 | 212120617 | 2008-05-13 14:57:15 | 4 days 01:27:41 | 4530193 | 0 | 1962 . ]] early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . | in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . | on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin | |
| 214991201 | 215551281 | 2008-05-28 18:27:39 | 2 days 12:19:20 | 355538 | 0 | to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . | on saturday | [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around | |
| 225402367 | 225461510 | 2008-07-13 20:36:04 | 0 days 06:15:02 | 203434 | 0 | in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | | year | date | = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . |
| 1 | by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | | year | date | = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 | |||||
| 229217140 | 229650556 | 2008-08-03 21:25:53 | 2 days 08:34:27 | 577301 | 18 | were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on | [[ | august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http | |
| 20 | germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on | [[ | november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed | ||||||
| 22 | used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on | [[ | october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as | ||||||
| 28 | germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on | [[ | 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister | ||||||
| 36 | 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on | [[ | june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity | ||||||
| 38 | a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday | [[ | august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the | ||||||
| 40 | the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday | [[ | august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to | ||||||
| 44 | image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on | [[ | june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the | ||||||
| 46 | kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on | [[ | july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would | ||||||
| 52 | kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday | [[ | august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd | ||||||
| 54 | of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on | [[ | august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded | ||||||
| 56 | s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on | [[ | august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead | ||||||
| 58 | of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on | [[ | august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and | ||||||
| 60 | reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between | [[ | august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at | ||||||
| 64 | ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and | [[ | december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . | ||||||
| 69 | escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on | [[ | august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later | ||||||
| 74 | notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on | [[ | august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , | ||||||
| 78 | western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on | [[ | february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president | ||||||
| 84 | jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on | [[ | august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists | ||||||
| 88 | | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on | [[ | october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the | ||||||
| 93 | what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by | [[ | november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date | ||||||
| 95 | ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on | [[ | november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day | ||||||
| 97 | west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on | [[ | november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to | ||||||
| 99 | , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on | [[ | november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further | ||||||
| 101 | the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . | [[ | november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip | ||||||
| 103 | " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on | [[ | december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then | ||||||
| 107 | summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting | [[ | december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or | ||||||
| 111 | exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between | [[ | november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | ||||||
| 112 | least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 | ]] | and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | ||||||
| 113 | [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and | [[ | december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former | ||||||
| 117 | | | former [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on | [[ | september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the | ||||||
| 121 | ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after | [[ | november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " | ||||||
| 123 | " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on | [[ | june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] | ||||||
| 127 | holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on | [[ | july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time | ||||||
| 129 | few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on | [[ | october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb | ||||||
| 133 | }} [[ image : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on | [[ | december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven | ||||||
| 137 | waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on | [[ | 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , | ||||||
| 140 | [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe | [[ | november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date | ||||||
| 142 | east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , | [[ | november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 | ||||||
| 144 | also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , | [[ | october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ | ||||||
| 146 | [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on | [[ | october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | ||||||
| 150 | 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = | [[ | july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | | ||||||
| 152 | berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = | [[ | september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 | ||||||
| 233803434 | 233812027 | 2008-08-23 22:06:46 | 0 days 00:53:38 | 0|90.196.115.40 | 0 | , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . | the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] " , and | by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = | |
| 235938141 | 235938341 | 2008-09-03 01:22:28 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|76.5.221.188 | 0 | germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on | april | 1 april , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed | |
| 237719711 | 237723132 | 2008-09-11 15:05:31 | 0 days 00:18:46 | 0|65.43.196.231 | 0 | . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] | in september , a person tried to parachute out of their apartment roof . | on august 23 , 1989 , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped | |
| 237723132 | 237723180 | 2008-09-11 15:05:49 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 6391508 | 0 | . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] | in september , a person tried to parachute out of their apartment roof . | on august 23 , 1989 , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped | |
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 17 | order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by | sunday | morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier | |
| 18 | to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning | on sunday | , | august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them | |||||
| 239050940 | 239141721 | 2008-09-17 23:56:00 | 0 days 07:40:53 | 736477 | 0 | a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between | 26 | august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " | |
| 1 | ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and | 17 | december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar | ||||||
| 26 | reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august | 26 , | 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) | ||||||
| 239453915 | 239456329 | 2008-09-19 03:25:00 | 0 days 00:12:32 | 736477 | 18 | 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on | 15 | june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] | |
| 21 | a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday | , 12 | august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of | ||||||
| 23 | to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , | 13 | august 13 , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them | ||||||
| 240240944 | 240242156 | 2008-09-22 15:58:49 | 0 days 00:07:42 | 736477 | 14 | to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting | 23 | december 23 , 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance | |
| 242241429 | 242501570 | 2008-10-02 14:29:23 | 1 days 01:03:13 | 0|205.202.240.123 | 0 | used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on | david is awesomer than james even if thats not a word ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february | |
| 242502520 | 242502726 | 2008-10-02 14:35:57 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 166539 | 1 | used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on | david is awesomer than james even if thats not a word ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february | |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 94 | official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = | " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on | july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only | |
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 1 | {st@rt} {{ | articleissues | lang - de | | contradict = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets |
| 2 | {st@rt} {{ articleissues | | contradict | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . | = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | |||||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 94 | official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = | " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on | july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only | |
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 1 | {st@rt} {{ | articleissues | lang - de | | contradict = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets |
| 2 | {st@rt} {{ articleissues | | contradict | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . | = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | |||||
| 248089272 | 248095035 | 2008-10-28 00:19:45 | 0 days 00:29:50 | 0|98.15.190.110 | 5 | ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . | ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long | . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the | |
| 256879370 | 256880581 | 2008-12-09 18:55:46 | 0 days 00:06:26 | 0|87.80.224.75 | 0 | separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was | opened | destroyed | on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 |
| 256880581 | 256882622 | 2008-12-09 19:05:46 | 0 days 00:10:00 | 3505251 | 0 | separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was | destroyed | opened | on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 |
| 262762670 | 263247726 | 2009-01-10 21:42:09 | 2 days 06:10:03 | 5026668 | 9 | " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße | ]] | . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some | |
| 266478122 | 266480479 | 2009-01-26 07:26:56 | 0 days 00:20:28 | 119438 | 3 | on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in | [[ | friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image | |
| 4 | the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain | ]] | , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : | ||||||
| 5 | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near | [[ | potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of | ||||||
| 6 | of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz | ]] | , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall | ||||||
| 267776477 | 267777243 | 2009-02-01 05:59:00 | 0 days 00:06:41 | 214542 | 10 | opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting | december | 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , | |
| 274491714 | 274520296 | 2009-03-02 20:53:24 | 0 days 01:54:49 | 0|209.175.132.230 | 0 | . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was | opened | closed | on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 |
| 274982274 | 275036583 | 2009-03-04 23:09:46 | 0 days 04:08:48 | 8412829 | 0 | . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was | closed | opened | on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 |
| 280764248 | 280886430 | 2009-03-31 16:22:09 | 0 days 15:34:58 | 9349949 | 0 | andropov ]] , then the the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent | letter on | august 28 , 1958 , letter to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = | |
| 281608811 | 281686628 | 2009-04-04 12:14:06 | 0 days 11:20:47 | 15708 | 0 | europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on | 13 | august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / | |
| 1 | separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ | 9 | november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 | ||||||
| 2 | germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on | 9 | november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and | ||||||
| 3 | used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on | 3 | october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february | ||||||
| 282826152 | 283095827 | 2009-04-11 01:43:22 | 1 days 06:23:43 | 0|24.19.182.13 | 0 | 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a | 41st | 201st | anniversary on october 7 , 1990 . . {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9th , 2009 , |
| 283095827 | 283095895 | 2009-04-11 01:43:52 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 9217058 | 0 | 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a | 201st | 41st | anniversary on october 7 , 1990 . . {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9th , 2009 , |
| 283525140 | 283525851 | 2009-04-13 08:35:28 | 0 days 00:08:43 | 0|194.144.117.217 | 1 | a reformist government started to dismantle the iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' . when the east german government announced on | [[ | 9 november 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed | |
| 293533219 | 294710470 | 2009-06-06 02:50:18 | 5 days 10:47:34 | 593712 | 1 | ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was | opened | brought down | on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , |
| 296787393 | 296787974 | 2009-06-16 17:03:57 | 0 days 00:03:26 | 0|71.187.249.58 | 0 | used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on | 3 | 33 | october 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , |
| 296787974 | 296788035 | 2009-06-16 17:04:22 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 6681090 | 0 | used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on | 33 | 3 | october 2099 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , |
| 298939014 | 299164112 | 2009-06-28 18:53:11 | 1 days 04:52:17 | 0|67.81.121.251 | 1 | " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 | < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www | . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . | |
| 2 | , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . | mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > | by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile | ||||||
| 300484953 | 300485855 | 2009-07-05 22:25:18 | 0 days 00:05:57 | 145194 | 0 | east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ | november 9th in german history | | 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , | |
| 1 | ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ | november 9th in german history | | 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and | ||||||
| 4 | begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , | [[ | november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist | ||||||
| 8 | 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ | schicksalstag | | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration | ||||||
| 306465427 | 306538732 | 2009-08-07 04:34:49 | 0 days 08:18:22 | 6984319 | 2 | iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century | . | [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article | |
| 3 | between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the | wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide death strip containing anti - vehicle trenches , " | | 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 | ||||||
| 19 | between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the | day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on | [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article | ||||||
| 20 | east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ | november 9th in german history | | 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 | ||||||
| 306954476 | 307001452 | 2009-08-09 17:09:23 | 0 days 06:40:39 | 6984319 | 2 | circumventing the wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9th in german history | | announced on | 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and | |
| 310327705 | 310493352 | 2009-08-28 04:57:31 | 0 days 20:25:38 | 0|24.4.124.83 | 0 | resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on | november | 9 november 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed | |
| 310493352 | 310493478 | 2009-08-28 04:58:53 | 0 days 00:01:22 | 0|24.4.124.83 | 0 | used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on | october | 3 october 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 | |
| 312892342 | 313039666 | 2009-09-10 17:54:34 | 0 days 16:43:54 | 4530193 | 0 | these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up | ( the authorities would later brick up windows ) | . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref | |
| 313044179 | 313129853 | 2009-09-11 04:02:49 | 0 days 09:42:44 | 43300 | 1 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of | 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , | october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * | |
| 313129853 | 313154666 | 2009-09-11 08:28:09 | 0 days 04:25:20 | 6971250 | 2 | these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up | ( the authorities would later brick up windows ) | . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref | |
| 315255881 | 315255964 | 2009-09-21 08:16:52 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 204692 | 1 | ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , | [[ | january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the | |
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 0 | wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of | [[ | february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the | |
| 4 | resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on | [[ | november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and | ||||||
| 8 | was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on | [[ | october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] | ||||||
| 11 | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on | [[ | october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of | ||||||
| 19 | intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on | [[ | december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well | ||||||
| 23 | ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on | [[ | august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " | ||||||
| 27 | begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , | [[ | november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of | ||||||
| 31 | : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on | [[ | 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and | ||||||
| 34 | colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on | [[ | august 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http | ||||||
| 38 | / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , | [[ | 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , | ||||||
| 41 | to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , | [[ | 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable | ||||||
| 44 | not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on | [[ | august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers | ||||||
| 46 | high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , | [[ | june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 | ||||||
| 50 | f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on | [[ | july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / | ||||||
| 54 | www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , | [[ | august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was | ||||||
| 58 | kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday | [[ | august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the | ||||||
| 62 | of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on | [[ | august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . | ||||||
| 64 | weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on | [[ | august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements | ||||||
| 66 | of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on | [[ | august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men | ||||||
| 68 | ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , | [[ | january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west | ||||||
| 72 | pay this . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between | [[ | 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' | ||||||
| 73 | . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august | ]] [[ | 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung | ||||||
| 74 | ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 | ]] | and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung ' | ||||||
| 75 | ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and | [[ | 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung ' ' | ||||||
| 78 | attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on | [[ | august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad | ||||||
| 82 | 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on | [[ | february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ | ||||||
| 86 | | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on | [[ | june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations | ||||||
| 90 | . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on | [[ | august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to | ||||||
| 94 | itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on | [[ | october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand | ||||||
| 100 | way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on | [[ | november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration | ||||||
| 102 | west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on | [[ | november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to | ||||||
| 106 | , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on | [[ | november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to | ||||||
| 108 | : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , | [[ | 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west | ||||||
| 113 | image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on | [[ | december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic | ||||||
| 117 | even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on | [[ | december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin | ||||||
| 121 | opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting | [[ | december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and | ||||||
| 123 | exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between | [[ | november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost | ||||||
| 125 | least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and | [[ | december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the | ||||||
| 127 | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after | [[ | november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall | ||||||
| 129 | " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on | [[ | june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the | ||||||
| 133 | unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on | [[ | july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before | ||||||
| 135 | | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on | [[ | october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in | ||||||
| 150 | [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on | [[ | 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby | ||||||
| 157 | 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution | , | [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 | ||||||
| 165 | of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on | [[ | november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , | ||||||
| 176 | - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ | november 9th in german history | | 9 november ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration | ||||||
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 10 | kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > , often initiated by former members of the political opposition in east germany | like | [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday . because , that date is also known as the ' ' [[ schicksalstag ]] ' ' ( fateful | |
| 12 | when several important events have taken place in german history - and some of them are infamous . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ | november 9th in german history | | 9 november ]] is also the date of the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration | ||||||
| 22 | wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of | [[ | february 21 ]] , [[ 1947 ]] . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . | ||||||
| 26 | resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on | [[ | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans | ||||||
| 30 | was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on | [[ | october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii | ||||||
| 32 | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on | [[ | october 7 ]] , [[ 1949 ]] , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited | ||||||
| 40 | intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on | [[ | december 11 ]] , [[ 1957 ]] that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 | ||||||
| 44 | ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on | [[ | august 28 ]] , [[ 1958 ]] , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref | ||||||
| 48 | begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , | [[ | november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary | ||||||
| 52 | - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on | [[ | 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity | ||||||
| 55 | colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on | [[ | august 1 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus | ||||||
| 59 | / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , | [[ | 12 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of | ||||||
| 62 | to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , | [[ | 13 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to | ||||||
| 65 | not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on | [[ | august 15 ]] . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] | ||||||
| 67 | high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , | [[ | june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[ | ||||||
| 71 | [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on | [[ | july 25 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical | ||||||
| 75 | www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , | [[ | august 14 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that | ||||||
| 78 | kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday | [[ | august 19 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then | ||||||
| 82 | of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on | [[ | august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded | ||||||
| 84 | s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on | [[ | august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead | ||||||
| 86 | of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on | [[ | august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and | ||||||
| 88 | ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , | [[ | january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall | ||||||
| 92 | pay this . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between | [[ | 26 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] and [[ 17 december ]] [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during | ||||||
| 95 | ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ 26 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] and | [[ | 17 december ]] [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' | ||||||
| 98 | attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on | [[ | august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < | ||||||
| 102 | 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on | [[ | february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | ||||||
| 106 | | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on | [[ | june 12 ]] , [[ 1987 ]] . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the | ||||||
| 110 | . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on | [[ | august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in | ||||||
| 114 | itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on | [[ | october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the | ||||||
| 120 | way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on | [[ | november 9 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial | ||||||
| 122 | west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on | [[ | november 17 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on | ||||||
| 126 | , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on | [[ | november 9 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how | ||||||
| 128 | : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , | [[ | 10 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding | ||||||
| 131 | the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . | [[ | november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs | ||||||
| 133 | image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on | [[ | december 21 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including | ||||||
| 137 | even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on | [[ | december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] . until then they could only visit | ||||||
| 141 | of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting | [[ | december 23 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , | ||||||
| 143 | exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between | [[ | november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | | ||||||
| 144 | least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 | ]] | and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost | ||||||
| 145 | [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and | [[ | december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of | ||||||
| 147 | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after | [[ | november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " | ||||||
| 149 | " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on | [[ | june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on [[ july 1 ]] , the | ||||||
| 153 | through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on | [[ | july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time | ||||||
| 155 | | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on | [[ | october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ | ||||||
| 166 | [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on | [[ | 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , | ||||||
| 172 | ) , when several important events have taken place in german history - and some of them are infamous . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution | , | [[ 9 november ]] is also the date of the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the | ||||||
| 174 | nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . so , therefore , | [[ | october 3 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ november 9 ]] , | ||||||
| 176 | so , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on | [[ | november 9 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which | ||||||
| 317824549 | 317979368 | 2009-10-05 04:18:29 | 0 days 16:16:48 | 1938651 | 6 | ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , | with 1 , 362 officers and men each . | hackworth | on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col |
| 317979368 | 317979510 | 2009-10-05 04:19:39 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 1938651 | 0 | . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and [[ france ]] | ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) | . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by | |
| 324105954 | 324119733 | 2009-11-05 18:01:53 | 0 days 01:22:11 | 0|12.165.250.13 | 2 | main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate | ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = }} < / ref > < ref name = " raze " / > | on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc | |
| 324283750 | 324284101 | 2009-11-06 15:01:12 | 0 days 00:02:38 | 6971250 | 0 | com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in | the | october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated however that only about a tenth of the population where still unhappy with the unification | |
| 324362083 | 324382889 | 2009-11-07 01:13:57 | 0 days 02:22:29 | 1885851 | 0 | thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] | [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate , 09 november , 1989 ]] | on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped | |
| 324660090 | 324677923 | 2009-11-08 17:52:51 | 0 days 01:56:50 | 216103 | 1 | 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , | noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = op - ed | date = 11 / 17 / 1989 }} elie wiesel ' s new york times op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t complete until october 3 ; | therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 | |
| 324721869 | 324735230 | 2009-11-08 23:27:36 | 0 days 01:21:33 | 0|97.113.74.253 | 0 | - 08 | date = sep 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} = = = celebrations = = = | {{ see | schicksalstag }} | on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s | |
| 324804014 | 324808994 | 2009-11-09 08:55:14 | 0 days 00:57:05 | 6971250 | 2 | 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution | , | [[ november 9th in german history | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 | |
| 324842902 | 324843477 | 2009-11-09 14:31:09 | 0 days 00:04:20 | 6971250 | 1 | | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ | potsdamer platz | topography of terror | ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying |
| 324911705 | 324911771 | 2009-11-09 21:14:34 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 0|216.239.87.133 | 2 | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . | , 1961 . | ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party | |
| 3 | : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on | june | 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and | ||||||
| 22 | / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , | 12 | august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the | ||||||
| 23 | to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , | 13 | august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to | ||||||
| 326393226 | 326442219 | 2009-11-18 00:11:51 | 0 days 04:50:24 | 5680520 | 2 | - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , | [[ november 9th in german history | | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the abdication | |
| 331526070 | 331714109 | 2009-12-15 00:29:18 | 0 days 23:54:50 | 1885851 | 0 | the following days . ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate , | 09 | 10 | november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german |
| 343367241 | 343531716 | 2010-02-12 12:15:15 | 0 days 19:45:50 | 0|72.160.142.19 | 0 | the erosion of the political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government ' s [[ | günter schabowski | bmfs | ]] announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined |
| 343531716 | 343535162 | 2010-02-12 12:50:05 | 0 days 00:34:50 | 6971250 | 1 | the erosion of the political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government ' s [[ | bmfs | günter schabowski | ]] announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined |
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 17 | in the following days . ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate | ]] | , 10 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 | |
| 20 | image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie | ]] | , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : " | ||||||
| 21 | and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at | [[ | potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = | ||||||
| 22 | were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz | ]] | , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition | ||||||
| 378596217 | 378678572 | 2010-08-13 08:10:38 | 0 days 11:44:52 | 158685 | 0 | be torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , | 10 | 9 | november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september |
| 378678572 | 378683462 | 2010-08-13 09:01:52 | 0 days 00:51:14 | 6971250 | 0 | be torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , | 9 | 10 | november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september |
| 381017545 | 381022563 | 2010-08-26 00:36:45 | 0 days 00:30:16 | 0|85.177.90.101 | 0 | / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] | called [[ eastsidegallery ]] | , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall adjacent to the [[ topography of terror ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial | |
| 381022563 | 381024125 | 2010-08-26 00:47:39 | 0 days 00:10:54 | 0|85.177.90.101 | 0 | > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ | eastsidegallery | east side gallery | ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall adjacent to the [[ topography of terror ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie |
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 0 | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting | on 13 | august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along | |
| 1 | - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on | 9 | november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans | ||||||
| 2 | later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on | 3 | october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] | ||||||
| 3 | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on | 7 | october 7 , 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had | ||||||
| 6 | = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , | 20 | november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | | ||||||
| 7 | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on | 15 | june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter | ||||||
| 8 | de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] < / ref > on saturday , | 12 | august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area | ||||||
| 10 | close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border ; and by sunday morning , | 13 | august 13 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to | ||||||
| 11 | encroach on west berlin at any point . later , it was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on | 17 | august 17 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda | ||||||
| 12 | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on | 26 | july 26 , 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - | ||||||
| 13 | ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , | 26 | june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to | ||||||
| 15 | de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ de icon }} neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , | 14 | august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was mainly | ||||||
| 18 | the status of west berlin . clay and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday | , 19 | august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the | ||||||
| 21 | of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on | 21 | august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men | ||||||
| 22 | ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , | 25 | january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west | ||||||
| 25 | speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , | 12 | june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th | ||||||
| 28 | [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | right | juggling on the berlin wall on | 16 | november 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and | ||||||
| 29 | juggling on the berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on | 19 | august 19 , 1989 , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = | ||||||
| 32 | itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on | 18 | october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand | ||||||
| 35 | in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on | 9 | november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration | ||||||
| 36 | west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on | 17 | november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson for the politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the | ||||||
| 38 | went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on | 9 | november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to | ||||||
| 40 | image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on | 21 | december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that | ||||||
| 42 | even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on | 22 | december 22 , 1989 . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | right | ||||||
| 43 | | right | west germans curiously peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting | 23 | december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and | ||||||
| 45 | exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between | 9 | november 9 and december 23 , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all | ||||||
| 46 | least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and | 23 | december 23 , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining | ||||||
| 47 | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of | 9 | november 9 , and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for | ||||||
| 48 | and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after | 9 | november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall | ||||||
| 49 | " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on | 13 | june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the | ||||||
| 50 | unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on | 1 | july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had | ||||||
| 51 | section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on | 3 | october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . | ||||||
| 52 | = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on | 25 | december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] | ||||||
| 53 | | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 in german history | | 9 | november 9 ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref | ||||||
| 57 | 17 }} - elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until | 3 | october 3 ; that day was finally chosen as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin | ||||||
| 59 | was not official and complete until october 3 ; that day was finally chosen as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on | 9 | november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in | ||||||
| 78 | , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . | early on | august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also | ||||||
| 97 | : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december | 21 , | 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and | ||||||
| 102 | of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november | 9 | and december 23 , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the | ||||||
| 392382725 | 392382924 | 2010-10-23 10:41:25 | 0 days 00:01:59 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 0 | kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on | 26 | june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on 26 july 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / | |
| 394823423 | 395570081 | 2010-11-08 17:02:34 | 3 days 23:13:57 | 0|79.75.31.192 | 0 | wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of | 21 | february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the | |
| 395570204 | 395601663 | 2010-11-08 20:05:29 | 0 days 03:02:13 | 0|88.107.151.166 | 0 | ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on | 13 | 13th | august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete |
| 395601663 | 395608167 | 2010-11-08 20:42:26 | 0 days 00:36:57 | 3308922 | 0 | ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on | 13th | 13 | august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete |
| 397311377 | 397346572 | 2010-11-17 18:23:51 | 0 days 03:29:49 | 0|86.136.223.82 | 0 | ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on | 13 | 15 | august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete |
| 397346572 | 397458363 | 2010-11-18 07:28:43 | 0 days 13:04:52 | 6971250 | 0 | ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on | 15 | 13 | august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete |
| 397607940 | 397878109 | 2010-11-20 15:42:29 | 1 days 12:56:02 | 0|79.74.81.116 | 0 | ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on | 28 | august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " | |
| 397878109 | 397878286 | 2010-11-20 15:43:36 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 0|79.74.81.116 | 0 | | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on | 1 | august 1 in the same year , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > [ http : / | |
| 398858085 | 399051464 | 2010-11-27 00:47:52 | 1 days 03:59:26 | 16710 | 22 | border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | | stand - off between us and soviet tanks | , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ | |
| 422046294 | 422046414 | 2011-04-02 22:15:20 | 0 days 00:00:56 | 1426328 | 1 | = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy | ]] | , 26 june 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( | |
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 23 | . east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied , and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on | 15 | august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > " | |
| 25 | to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to freedom in west germany on | 24 | august 24 , 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . < ref > {{ cite | ||||||
| 27 | failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death , in full view of the western media , on | 17 | august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and | ||||||
| 29 | ' , london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on | 6 | february 6 , 1989 . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , | ||||||
| 31 | ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 – usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = | 12 | june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the | ||||||
| 37 | htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = | 15 | september 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11 " > {{ | ||||||
| 43 | world / europe / article6828556 . ece | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = | 10 | september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25 | ||||||
| 57 | | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the | 5th of | 5 | november , had [[ u2 ]] and [[ tokio hotel ]] perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio | |||||
| 62 | 2005 . < ref > {{ cite news | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = | 5 | july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = | ||||||
| 64 | wall " . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = | 8 | september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archiveurl = http : / / web | ||||||
| 67 | north and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = | 5 | november 5 , 2009 | url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . | ||||||
| 73 | - to - flee - east - germany . html ' more than 1 , 000 died ' trying to flee east germany ] . [[ the daily telegraph ]] , | [[ | 13 | august 13 ]] , [[ 2003 ]] . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image | |||||
| 74 | / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of | 9 | november 9 , 1989 ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} | ||||||
| 443414712 | 443416955 | 2011-08-06 22:32:57 | 0 days 00:17:32 | 16710 | 5 | " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate | ]] | on 22 december 1989 . [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | upright | |
| 445092140 | 445097289 | 2011-08-16 04:28:36 | 0 days 00:53:53 | 9243491 | 0 | 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = | [ | on | august 13 , 2011 , event ( 50 years ago , construction began ) ] . . . . . . . ( adding text and refs . ) = = |
| 445097289 | 445112728 | 2011-08-16 07:20:53 | 0 days 02:52:17 | 6971250 | 1 | / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = on | 50th anniversary commemoration | august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . | |
| 470608040 | 471803134 | 2012-01-17 03:36:57 | 6 days 14:24:52 | 508734 | 0 | wall in twinity | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on | the | 5 november , had [[ u2 ]] and [[ tokio hotel ]] perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and | |
| 505558329 | 506362125 | 2012-08-08 08:38:19 | 4 days 22:07:23 | 9013713 | 2 | speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , | june | 12 june 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th | |
| 507301035 | 508690466 | 2012-08-22 22:16:31 | 8 days 21:06:49 | 7661756 | 2 | url = http : / / www . archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = | 20 | february 20 , 2012 }} < / ref > the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : | |
| 7 | it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( | 26 | june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | ||||||
| 15 | wall . " = = [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , | 12 | june 12 , 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of | ||||||
| 568939424 | 569120812 | 2013-08-18 19:36:42 | 1 days 04:36:40 | 59005 | 3 | . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded | a mere 339 days later | on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard | |
| 576711458 | 576975608 | 2013-10-13 11:19:23 | 1 days 23:12:39 | 7496434 | 0 | demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße | and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin in december 1990 | . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german | |
| 576975608 | 576975983 | 2013-10-13 11:24:01 | 0 days 00:04:38 | 7496434 | 0 | , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . | every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) were reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . | on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border | |
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 15 | which was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on | 9 | august 9 , 1961 the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders between east - and | |
| 37 | ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall - bruce springsteen visit = = | on 19 | july 19 , 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin , | ||||||
| 42 | brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on | 26 | june 26 , 1963 , u . s . president john f . kennedy visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg | ||||||
| 590849769 | 590964946 | 2014-01-16 13:37:35 | 0 days 19:20:34 | 736651 | 27 | | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | | date = | | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]] ) | |
| 46 | = http : / / www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | | date = | | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away , < ref > {{ youtube | - ummj _ jnway | crosby , | ||||||
| 613835077 | 615294848 | 2014-07-02 13:43:53 | 10 days 19:48:20 | 7669583 | 0 | = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = | on november 21 , 1989 , [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] in front of the brandenburg gate . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 1989 - 11 - 21 / entertainment / ca - 413 _ 1 _ berlin - wall | title = crosby , stills and nash sound a positive note at berlin wall | work = la times | date = 1989 - 11 - 21 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > | on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] | |
| 633124700 | 633132744 | 2014-11-09 20:10:48 | 0 days 00:59:02 | 2012100 | 0 | > this may explain reports of east berliners appearing in west berlin earlier than the opening of the bornholmer straße border crossing . = = = demolition = = = the | date on which the wall fell is considered to have been | fall of the berlin wall ( {{ lang - de | mauerfall }} ) began the evening of | 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to |
| 635210295 | 635851215 | 2014-11-29 03:10:52 | 4 days 19:13:09 | 917223 | 0 | visa ]] < ref name = willis > {{ cite book | last1 = willis | first1 = jim | title = daily life behind the iron curtain | date = | 19 | march 19 , 1946 | publisher = abc - clio | location = santa barbara , california | isbn = 9780313397639 | url = http : / / books . google | |
| 1 | person to die in an escape attempt was [[ winfried freudenberg ]] who was killed when his homemade [[ natural gas ]] - filled [[ aerostat | balloon ]] crashed on | 8 | march 8 , 1989 . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , | ||||||
| 2 | uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on | 21 | november 21 , 1989 , [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ | ||||||
| 699308560 | 699308679 | 2016-01-11 15:46:20 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 23149456 | 0 | - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = david bowie concert 1987 = = having earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on | 6th | 6 | june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was accompanied with violent rioting in east berlin . according to tobias ruther , these |
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 26 | dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post | ' ' | . retrieved 2 november 2009 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november , he was handed a note announcing the changes , but given no | |
| 702891954 | 702892130 | 2016-02-02 06:54:16 | 0 days 00:01:51 | 13816079 | 1 | [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency that was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem , i . | e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . | on 9 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ' s ]] plan to close the | |
| 714997403 | 722498372 | 2016-05-28 14:48:32 | 45 days 12:07:39 | 27823944 | 5 | . archive . org / web / 20110920132624 / http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | | archivedate | bot | = 20 september 2011 }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " |
| 735821858 | 736676388 | 2016-08-29 03:36:10 | 5 days 18:00:42 | 27823944 | 5 | / web / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | | archivedate | bot | = 25 june 2009 }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often |
| 752045266 | 760657011 | 2017-01-18 08:28:16 | 50 days 03:00:30 | 29937011 | 9 | perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | | date = 31 october 2014 | | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | subscription = yes }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on | |
| 760740289 | 761201385 | 2017-01-21 15:51:57 | 2 days 19:27:40 | 96897 | 3 | page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | date = 31 october 2014 | subscription = yes | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | | | subscription = yes | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 | |
| 774994359 | 774996064 | 2017-04-11 23:54:04 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 204692 | 32 | stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . | {{ fact }} | on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through | |
| 774997638 | 774997751 | 2017-04-12 00:08:06 | 0 days 00:01:12 | 204692 | 1 | - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | west germans peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall | . | on | 5 january 1990 . file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 . file |
| 779016763 | 779442748 | 2017-05-08 23:18:55 | 2 days 08:38:12 | 19339494 | 2 | 394 }} < / ref > = = concerts by western artists and growing anti - wall sentiment = = = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on | 6 | june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin , played [[ glass spider tour | a concert close | |
| 3 | 2016 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | work = [[ vox ( website ) | vox ]] | date = | 11 | january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in | ||||||
| 4 | / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | work = [[ vox ( website ) | vox ]] | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = | 12 | january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last = fisher | first | ||||||
| 780019390 | 781687181 | 2017-05-22 17:34:23 | 10 days 04:39:20 | 8719036 | 2 | {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , | ( | october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ |
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 12 | < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | | accessdate | accrssdate | = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} < / ref > by gdr |
| 798241666 | 800698581 | 2017-09-15 03:51:19 | 14 days 08:23:33 | 10031342 | 17 | 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally | concluded | took place | on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] |
| 810071958 | 810072027 | 2017-11-13 05:36:43 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 19339494 | 1 | thatcher - visits - the - berlin - wall . html mrs . thatcher visits the berlin wall ] , ' ' [[ the new york times ]] ' ' , | 30 | october 30 , 1982 < / ref > < / small > < / center > = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on 6 june 1987 , | |
| 824236669 | 825606275 | 2018-02-14 10:16:19 | 8 days 06:43:34 | 21948199 | 16 | remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . | painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . | on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border | |
| 826899654 | 827316878 | 2018-02-24 01:04:34 | 2 days 08:38:31 | 508734 | 67 | opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = | 189 – 190 | on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border |
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| 655639 | 722501 | 2003-02-09 18:37:49 | 1 days 16:39:13 | 5894 | 0 | destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . | see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / | |
| 732530 | 732537 | 2003-03-08 21:13:53 | 0 days 02:40:23 | 4388 | 0 | sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee . | from [[ [ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , england and france ( [[ west - berlin ]] ) formed a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by [[ east germany ]] . | initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east | |
| 732558 | 773189 | 2003-03-08 21:25:25 | 0 days 00:08:13 | 4388 | 2 | and dreilinden on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) . | wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . | during the wall ' s existence there were around 5000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured | |
| 1012031 | 1092751 | 2003-06-08 12:37:20 | 31 days 17:34:08 | 9244 | 31 | destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < i > < br > remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 ) . < / i > < / div > not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see the picture on the right ) , | a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[ | |
| 32 | of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a | great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in | second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the oberbaumbrücke , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left no longer entirely represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today ' s [[ graffiti ]] s are mostly visible on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously wasn ' t achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east | germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = | |||||
| 41 | image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall , on november 16 , 1989 . | ' ' < / div > | after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city | ||||||
| 1744562 | 1744576 | 2003-11-15 23:16:00 | 4 days 15:00:13 | 2 | 0 | of the wall was the first step to the [[ reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | some | < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > ' ' remainder of berlin | |
| 5169825 | 5169859 | 2004-08-12 20:44:12 | 0 days 00:06:25 | 12741 | 0 | notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 [[ 1962 ]] . | in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the brandenburg gate , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . | = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | |
| 5187225 | 5188293 | 2004-08-13 18:25:16 | 0 days 01:56:36 | 0|81.241.199.46 | 0 | to defect . also the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls ( [[ ddr border system ]] ) . | . | = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . | |
| 5188293 | 5189242 | 2004-08-13 19:14:28 | 0 days 00:49:12 | 36250 | 1 | to defect . also the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls ( [[ ddr border system ]] ) . | . | = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . | |
| 5520672 | 5558538 | 2004-08-29 15:36:04 | 7 days 00:03:18 | 86444 | 0 | by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . | the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down | |
| 7583907 | 7584008 | 2004-11-17 17:32:32 | 0 days 00:01:17 | 0|64.90.246.103 | 0 | whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . | supercalifragilexiispalligous | = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb |
| 7584008 | 7586970 | 2004-11-17 17:36:49 | 0 days 00:04:17 | 54115 | 1 | whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | supercalifragilexiispalligous | = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . | = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb |
| 9220520 | 9263540 | 2005-01-09 04:58:30 | 2 days 07:45:20 | 0|63.231.146.138 | 2 | ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . | in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down | |
| 9658614 | 9762535 | 2005-01-26 01:42:57 | 0 days 06:03:58 | 26468 | 23 | ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . | this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the berlin - helmstadt [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin | at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt | |
| 11746206 | 11747812 | 2005-04-01 03:30:23 | 2 days 11:22:10 | 225848 | 18 | | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . | this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions | . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel | |
| 25 | one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . | in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . | the creation of the wall had important implications for both the germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to | ||||||
| 11747812 | 11751790 | 2005-04-01 04:25:04 | 0 days 00:54:41 | 28107 | 20 | one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . | the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view | foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when | |
| 12869650 | 12901447 | 2005-04-27 04:43:24 | 0 days 00:26:06 | 84553 | 4 | transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . for additional information , got o the link below www . hl2 - cheats . | tk | the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] and were completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected ) . this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . | = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the |
| 13372525 | 13372526 | 2005-05-07 06:16:55 | 0 days 01:30:30 | 28107 | 0 | . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . | * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] | * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 | |
| 13887739 | 13888008 | 2005-05-18 15:54:53 | 0 days 16:49:00 | 0|161.97.212.117 | 0 | is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ) . | celebrate good times c ' mon . | = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation | |
| 13888008 | 14015916 | 2005-05-18 16:01:52 | 0 days 00:06:59 | 8780 | 0 | is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ) . | celebrate good times c ' mon . | = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation | |
| 14016176 | 14016194 | 2005-05-21 09:51:08 | 0 days 00:05:33 | 0|216.27.183.43 | 5 | reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ) | . | = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation | |
| 15054564 | 15054752 | 2005-06-12 05:48:45 | 0 days 04:11:01 | 5016 | 8 | , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . | the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] | in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , | |
| 19 | the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected ) . | further , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . | this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was | ||||||
| 15055113 | 15059402 | 2005-06-12 06:08:12 | 0 days 00:13:20 | 5016 | 2 | krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | after | due to | a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news |
| 18615057 | 18831061 | 2005-07-14 18:41:13 | 3 days 00:16:28 | 0|212.129.219.9 | 0 | length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | hello : ) | = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were | |
| 18831061 | 18833308 | 2005-07-14 19:12:10 | 0 days 00:30:57 | 157530 | 0 | length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | hello : ) | = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were | |
| 18897215 | 18909779 | 2005-07-15 19:37:56 | 0 days 03:20:32 | 21397 | 0 | one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . | one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin _ s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin _ u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost stations ]] ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | | |
| 19111126 | 19261911 | 2005-07-20 22:42:15 | 2 days 00:00:08 | 0|195.4.0.21 | 3 | days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | due | the note said that east berliners would be allowed | to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv that all travel restrictions had been abandoned . tens of thousands |
| 20890583 | 20913067 | 2005-08-13 09:16:40 | 0 days 08:49:25 | 1104 | 0 | of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . | further | furthermore | , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this |
| 21691530 | 21712367 | 2005-08-24 08:24:03 | 0 days 07:10:29 | 0|130.246.132.26 | 0 | " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . | [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] | = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu | |
| 21712367 | 21742465 | 2005-08-24 18:24:13 | 0 days 10:00:10 | 28107 | 2 | " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . | they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] | = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu | |
| 22753298 | 22800912 | 2005-09-07 22:29:07 | 0 days 16:45:32 | 36204 | 0 | one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . | [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “sometime every wall falls down ” ]] | one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit | |
| 24618114 | 24828196 | 2005-10-05 18:04:22 | 2 days 13:19:55 | 0|24.51.178.10 | 4 | one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . | [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls some time ” ]] | one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit | |
| 24828196 | 24828244 | 2005-10-05 18:05:02 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 94806 | 4 | one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . | [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls some time ” ]] | one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit | |
| 24828279 | 24828564 | 2005-10-05 18:10:39 | 0 days 00:05:08 | 0|24.51.178.10 | 6 | one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . | [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls some time ” ]] | one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit | |
| 24828564 | 24828569 | 2005-10-05 18:10:52 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 94806 | 6 | one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . | [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls some time ” ]] | one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit | |
| 25206069 | 25233466 | 2005-10-10 23:10:57 | 0 days 08:15:01 | 0|68.190.3.99 | 0 | scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] | there was a lot of celebrations . | = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu | |
| 25310925 | 25339829 | 2005-10-12 07:16:05 | 0 days 08:33:41 | 0|193.17.96.40 | 0 | scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] | there was a lot of celebrations . | = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu | |
| 26467857 | 26918322 | 2005-10-30 22:25:26 | 5 days 02:16:53 | 0|205.188.116.204 | 41 | berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . | 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 | history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit | this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of |
| 45 | majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . | furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . | privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers ţ | = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin | |||||
| 26918322 | 26918978 | 2005-10-30 22:32:59 | 0 days 00:07:33 | 67107 | 41 | wiki / ethel _ and _ julius _ rosenberg " categories : 1915 births | 1953 deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | cold war spies | u . | s | around 2 | . history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit this pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main pagecommunity portalcurrent eventsrecent changesrandom articlehelpcontact usdonations search |
| 42 | ethel _ and _ julius _ rosenberg " categories : 1915 births | 1953 deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | cold war spies | u . s . | history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit | 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 | this pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main pagecommunity portalcurrent eventsrecent changesrandom articlehelpcontact usdonations search toolbox what links here related changes upload file special pages printable version permanent link | |||||
| 27085773 | 27294496 | 2005-11-03 23:14:54 | 2 days 05:55:40 | 0|68.117.68.151 | 0 | is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) | this means a piece of shit has just won the war | = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly | |
| 27294496 | 27296993 | 2005-11-03 23:46:28 | 0 days 00:31:34 | 0|68.21.9.175 | 0 | is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) | this means a piece of shit has just won the war | = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly | |
| 27296993 | 27602033 | 2005-11-07 07:19:43 | 3 days 07:33:15 | 558022 | 0 | scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] | [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 1 , 000 crosses ]] | = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu | |
| 31084094 | 31163157 | 2005-12-13 06:53:38 | 0 days 11:27:35 | 0|68.40.56.111 | 0 | is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) | = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | 1 , 000 crosses ]] [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | |
| 31163157 | 31163181 | 2005-12-13 06:53:58 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 44020 | 0 | is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) | = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | 1 , 000 crosses ]] [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | |
| 31280210 | 31292225 | 2005-12-14 05:13:56 | 0 days 02:17:08 | 0|203.194.7.88 | 0 | length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | hello my name is nicloe & i came from canada im 21 n love the wall i will sleep on it tonite | = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were | |
| 31292225 | 31292308 | 2005-12-14 05:14:46 | 0 days 00:00:50 | 44020 | 0 | length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | hello my name is nicloe & i came from canada im 21 n love the wall i will sleep on it tonite | = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were | |
| 36646145 | 36646475 | 2006-01-25 14:49:01 | 0 days 00:02:47 | 0|216.235.137.59 | 1 | - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) | barrier | penis | around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been |
| 36650338 | 36652600 | 2006-01-25 15:46:06 | 0 days 00:20:05 | 0|194.232.85.82 | 6 | - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) | penis | around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been | |
| 40013407 | 40013833 | 2006-02-17 14:26:02 | 0 days 00:03:52 | 0|66.190.92.129 | 0 | length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | brandon really is a pig though | = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s | |
| 40460981 | 40648652 | 2006-02-22 01:28:28 | 1 days 06:34:58 | 386031 | 10 | phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = | the wall years | escape attempts | = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and |
| 21 | current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] | , | images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes | ||||||
| 40785084 | 40814212 | 2006-02-23 04:37:43 | 0 days 04:17:05 | 386031 | 2 | length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | = = = seondary response = = = | many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in | |
| 5 | berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] | = = in popular culture = = | in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | | ||||||
| 40814212 | 40814314 | 2006-02-23 04:38:46 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 386031 | 93 | reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | ) | = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly | |
| 40854169 | 40898814 | 2006-02-23 19:28:36 | 0 days 06:34:56 | 913692 | 0 | the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = | seondary | secondary | response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if |
| 40900018 | 40900572 | 2006-02-23 19:43:11 | 0 days 00:04:45 | 89179 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = why it | = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after [[ the end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , | was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ |
| 40903227 | 40903298 | 2006-02-23 20:05:51 | 0 days 00:00:37 | 89179 | 0 | the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = | = later | celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , | |
| 40903298 | 40903474 | 2006-02-23 20:07:14 | 0 days 00:01:23 | 89179 | 0 | part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversery on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | = | = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly | |
| 40903474 | 40904100 | 2006-02-23 20:12:19 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 89179 | 0 | most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official | crossing points | crossings | and escape attempts = = during most the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a |
| 40904100 | 40904220 | 2006-02-23 20:13:14 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 89179 | 0 | ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " eventually all walls fall ” ]] | = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . | |
| 41672426 | 41672571 | 2006-02-28 23:50:37 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 0|69.15.111.135 | 0 | germany ' s peaceful revolution because it was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . | however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of | |
| 41672571 | 41672639 | 2006-02-28 23:51:02 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 800894 | 0 | germany ' s peaceful revolution because it was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . | however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of | |
| 41674806 | 41674959 | 2006-03-01 00:05:47 | 0 days 00:01:13 | 0|72.15.91.239 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 2007 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy | |
| 41675119 | 41675140 | 2006-03-01 00:07:06 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 60449 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 2007 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy | |
| 41746791 | 41761508 | 2006-03-01 15:37:50 | 0 days 02:21:39 | 24373 | 10 | size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . | ' ' | , jr . | title = | the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( |
| 24 | ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * | {{ cite book | first = | honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , | ||||||
| 31 | ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * | {{ cite web | author = | [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . | ||||||
| 42688981 | 42743997 | 2006-03-08 02:29:01 | 0 days 06:23:18 | 0|150.101.251.66 | 2 | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' | ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november | |
| 42743997 | 42744056 | 2006-03-08 02:29:26 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 247414 | 0 | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' | ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november | |
| 43550317 | 43550620 | 2006-03-13 06:02:37 | 0 days 00:02:47 | 635781 | 4 | peaceful revolution and because it is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , | because | november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 | october 3 | |
| 43550620 | 43620580 | 2006-03-13 20:57:16 | 0 days 14:54:39 | 1077726 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers | ba goo | to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]] |
| 43620580 | 43620636 | 2006-03-13 20:57:53 | 0 days 00:00:37 | 1022601 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | ba goo | = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers | to you all = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course |
| 47528615 | 47569595 | 2006-04-08 16:43:58 | 0 days 08:16:38 | 686868 | 1 | gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were not allowed visa free travel until [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . | until then | they could visit the gdr , but only at the conditions prevalent before , which included application for a visa several days in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least | |
| 48935289 | 49049354 | 2006-04-18 20:13:20 | 0 days 18:06:16 | 6661 | 0 | with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . the | gdr | east german regime | announced to open 10 new border crossings the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] |
| 49133030 | 49652114 | 2006-04-22 21:22:48 | 3 days 13:31:21 | 576576 | 0 | aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . | in 1979 two families were spotted on a field near the town of [[ hof ]] in [[ bavaria ]] . they had escaped via a hot air balloon which the had stitched and sewn together themselves . | another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth | |
| 49652114 | 49652243 | 2006-04-22 21:23:37 | 0 days 00:00:49 | 576576 | 0 | aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . | in 1979 two families were spotted on a field near the town of [[ hof ]] in [[ bavaria ]] . they had escaped via a hot air balloon which the had stitched and sewn together themselves . | another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth | |
| 51477991 | 51561037 | 2006-05-04 18:50:20 | 0 days 14:23:12 | 0|209.7.107.26 | 0 | part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | jews suck | = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of | |
| 51561037 | 51568725 | 2006-05-04 19:52:50 | 0 days 01:02:30 | 389512 | 0 | part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | jews suck | = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of | |
| 51589662 | 51848718 | 2006-05-06 16:49:23 | 1 days 18:26:01 | 0|72.228.114.173 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , | there | was itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold |
| 51848718 | 51848752 | 2006-05-06 16:49:46 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 223113 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | there | = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , | was no berlin wall , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was no holocaust . it was all |
| 52000258 | 52000362 | 2006-05-07 16:50:25 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 819974 | 2 | all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . . | in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inner - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . | the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = | |
| 52169001 | 52169542 | 2006-05-08 17:30:21 | 0 days 00:03:23 | 0|204.14.67.138 | 0 | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] | this is bull . though berlin wall rocks . lol that means laugh out loud . willy wonka , willy wonka , the amazing choclate tere . love ya . bye have a iice day ! ! ! ! ! | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] | |
| 52169542 | 52169681 | 2006-05-08 17:31:13 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 393959 | 1 | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] | this is bull . though berlin wall rocks . lol that means laugh out loud . willy wonka , willy wonka , the amazing choclate tere . love ya . bye have a iice day ! ! ! ! ! | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] | |
| 53023761 | 53023891 | 2006-05-13 17:37:52 | 0 days 00:00:59 | 0|12.189.32.36 | 0 | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] | eggs | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] | |
| 53023891 | 53023975 | 2006-05-13 17:38:34 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 1008387 | 0 | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] | eggs | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] | |
| 53334351 | 53424530 | 2006-05-16 00:54:14 | 0 days 08:46:35 | 0|66.156.78.171 | 0 | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] | it was part of the iron curtain . | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] | |
| 53469237 | 53500500 | 2006-05-16 13:10:13 | 0 days 05:20:12 | 0|204.10.216.173 | 0 | of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | < font size | = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west berlin | |
| 1 | the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = | = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the | 36 > < center > basically this | wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , | |||||
| 54612020 | 54612820 | 2006-05-22 23:23:58 | 0 days 00:05:29 | 0|67.76.205.110 | 2 | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] | the | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 | |
| 55921252 | 55951737 | 2006-05-30 16:19:39 | 0 days 03:20:15 | 0|207.228.209.68 | 0 | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] | i llike pie ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august | |
| 55951737 | 55951899 | 2006-05-30 16:20:33 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 774663 | 0 | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] | i llike pie ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august | |
| 60675338 | 60893108 | 2006-06-27 19:57:01 | 1 days 03:53:52 | 0|86.136.216.81 | 0 | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] | and no niall the russians never went near germany . | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ | |
| 60893108 | 60894512 | 2006-06-27 20:05:23 | 0 days 00:08:22 | 0|86.136.216.81 | 0 | of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | and no niall the russians never went near germany . | = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin | |
| 1 | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] | and no niall the russians never went near germany . | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ | ||||||
| 60894512 | 60894996 | 2006-06-27 20:08:25 | 0 days 00:03:02 | 0|86.136.216.81 | 0 | of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | leigh pickering you are wrong | and no niall the russians never went near germany . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their | |
| 1 | between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . and no niall | the russians never went near germany . | is right give him a chocolate bar | = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin | |||||
| 2 | the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . and | no | niall the russians never went near germany . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and | ||||||
| 60894996 | 60895964 | 2006-06-27 20:13:57 | 0 days 00:05:32 | 0|86.136.216.81 | 0 | of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | leigh pickering you are wrong and niall is right give him a chocolate bar | = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin | |
| 60895964 | 60896018 | 2006-06-27 20:14:17 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 306178 | 0 | of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | leigh pickering you are wrong and niall is right give him a chocolate bar | = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin | |
| 60896018 | 60921964 | 2006-06-27 22:57:46 | 0 days 02:43:29 | 0|81.110.120.61 | 0 | of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | leigh pickering you are wrong and niall is right give him a chocolate bar | = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin | |
| 63357225 | 63858347 | 2006-07-14 22:07:07 | 2 days 17:42:04 | 1793767 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which | steve walker tore down | the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals |
| 63858347 | 63858464 | 2006-07-14 22:07:48 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 1265360 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | steve walker tore down | = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which | the berlin wall in an effort to do away with commusism . he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and |
| 64683314 | 64683405 | 2006-07-19 16:14:14 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 157842 | 0 | image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . | a portion of the berlin wall can be seen in the lower left . | ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known | |
| 67065553 | 67168412 | 2006-08-02 02:59:39 | 0 days 10:18:14 | 0|140.144.41.95 | 0 | to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = | massive | big | emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " |
| 67168587 | 67168760 | 2006-08-02 03:02:13 | 0 days 00:01:12 | 529595 | 0 | to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = | big | massive | emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " |
| 73604370 | 73604617 | 2006-09-03 17:49:45 | 0 days 00:01:59 | 0|69.15.111.135 | 0 | ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan | adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of | |
| 73605029 | 73605688 | 2006-09-03 17:57:34 | 0 days 00:04:49 | 302522 | 1 | ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan | adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of | |
| 78350243 | 78394704 | 2006-09-28 22:50:15 | 0 days 04:00:18 | 0|71.145.176.135 | 1 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | ' ' ' | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] | |
| 78394704 | 78409397 | 2006-09-29 00:19:00 | 0 days 01:28:45 | 1008387 | 1 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | ' ' ' | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] | |
| 78409397 | 79060701 | 2006-10-02 16:29:41 | 3 days 16:10:41 | 0|84.66.53.77 | 0 | part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | one notable emission of the celebrations though was anthony petane who cried like a baby amoung the ruins crying and screaming for the motherland . tough tits | = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of | |
| 79060701 | 79066912 | 2006-10-02 17:05:48 | 0 days 00:36:07 | 764861 | 0 | part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | one notable emission of the celebrations though was anthony petane who cried like a baby amoung the ruins crying and screaming for the motherland . tough tits | = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of | |
| 79283264 | 79360490 | 2006-10-04 00:26:58 | 0 days 06:52:26 | 0|69.110.32.177 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] | they had boobs | , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ |
| 79360490 | 79360549 | 2006-10-04 00:27:24 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 416594 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | they had boobs | = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] | , pussy and sex there , they loved to rub boobs = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western |
| 84628126 | 84628356 | 2006-10-30 15:08:34 | 0 days 00:01:17 | 0|216.79.72.2 | 0 | germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = | massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications | for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government | |
| 84630440 | 84632700 | 2006-10-30 15:33:12 | 0 days 00:13:01 | 1008387 | 1 | germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = | massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications | for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now | |
| 84732512 | 84732536 | 2006-10-31 00:15:12 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 1574574 | 3 | policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . la la la la la . . . | la la la la soccer | a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . | = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and |
| 85254171 | 85254386 | 2006-11-02 14:18:06 | 0 days 00:01:51 | 0|204.13.204.162 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east | i fuckin hate | germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in |
| 85255260 | 85256076 | 2006-11-02 14:29:43 | 0 days 00:05:31 | 1008387 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | i fuckin hate | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east | germans heeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the |
| 86797563 | 86853979 | 2006-11-10 02:13:31 | 0 days 04:53:47 | 0|66.41.180.143 | 0 | memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of | |
| 86853979 | 86859769 | 2006-11-10 02:49:26 | 0 days 00:35:55 | 1008387 | 0 | memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of | |
| 86978084 | 86978875 | 2006-11-10 18:18:25 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|206.158.3.70 | 0 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | & spades ; kt & spades ; | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the | |
| 86978875 | 86978923 | 2006-11-10 18:18:41 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 572610 | 4 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | & spades ; kt & spades ; | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the | |
| 87781220 | 87781329 | 2006-11-14 16:27:23 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 0|63.253.45.100 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was | then a leprachaun shot | itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] |
| 87781329 | 87781447 | 2006-11-14 16:28:02 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 1792859 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | then a leprachaun shot | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was | itself with an oozie = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht |
| 87979603 | 87991523 | 2006-11-15 14:59:12 | 0 days 01:18:35 | 0|63.167.26.34 | 0 | weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = | background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country | down | with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic |
| 87991523 | 87994645 | 2006-11-15 15:18:19 | 0 days 00:19:07 | 847895 | 0 | weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = | down | background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country | with the berlin wall = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ |
| 88582143 | 88623484 | 2006-11-18 14:45:47 | 0 days 07:43:33 | 2790399 | 0 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | the turtol is a human to ! ! ! ! | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the | |
| 88623484 | 88623493 | 2006-11-18 14:45:51 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 1574574 | 0 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | the turtol is a human to ! ! ! ! | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the | |
| 88623493 | 88679833 | 2006-11-18 21:09:32 | 0 days 06:23:41 | 0|24.44.88.156 | 0 | war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] | j ' s suck | . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] |
| 88679833 | 88680345 | 2006-11-18 21:12:33 | 0 days 00:03:01 | 847895 | 0 | war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | j ' s suck | part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] | . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] |
| 90566048 | 90625325 | 2006-11-28 08:53:31 | 0 days 07:15:38 | 0|213.222.30.35 | 0 | of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | this of course , was all going on , when ben de meyer and teagan fardell were getting wonderfully smashed . | = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of | |
| 90625325 | 90656152 | 2006-11-28 13:45:51 | 0 days 04:52:20 | 35947 | 0 | of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | this of course , was all going on , when ben de meyer and teagan fardell were getting wonderfully smashed . | = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of | |
| 93491435 | 93493618 | 2006-12-11 01:48:55 | 0 days 00:12:00 | 935627 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | omg go america ! yay america | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten | ! elitehax pwns omg go america ! = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners |
| 93510408 | 93602012 | 2006-12-11 16:45:29 | 0 days 13:14:19 | 0|148.81.137.2 | 2 | : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . | ' ' | you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east | |
| 95089251 | 95090637 | 2006-12-18 14:01:12 | 0 days 00:10:54 | 0|84.64.31.22 | 5 | aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . | they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . | another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german | |
| 6 | " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . | if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . | the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ | ||||||
| 98453918 | 98470052 | 2007-01-04 19:21:16 | 0 days 01:21:18 | 873891 | 11 | east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it | effectively | decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and | |
| 99165555 | 99378492 | 2007-01-08 19:24:41 | 0 days 22:43:14 | 29695 | 4 | ]] , began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] < | |
| 99737979 | 99757174 | 2007-01-10 13:35:33 | 0 days 03:15:04 | 0|168.216.41.11 | 0 | allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . | = = ' ' ' masturbation ' ' ' = = , | the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was | |
| 99757174 | 99757249 | 2007-01-10 13:36:09 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 128863 | 0 | allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . | = = ' ' ' masturbation ' ' ' = = , | the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was | |
| 99969068 | 100000315 | 2007-01-11 15:13:55 | 0 days 04:06:40 | 0|216.182.16.234 | 0 | ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | the berlin wall was taken down by the two true american boys ben baker and john latona . | if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = | |
| 100000315 | 100000629 | 2007-01-11 15:15:48 | 0 days 00:01:53 | 302522 | 0 | ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | the berlin wall was taken down by the two true american boys ben baker and john latona . | if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = | |
| 100114349 | 100114596 | 2007-01-12 00:22:07 | 0 days 00:01:22 | 0|64.228.195.105 | 0 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | hello , my name is jeffery , if you do not like this im going to sneak up behind you and stab you in the back | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the | |
| 100119758 | 100120391 | 2007-01-12 00:51:58 | 0 days 00:03:15 | 1365356 | 0 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | hello , my name is jeffery , if you do not like this im going to sneak up behind you and stab you in the back | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the | |
| 100887174 | 100916417 | 2007-01-15 18:33:14 | 0 days 02:34:19 | 2810123 | 7 | of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | jesus . | = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin | |
| 27 | section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . | nymphs . | one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ | ||||||
| 31 | " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . | bacchus . | if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be | ||||||
| 33 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | nintendo . | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the | ||||||
| 37 | border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | a thousand chips delicious . yea ! | west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under | ||||||
| 100916417 | 100920432 | 2007-01-15 18:53:45 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 7 | of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | jesus . | = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin | |
| 27 | section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . | nymphs . | one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ | ||||||
| 31 | " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . | bacchus . | if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be | ||||||
| 33 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | nintendo . | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the | ||||||
| 37 | border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | a thousand chips delicious . yea ! | west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under | ||||||
| 105035085 | 105154435 | 2007-02-02 19:13:09 | 0 days 12:40:40 | 3436457 | 0 | next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] | dave | and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided |
| 105154435 | 105154508 | 2007-02-02 19:13:24 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 128326 | 0 | next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | dave | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] | and phil rule the berlin wall and the world ! ! ! suck it wikipedia ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] |
| 108586831 | 108627894 | 2007-02-16 16:20:08 | 0 days 04:17:36 | 0|208.11.179.205 | 0 | allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . | it was made by tj murrell in 1790 | the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was | |
| 108631300 | 108633355 | 2007-02-16 16:46:14 | 0 days 00:10:23 | 302522 | 0 | allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . | it was made by tj murrell in 1790 | the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was | |
| 111076410 | 111077007 | 2007-02-26 14:23:06 | 0 days 00:03:59 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 0 | remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . | what | peter shapiro loves the cockwhat | ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! |
| 111150079 | 111178909 | 2007-02-26 22:23:36 | 0 days 01:57:36 | 0|68.112.191.182 | 0 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | the album ' the wall ' by pink floyd does not have anything to do with the wall in germany . | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the | |
| 111178909 | 111196973 | 2007-02-26 23:38:09 | 0 days 01:14:33 | 911178 | 0 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | the album ' the wall ' by pink floyd does not have anything to do with the wall in germany . | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the | |
| 111392335 | 111392675 | 2007-02-27 19:36:10 | 0 days 00:01:26 | 0|205.126.63.15 | 3 | next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) | |
| 111392675 | 111393341 | 2007-02-27 19:39:19 | 0 days 00:03:09 | 911178 | 0 | next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after | the best thing one the inernet is the n game = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the | |
| 111405419 | 111405427 | 2007-02-27 20:31:42 | 0 days 00:00:01 | 0|205.126.63.15 | 0 | union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = | divergence of german states | hi mrs . ramsey | = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' |
| 111405735 | 111405922 | 2007-02-27 20:33:49 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 2875882 | 0 | union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = | hi mrs . ramsey | divergence of german states | = = = = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two |
| 111406034 | 111406152 | 2007-02-27 20:34:45 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 0|205.126.72.236 | 0 | west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = | massive emigration | hi mrs . ramsay | = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' |
| 111407061 | 111407249 | 2007-02-27 20:39:40 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 0|205.126.72.236 | 0 | union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = | divergence of german states | dont change this hi mrs ramsay | = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' |
| 111407249 | 111407321 | 2007-02-27 20:39:58 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 3538467 | 0 | union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = | dont change this hi mrs ramsay | divergence of german states | = = = = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from |
| 113832228 | 114062117 | 2007-03-10 14:13:43 | 0 days 23:56:59 | 121208 | 0 | [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] | [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] | during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols | |
| 114231078 | 114232094 | 2007-03-11 04:46:14 | 0 days 00:06:38 | 0|192.176.11.14 | 0 | [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] | [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] | during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols | |
| 114970119 | 114977745 | 2007-03-14 04:03:28 | 0 days 00:41:27 | 0|74.214.231.155 | 0 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | dadfadsfadsfadfadf | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the | |
| 114977745 | 114987991 | 2007-03-14 05:18:16 | 0 days 01:14:48 | 911178 | 0 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | dadfadsfadsfadfadf | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the | |
| 115589605 | 115708717 | 2007-03-17 02:59:59 | 0 days 10:08:11 | 0|192.228.185.208 | 2 | next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] | |
| 5 | memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = | little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ | ||||||
| 115708717 | 115708771 | 2007-03-17 03:00:22 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 979770 | 1 | next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] | |
| 4 | memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = | little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ | ||||||
| 115708771 | 115802630 | 2007-03-17 15:36:20 | 0 days 12:35:58 | 0|91.64.129.222 | 13 | section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . | one location where | westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - | |
| 115803261 | 115804646 | 2007-03-17 15:49:40 | 0 days 00:09:19 | 54809 | 6 | section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . | one location where | westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the | |
| 13 | which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] | protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " we are staying here this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not demand the wall be removed . they wanted to reform east germany and did not want german unification at this time . the east german government decided to open the wall even though protestors had not demanded this , to take the initative away from the street protests which threatened their authority , privilieges and power . the move opened not only the wall but opened the way for west german capitalism to take over all of east germany , it ' s property , law and administration . this anschluss , annexaton led to widespread discontent in the following years which remains today . | meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in | ||||||
| 115804646 | 115804866 | 2007-03-17 15:50:50 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 54809 | 12 | which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] | protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " we are staying here this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not demand the wall be removed . they wanted to reform east germany and did not want german unification at this time . the east german government decided to open the wall even though protestors had not demanded this , to take the initative away from the street protests which threatened their authority , privilieges and power . the move opened not only the wall but opened the way for west german capitalism to take over all of east germany , it ' s property , law and administration . this anschluss , annexaton led to widespread discontent in the following years which remains today . | meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in | |
| 13 | section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . | one location where | westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - | ||||||
| 116663804 | 116668276 | 2007-03-21 00:50:34 | 0 days 00:20:06 | 351312 | 4 | bleed to death in the middle of this ground . - - [[ user : 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 | 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 ]] | 00 : 30 , 21 march 2007 | ( utc ) i like chocolate ! = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans | |
| 118026860 | 118145320 | 2007-03-27 00:42:55 | 0 days 08:25:30 | 0|24.16.228.161 | 0 | " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany | please dont let anyone edit the section without user | in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ |
| 118145320 | 118145334 | 2007-03-27 00:43:00 | 0 days 00:00:05 | 2198658 | 0 | " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | please dont let anyone edit the section without user | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany | in this web site = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started |
| 120012530 | 120170294 | 2007-04-04 06:24:36 | 0 days 13:17:24 | 0|125.238.5.132 | 0 | - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] | [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 120170294 | 120170339 | 2007-04-04 06:24:56 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 3374721 | 0 | - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] | [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 121815930 | 121816065 | 2007-04-10 23:58:38 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 1587622 | 2 | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : juan stupid . . belin wall | sucks | ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east | . in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier |
| 122018387 | 122019226 | 2007-04-11 19:15:33 | 0 days 00:03:16 | 0|75.144.36.132 | 0 | . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . bobby whitaker | loves men | is something i love . ed by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader | |
| 122513682 | 122565742 | 2007-04-13 19:34:25 | 0 days 03:41:37 | 0|65.182.247.159 | 0 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | = | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the | |
| 122565742 | 122565894 | 2007-04-13 19:34:59 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 0|65.182.247.159 | 0 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | = = | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate | |
| 122565894 | 122566024 | 2007-04-13 19:35:30 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 0|65.182.247.159 | 0 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | = = | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the | |
| 123126862 | 123132996 | 2007-04-16 01:36:38 | 0 days 00:25:51 | 0|69.27.193.215 | 0 | " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 123132996 | 123133290 | 2007-04-16 01:37:53 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 742404 | 0 | " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 123238927 | 123239534 | 2007-04-16 13:20:17 | 0 days 00:03:01 | 0|24.73.99.18 | 1 | german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . | png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] | |
| 123239534 | 123239676 | 2007-04-16 13:21:00 | 0 days 00:00:43 | 238308 | 0 | " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | the berlin wall was made of pie and potatoes | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 | . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference |
| 123516541 | 123516548 | 2007-04-17 13:05:33 | 0 days 00:00:02 | 0|24.73.99.18 | 0 | of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | it was made of stuff like brick , duh . | = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin | |
| 123516548 | 123517699 | 2007-04-17 13:11:36 | 0 days 00:06:03 | 2875882 | 2 | of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | it was made of stuff like brick , duh . | = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin | |
| 123518376 | 123518853 | 2007-04-17 13:17:55 | 0 days 00:02:36 | 0|24.73.99.18 | 0 | memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha | = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of |
| 123518853 | 123518934 | 2007-04-17 13:18:19 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 3358912 | 1 | memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha | = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of |
| 123951114 | 124129045 | 2007-04-19 17:12:29 | 0 days 17:13:20 | 0|72.243.172.178 | 2 | german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . | png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] | . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself | |
| 3 | allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . | the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union | . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british | ||||||
| 124129045 | 124129084 | 2007-04-19 17:12:39 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 2092344 | 4 | voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . . . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government | . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction | |
| 5 | were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . . . . | prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german | . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of | ||||||
| 128043670 | 128043972 | 2007-05-03 20:31:17 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 3 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | = = = | the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall | |
| 129555699 | 129555771 | 2007-05-09 16:41:06 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 2073927 | 7 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | democratic | ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 |
| 20 | 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] | 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 | ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 | ||||||
| 130123030 | 130123251 | 2007-05-11 16:47:08 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 0|209.184.226.15 | 0 | [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the | lives | jlives | of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . |
| 130123251 | 130124262 | 2007-05-11 16:51:40 | 0 days 00:04:32 | 2073927 | 0 | [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the | jlives | lives | of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . |
| 131488336 | 131537690 | 2007-05-17 13:56:49 | 0 days 06:29:58 | 0|203.109.89.18 | 0 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | though some people argue that the above is true others take this as thrash | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate | |
| 131538500 | 131538704 | 2007-05-17 14:02:24 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 302522 | 0 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | though some people argue that the above is true others take this as thrash . preetham a student of timpany has proven this false but many were left unsatisfied . | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate | |
| 132298254 | 132298502 | 2007-05-20 21:19:46 | 0 days 00:01:22 | 2092344 | 2 | miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east b . jhlbhnmbnhmj , | yuwith | not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with | orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , |
| 4 | allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . fgkl ; | d ; m | to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not | challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' | |||||
| 134754471 | 134826269 | 2007-05-31 15:15:04 | 0 days 08:38:02 | 0|82.32.237.83 | 0 | length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | guch | = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin | |
| 134826269 | 134829090 | 2007-05-31 15:30:41 | 0 days 00:15:37 | 911178 | 0 | length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | guch | = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin | |
| 142255967 | 142335283 | 2007-07-03 22:40:08 | 0 days 06:30:19 | 0|67.177.50.98 | 0 | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . | when the east german | government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed | |
| 142335283 | 142342188 | 2007-07-03 23:19:32 | 0 days 00:39:24 | 777667 | 0 | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . | when the east german | government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed | |
| 146972230 | 147029094 | 2007-07-25 17:15:44 | 0 days 05:41:15 | 4126605 | 0 | which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] | [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] | protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus " | |
| 147029094 | 147035336 | 2007-07-25 17:47:01 | 0 days 00:31:17 | 715870 | 0 | which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] | [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] | protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus " | |
| 147039937 | 147359013 | 2007-07-27 01:41:42 | 1 days 07:31:43 | 4909351 | 2 | which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] | [[ image : climbing _ wall - 08 . jpg ]] | protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus " | |
| 147359013 | 147393203 | 2007-07-27 05:53:19 | 0 days 04:11:37 | 302522 | 2 | which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] | [[ image : climbing _ wall - 08 . jpg ]] | protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus " | |
| 147504728 | 147662514 | 2007-07-28 13:53:04 | 0 days 19:00:45 | 4126605 | 0 | which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] | [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] | protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus " | |
| 147691605 | 147693296 | 2007-07-28 17:30:25 | 0 days 00:10:37 | 715870 | 0 | which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] | [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i ( the image creator ) broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] | protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus " | |
| 147693296 | 147728827 | 2007-07-28 21:27:57 | 0 days 03:57:32 | 4126605 | 0 | which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] | [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i ( the image creator ) broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] | protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus " | |
| 147728827 | 147742181 | 2007-07-28 22:57:39 | 0 days 01:29:42 | 808022 | 0 | which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] | [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i ( the image creator ) broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] | protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus " | |
| 147742181 | 147749521 | 2007-07-28 23:43:59 | 0 days 00:46:20 | 4126605 | 0 | which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] | [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i ( the image creator ) broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] | protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus " | |
| 147749521 | 147750401 | 2007-07-28 23:49:07 | 0 days 00:05:08 | 808022 | 0 | which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] | [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i ( the image creator ) broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] | protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus " | |
| 147750401 | 148039010 | 2007-07-30 12:14:43 | 1 days 12:25:36 | 961397 | 0 | [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] | [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] | during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols | |
| 149897566 | 149947858 | 2007-08-08 10:01:38 | 0 days 06:59:57 | 54196 | 0 | of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | see also : [[ schicksalstag ]] . | = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of | |
| 150820185 | 150821296 | 2007-08-12 20:15:16 | 0 days 00:08:08 | 0|70.76.242.208 | 0 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | recently uncovered documents from the regional archive office in the eastern city of magdeburg , show that the ministry for state security , known as the stasi , had told guards that they must " stop or liquidate " would - be dissidents . " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " it said . source : http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2734598 , 00 . html | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate | |
| 150832838 | 150865465 | 2007-08-13 00:57:21 | 0 days 03:29:12 | 158051 | 9 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | recently uncovered documents from the regional archive office in the eastern city of magdeburg , show that the ministry for state security , known as the stasi , had told guards that they must " stop or liquidate " would - be dissidents . | " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have | |
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 9 | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , | [[ gdr border system | | the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] | |
| 57 | of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 | august | ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col | ||||||
| 153595819 | 153780641 | 2007-08-26 17:53:06 | 0 days 22:54:33 | 0|70.246.156.12 | 2 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | fuck . | during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - | |
| 153783102 | 153784826 | 2007-08-26 18:19:24 | 0 days 00:10:45 | 1718065 | 4 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | fuck . | if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 | |
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 4 | {st@rt} this article is about biological sexes : male , female , etc . . | for alternate uses , such as sexual intercourse , see sex ( disambiguation ) . sexuality portal sex refers to | jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from | the male and female duality of biology and reproduction . unlike organisms that only have the ability to reproduce asexually , sexed male and female pairs have the ability to produce |
| 60 | continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2003 , isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new | scientist article on sex chromosomes in | york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and | the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / sex " categories : semi | |||||
| 166496747 | 166496802 | 2007-10-23 12:32:13 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 0|208.108.159.70 | 0 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | hahahah | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate | |
| 166496873 | 166497056 | 2007-10-23 12:34:02 | 0 days 00:01:16 | 0|194.5.134.185 | 0 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | hahahah | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate | |
| 169607768 | 169620670 | 2007-11-06 16:18:55 | 0 days 01:12:33 | 0|24.128.225.123 | 0 | that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . | accordingly | yepppaccordingly | , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which |
| 169620670 | 169620874 | 2007-11-06 16:20:09 | 0 days 00:01:14 | 54809 | 0 | that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . | yepppaccordingly | accordingly | , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which |
| 169623420 | 169663054 | 2007-11-06 19:44:41 | 0 days 03:11:23 | 0|165.138.104.250 | 0 | [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | hahaha hes dead | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate | |
| 169663054 | 169669490 | 2007-11-06 20:16:19 | 0 days 00:31:38 | 0|79.67.27.247 | 0 | [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | hahaha hes dead | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate | |
| 169684921 | 169819935 | 2007-11-07 08:18:20 | 0 days 10:56:10 | 0|220.238.206.14 | 0 | powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . | ' ' ' all the leaders enjoyed having sexual intercourse with their wifes who gave $ 5 headjobs . it was veryt pleasing . ' ' ' | the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside | |
| 169820091 | 169825171 | 2007-11-07 08:55:52 | 0 days 00:36:16 | 0|195.67.33.109 | 0 | powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . | ' ' ' all the leaders enjoyed having sexual intercourse with their wives who gave $ 5 headjobs . it was very pleasing as they all had huge titties to please the blokes . ' ' ' | the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside | |
| 173864192 | 173864414 | 2007-11-26 10:25:20 | 0 days 00:02:20 | 137113 | 0 | , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , | an anti - communist | who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the | |
| 184759898 | 185099808 | 2008-01-18 00:13:46 | 1 days 07:34:28 | 0|12.214.202.72 | 3 | them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . | ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example | . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' | |
| 4 | that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . | the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line | ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example | . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote | |||||
| 188145977 | 188146147 | 2008-01-31 13:45:34 | 0 days 00:01:30 | 2377922 | 1 | creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . pfdadsfhjasndfjndsfasdf , | fa | work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . | = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and |
| 188151765 | 188152092 | 2008-01-31 14:25:04 | 0 days 00:02:02 | 0|208.108.158.196 | 3 | section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . | chris and tadpole | westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the | |
| 188152092 | 188152574 | 2008-01-31 14:28:19 | 0 days 00:03:15 | 317054 | 3 | section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . | chris and tadpole | westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the | |
| 191583995 | 191709609 | 2008-02-15 20:07:18 | 0 days 15:08:49 | 0|207.160.105.110 | 0 | memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this | brendon urie | is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the |
| 191709609 | 191709855 | 2008-02-15 20:08:39 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 4430968 | 0 | memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | brendon urie | = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this | is the hottestmanontheplanet . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall |
| 197075558 | 197077024 | 2008-03-09 20:57:57 | 0 days 00:06:53 | 0|98.17.134.249 | 5 | aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . | when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . | another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east | |
| 6 | ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . | his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . | if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be | ||||||
| 199097835 | 199097858 | 2008-03-18 15:12:11 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 0|208.27.127.62 | 1 | powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . | the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft | |
| 201487322 | 201566226 | 2008-03-28 13:07:18 | 0 days 10:15:20 | 6765073 | 0 | east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . | one of the demolistionists was mr . palm . | during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / | |
| 201566226 | 201567868 | 2008-03-28 13:17:11 | 0 days 00:09:53 | 2427421 | 0 | east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . | one of the demolistionists was mr . palm . | during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / | |
| 201855946 | 202125951 | 2008-03-30 19:58:57 | 1 days 01:48:56 | 0|76.104.54.6 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed | hahahahaha i hate | the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and |
| 202125951 | 202125992 | 2008-03-30 19:59:06 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 2372780 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | hahahahaha i hate | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed | the berlin wall so i decided to delete all the text that someone carefully put together to share with the world = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image |
| 203166960 | 203167170 | 2008-04-03 23:30:56 | 0 days 00:01:00 | 0|74.75.94.117 | 4 | that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . | the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives | . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote | |
| 203167170 | 203167190 | 2008-04-03 23:30:59 | 0 days 00:00:03 | 642191 | 2 | wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . davey clark sucks a lota cock . . . | the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives | . he is so small and loves to get his ribs removed to suck on his tiny winky = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall | |
| 3 | to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . davey clark sucks a lota cock . . . . | he is so small | " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east | and loves to get his ribs removed to suck on his tiny winky = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 | |||||
| 204485312 | 204485514 | 2008-04-09 16:50:31 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 137113 | 0 | a move of this kind < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < | / | ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to | |
| 214855602 | 214991201 | 2008-05-26 06:08:19 | 0 days 13:45:18 | 1022055 | 1 | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] | --> | during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as | |
| 219229365 | 219331289 | 2008-06-14 18:43:12 | 0 days 13:13:41 | 1096320 | 1 | berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . | < ref > http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html < / ref > | during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / | |
| 229833654 | 230143637 | 2008-08-06 06:14:51 | 1 days 10:36:44 | 1626379 | 0 | media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . | [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at | |
| 233436562 | 233469326 | 2008-08-22 03:47:10 | 0 days 03:54:39 | 372629 | 0 | national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> | [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] | during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as | |
| 237419988 | 237420560 | 2008-09-10 02:38:55 | 0 days 00:03:53 | 7823276 | 0 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . | = = many people belive | the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet |
| 237420560 | 237420572 | 2008-09-10 02:38:59 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 2372780 | 0 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | = = many people belive | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . | the the germans had hot dirty sex with little boy on the othe side of the wall they would usally have gay sex aswell = = construction begins , 1961 = |
| 237420572 | 237421084 | 2008-09-10 02:42:59 | 0 days 00:04:00 | 7823265 | 0 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders | many people lived | in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown |
| 237421084 | 237421104 | 2008-09-10 02:43:05 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 2372780 | 0 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | many people lived | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders | in berlin and the german decided to build a wall so that the berlin people could keep the rabbit problem the berlin people are normally very hot and have nice arses |
| 237957752 | 238154941 | 2008-09-13 14:51:51 | 0 days 22:37:25 | 0|70.127.127.212 | 2 | the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . | clay | zakel | ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor |
| 239050940 | 239141721 | 2008-09-17 23:56:00 | 0 days 07:40:53 | 736477 | 4 | in a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 | , | with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas for east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to | |
| 239385348 | 239443639 | 2008-09-19 02:26:52 | 0 days 04:38:14 | 0|72.154.98.63 | 0 | continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = | barrier between east and west germany | poop | = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ |
| 239443639 | 239446301 | 2008-09-19 02:38:55 | 0 days 00:12:03 | 0|69.216.137.96 | 0 | continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = | poop | april 1952 | = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ |
| 239446301 | 239453915 | 2008-09-19 03:12:28 | 0 days 00:33:33 | 1879566 | 0 | continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = | april 1952 | barrier between east and west germany | = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ |
| 239453915 | 239456329 | 2008-09-19 03:25:00 | 0 days 00:12:32 | 736477 | 33 | continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = | barrier | between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin | |
| 240115670 | 240121082 | 2008-09-22 00:23:20 | 0 days 00:30:29 | 736477 | 1 | the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ casey b . | zakel | clay | ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 41 | to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] | , | see | an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he |
| 48 | order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) | was alerted | several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets | . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - | |||||
| 49 | to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . | on sunday morning , lead elements arranged | com | in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at | |||||
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 63 | links = = * [ | http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site | < ref > | on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . |
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 41 | to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] | , | see | an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he |
| 48 | order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) | was alerted | several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets | . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - | |||||
| 49 | to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . | on sunday morning , lead elements arranged | com | in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at | |||||
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 63 | links = = * [ | http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site | < ref > | on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . |
| 246467798 | 246467841 | 2008-10-20 10:02:36 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 3022076 | 1 | fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . phail ! uckten shniden . . . | aka | [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists | . . . massive fucking failure ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the |
| 3 | berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . phail ! uckten shniden . . . aka . . | calvin | . massive fucking failure ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall | ||||||
| 247126364 | 247200918 | 2008-10-23 16:43:51 | 0 days 08:53:11 | 0|142.163.250.18 | 0 | economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = | erection | jerken off | of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions |
| 247200918 | 247201275 | 2008-10-23 16:45:34 | 0 days 00:01:43 | 643982 | 0 | economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = | jerken off | erection | of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions |
| 248089272 | 248095035 | 2008-10-28 00:19:45 | 0 days 00:29:50 | 0|98.15.190.110 | 9 | ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . | 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 | . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com | |
| 248095035 | 248095268 | 2008-10-28 00:21:01 | 0 days 00:01:16 | 416594 | 10 | at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . teheheh . . . . . pussy juice . . . . . | tehehehehhe | begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . | = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg |
| 248423012 | 248550123 | 2008-10-30 03:35:04 | 0 days 11:37:02 | 0|71.129.38.195 | 2 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . | the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet | |
| 256389779 | 256532179 | 2008-12-08 01:29:03 | 0 days 16:22:40 | 8481355 | 0 | of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . | fetcher ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > | the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the | |
| 263696071 | 263818058 | 2009-01-13 15:23:31 | 0 days 15:31:30 | 0|216.20.70.81 | 1 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . | jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin | ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between | |
| 263818294 | 263818317 | 2009-01-13 15:24:50 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 4928500 | 1 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . ]] . | the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . | the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until | |
| 266837987 | 266945844 | 2009-01-28 11:26:08 | 0 days 13:04:36 | 0|87.38.134.95 | 3 | . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . | and my tiny went to france . | the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet | |
| 266945844 | 266949918 | 2009-01-28 11:58:46 | 0 days 00:32:38 | 137113 | 3 | . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . | and my tiny went to france . | the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet | |
| 267410257 | 267505535 | 2009-01-30 23:51:38 | 0 days 08:52:40 | 0|99.228.71.49 | 0 | economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = | erection | start | of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the |
| 267505535 | 267509654 | 2009-01-31 00:16:55 | 0 days 00:25:17 | 911178 | 0 | economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = | start | erection | of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the |
| 268125931 | 268285347 | 2009-02-03 17:38:20 | 0 days 19:03:47 | 0|194.46.231.203 | 1 | way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . | svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 | people could walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked | . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the |
| 2 | . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . | but this became more and more freequent and | the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet | ||||||
| 268285347 | 268287827 | 2009-02-03 17:51:45 | 0 days 00:13:25 | 65541 | 0 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | at first getting through the berlin wall was easy | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 | . people could walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked . but this became more and more freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests |
| 268287827 | 268295818 | 2009-02-03 18:33:19 | 0 days 00:41:34 | 0|74.178.59.76 | 0 | national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> | during | uring | the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a |
| 268295818 | 268296039 | 2009-02-03 18:34:29 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 0|74.178.59.76 | 0 | national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> | uring | during | the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a |
| 276265514 | 276265541 | 2009-03-10 13:29:58 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 634828 | 13 | {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . . . . . . | dude | chronik - der - mauer | . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm |
| 276398047 | 276398128 | 2009-03-10 23:51:01 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 850418 | 1 | to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . . . | you know what ? fuck this | . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison | , wikipedia is for nerds |
| 2 | . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . . . you know what ? fuck this , | wikipedia is | ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet | for nerds | |||||
| 276398569 | 276398619 | 2009-03-10 23:53:29 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 850418 | 2 | union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction - you know what , fuck this . | wikipedia is | jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point | for nerds = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film |
| 282782058 | 282826152 | 2009-04-09 19:19:39 | 0 days 04:02:27 | 9418822 | 0 | mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | freedom without walls , | 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der | |
| 284466900 | 284527500 | 2009-04-18 00:12:38 | 0 days 05:55:35 | 0|122.110.183.192 | 0 | national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> | the berlin wall is gay | during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as | |
| 284528364 | 284529573 | 2009-04-18 00:27:25 | 0 days 00:08:53 | 6984319 | 9 | national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> | the berlin wall is gay | during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as | |
| 284731244 | 284914337 | 2009-04-20 00:38:11 | 0 days 22:21:45 | 0|66.19.180.47 | 0 | economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = | emigration | imigration | westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world |
| 284914337 | 284918855 | 2009-04-20 01:06:30 | 0 days 00:28:19 | 6984319 | 0 | economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = | imigration | emigration | westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world |
| 289779382 | 289779432 | 2009-05-14 00:08:09 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 1233313 | 0 | 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = | " | mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the | |
| 296407548 | 296491694 | 2009-06-15 05:37:19 | 0 days 09:41:17 | 0|99.137.140.45 | 0 | perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . | = = mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it | |
| 296491694 | 296568780 | 2009-06-15 16:30:05 | 0 days 10:52:46 | 911178 | 0 | perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . | = = mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it | |
| 298471813 | 298471958 | 2009-06-25 01:02:40 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 0|202.61.173.123 | 1 | | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > kill the bushpigs = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . | jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " ( bed of nails ) under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . | george illawara dragon fuck melbourne storm | = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg |
| 299551518 | 299552541 | 2009-06-30 18:36:20 | 0 days 00:06:13 | 0|171.66.240.162 | 0 | germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin | for | is a multimedia dance performance which is to be performed onsite , via | the 20th anniversary is one of many efforts created for the 20th anniversary from individuals around the world = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 |
| 4 | group ] = = = artistic expressions = = = * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin | is a multimedia dance performance created | for the 20th anniversary {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture | ||||||
| 301331614 | 301720848 | 2009-07-12 17:27:55 | 2 days 09:47:29 | 0|92.1.90.117 | 0 | 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = | " | mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june | |
| 312585957 | 312586456 | 2009-09-08 13:39:06 | 0 days 00:03:32 | 0|194.202.122.223 | 1 | visiting westerners had to purchase a day visa for 5 dm and also exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of 1 : 1 . | all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency . | had to purchase a day visa for 5 dm and also exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of 1 : 1 . ' ' | |
| 312587321 | 312588680 | 2009-09-08 13:57:31 | 0 days 00:10:56 | 0|194.202.122.223 | 9 | 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . | all this money had to be spent on the day since | it was forbidden to export east german currency . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing | |
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 180 | the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , | november 9 is also | the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october | |
| 316136300 | 316333616 | 2009-09-26 17:12:20 | 1 days 01:57:14 | 0|72.23.175.61 | 0 | came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 | million | little kids | east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin |
| 316333616 | 316356639 | 2009-09-26 19:49:56 | 0 days 02:37:36 | 9105084 | 0 | came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 | little kids | million | east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin |
| 320971298 | 320975384 | 2009-10-20 09:57:52 | 0 days 00:48:13 | 3058538 | 18 | wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com | / | the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ | |
| 20 | / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com | / | berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november | ||||||
| 323553877 | 323566540 | 2009-11-02 22:58:43 | 0 days 01:00:45 | 6340927 | 3 | from schabowski ' s press conference . after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref | < ref name = " schabowski " / > | the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare | |
| 323947532 | 323947826 | 2009-11-04 20:02:18 | 0 days 00:01:29 | 0|90.212.100.1 | 0 | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | you mum | = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and | |
| 323947826 | 323948489 | 2009-11-04 20:05:49 | 0 days 00:03:31 | 10519822 | 3 | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | you mum | = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and | |
| 324911705 | 324911771 | 2009-11-09 21:14:34 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 0|216.239.87.133 | 4 | berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 | june | , | 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat |
| 16 | . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . | , 1961 . | they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ | ||||||
| 324965950 | 324966849 | 2009-11-10 02:18:01 | 0 days 00:05:59 | 0|67.248.219.58 | 0 | | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] | john f | president kennedy arrived in berlin on june 26 , 1963 | . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory |
| 324966849 | 324968388 | 2009-11-10 02:27:15 | 0 days 00:09:14 | 8214624 | 0 | | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] | president kennedy arrived in berlin on june 26 , 1963 | john f | . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory |
| 324997704 | 324997757 | 2009-11-10 05:51:49 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 440983 | 2 | " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the natzi rules . . | . jews drool | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 325068590 | 325079508 | 2009-11-10 17:40:03 | 0 days 01:04:17 | 0|190.92.6.182 | 0 | were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = | background | hola ! | = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] |
| 325079508 | 325079592 | 2009-11-10 17:40:35 | 0 days 00:00:32 | 118722 | 0 | were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = | hola ! | background | = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] |
| 325148147 | 325152552 | 2009-11-11 00:25:47 | 0 days 00:26:30 | 0|71.71.32.118 | 0 | > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . | i ' ' ' love vanessa soooooooooooooooooooooooo ' ' ' | during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of | |
| 325152552 | 325152854 | 2009-11-11 00:27:42 | 0 days 00:01:55 | 0|165.228.206.32 | 0 | > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . | i ' ' ' love vanessa soooooooooooooooooooooooo ' ' ' | during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of | |
| 325413116 | 325413366 | 2009-11-12 10:06:37 | 0 days 00:02:38 | 8023653 | 4 | the gdr : moscow ' s german ally , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * | childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' | the fall of the gdr , longman , 2001 . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - | |
| 325435700 | 325436492 | 2009-11-12 14:04:13 | 0 days 00:06:15 | 10965359 | 0 | were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | pupu | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach |
| 325436492 | 325436542 | 2009-11-12 14:04:39 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 118722 | 0 | were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . | pupu | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach |
| 325444999 | 325445402 | 2009-11-12 15:13:03 | 0 days 00:03:33 | 6971250 | 0 | of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . | [ citation needed ] | = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer | |
| 325940817 | 326098834 | 2009-11-16 03:28:26 | 0 days 20:03:11 | 10772636 | 0 | were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 326098896 | 326099540 | 2009-11-16 03:33:50 | 0 days 00:04:53 | 7167267 | 0 | were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 328227127 | 328272267 | 2009-11-27 21:55:57 | 0 days 05:30:49 | 0|91.34.110.26 | 1 | and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} * luftbildatlas entlang der berliner mauer 1961 bis heute . | karten , pläne und fotos . | hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) . berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = = {{ | |
| 329269841 | 329298894 | 2009-12-02 19:55:18 | 0 days 02:50:46 | 0|164.113.70.248 | 0 | that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . | in his speech he said " ich bin ein berliner " which roughly means i am a jelly donut in german . | accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which | |
| 329337831 | 329374248 | 2009-12-03 02:52:36 | 0 days 03:28:42 | 0|24.215.242.82 | 0 | that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . | in his speech he said " ich bin ein berliner " which roughly means i am a jelly donut in german . | accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which | |
| 331491884 | 331504394 | 2009-12-13 22:18:07 | 0 days 01:16:17 | 148026 | 0 | platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = | oppositions | opposition | = = = in most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister |
| 331884759 | 332313114 | 2009-12-17 15:43:42 | 1 days 17:51:41 | 0|67.153.36.178 | 0 | were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 332313114 | 332313949 | 2009-12-17 15:48:12 | 0 days 00:04:30 | 10519822 | 0 | were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 336305106 | 336423273 | 2010-01-07 16:43:46 | 0 days 16:24:51 | 0|70.131.116.95 | 0 | were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . | = = background = = | xl p - e - n - i - s | = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of |
| 336423273 | 336423566 | 2010-01-07 16:45:17 | 0 days 00:01:31 | 7777104 | 0 | were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . | xl p - e - n - i - s | = = background = = | = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of |
| 337757819 | 338171707 | 2010-01-16 12:45:27 | 2 days 05:16:30 | 159678 | 0 | 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . [[ | nobel prize | | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued the euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked | |
| 340644582 | 340645194 | 2010-01-29 02:26:36 | 0 days 00:04:02 | 0|91.187.103.6 | 0 | concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = berlin wall : berlin - beograd 23 km . | i wonder only 23 kilometres . what is this | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | |
| 340645194 | 340645259 | 2010-01-29 02:27:09 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 1469567 | 0 | concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = berlin wall : berlin - beograd 23 km . | i wonder only 23 kilometres . what is this | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | |
| 341153466 | 341336046 | 2010-02-01 20:23:51 | 0 days 22:51:37 | 0|206.176.118.50 | 0 | perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . | = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = }} < / ref > on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general secretary ]] of the [[ communist party of the soviet union | communist party ]] of the [[ soviet union ]] , to tear down the wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the [[ eastern bloc ]] : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} | = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to | |
| 341336046 | 341339663 | 2010-02-01 20:43:28 | 0 days 00:19:37 | 0|71.14.142.7 | 0 | of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = | background | backround | = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] |
| 341339663 | 341340595 | 2010-02-01 20:48:50 | 0 days 00:05:22 | 2438920 | 0 | of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = | backround | background | = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] |
| 341340595 | 341350743 | 2010-02-01 21:43:08 | 0 days 00:54:18 | 6984319 | 0 | perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . | = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = }} < / ref > on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general secretary ]] of the [[ communist party of the soviet union | communist party ]] of the [[ soviet union ]] , to tear down the wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the [[ eastern bloc ]] : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} | = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to | |
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 50 | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] | john f | . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / | |
| 51 | | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . | kennedy had acknowledged | in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - | ||||||
| 344168111 | 344187198 | 2010-02-15 10:55:18 | 0 days 03:30:58 | 6971250 | 0 | {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 | , | there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest | |
| 347116386 | 347116822 | 2010-03-01 16:49:49 | 0 days 00:02:14 | 0|206.80.29.75 | 0 | [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ | david hasselhoff | don ' t hassle the hoff | ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on |
| 347133221 | 347136856 | 2010-03-01 18:40:55 | 0 days 00:19:09 | 5177550 | 4 | [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ | don ' t hassle the hoff | david hasselhoff | ]] performed his song " [[ looking for love ( song ) | looking for love ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on |
| 347136856 | 347166507 | 2010-03-01 21:23:40 | 0 days 02:42:45 | 0|71.28.105.141 | 0 | remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | = = background = = | after the eruption | = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of |
| 347168405 | 347169208 | 2010-03-01 21:36:30 | 0 days 00:03:30 | 262550 | 1 | remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | after the eruption | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into |
| 347221140 | 347222818 | 2010-03-02 02:49:23 | 0 days 00:10:33 | 6123337 | 0 | in addition to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = | escape | defection | attempts = = = [[ file : conrad - schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection |
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 4 | for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . | [[ | oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > on december 11 , 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern | |
| 6 | educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . | [[ | cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re | ||||||
| 355151966 | 355152540 | 2010-04-10 15:24:00 | 0 days 00:03:31 | 0|84.77.74.198 | 0 | of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = | background | porte hola | = = = = = pre - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] |
| 355152786 | 355152907 | 2010-04-10 15:26:17 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 0|89.129.52.24 | 0 | later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = | the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift | k guay k es axo | = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - |
| 355153123 | 355153332 | 2010-04-10 15:29:13 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 0|84.77.74.198 | 0 | later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = | el lucas es gay , se li nota | madrid 1 - 2 fcbarecelona | = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - |
| 355153463 | 355153543 | 2010-04-10 15:30:34 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 8918196 | 0 | of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = | porte hola | background | = = jauma ola after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line |
| 3 | later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = | madrid 1 - 2 barecelona | the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift | = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - | |||||
| 356252869 | 356256735 | 2010-04-15 21:42:18 | 0 days 00:20:53 | 12156822 | 1 | remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 356256735 | 356256996 | 2010-04-15 21:43:32 | 0 days 00:01:14 | 12156822 | 0 | remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 356880243 | 356899382 | 2010-04-19 01:44:32 | 0 days 02:01:41 | 0|173.19.112.70 | 0 | [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | then i would like to toss a small boy in between two roman catholic priests , and watch them fight to the death . i do that right after i stand infront of the irs buildng and just ' ' flick ' ' them off ! ! ! ! : ) | = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . government and most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified | |
| 356899382 | 356901361 | 2010-04-19 01:58:24 | 0 days 00:13:52 | 134937 | 0 | [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | then i would like to toss a small boy in between two roman catholic priests , and watch them fight to the death . i do that right after i stand infront of the irs buildng and just ' ' flick ' ' them off ! ! ! ! : ) | = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . government and most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified | |
| 357565538 | 357753324 | 2010-04-23 03:13:03 | 0 days 21:27:20 | 0|96.241.50.167 | 0 | remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase | ease | was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " |
| 357753324 | 357754185 | 2010-04-23 03:19:21 | 0 days 00:06:18 | 4916882 | 0 | remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | ease | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase | was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " |
| 361098453 | 361169935 | 2010-05-09 23:34:33 | 0 days 07:46:15 | 0|91.46.248.24 | 0 | instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the [[ pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . | = = = replicas = = = [[ file : berlin wall tropicana . jpg | thumb | raffia wall remembering to berlin wall at a snack bar on stuttgart spring festival 2010 ]] a snack bar on stuttgart spring festival 2010 used as fence a wall of raria , remembering to berlin wall . | = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , | |
| 361195850 | 361201195 | 2010-05-10 02:41:44 | 0 days 00:36:43 | 262550 | 3 | instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the [[ pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . | = = = replicas = = = [[ file : berlin wall tropicana . jpg | thumb | raffia wall remembering to berlin wall at a snack bar on stuttgart spring festival 2010 ]] a snack bar on stuttgart spring festival 2010 used as fence a wall of raffia , remembering to berlin wall . | = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , | |
| 362328765 | 362620295 | 2010-05-17 14:47:44 | 1 days 16:57:51 | 0|74.196.166.213 | 0 | was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . | {{ fact }} | government and most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ | |
| 363069140 | 363210288 | 2010-05-20 15:14:05 | 0 days 18:52:21 | 433328 | 0 | the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . {{ | fact | citation needed | date = may 2010 | }} government and most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] |
| 364554671 | 364561020 | 2010-05-27 22:33:59 | 0 days 00:41:39 | 0|71.7.92.12 | 0 | remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | justin bieber is a gay fags background | = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of | |
| 364561020 | 364580158 | 2010-05-28 00:51:37 | 0 days 02:17:38 | 0|71.163.153.221 | 0 | remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] | that mercy is like so cute | and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the |
| 364580158 | 364580648 | 2010-05-28 00:55:15 | 0 days 00:03:38 | 4201347 | 0 | remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | that mercy is like so cute | = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] | and sweet = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader |
| 364580648 | 364628895 | 2010-05-28 07:50:01 | 0 days 06:54:46 | 6971250 | 0 | remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | = = background = = | = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of | |
| 365700329 | 365700486 | 2010-06-02 20:19:22 | 0 days 00:00:50 | 0|76.112.3.161 | 0 | remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | = = background = = | it never happened | = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of |
| 365700486 | 365700612 | 2010-06-02 20:20:02 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 1306352 | 0 | remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | it never happened | = = background = = | = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of |
| 368159388 | 368177016 | 2010-06-15 13:56:04 | 0 days 02:01:59 | 89179 | 33 | ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , | there were | a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the | |
| 383668607 | 383689635 | 2010-09-08 18:44:09 | 0 days 02:09:52 | 0|75.60.173.231 | 1 | the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 - dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by r . s . richter | * some novels specifically about the berlin wall : * * [[ john le carré ]] , ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' ' , 1963 - classic cold war [[ spy fiction ]] * * [[ len deighton ]] , ' ' [[ berlin game ]] ' ' , 1983 - classic cold war [[ spy fiction ]] * * [[ voices under berlin : the tale of a monterey mary ( novel ) | t . h . e . hill ]] , ' ' [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? - - an alternate history of cold war espionage ] ' ' , 2010 - based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html nyt review ] - an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' ( published as ' ' trudy ' s promise ' ' in north america ) , 2008 - left behind in east berlin , the heroine waits for news of her husband after he makes his escape over the berlin wall [ http : / / www . marciapreston . com / index . php ? option = com _ content & view = article & id = 3 & itemid = 2 view the author ’ s website ] * * [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | peter schneider ]] , ' ' the wall jumper ' ' , 1984 ( german : ' ' der mauerspringer ' ' , 1982 ) - the wall plays a central role in this novel set in berlin of the 1980s | * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom | |
| 386987387 | 387039407 | 2010-09-26 01:09:06 | 0 days 05:47:45 | 2991287 | 0 | * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * * | " | ' ' | the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 |
| 4 | the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 - dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by r . s . richter | ]] | * some novels specifically about the berlin wall : * * [[ john le carré ]] , ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' ' | ||||||
| 388863805 | 389131965 | 2010-10-06 16:59:38 | 1 days 07:07:43 | 1902795 | 1 | refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , | an anti - communist known to have a firm attitude towards | who had been | the soviets , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international |
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 34 | , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile | , | the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) | |
| 393650284 | 394024649 | 2010-10-31 19:18:37 | 2 days 00:55:21 | 0|79.75.4.79 | 1 | brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on | august | 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . | |
| 397458363 | 397462731 | 2010-11-18 08:32:01 | 0 days 01:03:18 | 0|110.140.199.24 | 0 | ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = | emigration | imigration | westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world |
| 397462731 | 397463096 | 2010-11-18 08:36:53 | 0 days 00:04:52 | 3308922 | 0 | ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = | imigration | emigration | westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world |
| 403517345 | 403665286 | 2010-12-22 07:21:36 | 0 days 18:55:15 | 159678 | 0 | - died - trying - to - flee - east - germany . html ' more than 1 , 000 died ' trying to flee east germany ] . [[ the | daily | telegraph ]] , [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 2003 ]] . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life | |
| 418752147 | 419497837 | 2011-03-18 18:18:18 | 4 days 09:24:38 | 9109115 | 0 | this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , | [[ revolutions of 1989 | | a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion | |
| 433468803 | 435294058 | 2011-06-20 16:08:04 | 10 days 16:45:35 | 14732560 | 2 | perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . | the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , who confided to her diary " our lives have lost their spirit…we can do nothing to stop them . " < ref > {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 | pages = 394 }} < / ref > | = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the | |
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 11 | manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 | & nbsp ; | billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , | |
| 505558329 | 506362125 | 2012-08-08 08:38:19 | 4 days 22:07:23 | 9013713 | 6 | ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : " [[ tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall | |
| 574659325 | 574661610 | 2013-09-26 21:52:01 | 0 days 00:20:00 | 16715243 | 2 | | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] | 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on june 26 , 1963 , u . s . president john f . kennedy visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of 450 , 000 he declared in his [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] speech the support of the united states for west germany and the people of west - berlin in particular : {{ quote | two thousand years ago , the proudest boast was ' ' [[ civis romanus sum ]] ' ' [ " i am a roman citizen " ] . today , in the world of freedom , the proudest boast is ' ' " ich bin ein berliner ! " ' ' . . . all free men , wherever they may live , are citizens of berlin , and therefore , as a free man , i take pride in the words " ich bin ein berliner ! " }} the message was aimed as much at the soviets as it was at berliners and was a clear statement of u . s . policy in the wake of the construction of the berlin wall . the speech is considered one of kennedy ' s best , both a notable moment of the [[ cold war ]] and a high point of the [[ new frontier ]] . it was a great morale boost for west berliners , who lived in an [[ exclave ]] deep inside [[ east germany ]] and feared a possible east german occupation . | in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : | |
| 574666082 | 574666684 | 2013-09-26 22:39:08 | 0 days 00:06:41 | 612302 | 0 | - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | | upright = 1 . 4 | | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] | |
| 582290546 | 585216269 | 2013-12-09 02:01:39 | 20 days 02:01:00 | 15995683 | 0 | networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = | who could cross | crossing | = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used |
| 633124700 | 633132744 | 2014-11-09 20:10:48 | 0 days 00:59:02 | 2012100 | 13 | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds | gathered | on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events | |
| 640243071 | 641499497 | 2015-01-08 00:05:29 | 8 days 09:29:01 | 2705932 | 35 | 0 . html }} < / ref > the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered | a | similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the | |
| 656846739 | 659612103 | 2015-04-28 03:39:31 | 11 days 00:23:37 | 24802543 | 18 | demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | | a | berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could | |
| 693645737 | 693646880 | 2015-12-03 22:49:28 | 0 days 00:08:04 | 23149456 | 0 | | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] | was appointed by kennedy | , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became | |
| 1 | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , | who | as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay | had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the berlin | |||||
| 701431900 | 702890848 | 2016-02-02 06:39:23 | 8 days 15:24:28 | 13816079 | 1 | met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = | the | eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} {{ eastern bloc sidebar }} [[ file : sfp 186 - brandenburger tor | |
| 707245740 | 708550214 | 2016-03-06 06:01:17 | 7 days 11:17:02 | 27686184 | 0 | ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . | < ref > mary elise sarotte , ' ' collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall ' ' , new york : basic books , 2014 < / ref > | after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east | |
| 724165325 | 724233530 | 2016-06-07 23:40:06 | 0 days 08:53:06 | 11795905 | 4 | = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset | ; | | author2 = | a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin |
| 734284492 | 734407317 | 2016-08-14 03:25:55 | 0 days 18:58:58 | 4977632 | 12 | of the wall ] – a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com | / | title = the berlin wall : | a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com | |
| 734490501 | 734568107 | 2016-08-15 06:16:42 | 0 days 11:46:58 | 21124160 | 0 | " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . | {{ citation needed | date = august 2016 }} | if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , westerners could not intervene | |
| 735306235 | 735630692 | 2016-08-22 01:46:01 | 2 days 04:34:00 | 13830 | 1 | | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] | , | was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in | |
| 750161040 | 750685196 | 2016-11-21 07:09:13 | 3 days 03:38:31 | 27446209 | 5 | berlin ]] ( [[ allied occupation of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | | iso _ | region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | | |
| 774994359 | 774996064 | 2017-04-11 23:54:04 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 204692 | 15 | season that year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . | {{ fact }} | in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany | |
| 17 | important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) | however , | {{ fact }} for | each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small | |||||
| 25 | travel by western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . | {{ fact }} | allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : ' | ||||||
| 28 | checkpoints . the sewer system predated the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ unternehmen reisebüro ]] . | {{ fact }} | an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the [[ gesellschaft für sport und technik ]] , an | ||||||
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 8 | particular were considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . | at | uk | / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ |
| 781994310 | 782699210 | 2017-05-28 16:31:48 | 4 days 05:59:04 | 2884580 | 2 | | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] | on 26 june 1963 , | 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , [[ president of the united states | u . s . president ]] [[ john f | |
| 790928672 | 791152467 | 2017-07-18 13:25:09 | 1 days 12:29:00 | 27015025 | 7 | 2009 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20090429042056 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org | : 80 | / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | archivedate = 29 april 2009 | df = dmy }} * {{ | |
| 810320431 | 810341648 | 2017-11-14 17:57:15 | 0 days 02:38:21 | 6554947 | 0 | > one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch | was apprehended while | and three other defectors were | standing inside the strip defacing the wall and was later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer edge of the strip . < ref > |
| 812527422 | 812547586 | 2017-11-28 13:23:01 | 0 days 03:35:56 | 917354 | 9 | about 45 . 1 kilometres of the wall are at the centre strips of berlin , and 112 . 7 kilometres crossing through the berlin outer circle . 63 . 8 | & nbsp ; | km of the frontier were in built , 32 km in wooded and 22 . 65 km in open terrain and 37 . 95 km of the boundary lay in or | |
| 820363656 | 820717744 | 2018-01-16 05:59:33 | 1 days 21:19:16 | 1808194 | 3 | 2009 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref | name = " berlin wall 2009 " | > ' ' rise and fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd | |
| 825799159 | 825799691 | 2018-02-15 14:07:46 | 0 days 00:04:51 | 5946478 | 1 | checkpoints . the sewer system predated the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ unternehmen reisebüro ]] . | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} | < ref > http : / / www . independent . co . uk / news / world / europe / secret - tunnels - that - brought - freedom - from - berlins - wall - 1804765 . html < / ref > | an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the [[ gesellschaft für sport und technik ]] , an |
| 825818178 | 825819094 | 2018-02-15 16:28:37 | 0 days 00:06:08 | 5946478 | 1 | season that year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} | < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > | in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany |
| 5 | travel by western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} | < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > | allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : ' | |||||
| 826899654 | 827316878 | 2018-02-24 01:04:34 | 2 days 08:38:31 | 508734 | 28 | also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . < ref > https : / / www . thoughtco . com | < ref name = " thoughtco . com " | / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history - 1779495 < / ref > < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / | |
| 33 | }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . < ref > https : / / history . howstuffworks . com | " | / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / | ||||||
| 55 | 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . < ref | < ref name | = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 | ||||||
| 58 | all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . < ref | > {{ cite book | title | name | = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location | |||||
| 65 | the job in november 1991 . painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . < ref | > {{ cite book | title | name | = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location | |||||
| 838895196 | 838895411 | 2018-04-29 23:56:38 | 0 days 00:02:10 | 19082616 | 1 | west and east germany ( 1945 – 1991 ) | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | coordinates = {{ coord | 52 . 516111 | 13 . | 376944 | 37694 | | region : de | display = inline , title }} | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | |
| 845242425 | 845346007 | 2018-06-11 05:24:11 | 0 days 16:38:45 | 508734 | 1 | and inexperience show as weakness against khrushchev ' s brutal , undiplomatic aggression . this feeling of miscalculation and failure is admitted by kennedy in the u . s . ambassador | ’ | ' | s residence with ' ' new york times ' ' columnist james " scotty " reston . < ref > http : / / blogs . reuters . com / berlin1961 |
| 851056229 | 851056497 | 2018-07-19 19:25:12 | 0 days 00:02:25 | 6726022 | 0 | file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | a berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard . | 46 second video | ]] the fall of the berlin wall ( {{ lang - de | mauerfall }} ) began the evening of 9 november 1989 and continued over the following days and weeks |
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| 4436401 | 4565906 | 2004-07-04 13:16:50 | 3 days 18:12:21 | 0|145.254.48.140 | 0 | org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] | [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] | [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur | |
| 18607525 | 18615057 | 2005-07-11 18:24:45 | 0 days 02:00:04 | 116385 | 1 | # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : | berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; | berlínská zeď ]] | ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro |
| 2 | & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] | [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 | [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di | ||||||
| 84695656 | 84720496 | 2006-10-30 23:10:44 | 0 days 01:59:47 | 1044828 | 0 | [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] | [[ da : berlinmuren ]] | [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro | |
| 107712036 | 107880414 | 2007-02-13 19:12:18 | 0 days 17:43:42 | 3437172 | 0 | | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ | lang - | langwithname | | de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 66 | [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] | [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] | [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro | |
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 58 | . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history | of berlin | ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] | |
| 59 | that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] | [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] | [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] | ||||||
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 66 | [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] | [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] | [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro | |
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 58 | . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history | of berlin | ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] | |
| 59 | that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] | [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] | [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] | ||||||
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 66 | [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] | [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] | [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro | |
| 339326768 | 340122205 | 2010-01-26 12:27:26 | 4 days 01:18:10 | 2684294 | 2 | > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang | | | de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families | |
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 60 | ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ | lang | de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families | |
| 749083438 | 749172446 | 2016-11-12 21:38:14 | 0 days 13:26:19 | 7611264 | 4 | free [ music video ] }} < / ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' {{ | ill | interlanguage link multi | elsner | | de | elsner | stephan elsner }} ' ' created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " border |
| 813096804 | 813824036 | 2017-12-05 12:23:25 | 3 days 17:15:48 | 2126435 | 0 | ] }} < / ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' {{ interlanguage link multi | | stephan | elsner | de | 3 = stephan elsner }} ' ' created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " | |
| 851989261 | 854069066 | 2018-08-08 19:11:24 | 13 days 21:30:45 | 3563616 | 0 | all but hasch escaped back into the western sector . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the | ' ' | [[ de jure ]] border outside the wall . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign |
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| 57484319 | 57663965 | 2006-06-09 06:58:07 | 1 days 01:49:03 | 0|203.51.41.247 | 5 | query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / | ref | reffer | > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what | |||
| 57663965 | 57664095 | 2006-06-09 06:59:35 | 0 days 00:01:28 | 416594 | 4 | query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / | reffer | ref | > however , the marielle of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what | |||
| 62970579 | 62970664 | 2006-07-10 01:31:32 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 0|144.134.226.244 | 0 | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} | = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |||||
| 62970664 | 62972351 | 2006-07-10 01:45:34 | 0 days 00:14:02 | 1008387 | 2 | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} | = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |||||
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 8 | {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers | from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so | |||
| 12 | ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny | |||||||||
| 20 | tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ | q | fact | | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to | ||||||||
| 21 | oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to go | |||||||||
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 8 | {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers | from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so | |||
| 12 | ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny | |||||||||
| 20 | tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ | q | fact | | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to | ||||||||
| 21 | oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to go | |||||||||
| 111079436 | 111080379 | 2007-02-26 14:54:17 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 0|193.194.158.107 | 8 | {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers | from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so | |||
| 12 | ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny | |||||||||
| 20 | . . peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ | q | fact | | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to | ||||||||
| 21 | peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to go | |||||||||
| 113086947 | 113087400 | 2007-03-06 16:28:42 | 0 days 00:02:12 | 0|206.123.204.226 | 0 | , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} | germany is cool ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in | ||||
| 113088743 | 113094185 | 2007-03-06 17:09:02 | 0 days 00:28:16 | 441020 | 4 | , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} | germany is cool ! ! ! ! ! ! ! the pink fluffy puppy is enjoying tea timmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmme ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! britt ' s say ello gavner ! ! ! ! | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in | ||||
| 115589605 | 115708717 | 2007-03-17 02:59:59 | 0 days 10:08:11 | 0|192.228.185.208 | 3 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] | the wall was over 155km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 | ||||
| 115708717 | 115708771 | 2007-03-17 03:00:22 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 979770 | 2 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] | the wall was over 155km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 | ||||
| 124965000 | 125058452 | 2007-04-23 03:51:10 | 0 days 06:18:09 | 345374 | 0 | stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , | [[ russian language | {{ lang - ru | | russian ]] : ' ' берли́нская стена́ ' ' ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " | |||
| 129554566 | 129554675 | 2007-05-09 16:36:47 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 0 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall | mat | was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards | |||
| 129555699 | 129555771 | 2007-05-09 16:41:06 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 2073927 | 16 | the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | mat | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall | was here = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western | |||
| 17 | had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} mat was | here | over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . | = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and | ||||||||
| 132997348 | 133070307 | 2007-05-24 01:07:06 | 0 days 05:44:33 | 129409 | 0 | august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) | , | & mdash ; | known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier | |||
| 133070307 | 133071645 | 2007-05-24 01:14:15 | 0 days 00:07:09 | 441020 | 0 | august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) | & mdash ; | , | known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart " & mdash ; was a [[ | |||
| 139707296 | 140018292 | 2007-06-23 00:25:46 | 1 days 07:04:11 | 87110 | 0 | org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} | * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in | ||||
| 140018292 | 140036854 | 2007-06-23 02:41:34 | 0 days 02:15:48 | 715870 | 0 | org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} | * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in | ||||
| 145391813 | 146120914 | 2007-07-21 13:31:03 | 3 days 06:28:07 | 0|86.141.2.162 | 0 | , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} | * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in | ||||
| 146363016 | 146399312 | 2007-07-22 22:11:55 | 0 days 03:16:34 | 715453 | 0 | schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} | * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} ( a bilingual photo - study tracing the line of the wall ) | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in | ||||
| 157464297 | 157472305 | 2007-09-12 21:44:36 | 0 days 00:38:34 | 0|70.191.233.211 | 0 | the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} | i love u | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | ||||
| 157472305 | 157472725 | 2007-09-12 21:46:33 | 0 days 00:01:57 | 0|70.191.233.211 | 0 | the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} | i love u | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | ||||
| 157865984 | 158397281 | 2007-09-17 01:08:51 | 2 days 09:20:11 | 5344159 | 0 | the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} | hey tori history elective in the library is uber boring but the berlin wall aint so bad . ms thurgood is a wicked biatch ! haha | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | ||||
| 158397558 | 158397610 | 2007-09-17 01:10:37 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 603177 | 0 | the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} | hey tori history elective in the library is uber boring but the berlin wall aint so bad | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | ||||
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 18 | stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , | {{ lang | such as when the sex of the chromosomes ( genetic sex ) does not match the sex of the external genitalia ( anatomic sex ) – this is known as intersex . discordances between the biological and psychosocial levels ( such as when the gender identity does not match the anatomic sex ) or between the various psychosocial levels ( such as when the gender role does not match the gender identity ) are even more common , but less well understood . in gender theory , the term " heteronormativity " refers to the idea that human beings fall into two distinct and complementary categories , male and female ; that sexual and marital relations are normal only when between two people of different genders ; and that people should follow roles determined by their gender . instead , some people have sought to define their sexuality and sexual identity in non | - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany | |||
| 65 | + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite | book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean | this article in other languages العربية বাংলা български català česky dansk eesti esperanto français galego 한국어 bahasa indonesia interlingua italiano עברית kernewek lëtzebuergesch मराठी nederlands 日本語 plattdüütsch polski português русский simple english slovenščina suomi svenska türkçe vèneto 中文 this page was last modified 12 : 24 | , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} | ||||||||
| 75 | august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , | ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known | in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http | |||||||||
| 161773404 | 161777106 | 2007-10-02 12:48:39 | 0 days 00:25:12 | 0|217.111.20.10 | 1 | ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) | including [[ east berlin ]] | . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the | ||||
| 175574157 | 175780121 | 2007-12-04 20:53:39 | 0 days 23:18:37 | 0|72.24.86.213 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} | this is not a real page . | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 | ||||
| 175780121 | 175780202 | 2007-12-04 20:54:06 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 1371800 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} | this is not a real page . | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 | ||||
| 175780202 | 175780470 | 2007-12-04 20:55:23 | 0 days 00:01:17 | 0|72.24.86.213 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} | ' ' ' this page has graphical and innapropriate language . ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 | ||||
| 175780470 | 175782201 | 2007-12-04 21:03:34 | 0 days 00:08:11 | 2073927 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} | ' ' ' this page has graphical and innapropriate language . ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 | ||||
| 187678853 | 188026093 | 2008-01-30 23:10:09 | 1 days 10:43:02 | 0|125.254.66.122 | 0 | art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) | was created for the lols and | was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' | ||||
| 188026093 | 188026301 | 2008-01-30 23:11:00 | 0 days 00:00:51 | 911178 | 2 | art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) | was created for the lols and | was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' | ||||
| 188588563 | 188768514 | 2008-02-03 09:12:54 | 0 days 20:16:01 | 5755540 | 0 | ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . | [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | 250px | poster in memory of the fall ]] | meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in | ||||
| 188831750 | 189293337 | 2008-02-05 17:22:49 | 2 days 00:13:36 | 0|190.40.211.238 | 12 | [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} | . | on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east | ||||
| 24 | ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . | [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | 250px | poster in memory of the fall ]] | meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in | |||||||||
| 190526557 | 190567614 | 2008-02-11 06:43:37 | 0 days 04:17:35 | 2304267 | 0 | [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} | [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 200px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] | on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | ||||
| 191583995 | 191709609 | 2008-02-15 20:07:18 | 0 days 15:08:49 | 0|207.160.105.110 | 1 | 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the | publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert | hottestmanontheplanet | . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink | |||
| 194824648 | 194826992 | 2008-02-29 04:11:06 | 0 days 00:13:41 | 3622922 | 0 | ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} | ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) | * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new | ||||
| 1 | | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} | ( a bilingual photo - study tracing the line of the wall ) | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in | |||||||||
| 199635645 | 199635934 | 2008-03-20 17:50:41 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 0|70.240.178.117 | 0 | ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} | wow this is gay ; ) - charles | {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ | ||||
| 199635934 | 199637820 | 2008-03-20 17:59:50 | 0 days 00:09:09 | 274040 | 0 | ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} | wow this is gay ; ) - charles | {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ | ||||
| 201855065 | 201855908 | 2008-03-29 18:09:49 | 0 days 00:04:00 | 0|68.47.21.231 | 0 | | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information | we love this site it helps to learn aout | berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . | |||
| 201855908 | 201855946 | 2008-03-29 18:10:01 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 6475994 | 0 | | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} | we love this site it helps to learn aout | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information | berlin i love learning about new states so this a good site to veiw so u can learn about berlin | |||
| 202125992 | 202294334 | 2008-03-31 14:00:02 | 0 days 18:00:56 | 0|72.159.133.157 | 1 | {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : | berlinermauer | berlinerma ' ' ' < small > bold text < / small > ' ' ' uer | . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the | |||
| 202294334 | 202294554 | 2008-03-31 14:01:05 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 266416 | 0 | {st@rt} ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' ' ' {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : | berlinerma ' ' ' < small > bold text < / small > ' ' ' uer | berlinermauer | . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the | |||
| 204489282 | 204489539 | 2008-04-09 17:11:12 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 137113 | 0 | | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} | * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in | ||||
| 232470905 | 232501695 | 2008-08-17 15:03:12 | 0 days 04:24:36 | 7029070 | 0 | : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] | {{ link fa | de }} | {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ | ||||
| 233469326 | 233480684 | 2008-08-22 05:34:15 | 0 days 01:47:05 | 6454287 | 0 | : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] | [[ category : berlin wall | ]] | {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ | ||||
| 233681008 | 233718719 | 2008-08-23 11:36:43 | 0 days 06:12:05 | 7701560 | 0 | = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} | * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} | * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org | ||||
| 233719779 | 233803434 | 2008-08-23 21:13:08 | 0 days 09:26:36 | 1224855 | 0 | the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} | [[ image : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] | on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s | ||||
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 8 | , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ | pov | " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] ( now the muppets studio , llc , {{ fact | - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability | |||
| 9 | district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - | check | june | - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | ||||||||
| 12 | }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} | a regular practice for the first few episodes of ' ' the muppet show ' ' , and [[ zz top ]] , among others , have appeared as muppet versions of themselves on ' ' sesame street . the puppet characters of ' ' [[ farscape ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the storyteller ]] ' ' , ' ' mother goose stories ' ' , ' ' [[ the hoobs ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ construction site ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ dinosaurs ( tv series ) | dinosaurs ]] ' ' , as well as from the films ' ' [[ labyrinth ( film ) | labyrinth ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ teenage mutant ninja turtles ( film ) | teenage mutant ninja turtles ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ buddy ( film ) | buddy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the country bears ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the dark crystal ]] ' ' , are not considered muppets {{ fact | date = june 2008 }} , as they were made by [[ jim henson ' s creature shop ]] , rather than by henson ' s muppet workshop . the puppet casts of ' ' [[ puppet up ! ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ tinseltown ]] ' ' are also not considered muppets as they were made by the jim henson company after the sale of the muppets in 2004 . the ' ' [[ star wars ]] ' ' character [[ yoda ]] was voiced by [[ frank oz ]] , one of henson ' s regular performers , and is often referred to as a muppet in media and reference works ; he is not , however , a muppet and henson ' s organization was not involved in the character ' s design . the muppets ' popularity has been so expansive | it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all | |||||||||
| 13 | = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was | clear both | muppet characters have been treated as celebrities in their own right {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . the muppets have presented at the [[ academy awards ]] and [[ emmy awards ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; made [[ cameo role | cameo appearances ]] in such feature films as ' ' [[ rocky iii ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ an american werewolf in london ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ mr . magorium ' s wonder emporium ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] | that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the | ||||||||
| 78 | . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ | link fa | eo | sesame street | }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] | ||||||||
| 79 | : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} | {{ link fa | [[ category : muppets | | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski | ||||||||
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 77 | * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ | sesame street | link fa | eo | }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet | |||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 8 | , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ | pov | " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] ( now the muppets studio , llc , {{ fact | - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability | |||
| 9 | district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - | check | june | - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | ||||||||
| 12 | }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} | a regular practice for the first few episodes of ' ' the muppet show ' ' , and [[ zz top ]] , among others , have appeared as muppet versions of themselves on ' ' sesame street . the puppet characters of ' ' [[ farscape ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the storyteller ]] ' ' , ' ' mother goose stories ' ' , ' ' [[ the hoobs ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ construction site ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ dinosaurs ( tv series ) | dinosaurs ]] ' ' , as well as from the films ' ' [[ labyrinth ( film ) | labyrinth ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ teenage mutant ninja turtles ( film ) | teenage mutant ninja turtles ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ buddy ( film ) | buddy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the country bears ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the dark crystal ]] ' ' , are not considered muppets {{ fact | date = june 2008 }} , as they were made by [[ jim henson ' s creature shop ]] , rather than by henson ' s muppet workshop . the puppet casts of ' ' [[ puppet up ! ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ tinseltown ]] ' ' are also not considered muppets as they were made by the jim henson company after the sale of the muppets in 2004 . the ' ' [[ star wars ]] ' ' character [[ yoda ]] was voiced by [[ frank oz ]] , one of henson ' s regular performers , and is often referred to as a muppet in media and reference works ; he is not , however , a muppet and henson ' s organization was not involved in the character ' s design . the muppets ' popularity has been so expansive | it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all | |||||||||
| 13 | = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was | clear both | muppet characters have been treated as celebrities in their own right {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . the muppets have presented at the [[ academy awards ]] and [[ emmy awards ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; made [[ cameo role | cameo appearances ]] in such feature films as ' ' [[ rocky iii ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ an american werewolf in london ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ mr . magorium ' s wonder emporium ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] | that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the | ||||||||
| 78 | . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ | link fa | eo | sesame street | }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] | ||||||||
| 79 | : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} | {{ link fa | [[ category : muppets | | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski | ||||||||
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 77 | * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ | sesame street | link fa | eo | }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet | |||
| 255351633 | 255510581 | 2008-12-02 22:30:35 | 0 days 18:39:06 | 0|66.204.137.171 | 0 | germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . none of this mess is true . . . dont copy . . im serious im saving ur tyme . . | = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow | ||||
| 255510581 | 255510724 | 2008-12-02 22:31:21 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 1469567 | 0 | germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . none of this mess is true . . . dont copy . . im serious im saving ur tyme . . | = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow | ||||
| 257065090 | 257165827 | 2008-12-11 00:05:45 | 0 days 08:37:29 | 0|67.8.35.37 | 0 | , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was | for | a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east | ||||
| 257165827 | 257165857 | 2008-12-11 00:05:55 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 1395162 | 1 | , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was | for | a diva ima ima diva [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , | ||||
| 258133599 | 258134007 | 2008-12-15 15:47:51 | 0 days 00:02:16 | 0|71.130.177.243 | 11 | germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . | ]] | = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow | ||||
| 258135144 | 258137090 | 2008-12-15 16:03:25 | 0 days 00:09:50 | 1430004 | 13 | economy grew and the standard of living continually ' ' ' improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . | ]] | = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow | ||||
| 259288175 | 259372387 | 2008-12-21 17:33:38 | 0 days 13:08:38 | 0|67.246.17.107 | 0 | germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . | the berlin wall did not exist . [[ burnt hills magazine ]] . | = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in | ||||
| 259372387 | 259372596 | 2008-12-21 17:35:03 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 7801357 | 0 | germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . | the berlin wall did not exist . [[ burnt hills magazine ]] . | = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in | ||||
| 264008204 | 264154274 | 2009-01-15 00:21:01 | 0 days 14:00:26 | 0|209.183.34.47 | 0 | germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . | bisdhophh . | = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in | ||||
| 264154274 | 264154297 | 2009-01-15 00:21:11 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 1395162 | 0 | germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . | bisdhophh . | = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in | ||||
| 265376378 | 265412359 | 2009-01-21 02:49:05 | 0 days 03:42:53 | 0|173.32.111.184 | 0 | berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) | was put up by the russians . it | was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ | ||||
| 265412359 | 265415707 | 2009-01-21 03:13:49 | 0 days 00:24:44 | 911178 | 0 | berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) | was put up by the russians . it | was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ | ||||
| 265415707 | 265543543 | 2009-01-21 19:47:46 | 0 days 16:33:57 | 0|92.9.239.248 | 0 | germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . | : ) | = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in | ||||
| 265553126 | 265706760 | 2009-01-22 14:35:11 | 0 days 17:59:39 | 0|87.194.34.71 | 0 | germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . | : ) | = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in | ||||
| 272467225 | 272476022 | 2009-02-22 11:42:29 | 0 days 01:00:09 | 0|93.132.133.36 | 4 | hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some {{ who }} | believe | < / ref > whether | november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of | |||
| 277132148 | 277225474 | 2009-03-14 18:13:47 | 0 days 12:16:17 | 6984319 | 3 | | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} | * {{ harvard reference | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = princeton university press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} | * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | | ||||
| 4 | . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} | * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = gthe unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} | * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = | |||||||||
| 5 | | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} | * {{ harvard reference | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} | * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = | |||||||||
| 277228002 | 277228319 | 2009-03-14 18:30:22 | 0 days 00:01:43 | 6984319 | 1 | typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} | * {{ harvard reference | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} | * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = | ||||
| 278854164 | 278854882 | 2009-03-22 01:36:01 | 0 days 00:04:25 | 6984319 | 0 | [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ eastern bloc defection }} | {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : eastern bloc ]] | {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - | ||||
| 279717789 | 279717857 | 2009-03-26 01:54:53 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 6984319 | 1 | | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} the speech | ]] | is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . < ref | ||||
| 279717857 | 279781081 | 2009-03-26 11:45:00 | 0 days 09:50:07 | 147354 | 0 | / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ eastern bloc defection }} {{ eastern bloc }} | [[ category : eastern bloc ]] | {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - | ||||
| 284228283 | 284228388 | 2009-04-16 15:49:01 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 0|204.185.221.237 | 0 | speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john | f | d | . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to | |||
| 284228388 | 284229554 | 2009-04-16 15:57:40 | 0 days 00:08:39 | 1099776 | 1 | speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john | d | f | . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to | |||
| 285306642 | 285874157 | 2009-04-24 15:57:31 | 2 days 19:25:34 | 4264344 | 0 | berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) | also known as ynh | was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ | ||||
| 285874157 | 285874976 | 2009-04-24 16:02:16 | 0 days 00:04:45 | 1304569 | 0 | berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) | also known as ynh | was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ | ||||
| 300317419 | 300484953 | 2009-07-05 22:19:21 | 0 days 22:43:52 | 145194 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ pp - move - indef }} | : ' ' for | {{ about | | | the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | |||
| 300500909 | 300613467 | 2009-07-06 15:44:37 | 0 days 15:30:14 | 433328 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ | about | otheruses4 | | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark | |||
| 304807664 | 304813427 | 2009-07-29 04:28:07 | 0 days 00:41:10 | 6984319 | 33 | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} | * {{ harvard reference | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : | * {{ harvard reference | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - | ||||
| 34 | | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} | and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war | * {{ harvard reference | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the | |||||||||
| 35 | ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} | europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press | |||||||||
| 305129751 | 305130153 | 2009-07-30 19:15:32 | 0 days 00:01:56 | 0|130.218.10.1 | 0 | www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} * | {{ | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press | ||||
| 306295438 | 306295642 | 2009-08-05 22:50:42 | 0 days 00:01:12 | 9487683 | 0 | referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifascistischer schutzwall }} ) | , expressing their view that the western countries were fascist | . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . | ||||
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 139 | was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on | [[ | december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] | ||||
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 159 | toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on | [[ | december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , which included the final movement of [[ | ||||
| 317310493 | 317333375 | 2009-10-01 19:23:13 | 0 days 02:12:27 | 0|64.8.186.156 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} | dan oster is blacker than the night sky | {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on | ||||
| 317333375 | 317333853 | 2009-10-01 19:26:19 | 0 days 00:03:06 | 0|64.8.186.156 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} | dan oster is blacker than the night sky | {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on | ||||
| 318295676 | 318864606 | 2009-10-09 13:29:12 | 2 days 18:49:36 | 0|66.203.21.94 | 0 | oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' | matt gallimore | ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east | |||
| 318868236 | 318870568 | 2009-10-09 14:12:19 | 0 days 00:16:08 | 0|82.151.243.166 | 0 | oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the | matt gallimore | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' | ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east | |||
| 320937531 | 320965013 | 2009-10-20 07:53:33 | 0 days 04:29:28 | 3308922 | 0 | = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} | * [ http : / / hss . kennesaw . edu / about / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / ] | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & | ||||
| 321444047 | 321882716 | 2009-10-25 04:24:27 | 2 days 08:11:47 | 0|70.29.23.160 | 1 | move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet | occupation | oyggggggggggggggggggccupation | of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and | |||
| 321882716 | 321882756 | 2009-10-25 04:24:46 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 10101378 | 1 | move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet | oyggggggggggggggggggccupation | occupation | of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and | |||
| 322561037 | 322561220 | 2009-10-28 16:39:22 | 0 days 00:01:02 | 0|66.141.186.241 | 0 | the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was | part of game called call of duty world at war ( this game owns halo 3 ) [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] | erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east | ||||
| 323786711 | 323839905 | 2009-11-04 04:57:08 | 0 days 05:54:45 | 0|210.3.39.29 | 7 | oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the | ' ' ' | berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) | ||||
| 323839905 | 323840518 | 2009-11-04 05:01:42 | 0 days 00:04:34 | 10519822 | 0 | oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the | ' ' ' | berlin wall was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' s wall , and the | ||||
| 324251250 | 324280095 | 2009-11-06 14:30:34 | 0 days 04:23:51 | 492987 | 2 | > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} | ' ' | ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / | ||||
| 324422544 | 324469466 | 2009-11-07 15:15:06 | 0 days 07:49:57 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 0 | the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was | a concrete barrier | erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east | ||||
| 324677923 | 324678298 | 2009-11-08 17:54:44 | 0 days 00:01:53 | 216103 | 1 | it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = op - ed | date = 11 / 17 / 1989 }} | - | elie wiesel ' s new york times op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t complete until | ||||
| 324735970 | 324762845 | 2009-11-09 02:09:24 | 0 days 02:37:38 | 10972407 | 8 | ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ) | intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " }} ' ' {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang | de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed improvement and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin , since the prospect of the fall of west berlin after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , could call into question the reliability of the united states in the eyes of its other allies . on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany into east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements - - arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units - - left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm berlin wall ] < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s , visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . it was forbidden to export east german currency out of the east , but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . east berliners and east germans could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , soviet military patrols could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when traveling in this manner . * ' ' ' rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( duty ) trains that traveled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons traveling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the western allies accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr . this was intended to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , which could jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all berlin . ordinary citizens of the western allied powers , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 , < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german ] < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " . < ref name = " bbcsept2007 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system preceded the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = }} < / ref > on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general secretary ]] of the [[ communist party of the soviet union | communist party ]] of the [[ soviet union ]] , to tear down the wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the [[ eastern bloc ]] : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate , 09 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus ! " }} ' ' ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant ' ' {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben hier " }} ' ' , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution ( german ) | peaceful revolution ]] " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = {{ lang | de | 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson for the politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist riccardo ehrman , the berlin correspondant of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( oct 21 , 2009 ) [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " the wall street journal . < / ref > [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " east germany " has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = oppositions = = = in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that she wanted the soviet leader to do what he could to stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " / > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times }} < / ref > {{ cquote | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders , and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . thehindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = sep 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freude }} ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freiheit }} ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 | november 9 in german history ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ november 9th in german history | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . [[ nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued the euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 11 / 17 / 1989 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign is focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and students at over 20 universities will participate in " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | title = freedom without walls | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise " – journey of the wall takes place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks are being sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite news | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , there still was talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 percent of west germans and 12 percent of east germans wished that east and west should be separated again by a " wall " . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated however that only about a tenth of the population was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans also make similar distinctions between north and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = november 5 , 2009 | url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall portions | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ paradigm shift ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = princeton university press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ citation | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ harvard reference | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba - ac3c - d7af - 5b98808a1ebd6b9e the cwihp collection on the rise and fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . wallofberlin . com " virtual berlin wall " ] - website linked to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . pictures can be uploaded on a chose region of the wall for a fee ( in english ) * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] official website berlin . de * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german and englisch ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com / allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] * [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] { [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / m . fleischmann & w . strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / photogallery . htm gallery at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |||||
| 324838074 | 324838374 | 2009-11-09 13:51:27 | 0 days 00:02:43 | 8008470 | 0 | }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} | it was clear both that west german morale needed improvement and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin , since the prospect of the fall of west berlin after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , could call into question the reliability of the united states in the eyes of its other allies . on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , | general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank | ||||
| 324911705 | 324911771 | 2009-11-09 21:14:34 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 0|216.239.87.133 | 14 | millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang | de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14th | . | , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a | ||||
| 325013038 | 325015782 | 2009-11-10 09:06:34 | 0 days 00:31:07 | 0|87.194.245.78 | 0 | the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} | ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefedfsdfewfvfegrgreg | following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] | ||||
| 325015782 | 325016151 | 2009-11-10 09:11:50 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|87.194.245.78 | 0 | the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} | ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefedfsdfewfvfegrgreg | following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] | ||||
| 325035863 | 325037769 | 2009-11-10 13:02:13 | 0 days 00:16:58 | 0|79.200.123.131 | 0 | [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} | {{ link fa | stq }} | {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] | ||||
| 325363892 | 325364899 | 2009-11-12 02:24:44 | 0 days 00:07:00 | 0|202.158.12.194 | 6 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | the | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) | ||||
| 325364899 | 325364978 | 2009-11-12 02:25:22 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 10122993 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | the | ' ' ' nazi germany ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by roger jr republic ( gdr ) ( | ||||
| 325364978 | 325366116 | 2009-11-12 02:34:13 | 0 days 00:08:51 | 0|202.158.12.194 | 8 | despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} | roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall | < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post | ||||
| 325366116 | 325367008 | 2009-11-12 02:40:35 | 0 days 00:06:22 | 4916882 | 10 | despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} | roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall | < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post | ||||
| 325401770 | 325413025 | 2009-11-12 10:03:04 | 0 days 01:55:58 | 8023653 | 0 | | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} | the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity , longman [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * the gdr : moscow ' s german ally , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * the fall of the gdr , longman , 2001 . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 ] * the two red flags : european social democracy & soviet communism since 1945 , routledge , 2000 . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp / title ~ db = all ~ content = t732627883 ] * germany in the twentieth century , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition , 1991 . isbn 0 713467959 * east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? , [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s ] the economist intelligence unit , 1987 . isbn 0850582458 , 9780850582451 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt = hot _ author ] | * {{ harvard reference | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher | ||||
| 325413116 | 325413366 | 2009-11-12 10:06:37 | 0 days 00:02:38 | 8023653 | 0 | | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} | * childs , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' | the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity , longman [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . | ||||
| 325491054 | 325493064 | 2009-11-12 20:13:50 | 0 days 00:11:46 | 0|58.110.138.78 | 0 | is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) | also refered to as the big one | was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it | ||||
| 325493379 | 325493685 | 2009-11-12 20:17:37 | 0 days 00:01:55 | 10519822 | 1 | is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) | also refered to as the big fat hitler ' elephant , | was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it | ||||
| 325814566 | 325940817 | 2009-11-15 07:25:15 | 0 days 15:05:38 | 433328 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ semiprotected | small = yes }} {{ | otheruses4 | about | | | the chess variation | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in | |||
| 327838324 | 327857129 | 2009-11-25 13:15:18 | 0 days 03:14:04 | 0|91.34.116.46 | 0 | = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} | * luftbildatlas entlang der berliner mauer 1961 bis heute . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) . berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall | ||||
| 329298894 | 329299391 | 2009-12-02 19:58:27 | 0 days 00:03:09 | 0|164.113.70.248 | 0 | became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) | [[ willy brandt ]] | michael abbott | , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate | |||
| 336546683 | 336646937 | 2010-01-08 19:12:55 | 0 days 13:48:08 | 0|199.104.215.251 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | ciilllaaa wass here homeskillet 8 | ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating | |||
| 1 | is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) | was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and | other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came | |||||||||
| 336646937 | 336647165 | 2010-01-08 19:14:22 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 10519822 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | ciilllaaa wass here homeskillet 8 | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | ) other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders | |||
| 337289445 | 337291195 | 2010-01-12 00:41:44 | 0 days 00:10:22 | 11416782 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nailsand other defenses . | . | the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the | |||
| 337291195 | 337291639 | 2010-01-12 00:44:20 | 0 days 00:02:36 | 11416782 | 0 | entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} | the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > | by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 | ||||
| 337291639 | 337292088 | 2010-01-12 00:46:56 | 0 days 00:02:36 | 11416782 | 0 | oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } . | the berlin wall is inportant ] | the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the | ||||
| 337292088 | 337292211 | 2010-01-12 00:47:44 | 0 days 00:00:48 | 11416782 | 1 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | . | the berlin wall is inportant ] the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . | ||||
| 337292211 | 337292695 | 2010-01-12 00:50:29 | 0 days 00:02:45 | 0|99.155.204.237 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | the berlin wall is important | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . | the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the | |||
| 1 | entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} | the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > | by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 | |||||||||
| 337360247 | 337514893 | 2010-01-13 01:57:31 | 0 days 15:56:45 | 11416782 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | the berlin wall is important | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr | ||||
| 337516047 | 337517879 | 2010-01-13 02:18:38 | 0 days 00:12:57 | 10141256 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | the berlin wall is important | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr | ||||
| 338517464 | 338591345 | 2010-01-18 18:23:43 | 0 days 10:38:40 | 0|92.3.231.154 | 2 | | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | < nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > | | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , | ||||
| 343221538 | 343273921 | 2010-02-11 02:24:15 | 0 days 05:14:05 | 0|24.150.126.46 | 0 | city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / | ref | rfjfjdoahdoahoghs9edth0ay9gy호호호호호호호홓ef | > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany | |||
| 343273921 | 343281262 | 2010-02-11 03:19:02 | 0 days 00:54:47 | 0|68.91.195.43 | 0 | city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / | rfjfjdoahdoahoghs9edth0ay9gy호호호호호호호홓ef | ref | > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany | |||
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 0 | [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} | ' ' | ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer | ||||
| 27 | }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} | kennedy appointed | general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank | |||||||||
| 343782709 | 343784334 | 2010-02-13 18:45:26 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 5326371 | 7 | kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} - elie wiesel | ' s | , " | op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , | |||
| 347169208 | 347169563 | 2010-03-01 21:38:10 | 0 days 00:01:40 | 0|71.28.105.141 | 0 | | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | the wall was erected in 1961 because more than 2 . 6 million east germans escaped to west berlin or west germany from 1949 to 1961 ( total population of east germany was about 17 million ! ) . | | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , | ||||
| 347169563 | 347173518 | 2010-03-01 21:57:27 | 0 days 00:19:17 | 3308922 | 0 | | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | the wall was erected in 1961 because more than 2 . 6 million east germans escaped to west berlin or west germany from 1949 to 1961 ( total population of east germany was about 17 million ! ) . | | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , | ||||
| 347835864 | 347938339 | 2010-03-05 17:38:22 | 0 days 14:44:18 | 0|168.212.234.210 | 0 | broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} | < math > lol + your mom = bow chicka bow wow < / math > | = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel | ||||
| 347938339 | 347938375 | 2010-03-05 17:38:33 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 5026668 | 0 | broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} | < math > lol + your mom = bow chicka bow wow < / math > | = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel | ||||
| 347938375 | 347939416 | 2010-03-05 17:44:36 | 0 days 00:06:03 | 0|168.212.234.210 | 0 | broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} | [[ www . bungie . net ]] | = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel | ||||
| 347939416 | 347939480 | 2010-03-05 17:45:02 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 2438920 | 0 | broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} | [[ www . bungie . net ]] | = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel | ||||
| 350205915 | 350238859 | 2010-03-16 17:39:53 | 0 days 03:18:52 | 11648302 | 0 | | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | hahahah | | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , | ||||
| 350239234 | 350241563 | 2010-03-16 17:55:09 | 0 days 00:13:04 | 0|142.30.138.142 | 0 | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - hahahah | dhiraj did this | | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , | ||||
| 350241563 | 350241786 | 2010-03-16 17:56:22 | 0 days 00:01:13 | 0|142.30.138.142 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | the | dhiraj did this hahahahathe | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , | |||
| 350241786 | 350241903 | 2010-03-16 17:57:03 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 118722 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | dhiraj did this hahahahathe | the | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , | |||
| 1 | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - hahahah | dhiraj did this | | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , | |||||||||
| 350242185 | 350242282 | 2010-03-16 17:59:12 | 0 days 00:00:37 | 3308922 | 0 | | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | hahahah | | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , | ||||
| 351044536 | 351060308 | 2010-03-20 22:45:12 | 0 days 01:42:12 | 0|81.97.32.153 | 2 | | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | fluffy but not that much pink haha lol bekky love u bbe xx will u get with me xx yes xx | | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , | ||||
| 351060308 | 351060690 | 2010-03-20 22:47:54 | 0 days 00:02:42 | 10141256 | 2 | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] i love u big wonger {{ wrapper }} | - | fluffy but not that much pink haha lol bekky love u bbe xx will u get with me xx yes xx | | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , | ||||
| 352335796 | 352581884 | 2010-03-28 18:53:38 | 1 days 04:58:34 | 7029070 | 1 | [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} | {{ link fa | stq }} | {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | sw }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] | ||||
| 356256996 | 356283811 | 2010-04-16 00:35:24 | 0 days 02:51:52 | 0|99.192.21.152 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | hey ryan macdonald ! | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr | ||||
| 356284386 | 356284790 | 2010-04-16 00:42:20 | 0 days 00:03:00 | 2366658 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | hey ryan macdonald ! natzies man ! there freakin natzies ! ( hi dryden ! ) | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr | ||||
| 356284790 | 356292067 | 2010-04-16 01:24:46 | 0 days 00:42:26 | 320521 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | hey ryan macdonald ! natzies man ! there freakin natzies ! ( hi dryden ! ) | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr | ||||
| 356292067 | 356293522 | 2010-04-16 01:33:47 | 0 days 00:09:01 | 0|72.19.72.70 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | hey ryan macdonald ! natzies man ! there freakin natzies ! ( hi dryden ! ) | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr | ||||
| 356433987 | 356774242 | 2010-04-18 12:22:50 | 1 days 17:20:10 | 442513 | 0 | of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} | {{ berlin wall }} | {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - | ||||
| 357297916 | 357496729 | 2010-04-21 22:33:18 | 0 days 23:37:31 | 0|71.111.55.161 | 2 | multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | ( n ) | concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east | ||||
| 357496729 | 357497351 | 2010-04-21 22:36:29 | 0 days 00:03:11 | 0|71.111.55.161 | 1 | is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | ( n ) | concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east | ||||
| 357754185 | 357886421 | 2010-04-23 20:04:43 | 0 days 16:45:22 | 0|66.204.53.81 | 0 | | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for german reunification . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 njlbjhkb jk [ jbk < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > ] | | {{ history of the berlin wall }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin | ||||
| 357886421 | 357897333 | 2010-04-23 21:02:09 | 0 days 00:57:26 | 262550 | 0 | | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for german reunification . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 njlbjhkb jk [ jbk < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > ] | | {{ history of the berlin wall }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin | ||||
| 359062981 | 359088635 | 2010-04-29 16:54:10 | 0 days 02:30:03 | 0|216.56.16.82 | 0 | hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) | don ' t fence me in ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} | j | = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel | ||||
| 359088635 | 359097792 | 2010-04-29 17:45:19 | 0 days 00:51:09 | 262550 | 0 | hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) | don ' t fence me in ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} | j | = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel | ||||
| 359099839 | 359174646 | 2010-04-30 01:21:33 | 0 days 07:25:25 | 0|68.6.148.124 | 0 | the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} | megan and cesar are the best : ) | following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] | ||||
| 359174646 | 359174897 | 2010-04-30 01:23:12 | 0 days 00:01:39 | 11229014 | 0 | the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} | megan and cesar are the best : ) | following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] | ||||
| 361362049 | 361546217 | 2010-05-11 20:49:54 | 0 days 22:20:17 | 0|67.238.225.63 | 0 | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | | {{ | [[ | history of the berlin wall | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing | |||
| 362658157 | 362719228 | 2010-05-18 01:11:44 | 0 days 06:21:38 | 0|24.77.65.77 | 0 | became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) | michael abbott | willy brandt | , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate | |||
| 362719228 | 362836899 | 2010-05-18 16:41:03 | 0 days 15:29:19 | 0|207.255.148.130 | 0 | the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} | gkjgjhgkjgkjhgkjhgkjgkjhgkjhg | following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] | ||||
| 362836899 | 362837172 | 2010-05-18 16:42:36 | 0 days 00:01:33 | 12004132 | 0 | the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} | gkjgjhgkjgkjhgkjhgkjgkjhgkjhg | following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] | ||||
| 362850946 | 362884229 | 2010-05-18 21:03:07 | 0 days 03:04:47 | 0|74.177.76.63 | 0 | is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) | was a concrete barrier built | nigga are soooooooo awsome because we are black | by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including | |||
| 362884229 | 362884424 | 2010-05-18 21:04:16 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 0|74.177.76.63 | 0 | is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) | " | nigga are soooooooo awsome because we are black by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] | ||||
| 362884424 | 362885497 | 2010-05-18 21:10:40 | 0 days 00:06:24 | 2309336 | 0 | is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) | " nigga are soooooooo awsome because we are black " | by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including | ||||
| 363210288 | 363268461 | 2010-05-20 21:00:57 | 0 days 05:46:52 | 0|173.69.9.231 | 1 | multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the | german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east | jews out of | germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed | |||
| 363586451 | 363606306 | 2010-05-22 20:25:36 | 0 days 02:23:07 | 12423703 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | mr . staebell stinks | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] | ||||
| 363606306 | 363606575 | 2010-05-22 20:27:27 | 0 days 00:01:51 | 12423703 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | mr . staebell stinks | this is for my project please dont change anything | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] | |||
| 363606575 | 363608452 | 2010-05-22 20:40:59 | 0 days 00:13:32 | 262550 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | this is for my project please dont change anything | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] | ||||
| 363839927 | 363922577 | 2010-05-24 13:48:27 | 0 days 12:02:32 | 12423703 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | ' ' ' hi sen ' ' ' | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] | ||||
| 363922577 | 363922750 | 2010-05-24 13:49:36 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 12423703 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | ' ' ' hi sen ' ' ' | this is thwe happy | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] | |||
| 363922750 | 363922912 | 2010-05-24 13:50:38 | 0 days 00:01:02 | 7007500 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | this is thwe happy | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] | ||||
| 363922912 | 364011539 | 2010-05-24 22:54:04 | 0 days 09:03:26 | 591174 | 0 | is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) | was constructed | by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east | ||||
| 365700612 | 365763238 | 2010-06-03 03:24:03 | 0 days 07:04:01 | 0|75.62.4.255 | 1 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} | suk my dik bitch | {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art | ||||
| 365763238 | 365768478 | 2010-06-03 04:13:10 | 0 days 00:49:07 | 10721057 | 1 | {st@rt} {{ ab ' ' ' out | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} | suk my dik bitch | {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art | ||||
| 367011049 | 367156561 | 2010-06-10 07:15:07 | 0 days 14:39:00 | 962462 | 1 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image | = | image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " | ||||
| 368159388 | 368177016 | 2010-06-15 13:56:04 | 0 days 02:01:59 | 89179 | 0 | the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was | a barrier | constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of berlin , separating | ||||
| 370027692 | 370610424 | 2010-06-28 15:06:03 | 3 days 11:49:44 | 0|77.22.20.27 | 0 | [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} | u . s . | us | and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move . | |||
| 378715810 | 378954266 | 2010-08-14 23:31:40 | 1 days 09:23:09 | 0|72.224.163.217 | 0 | multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | homo sexual protection | barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding | ||||
| 378954496 | 378954602 | 2010-08-14 23:34:40 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 1064243 | 7 | multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | homo sexual protection | barrier constructed by bruno ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 , that completely cut off [[ lesbian ]] from surrounding gays and from [[ | ||||
| 386053284 | 386987387 | 2010-09-25 19:21:21 | 4 days 13:30:16 | 12323565 | 0 | berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} | {{ dead link | date = september 2010 | bot = h3llbot }} | < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall | ||||
| 387096525 | 387171247 | 2010-09-26 19:04:14 | 0 days 09:23:05 | 0|208.22.12.236 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | jfk was at the berlin wall , he was also wearing a cowboy hat . | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , | ||||
| 387171914 | 387172021 | 2010-09-26 19:08:59 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 2483182 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | jfk was at the berlin wall when it was being knocked down , he was also wearing a cowboy hat . | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , | ||||
| 388863805 | 389131965 | 2010-10-06 16:59:38 | 1 days 07:07:43 | 1902795 | 0 | = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed | retired | general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin | ||||
| 392383335 | 392860491 | 2010-10-25 21:03:30 | 2 days 10:18:25 | 0|67.149.116.202 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} | buttcrack of a hobo | {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west | ||||
| 392860491 | 392860812 | 2010-10-25 21:05:27 | 0 days 00:01:57 | 3308922 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} | buttcrack of a hobo | {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west | ||||
| 394469996 | 394471250 | 2010-11-02 22:59:55 | 0 days 00:07:26 | 0|74.178.248.60 | 0 | period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by | gdr | gdpr | authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage | |||
| 394472308 | 394539558 | 2010-11-03 07:45:49 | 0 days 08:40:05 | 0|222.155.189.91 | 0 | and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 | ref = harv | postscript = }} | = = = = = = = = = = = | * {{ cite document | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york | ||||
| 394539558 | 394540940 | 2010-11-03 08:01:49 | 0 days 00:16:00 | 307602 | 0 | [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 | ref = harv | postscript = }} | = = = = = = = = = = = | * {{ cite document | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york | ||||
| 394540940 | 394543666 | 2010-11-03 08:30:39 | 0 days 00:28:50 | 6971250 | 0 | period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by | gdpr | gdr | authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage | |||
| 394786114 | 394823380 | 2010-11-04 17:48:21 | 0 days 03:51:26 | 0|86.168.6.218 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | go germany ! ! ! | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , | ||||
| 394823380 | 394823423 | 2010-11-04 17:48:37 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 4928500 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | go germany ! ! ! | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , | ||||
| 398275606 | 398275799 | 2010-11-22 17:10:10 | 0 days 00:01:06 | 0|217.86.65.6 | 0 | oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' | is that a cool lamb ? | ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august | |||
| 398275799 | 398275853 | 2010-11-22 17:10:30 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 10902791 | 0 | oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the | is that a cool lamb ? | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' | ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august | |||
| 398520724 | 398753727 | 2010-11-25 04:28:33 | 1 days 06:12:17 | 433328 | 2 | as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / | ref | > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate | ||||
| 398858085 | 399051464 | 2010-11-27 00:47:52 | 1 days 03:59:26 | 16710 | 6 | - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} {{ dead link | date = september 2010 | bot = h3llbot }} | | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20071012011801 / http : / / die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archivedate = 2007 - 10 - 12 | title = the berlin wall : | 2010 | bot = h3llbot }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , | ||||
| 400135808 | 400152873 | 2010-12-02 17:05:45 | 0 days 01:38:16 | 0|76.79.232.194 | 2 | ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) | by gdr authorities | , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage | ||||
| 400251431 | 400293690 | 2010-12-03 10:55:24 | 0 days 07:39:00 | 6971250 | 2 | east germany . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) | by gdr authorities | , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage | ||||
| 409045868 | 409131270 | 2011-01-21 08:54:09 | 0 days 11:33:30 | 0|87.102.56.120 | 0 | . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < | xxsarahxtronxx | / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | | |||
| 409131270 | 409131317 | 2011-01-21 08:54:44 | 0 days 00:00:35 | 818523 | 0 | . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } | xxsarahxtronxx | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < | / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | | |||
| 427752945 | 427753574 | 2011-05-06 14:38:50 | 0 days 00:04:15 | 13543148 | 6 | . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " {{ citation _ needed | date = may 2011 }} | < / ref > | if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting | ||||
| 429104564 | 429636376 | 2011-05-17 22:46:18 | 3 days 05:51:37 | 207712 | 17 | marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} | - | – | elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until 3 october , | |||
| 441951679 | 443412986 | 2011-08-06 22:01:43 | 8 days 23:04:20 | 16710 | 23 | / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < | / | > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall : she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartment at 48 | ||||
| 40 | / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < | / ref > | the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . he attempted to swim | |||||||||
| 456816319 | 457176613 | 2011-10-24 17:17:08 | 2 days 05:16:21 | 11498870 | 1 | and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite | document | journal | | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = | |||
| 2 | east german relations , 1953 – 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 | ref = harv }} * {{ cite | document | journal | | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west | ||||||||
| 3 | crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite | document | journal | | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 | | ||||||||
| 4 | a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite | document | journal | | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = | ||||||||
| 5 | | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite | document | journal | | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european | ||||||||
| 6 | fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite | document | journal | | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year | ||||||||
| 457176613 | 457259952 | 2011-10-25 03:40:00 | 0 days 10:22:52 | 15559104 | 0 | the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} | {{ eastern bloc sidebar }} | following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] headed a union of nations on his western border , the eastern bloc , that then included poland , hungary | ||||
| 479597706 | 479685255 | 2012-03-01 17:59:02 | 0 days 13:09:10 | 404531 | 0 | ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 | ref = harv | postscript = }} | * {{ cite book | last = schulte | first = bennet | title = the berlin wall . remains of a lost border . ( die berliner mauer . spuren einer verschwundenen grenze ) | publisher = be . bra verlag , berlin | year = 2011 | isbn = 9783814801858 | ref = harv | postscript = | }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war | ||||
| 485297583 | 489424180 | 2012-04-27 04:49:49 | 23 days 21:13:49 | 14405583 | 13 | at the author ' s website . {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} | {{ coord | | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | | ||||
| 507237640 | 507256650 | 2012-08-13 19:31:32 | 0 days 02:05:37 | 16130333 | 3 | empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | year = 2009 | isbn = 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / | ref | > after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker | ||||
| 513767223 | 514812998 | 2012-09-27 15:04:09 | 6 days 18:49:18 | 7809335 | 3 | | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance between east and west berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | * border distance between west and east berlin : | {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | ||||
| 6 | display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border distance around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * | border distance between east and west berlin : | {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | |||||||||
| 514816402 | 515867543 | 2012-10-03 22:20:21 | 6 days 06:52:08 | 609725 | 7 | 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | yd | abbr = on }} * column track | distance | length | : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * number of watch towers : 302 * number of bunkers : 20 | size | |||
| 529724987 | 531002642 | 2013-01-03 00:01:58 | 8 days 08:25:09 | 38455 | 0 | * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} | = | = = media relating to the wall = = = * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | | ||||
| 538062628 | 538916225 | 2013-02-18 19:08:38 | 5 days 03:00:19 | 10728040 | 20 | joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} | [[ | file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | upright | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late | ||||
| 538916225 | 539045002 | 2013-02-19 14:35:21 | 0 days 19:26:43 | 6569922 | 0 | }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} | [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ be - x - old : бэрлінскі мур ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ bo : པེར་ལིན་ལྕགས་རི། ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley verleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ kn : ಬರ್ಲಿನ್ ಗೋಡೆ ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ ku : hêta berlînê ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ lmo : mür de berlin ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ xmf : ბერლინიშ კიდა ]] [[ arz : سور برلين ]] [[ mzn : برلین دیوار ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nah : berlin pāntli ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ oc : mur de berlin ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pap : muraya di berlin ]] [[ km : ជញ្ជាំង ប៊ែរឡាំង ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ szl : berliński mur ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : pader ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ tt : берлин дивары ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінський мур ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |||||
| 552093309 | 552345669 | 2013-04-26 23:24:06 | 1 days 14:10:59 | 9755426 | 0 | 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} | {{ de icon }} | < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november when half a million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz | ||||
| 553801374 | 557657945 | 2013-05-31 09:40:08 | 24 days 17:10:53 | 10146143 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} | {{ lead too long | date = april 2013 }} | {{ use dmy dates | date = august 2012 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic | ||||
| 557657945 | 557702538 | 2013-05-31 16:13:19 | 0 days 06:33:11 | 1108424 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} | {{ lead too long | date = april 2013 }} | {{ use dmy dates | date = august 2012 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic | ||||
| 558026448 | 560696523 | 2013-06-20 02:41:45 | 17 days 06:01:03 | 5681311 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} | {{ lead too long | date = april 2013 }} | {{ use dmy dates | date = august 2012 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic | ||||
| 560696523 | 560697108 | 2013-06-20 02:48:53 | 0 days 00:07:08 | 5681311 | 3 | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} | http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = june 19 , 2013 | }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening | ||||
| 560698146 | 560703430 | 2013-06-20 04:11:03 | 0 days 01:09:43 | 1108424 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} | {{ lead too long | date = april 2013 }} | {{ use dmy dates | date = august 2012 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic | ||||
| 7 | / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = june 19 , 2013 }} | < / ref > | the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer | |||||||||
| 560703430 | 560704004 | 2013-06-20 04:18:37 | 0 days 00:07:34 | 5681311 | 3 | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} | http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = june 19 , 2013 | }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening | ||||
| 7 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} | {{ lead too long | date = april 2013 }} | {{ use dmy dates | date = august 2012 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic | |||||||||
| 561819989 | 561998312 | 2013-06-28 17:53:41 | 1 days 04:43:33 | 1108424 | 0 | berliner " ) speech ( audio ) | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} | in a speech on 26 july 1963 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] – speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour . the wall violated postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . | us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move | ||||
| 580930170 | 580957593 | 2013-11-09 22:18:25 | 0 days 03:47:52 | 400707 | 7 | day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? | publisher = voicesunderberlin . com | date = | accessdate = 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < | . | / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 nyt review < | ||||
| 588262665 | 588536853 | 2013-12-31 15:50:04 | 1 days 18:53:36 | 8066546 | 0 | }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} | {{ link fa | stq }} | |||||
| 621484363 | 623748474 | 2014-09-01 19:17:59 | 16 days 05:53:03 | 16752040 | 0 | clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} | {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} | {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} {{ link fa | stq }} | ||||
| 1 | }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} | {{ link fa | he }} {{ link fa | stq }} | ||||||||||
| 623748474 | 623768119 | 2014-09-01 21:48:29 | 0 days 02:30:30 | 7852030 | 0 | clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} | {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} | {{ link fa | vi }} | ||||
| 1 | establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | vi }} | {{ link fa | he }} {{ link fa | stq }} | ||||||||||
| 623768119 | 623786249 | 2014-09-02 00:27:28 | 0 days 02:38:59 | 16752040 | 0 | clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} | {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} | {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} {{ link fa | stq }} | ||||
| 1 | }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} | {{ link fa | he }} {{ link fa | stq }} | ||||||||||
| 631993537 | 632215818 | 2014-11-03 00:37:18 | 1 days 14:51:48 | 18865486 | 7 | myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / | ref > | . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = | ||||
| 632340179 | 632389254 | 2014-11-04 07:32:40 | 0 days 09:03:37 | 14508071 | 8 | myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / | ref | > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = | ||||
| 633021579 | 633040519 | 2014-11-09 02:15:56 | 0 days 02:47:56 | 10340692 | 0 | eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} | }} | < ref > {{ cite book | last1 = chaichian | first1 = mohammad | title = empires and walls : globalization , migration , and colonial control | date = 2014 | publisher = haymarket books | location = chicago , il | isbn = 978 - 1608464227 | pages = 119 - 148 | url = http : / / www . amazon . com / empires - walls - globalization - migration - domination / dp / 1608464229 / ref = asap _ bc ? ie = utf8 }} < / ref > | * {{ cite journal | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york | |||
| 650204750 | 650204928 | 2015-03-06 21:47:55 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 24044265 | 0 | [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 | ref = harv | postscript = }} | < ref > | * | {{ cite book | last1 = chaichian | first1 = mohammad | title = empires and walls : globalization , migration , and colonial control | date = 2014 | publisher | |||
| 650210446 | 650219949 | 2015-03-06 23:43:55 | 0 days 01:14:21 | 84417 | 3 | wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 | ref = harv | postscript = }} | * {{ cite book | last1 = chaichian | first1 = mohammad | title = empires and walls : globalization , migration , and colonial control | date = 2014 | publisher = haymarket books | location = chicago , il | isbn = 978 - 1608464227 | pages = 119 - 148 | url = http : / / www . amazon . com / empires - walls - globalization - migration - domination / dp / 1608464229 / ref = asap _ bc ? ie = utf8 }} < / ref > | * [[ david childs ( academic ) | childs , david ]] ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' | ||||
| 666337026 | 667114924 | 2015-06-15 22:53:30 | 5 days 09:14:20 | 7226930 | 0 | june 2008 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 9 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = | {{ anchor | the fall }} | the fall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped | ||||
| 667488963 | 667873886 | 2015-06-21 05:01:08 | 2 days 15:22:57 | 24420788 | 0 | century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} {{ berlin wall }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} | {{ authority control }} | [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[ | ||||
| 684592433 | 685909337 | 2015-10-15 19:25:09 | 8 days 03:02:36 | 2425663 | 0 | century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} {{ berlin wall }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} | {{ destroyed heritage }} | {{ authority control }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 | ||||
| 687661190 | 687970626 | 2015-10-28 20:12:15 | 1 days 20:27:38 | 3035650 | 0 | had to submit to east german border controls . = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list of deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : | conrad | east german guard | - schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] soldier [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the | |||
| 687970626 | 688303202 | 2015-10-31 00:32:15 | 2 days 04:20:00 | 9011270 | 1 | 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html | title = cold war reheated | publisher = nytimes . com | accessdate = 26 march 2013 }} < | / ref > | – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' ( published as ' | ||||
| 688759360 | 692779504 | 2015-11-28 07:11:52 | 25 days 09:14:36 | 558022 | 0 | marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} {{ eastern bloc sidebar }} | [[ file : sfp 186 - brandenburger tor . ogv | thumb | right | 200px | brandenburg gate in 1945 , after the end of world war 2 ]] | following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] headed a union of nations on his western border , the eastern bloc , that then included poland , hungary | ||||
| 699864491 | 699931497 | 2016-01-15 09:15:39 | 0 days 10:22:27 | 17832782 | 0 | eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} | {{ wiktionary | berlin wall }} | ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from | east | dudes | to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / | |
| 200563955 | 200564084 | 2008-03-24 16:12:14 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 5362986 | 0 | 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from | dudes | east | to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / | |||
| 237419988 | 237420560 | 2008-09-10 02:38:55 | 0 days 00:03:53 | 7823276 | 1 | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the | territories east | the germans had hot dirty sex with little boy on the othe side | of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | |||
| 237420560 | 237420572 | 2008-09-10 02:38:59 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 2372780 | 1 | the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = many people belive the | the germans had hot dirty sex with little boy on the othe side | territories east | of the wall they would usally have gay sex aswell = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | | |||
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 1 | ' ' demarcated the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated | [[ east germany ]] and [[ west germany ]] | the two german states | for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime | |||
| 23 | sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east | berlin or east | german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and | |||||||||
| 28 | closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to | west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and | west germany . | many families were split and east berliners cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west | ||||||||
| 31 | over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the | east grew | gdr began to grow | . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the | ||||||||
| 42 | by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the | town | towns | of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible | ||||||||
| 48 | helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in | south - western | southwestern | berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station | ||||||||
| 58 | berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the | east - west german | border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east germany ]] and [[ west germany ]] for 28 | |||||||||
| 239050940 | 239141721 | 2008-09-17 23:56:00 | 0 days 07:40:53 | 736477 | 18 | and ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into | west | a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as entry | berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . = = = escape attempts = = = ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also | placate west german | cole sprouse ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ selena gomez ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) : ' ' [[ a muppets christmas : letters to santa ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) ' ' in post - production ' ' | and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude |
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 29 | piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a | celebration | placate west german | of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the bunny picnic | |||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 36 | 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also | placate west german | cole sprouse ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ selena gomez ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) : ' ' [[ a muppets christmas : letters to santa ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) ' ' in post - production ' ' | and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude | |||
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 29 | piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a | celebration | placate west german | of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the bunny picnic | |||
| 247524156 | 247836466 | 2008-10-26 20:24:39 | 1 days 16:52:01 | 8171315 | 0 | [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated | the two german states | east germany from west germany | for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be | |||
| 255192882 | 255210778 | 2008-12-01 15:04:41 | 0 days 02:27:24 | 0|70.91.241.121 | 2 | [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated | east germany | eastital | from west germany for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was | |||
| 255210778 | 255210981 | 2008-12-01 15:05:58 | 0 days 00:01:17 | 3290566 | 1 | [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water separated | eastital | east germany | from westitaly for 40 years and 2 day , from the day construction began on august 16 , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered | |||
| 2 | germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water separated eastital from | westitaly | west germany | for 40 years and 2 day , from the day construction began on august 16 , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be | ||||||||
| 255510724 | 255707690 | 2008-12-03 21:07:26 | 0 days 22:36:05 | 0|164.116.126.140 | 2 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the | west side | scorching heat | of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of | |||
| 255707690 | 255707707 | 2008-12-03 21:07:31 | 0 days 00:00:05 | 4678253 | 2 | {st@rt} this is a wall that is the guinness book of world records for the most people having sex in it ! though most of them die from the | scorching heat | west side | of this wall ! when u have sex with someone stick the dickin the hole the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 | |||
| 257231828 | 257283627 | 2008-12-11 15:12:00 | 0 days 08:02:47 | 0|168.184.255.133 | 1 | was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ | east | eas ' s t | berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] | |||
| 257283627 | 257283841 | 2008-12-11 15:13:34 | 0 days 00:01:34 | 7873346 | 0 | | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the single bitches and hoes bouncing on german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ | eas ' s t | east | berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] | |||
| 258133599 | 258134007 | 2008-12-15 15:47:51 | 0 days 00:02:16 | 0|71.130.177.243 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 everyone fucked the berlin wall from the | west | we asshole niggerst | side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image | |||
| 258135144 | 258137090 | 2008-12-15 16:03:25 | 0 days 00:09:50 | 1430004 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 everyone fucked the berlin wall from the | we asshole niggerst | west | side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlindsfsdfsfssssssssss satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image | |||
| 265327769 | 265328211 | 2009-01-20 18:41:58 | 0 days 00:02:24 | 0|86.42.160.9 | 0 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from | ' ' ' crap | west | germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 | |||
| 269767784 | 269853148 | 2009-02-10 21:25:40 | 0 days 07:23:39 | 0|76.118.246.211 | 5 | freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into | west | berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . | ||||
| 269853251 | 269858109 | 2009-02-10 21:45:42 | 0 days 00:19:34 | 5047767 | 3 | [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated | east | germany from gelanovichville for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] | ||||
| 4 | germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated germany from | gelanovichville | west germany | for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . | ||||||||
| 5 | freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into | west | berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . | |||||||||
| 274322212 | 274328124 | 2009-03-02 03:04:29 | 0 days 00:26:42 | 0|64.92.142.206 | 2 | cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from | east | left | to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / | |||
| 274344223 | 274348982 | 2009-03-02 04:57:55 | 0 days 00:27:39 | 96897 | 2 | berlin , according to the beloved childrens show dora the explorer . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from | left | east | to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / | |||
| 274460739 | 274475784 | 2009-03-02 17:50:25 | 0 days 01:02:42 | 0|170.177.47.11 | 0 | ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated | east germany | your cat | from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] | |||
| 274475784 | 274475826 | 2009-03-02 17:50:38 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 1564706 | 0 | ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated | your cat | east germany | from his catfor more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , | |||
| 1 | western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated your cat from | his catfor | west germany for | more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < | ||||||||
| 277302153 | 277678292 | 2009-03-16 17:17:05 | 1 days 16:10:45 | 0|150.155.15.230 | 1 | western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from | west germany | southern koria | for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . | |||
| 277678607 | 277679396 | 2009-03-16 17:23:06 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 118722 | 1 | western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated northern germany from | southern korea | west germany | for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . | |||
| 277908340 | 277908940 | 2009-03-17 17:45:00 | 0 days 00:02:46 | 6984319 | 0 | germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the | western | [[ usa ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began | ||||
| 279635295 | 279717154 | 2009-03-26 01:50:34 | 0 days 07:15:48 | 0|67.71.5.81 | 0 | 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving | easter | eastern | germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = | |||
| 289234676 | 289238128 | 2009-05-11 11:58:11 | 0 days 00:31:11 | 0|87.38.134.94 | 0 | and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated | east germany | your mom | from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 | |||
| 289238128 | 289238321 | 2009-05-11 12:00:07 | 0 days 00:01:56 | 7777104 | 0 | and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated | your mom | east germany | from my mam for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 | |||
| 1 | germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated your mom from | my mam | west germany | for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref | ||||||||
| 307884163 | 308149981 | 2009-08-15 17:08:42 | 1 days 11:27:52 | 0|90.200.32.121 | 1 | to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million | east germans | united kindom | had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during | |||
| 308149981 | 308150074 | 2009-08-15 17:09:16 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 10141256 | 0 | iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . berlin is in ireland prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million | united kindom | east germans | had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during | |||
| 323760074 | 323771791 | 2009-11-03 21:37:36 | 0 days 01:01:38 | 6340927 | 4 | administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a member of the | east german | politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " | ||||
| 323786711 | 323839905 | 2009-11-04 04:57:08 | 0 days 05:54:45 | 0|210.3.39.29 | 6 | de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it | from east | would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in | germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both | |||
| 323839905 | 323840518 | 2009-11-04 05:01:42 | 0 days 00:04:34 | 10519822 | 6 | patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it | would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in | from east | germany . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several | |||
| 324422544 | 324469466 | 2009-11-07 15:15:06 | 0 days 07:49:57 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 5 | into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated | east germany | the gdr | from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article | |||
| 324923280 | 324923860 | 2009-11-09 22:20:11 | 0 days 00:02:41 | 0|67.71.41.102 | 3 | german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ | east berlin | north dakota | ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti | |||
| 324923860 | 324923936 | 2009-11-09 22:20:37 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 6774658 | 3 | the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the country of [[ yugoslavia ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ | north dakota | east berlin | ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large styrofoam walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti | |||
| 324941032 | 324941378 | 2009-11-09 23:50:15 | 0 days 00:01:51 | 0|75.186.53.125 | 0 | west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the | early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | berlin during | the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to | |||
| 325109943 | 325110541 | 2009-11-10 20:27:49 | 0 days 00:03:13 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 2 | the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries | controlling west berlin | were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = | ||||
| 325367759 | 325368253 | 2009-11-12 02:49:55 | 0 days 00:03:44 | 0|202.158.12.194 | 0 | concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from | east germany | roger jr from tekken | , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip | |||
| 325368253 | 325368306 | 2009-11-12 02:50:15 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 6188256 | 0 | concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from | roger jr from tekken | east germany | , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip | |||
| 342120568 | 342120659 | 2010-02-05 16:38:33 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 0|207.35.35.12 | 0 | a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from | east germany | la minerve | , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip | |||
| 342120659 | 342120724 | 2010-02-05 16:39:01 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 634828 | 0 | a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from | la minerve | east germany | , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip | |||
| 342120724 | 342122033 | 2010-02-05 16:47:53 | 0 days 00:08:52 | 0|207.35.35.12 | 1 | a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from | east germany | quebec city | , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip | |||
| 342122033 | 342122084 | 2010-02-05 16:48:13 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 1004750 | 1 | a wood barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from | quebec city | east germany | , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip | |||
| 351723532 | 352026983 | 2010-03-25 19:49:45 | 1 days 13:39:09 | 12002892 | 0 | a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from | east | the jews and the hebrews they tend to slay each other . | germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death | |||
| 352026983 | 352027035 | 2010-03-25 19:50:03 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 5499713 | 0 | a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from | the jews and the hebrews they tend to slay each other . | east | germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death | |||
| 367431885 | 367780883 | 2010-06-13 15:03:46 | 1 days 23:52:59 | 0|184.60.66.188 | 0 | }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of | west berlin | tokoyo | , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall | |||
| 367780883 | 367781258 | 2010-06-13 15:06:33 | 0 days 00:02:47 | 0|85.166.180.247 | 1 | constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of tokoyo , separating | it | west berlin | from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to | |||
| 378954266 | 378954496 | 2010-08-14 23:33:43 | 0 days 00:02:03 | 0|72.224.163.217 | 2 | was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ | west berlin | lesbian | ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ | |||
| 3 | barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding | east germany | gays | and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www | ||||||||
| 4 | democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ | east berlin | homos | ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / | ||||||||
| 378954496 | 378954602 | 2010-08-14 23:34:40 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 1064243 | 2 | mauer }} ) was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by bruno ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 , that completely cut off [[ | lesbian | west berlin | ]] from surrounding gays and from [[ homos ]] . the barrier included dildos placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / | |||
| 3 | a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by bruno ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 , that completely cut off [[ lesbian ]] from surrounding | gays | east germany | and from [[ homos ]] . the barrier included dildos placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage | ||||||||
| 4 | barrier constructed by bruno ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 , that completely cut off [[ lesbian ]] from surrounding gays and from [[ | homos | east berlin | ]] . the barrier included dildos placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles | ||||||||
| 389132750 | 389329152 | 2010-10-07 14:59:01 | 0 days 21:54:30 | 0|141.43.69.1 | 13 | wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the | north | shape of a web - based geographical information system | at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city | |||
| 401615969 | 401678743 | 2010-12-10 21:44:43 | 0 days 07:54:06 | 0|216.24.126.66 | 0 | applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to | east | e [[ file : ġ ]] ast | german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , soviet military patrols could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of | |||
| 401678743 | 401678973 | 2010-12-10 21:46:13 | 0 days 00:01:30 | 7209796 | 1 | applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to | e [[ file : ġ ]] ast | east | german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , soviet military patrols could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of | |||
| 438816969 | 439163215 | 2011-07-12 22:11:43 | 1 days 23:24:49 | 42558 | 20 | of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . | ecstatic east | as the ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' swarmed through , they were greeted by ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' waiting with flowers and champagne amid wild rejoicing . soon afterward , a crowd of west | berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . = = = demolition = = = [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | |||
| 514812998 | 514816402 | 2012-09-27 15:28:13 | 0 days 00:24:04 | 7809335 | 0 | border distance between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance through residential areas in | east | berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | ||||
| 602872991 | 605164623 | 2014-04-21 16:03:57 | 16 days 00:51:54 | 1286176 | 0 | | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked | east | germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - | ||||
| 738198431 | 738865701 | 2016-09-11 14:47:01 | 4 days 00:24:17 | 19921271 | 6 | well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman hans joachim friedrichs proclaimed , " this is a historic day . | east germany | the gdr | has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening its borders . . . the gates in the berlin wall stand open | |||
| 809973970 | 809974101 | 2017-11-12 17:49:09 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 6554947 | 0 | the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and | west berlin | sidewalks not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg | ||||
| 810222160 | 810225119 | 2017-11-14 01:14:33 | 0 days 00:20:34 | 6554947 | 0 | 40824233 / ' ' 1961 – ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > as was the case with the inner german border , a strip of | gdr | east german | territory was left outside the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos | |||
| 810229030 | 810231237 | 2017-11-14 01:58:46 | 0 days 00:14:28 | 6554947 | 0 | / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs / 9799537166800 / < / ref > the strip was accessed | from east germany | by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall and was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall . < ref | ||||
| 811107061 | 811348758 | 2017-11-21 01:55:16 | 1 days 10:25:28 | 6554947 | 0 | com / watch ? time _ continue = 275 & v = owqstzgkbiy < / ref > as was the case with the inner german border , an unfortified strip of | east german | eastern | territory was left outside the wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj | |||
| 814525068 | 814617672 | 2017-12-09 22:28:01 | 0 days 13:04:23 | 6554947 | 0 | were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from one of the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into the | west | western sector | . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border outside the wall . |
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| 7944053 | 7944077 | 2004-11-29 02:50:45 | 4 days 03:25:26 | 0|24.238.131.51 | 0 | east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell | . | = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the | |
| 7944077 | 7969787 | 2004-11-29 02:51:27 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 0|24.238.131.51 | 0 | east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell | . | = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the | |
| 9112336 | 9112364 | 2005-01-05 02:44:12 | 0 days 00:05:27 | 0|67.164.50.76 | 6 | there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . | the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement and they wanted it to be acted upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . | = = celebrations = = on december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | |
| 9112487 | 9156541 | 2005-01-05 02:49:50 | 0 days 00:04:52 | 615 | 5 | banana hammers they decided to pee on the wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . | the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement and they wanted it to be acted upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . | = = celebrations = = on december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | |
| 14506036 | 14541749 | 2005-05-31 22:32:52 | 0 days 10:16:04 | 251239 | 0 | berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . | [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 300px | left | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] | = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the | |
| 14541749 | 14541815 | 2005-06-01 19:19:18 | 0 days 20:46:26 | 0|66.30.82.215 | 5 | berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . | [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 300px | left | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] | = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the | |
| 14541815 | 14704826 | 2005-06-01 19:21:05 | 0 days 00:01:47 | 7891 | 5 | berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . | [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 300px | left | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] | = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the | |
| 19029247 | 19029295 | 2005-07-17 18:26:04 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 90467 | 1 | [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the | wall ]] | = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the | |
| 24618114 | 24828196 | 2005-10-05 18:04:22 | 2 days 13:19:55 | 0|24.51.178.10 | 6 | the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . | [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] | = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the | |
| 24828196 | 24828244 | 2005-10-05 18:05:02 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 94806 | 6 | the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . | [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] | = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the | |
| 24828279 | 24828564 | 2005-10-05 18:10:39 | 0 days 00:05:08 | 0|24.51.178.10 | 8 | the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . | [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] | = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the | |
| 24828564 | 24828569 | 2005-10-05 18:10:52 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 94806 | 8 | the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . | [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] | = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the | |
| 35373255 | 35495895 | 2006-01-17 03:54:16 | 0 days 20:31:45 | 0|208.180.17.49 | 5 | assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . | tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to have held the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] | = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the | |
| 35495895 | 35495922 | 2006-01-17 03:54:31 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 130135 | 5 | fall of the wall = = [[ vin diesel ]] knocked down the berlin wall because he " didn ' t like the way it was looking at him " . | tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to have held the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] | = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the | |
| 40249035 | 40378504 | 2006-02-20 03:54:59 | 0 days 21:59:43 | 386031 | 1 | the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . | [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] | = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the | |
| 40904452 | 40904768 | 2006-02-23 20:17:12 | 0 days 00:02:18 | 89179 | 4 | fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = | later | celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " eventually all walls fall | |
| 128043670 | 128043972 | 2007-05-03 20:31:17 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 2 | create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on | alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | them | = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - |
| 128044482 | 128044498 | 2007-05-03 20:33:12 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 1 | nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it | would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | snowed | = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - |
| 128044498 | 128044636 | 2007-05-03 20:33:41 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 1614547 | 2 | the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = in the fall it | snowed | would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - |
| 128760514 | 128924265 | 2007-05-07 13:07:06 | 0 days 14:42:06 | 0|86.138.177.126 | 2 | memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | buh its nutin coz sparkenz here aliee = ] | = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - | |
| 128924265 | 128924320 | 2007-05-07 13:07:18 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 0|86.138.177.126 | 0 | memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | buh its nutin coz sparkenz here aliee = ] | = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - | |
| 129554933 | 129555118 | 2007-05-09 16:38:33 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 0 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | hello bianca | = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - |
| 129555699 | 129555771 | 2007-05-09 16:41:06 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 2073927 | 18 | 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | hello bianca | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - |
| 166091165 | 166163043 | 2007-10-21 23:35:42 | 0 days 05:37:26 | 0|76.211.17.132 | 32 | weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . | thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " | |
| 166163043 | 166165378 | 2007-10-21 23:47:46 | 0 days 00:12:04 | 605084 | 29 | the articles that doesn ' t have a translation and do it - i ' ll gladly put your translation up here on my site , with credits and all . | thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " | |
| 201079999 | 201146668 | 2008-03-26 20:57:33 | 0 days 04:51:50 | 0|70.15.98.201 | 0 | [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich _ at _ the _ wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] | |
| 201146668 | 201146819 | 2008-03-26 20:58:09 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 2377922 | 0 | [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich _ at _ the _ wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] | |
| 324609028 | 324623980 | 2009-11-08 10:32:37 | 0 days 02:37:01 | 7861398 | 0 | wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | = = = oppositions = = = in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that she wanted the soviet leader to do what he could to stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " / > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times }} < / ref > {{ cquote | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders , and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . thehindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = sep 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} | = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of | |
| 324817912 | 324818143 | 2009-11-09 10:31:19 | 0 days 00:02:32 | 7861398 | 0 | london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = sep 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} | after the fall of the berlin wall , [[ french president ]] [[ françois mitterrand ]] warned thatcher like that a unified germany could make more ground than [[ adolf hitler ]] ever had and that europe would have to bear the consequences . < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 10 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / world / europe / article6828556 . ece | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times }} < / ref > | = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ | |
| 324833961 | 324836146 | 2009-11-09 13:32:15 | 0 days 00:17:42 | 0|69.74.82.146 | 0 | told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times }} < / ref > | boooooobs < 3 | = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ | |
| 324836146 | 324836187 | 2009-11-09 13:32:29 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 118722 | 0 | told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times }} < / ref > | boooooobs < 3 | = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ | |
| 605164623 | 606205619 | 2014-04-28 17:30:58 | 7 days 01:27:01 | 19907598 | 0 | nugent | work = times | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > | {{ r | wiegrefe20100929 }} {{ rquote | right | i love germany so much that i prefer to see two of them . | prime minister of italy [[ giulio andreotti ]] < ref > http : / / mobile . ilsole24ore . com / solemobile / main ? fn = srchfd & id = search / news24 / abguvhth < / ref > }} | = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig | |
| 606205619 | 606293854 | 2014-04-29 07:22:14 | 0 days 13:51:16 | 6971250 | 0 | nugent | work = times | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > | {{ r | wiegrefe20100929 }} {{ rquote | right | i love germany so much that i prefer to see two of them . | prime minister of italy [[ giulio andreotti ]] < ref > http : / / mobile . ilsole24ore . com / solemobile / main ? fn = srchfd & id = search / news24 / abguvhth < / ref > }} | = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig |
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| 15881315 | 15902037 | 2005-06-26 21:50:58 | 0 days 18:23:00 | 44454 | 47 | . ) = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic | _ | levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as | |
| 48 | = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation | _ | train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track | ||||||
| 40965017 | 40975096 | 2006-02-24 05:36:33 | 0 days 01:40:53 | 304316 | 1 | | east ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history | _ | of _ germany _ since _ 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge | |
| 2 | ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history _ of | _ | germany _ since _ 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of | ||||||
| 3 | west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history _ of _ germany | _ | since _ 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and | ||||||
| 4 | for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history _ of _ germany _ since | _ | 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers | ||||||
| 82692252 | 82749727 | 2006-10-21 03:07:49 | 0 days 06:22:02 | 539606 | 0 | | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti | & death _ | % 26death | strip . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall |
| 2 | . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin | _ | wall _ graffiti & death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip | ||||||
| 3 | | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall | _ | graffiti & death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between | ||||||
| 82749727 | 82826053 | 2006-10-21 15:48:05 | 0 days 12:40:16 | 1652680 | 0 | . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin | _ | wall graffiti % 26death strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between | |
| 111086584 | 111137285 | 2007-02-26 19:31:02 | 0 days 03:58:19 | 157842 | 6 | agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy | _ | in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . | |
| 7 | hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in | _ | berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] | ||||||
| 8 | . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte | _ | berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was | ||||||
| 9 | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner | _ | mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155km | ||||||
| 10 | suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer | _ | en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155km ( 96 | ||||||
| 11 | berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no | _ | more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' | ||||||
| 12 | wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more | _ | walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no | ||||||
| 128156051 | 128181973 | 2007-05-04 10:57:25 | 0 days 04:18:47 | 0|194.98.51.226 | 1 | [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ | - _ | 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of | |
| 146920623 | 146972230 | 2007-07-25 11:34:29 | 0 days 07:16:57 | 1624237 | 0 | way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen | _ | - | 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of |
| 2 | paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland | _ | besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially | ||||||
| 3 | [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 | _ | 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany | ||||||
| 214855602 | 214991201 | 2008-05-26 06:08:19 | 0 days 13:45:18 | 1022055 | 3 | was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich _ at | _ | the _ wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , | |
| 4 | concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich _ at _ the | _ | wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 | ||||||
| 289417269 | 289461792 | 2009-05-12 13:40:30 | 0 days 06:11:04 | 433328 | 8 | after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin | _ | wall _ at _ potsdamer _ platz _ march _ 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the | |
| 9 | under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin _ wall | _ | at _ potsdamer _ platz _ march _ 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of | ||||||
| 10 | [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin _ wall _ at | _ | potsdamer _ platz _ march _ 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall | ||||||
| 11 | ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin _ wall _ at _ potsdamer | _ | platz _ march _ 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the | ||||||
| 12 | and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin _ wall _ at _ potsdamer _ platz | _ | march _ 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step | ||||||
| 13 | until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin _ wall _ at _ potsdamer _ platz _ march | _ | 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german | ||||||
| 336829512 | 336831441 | 2010-01-09 17:49:45 | 0 days 00:11:53 | 10141256 | 4 | sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : berlin | _ | fallofwall _ emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] | |
| 5 | chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : berlin _ fallofwall | _ | emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] [[ image | ||||||
| 440729712 | 441085492 | 2011-07-23 23:48:35 | 2 days 01:46:03 | 2304267 | 0 | | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin | _ | wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east side gallery ]] , august 2006 file : berlin wall 1 | |
| 498957428 | 499054497 | 2012-06-23 23:05:19 | 0 days 14:55:22 | 4905985 | 0 | | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin | _ | wall _ ( 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east side gallery ]] | |
| 1 | = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin _ wall | _ | ( 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east side gallery ]] , august | ||||||
| 564987310 | 568314024 | 2013-08-13 05:21:35 | 24 days 06:11:02 | 1469567 | 0 | on [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . * * the music video for [[ princess | _ | x _ ( musician ) | princess x ]] ' s song " free " ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref | |
| 1 | graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . * * the music video for [[ princess _ x | _ | ( musician ) | princess x ]] ' s song " free " ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ | ||||||
| 575077055 | 575102993 | 2013-09-30 06:21:17 | 0 days 05:04:59 | 7328338 | 1 | treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east | _ | berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of | |
| 2 | acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin | _ | death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ | ||||||
| 3 | murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death | _ | strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall | ||||||
| 4 | the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip | _ | seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , | ||||||
| 5 | germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen | _ | from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen | ||||||
| 6 | = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from | _ | axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the | ||||||
| 7 | structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel | _ | springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ axel | ||||||
| 8 | adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer | _ | building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ axel springer ag | ||||||
| 9 | = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building | _ | 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ axel springer ag ]] building | ||||||
| 12 | | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ axel springer ag ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin | _ | wall _ death _ strip , _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s | ||||||
| 13 | berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ axel springer ag ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin _ wall | _ | death _ strip , _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( | ||||||
| 14 | death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ axel springer ag ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death | _ | strip , _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification ) | ||||||
| 15 | of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ axel springer ag ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death _ strip , | _ | 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' | ||||||
| 16 | ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior | _ | of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top | ||||||
| 17 | teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of | _ | east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the | ||||||
| 18 | fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east | _ | berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was | ||||||
| 19 | | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin | _ | neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with | ||||||
| 20 | ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue | _ | zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth | ||||||
| 21 | teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit | _ | newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , | ||||||
| 22 | , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , | _ | with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make | ||||||
| 23 | [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with | _ | berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more | ||||||
| 24 | tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin | _ | wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to | ||||||
| 25 | and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall | _ | in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , | ||||||
| 26 | cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in | _ | foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 . | ||||||
| 27 | berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road | _ | sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - | ||||||
| 28 | you are leaving . jpg | thumb | a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign | _ | delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ | ||||||
| 29 | leaving . jpg | thumb | a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting | _ | british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # | ||||||
| 30 | jpg | thumb | a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british | _ | zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ | ||||||
| 31 | thumb | a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone | _ | of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ | ||||||
| 32 | a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of | _ | occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ | ||||||
| 33 | ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation | _ | in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation | | ||||||
| 34 | are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in | _ | berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation | british zone | ||||||
| 35 | ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin | _ | 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation | british zone of occupation | ||||||
| 580957869 | 581167329 | 2013-11-11 10:59:15 | 1 days 12:38:46 | 1469567 | 0 | and east berlin . svg | thumb | < center > west and east berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [[ sharemap : public / west | _ | and _ east _ berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) | |
| 1 | berlin . svg | thumb | < center > west and east berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [[ sharemap : public / west _ and | _ | east _ berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | ||||||
| 2 | svg | thumb | < center > west and east berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [[ sharemap : public / west _ and _ east | _ | berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed | ||||||
| 3 | american sector ]] [[ file : road sign delimiting british zone of occupation in berlin 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied | _ | germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between | ||||||
| 4 | file : road sign delimiting british zone of occupation in berlin 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british | _ | zone _ of _ occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin | ||||||
| 5 | road sign delimiting british zone of occupation in berlin 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone | _ | of _ occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin . these | ||||||
| 6 | delimiting british zone of occupation in berlin 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of | _ | occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin . these allowed visits | ||||||
| 688328708 | 688485144 | 2015-11-01 06:43:08 | 1 days 01:51:26 | 264323 | 0 | ' ' , 2001 – dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * * ' ' in the 2015 film [[ bridge | _ | of _ spies _ ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east | |
| 1 | , 2001 – dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * * ' ' in the 2015 film [[ bridge _ of | _ | spies _ ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east berlin ]] | ||||||
| 2 | – dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * * ' ' in the 2015 film [[ bridge _ of _ spies | _ | ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east berlin ]] just as | ||||||
| 700030765 | 700067540 | 2016-01-16 05:21:17 | 0 days 06:00:32 | 14508071 | 4 | - bowie - sparks - howls - of - anguish - across - social - media - 2016 - 01 - 11 < / ref > : see also [[ berlin | _ | wall # david _ bowie . 2c _ 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song | |
| 5 | - howls - of - anguish - across - social - media - 2016 - 01 - 11 < / ref > : see also [[ berlin _ wall # david | _ | bowie . 2c _ 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band | ||||||
| 6 | - anguish - across - social - media - 2016 - 01 - 11 < / ref > : see also [[ berlin _ wall # david _ bowie . 2c | _ | 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | ||||||
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 10 | [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / | handout _ eingemauert | worldnews / 8698446 / berlin - wall - five - things - you - might - not - know | . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} < / |
| 11 | ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . | html | | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} < / ref > |
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| 41672218 | 41672333 | 2006-02-28 23:49:11 | 0 days 00:00:50 | 0|69.15.111.135 | 3 | impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . | ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin | |
| 41672399 | 41672426 | 2006-02-28 23:49:42 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 161478 | 3 | = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ] . | ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin | |
| 41674959 | 41675018 | 2006-03-01 00:06:11 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 0|72.15.91.239 | 0 | subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin | |
| 41675119 | 41675140 | 2006-03-01 00:07:06 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 60449 | 2 | subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin | |
| 43550620 | 43620580 | 2006-03-13 20:57:16 | 0 days 14:54:39 | 1077726 | 2 | union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all | war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin | |
| 43620580 | 43620636 | 2006-03-13 20:57:53 | 0 days 00:00:37 | 1022601 | 2 | its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ba goo to you all | war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin | |
| 44191484 | 44223493 | 2006-03-17 15:46:28 | 0 days 05:46:44 | 0|204.8.67.131 | 0 | caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal | republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin | |
| 44223493 | 44223640 | 2006-03-17 15:47:50 | 0 days 00:01:22 | 86312 | 0 | caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal | republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin | |
| 44734875 | 44739263 | 2006-03-21 00:38:56 | 0 days 00:28:19 | 0|68.154.38.227 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin | |
| 44746100 | 44747376 | 2006-03-21 01:44:03 | 0 days 00:09:47 | 371058 | 1 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin | |
| 51589662 | 51848718 | 2006-05-06 16:49:23 | 1 days 18:26:01 | 0|72.228.114.173 | 9 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 51848718 | 51848752 | 2006-05-06 16:49:46 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 223113 | 9 | , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was no holocaust . it was all a jewish trick . | if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 52229625 | 52229737 | 2006-05-08 23:42:39 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 0|68.35.183.215 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | emily cordova is so fine its unbelievable ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 52229737 | 52229759 | 2006-05-08 23:42:45 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 1022601 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | emily cordova is so fine its unbelievable ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 52245238 | 52316233 | 2006-05-09 14:40:56 | 0 days 13:04:20 | 0|65.24.197.47 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | yunni vanchui says " fuck this wall we have to put it back up sometime in 2006 ! " | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 52316233 | 52316379 | 2006-05-09 14:42:03 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 0|65.24.197.47 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | yunni vanchui says " fuck this wall we have to put it back up sometime in 2006 ! " | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 52316379 | 52316505 | 2006-05-09 14:42:54 | 0 days 00:00:51 | 0|65.24.197.47 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | for more infomation go to www . google . com then type in berlin wall . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 52316505 | 52332523 | 2006-05-09 16:33:52 | 0 days 01:50:58 | 686868 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | for more infomation go to www . google . com then type in berlin wall . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 53329099 | 53333448 | 2006-05-15 16:02:11 | 0 days 00:26:27 | 0|64.107.141.20 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | the fall of the berlin wall was awesome | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 53333448 | 53334351 | 2006-05-15 16:07:39 | 0 days 00:05:28 | 294180 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | the fall of the berlin wall was awesome | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 54987836 | 54988059 | 2006-05-25 00:52:05 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 0|24.151.45.195 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | hairy vagina | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 54988059 | 54988126 | 2006-05-25 00:52:33 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 509520 | 1 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | hairy vagina | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 56422227 | 56485920 | 2006-06-02 12:32:22 | 0 days 11:03:06 | 0|142.227.176.250 | 0 | subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 56485920 | 56486266 | 2006-06-02 12:35:45 | 0 days 00:03:23 | 157842 | 0 | subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 56635024 | 56834115 | 2006-06-04 15:26:18 | 1 days 07:04:36 | 0|70.161.45.147 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | m nzxccm . zxnb . nzbvm . jjldgfsjldfgdulhgfljfdglgfuidblgfludfylihgvclg , vcxjglvcjxgkz < jglijegfuigetflilkjibk > lasdgflisdyuflishgedf eif hdslko li | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 56834115 | 56834463 | 2006-06-04 15:29:10 | 0 days 00:02:52 | 0|70.161.45.147 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | m nzxccm . zxnb . nzbvm . jjldgfsjldfgdulhgfljfdglgfuidblgfludfylihgvclg , vcxjglvcjxgkz < jglijegfuigetflilkjibk > lasdgflisdyuflishgedf eif hdslko li | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 56834463 | 56891516 | 2006-06-04 21:47:58 | 0 days 06:18:48 | 0|69.248.248.94 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | i < 3 germanyu | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 56891516 | 56891532 | 2006-06-04 21:48:05 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 1022601 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | i < 3 germanyu | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 56891532 | 56891673 | 2006-06-04 21:49:06 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 0|69.248.248.94 | 0 | subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 56891673 | 56891744 | 2006-06-04 21:49:36 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 491536 | 0 | subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 63357225 | 63858347 | 2006-07-14 22:07:07 | 2 days 17:42:04 | 1793767 | 6 | = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but | with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | he bitched them too | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 |
| 63858347 | 63858464 | 2006-07-14 22:07:48 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 1265360 | 8 | penis as a sledge hammer to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and david hasselhof then started a fight with steve walker because they are dirty commys , but | he bitched them too | with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 |
| 72819207 | 72833683 | 2006-08-30 15:28:55 | 0 days 01:33:59 | 0|193.219.221.80 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | and so it happened | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 72833683 | 72842365 | 2006-08-30 16:23:12 | 0 days 00:54:17 | 157842 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | and so it happened | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 76707482 | 76842969 | 2006-09-20 19:42:25 | 0 days 17:52:03 | 0|70.107.109.75 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | you smell like poop | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 76842969 | 76843040 | 2006-09-20 19:42:49 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 142444 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | you smell like poop | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 79283264 | 79360490 | 2006-10-04 00:26:58 | 0 days 06:52:26 | 0|69.110.32.177 | 3 | berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to | govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | rub boobs | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ |
| 79360490 | 79360549 | 2006-10-04 00:27:24 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 416594 | 3 | [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . they had boobs , pussy and sex there , they loved to | rub boobs | govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ |
| 85254171 | 85254386 | 2006-11-02 14:18:06 | 0 days 00:01:51 | 0|204.13.204.162 | 1 | advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans | to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ | |
| 85309538 | 85456431 | 2006-11-03 11:59:03 | 0 days 16:30:16 | 0|80.140.92.92 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | franz stinkt ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ | |
| 85456431 | 85456438 | 2006-11-03 11:59:07 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 1574574 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | franz stinkt ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ | |
| 86725782 | 86754002 | 2006-11-09 17:48:19 | 0 days 02:24:51 | 0|70.244.100.3 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | the berlin wall was also an attempt to keep eastern homosexual germans from crossing into straight western germany . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an | |
| 86754320 | 86755139 | 2006-11-09 17:54:17 | 0 days 00:04:18 | 0|70.244.100.3 | 0 | fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the berlin wall was also an attempt to keep eastern homosexual germans from crossing into straight western germany . | in another method of stopping such imoral acts , the german congress instated a law stating that inorder for one person to commit sexual acts with another , they most must be of opposite sex and both holding a proper legal pass in order to have sexual intercorrse . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an | |
| 86755363 | 86755510 | 2006-11-09 17:56:12 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 572610 | 0 | fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the berlin wall was also an attempt to keep eastern homosexual germans from crossing into straight western germany . | in another method of stopping such imoral acts , the german congress instated a law stating that inorder for one person to commit sexual acts with another , they most must be of opposite sex and both holding a proper legal pass in order to have sexual intercourse . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an | |
| 86755510 | 86755902 | 2006-11-09 17:58:10 | 0 days 00:01:58 | 2697466 | 1 | at first of [[ puppies ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | the berlin wall was also an attempt to keep eastern homosexual germans from crossing into straight western germany . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an | |
| 86949737 | 86977625 | 2006-11-10 18:10:59 | 0 days 02:38:29 | 0|206.158.3.70 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | & hearts ; kt waz here & hearts ; | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an | |
| 86978875 | 86978923 | 2006-11-10 18:18:41 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 572610 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | & hearts ; kt waz here & hearts ; | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an | |
| 86988970 | 87075291 | 2006-11-11 03:19:05 | 0 days 08:06:40 | 0|210.55.85.150 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | callum david is a homo | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an | |
| 87075291 | 87075361 | 2006-11-11 03:19:36 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 813560 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | callum david is a homo | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an | |
| 87781220 | 87781329 | 2006-11-14 16:27:23 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 0|63.253.45.100 | 1 | economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an | authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | oozie | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an |
| 87781329 | 87781447 | 2006-11-14 16:28:02 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 1792859 | 3 | was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . then a leprachaun shot itself with an | oozie | authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an |
| 87979603 | 87991523 | 2006-11-15 14:59:12 | 0 days 01:18:35 | 0|63.167.26.34 | 3 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = | = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an | |
| 92185265 | 92185548 | 2006-12-05 08:35:49 | 0 days 00:02:53 | 0|80.208.142.253 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | ahmad sofia tata taia | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an | |
| 92185548 | 92186033 | 2006-12-05 08:40:28 | 0 days 00:04:39 | 302522 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | ahmad sofia tata taia | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an | |
| 92223263 | 92398419 | 2006-12-06 05:17:56 | 0 days 15:02:30 | 0|24.131.47.128 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | yeah dawg | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an | |
| 92401874 | 92402213 | 2006-12-06 05:47:41 | 0 days 00:02:49 | 2046983 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | yeah dawg | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an | |
| 92647253 | 92647407 | 2006-12-07 06:40:31 | 0 days 00:01:17 | 0|129.1.208.200 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | update : on their way to korea , nic and rodriguo passed through berlin , and , sorry to say , rodriguo was shot and killed . nic made the journey to korea and is now building the " rodriguo remembrance korean wall . " | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an | |
| 92647407 | 92647645 | 2006-12-07 06:42:41 | 0 days 00:02:10 | 1199710 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | update : on their way to korea , nic and rodriguo passed through berlin , and , sorry to say , rodriguo was shot and killed . nic made the journey to korea and is now building the " rodriguo remembrance korean wall . " | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an | |
| 93429915 | 93491214 | 2006-12-11 01:35:37 | 0 days 04:56:50 | 2420409 | 0 | of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | omg go america ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an |
| 95116131 | 95161247 | 2006-12-18 20:41:47 | 0 days 04:04:21 | 0|64.105.255.4 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | shana is weird ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an | |
| 95161247 | 95161280 | 2006-12-18 20:41:56 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 1574574 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | shana is weird ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an | |
| 99737979 | 99757174 | 2007-01-10 13:35:33 | 0 days 03:15:04 | 0|168.216.41.11 | 2 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | frau bailey was also a barrier . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 99757174 | 99757249 | 2007-01-10 13:36:09 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 128863 | 2 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | frau bailey was also a barrier . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 100676150 | 100881569 | 2007-01-15 15:24:20 | 0 days 22:54:14 | 0|195.7.41.117 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | they where all gay lords | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 100881569 | 100887174 | 2007-01-15 15:58:55 | 0 days 00:34:35 | 441020 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | they where all gay lords | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 100887174 | 100916417 | 2007-01-15 18:33:14 | 0 days 02:34:19 | 2810123 | 5 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | jesus . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 100916417 | 100920432 | 2007-01-15 18:53:45 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 5 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | jesus . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 104367345 | 104426170 | 2007-01-30 22:01:51 | 0 days 04:22:33 | 0|139.142.3.123 | 0 | next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | poop ! ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht |
| 104426170 | 104426285 | 2007-01-30 22:02:23 | 0 days 00:00:32 | 1111943 | 0 | next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | poop ! ! ! ! | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht |
| 105035085 | 105154435 | 2007-02-02 19:13:09 | 0 days 12:40:40 | 3436457 | 3 | nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it | was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | wikipedia ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht |
| 111392335 | 111392675 | 2007-02-27 19:36:10 | 0 days 00:01:26 | 0|205.126.63.15 | 2 | europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the | four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | n game | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht |
| 111392675 | 111393341 | 2007-02-27 19:39:19 | 0 days 00:03:09 | 911178 | 3 | the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . the best thing one the inernet is the | n game | four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht |
| 111405046 | 111405157 | 2007-02-27 20:30:38 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 0|205.126.63.15 | 1 | for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . | ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | ramsy | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht |
| 111405690 | 111405735 | 2007-02-27 20:33:03 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 0|205.126.63.15 | 1 | republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = hi mrs . ramsey = = = = = = massive emigration = = = | from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . hi mrs . ramsy | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 111405735 | 111405922 | 2007-02-27 20:33:49 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 2875882 | 3 | ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = hi mrs . ramsey = = = = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = | from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 111405922 | 111406034 | 2007-02-27 20:34:17 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 0|205.126.63.15 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = hi mrs . ramsay = = | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 111406152 | 111406172 | 2007-02-27 20:34:50 | 0 days 00:00:05 | 302522 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = hi mrs . ramsay = = | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 111406172 | 111406279 | 2007-02-27 20:35:15 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 0|205.126.72.236 | 1 | which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier = = = | the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 111406279 | 111406382 | 2007-02-27 20:35:39 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 786651 | 1 | the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = hi mrs ramsay = = = | the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 111406382 | 111406543 | 2007-02-27 20:36:24 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 0|205.126.72.236 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 111406618 | 111406676 | 2007-02-27 20:37:02 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 0|205.126.72.236 | 1 | which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier = = = | the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 111406676 | 111406766 | 2007-02-27 20:37:29 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 786651 | 1 | the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = mrs ramsay hi = = = | the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 112711235 | 112716572 | 2007-03-05 02:43:59 | 0 days 00:28:29 | 0|72.228.70.169 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 112716572 | 112716989 | 2007-03-05 02:45:51 | 0 days 00:01:52 | 3715895 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 117354193 | 117486747 | 2007-03-24 09:29:05 | 0 days 13:48:40 | 0|81.96.161.134 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | hi | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 117486747 | 117487278 | 2007-03-24 09:35:03 | 0 days 00:05:58 | 302522 | 1 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | hi | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 117565003 | 117647900 | 2007-03-25 01:01:30 | 0 days 06:45:16 | 0|76.187.22.156 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | miranda is cool . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 117647900 | 117647947 | 2007-03-25 01:01:43 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 1919481 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | miranda is cool . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 118026860 | 118145320 | 2007-03-27 00:42:55 | 0 days 08:25:30 | 0|24.16.228.161 | 1 | [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in | 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | this web site | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht |
| 118145320 | 118145334 | 2007-03-27 00:43:00 | 0 days 00:00:05 | 2198658 | 1 | need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . please dont let anyone edit the section without user in | this web site | 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht |
| 118145453 | 118145580 | 2007-03-27 00:44:12 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 0|24.16.228.161 | 0 | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . i ' m serious people | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 122272148 | 122501983 | 2007-04-13 14:59:43 | 0 days 21:08:22 | 0|169.244.28.181 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 122501983 | 122513682 | 2007-04-13 15:52:48 | 0 days 00:53:05 | 441020 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 123914874 | 123933094 | 2007-04-18 22:36:19 | 0 days 01:11:40 | 0|63.149.134.67 | 0 | which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall | came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | is still standing | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht |
| 123933094 | 123946362 | 2007-04-18 23:36:43 | 0 days 01:00:24 | 3647339 | 1 | west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . the berlin wall | is still standing | came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht |
| 123951114 | 124129045 | 2007-04-19 17:12:29 | 0 days 17:13:20 | 0|72.243.172.178 | 8 | one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . | the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 124129045 | 124129084 | 2007-04-19 17:12:39 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 2092344 | 8 | reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . . . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . | the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 124358508 | 124368308 | 2007-04-20 14:51:05 | 0 days 00:46:21 | 0|216.255.119.162 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | steve ricciardi was here | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 124368308 | 124368337 | 2007-04-20 14:51:13 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 2198658 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | steve ricciardi was here | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 125903168 | 125903426 | 2007-04-25 18:26:58 | 0 days 00:01:00 | 0|216.56.26.30 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | colleen is stupid | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 125903426 | 125903775 | 2007-04-25 18:28:23 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 0|216.56.26.30 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . colleen is stupid | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 125903775 | 125906845 | 2007-04-25 18:41:03 | 0 days 00:12:40 | 764861 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 125906845 | 125918703 | 2007-04-25 19:29:59 | 0 days 00:48:56 | 0|216.56.26.30 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | call me | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 125918703 | 125918809 | 2007-04-25 19:30:27 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 313262 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | call me | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 127626659 | 127671003 | 2007-05-02 12:52:18 | 0 days 05:53:56 | 0|68.85.23.179 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | if the allies challenged the barrieer they were to eat hotdogs with out using their hands or knees . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 127672193 | 127960159 | 2007-05-03 14:25:47 | 1 days 01:26:16 | 0|170.158.132.51 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | but in the end the americans own every 1 and they kicked ass to no 1 should mess with us | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 127960159 | 127961923 | 2007-05-03 14:33:42 | 0 days 00:07:55 | 302522 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | but in the end the americans own every 1 and they kicked ass to no 1 should mess with us | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 128924320 | 128949540 | 2007-05-07 15:00:35 | 0 days 01:53:17 | 0|67.131.1.162 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | white power ! ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 128949540 | 128950035 | 2007-05-07 15:03:06 | 0 days 00:02:31 | 302522 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | white power ! ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 129555118 | 129555699 | 2007-05-09 16:40:50 | 0 days 00:02:17 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | bianca d and derek b are super legit ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 129557916 | 129558680 | 2007-05-09 16:51:48 | 0 days 00:02:50 | 76027 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | bianca d and derek b are super legit ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 129954619 | 130104891 | 2007-05-11 15:20:36 | 0 days 16:40:06 | 0|164.58.29.130 | 3 | german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the | creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | web | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht |
| 130104891 | 130104907 | 2007-05-11 15:20:41 | 0 days 00:00:05 | 2198658 | 2 | [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . wikipedia is the most unreliable site for information on the | web | creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht |
| 130125487 | 130157604 | 2007-05-11 19:21:30 | 0 days 02:24:24 | 0|71.184.4.92 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | haha . see wikipedia is being changed . . . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 130157604 | 130157844 | 2007-05-11 19:22:27 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 0|71.184.4.92 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | haha . see wikipedia is being changed . . . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 131417137 | 131436491 | 2007-05-17 01:11:40 | 0 days 01:39:23 | 0|71.48.127.221 | 0 | " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 131436491 | 131436650 | 2007-05-17 01:12:16 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 452564 | 0 | " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 133347493 | 133410007 | 2007-05-25 13:23:13 | 0 days 08:23:44 | 0|151.199.194.224 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | hi chelsea ! ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht |
| 133410007 | 133410058 | 2007-05-25 13:23:28 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 2198658 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | hi chelsea ! ! ! ! | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht |
| 133410058 | 133410210 | 2007-05-25 13:24:16 | 0 days 00:00:48 | 0|151.199.194.224 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | whoooooo hoooooo ! ! ! ! hi chelsea ! ! ! ! ! lalalalalalal | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht |
| 133410210 | 133410308 | 2007-05-25 13:24:46 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 1749459 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | whoooooo hoooooo ! ! ! ! hi chelsea ! ! ! ! ! lalalalalalal | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht |
| 138343035 | 138718813 | 2007-06-17 07:32:31 | 1 days 18:32:41 | 0|125.238.36.152 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | cock | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 138723953 | 138725085 | 2007-06-17 08:35:55 | 0 days 00:12:29 | 1400373 | 1 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | cock | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 151037517 | 151046095 | 2007-08-13 22:22:46 | 0 days 00:48:23 | 0|70.153.230.83 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | {{ fact }} | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht | |
| 158397281 | 158397558 | 2007-09-17 01:10:16 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 5344159 | 0 | fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} hey tori history elective in the library is uber boring but the berlin wall aint so bad | . ms thurgood is a wicked biatch ! haha | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 162088640 | 162088730 | 2007-10-03 20:23:43 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 0|142.25.180.23 | 1 | 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west | berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade noob was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} | fgg | = = construction begins , 2961 hello katie and emma = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before president bush died construction of the berlin |
| 162088730 | 162088831 | 2007-10-03 20:24:13 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 4131122 | 1 | 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west | fgg | berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} | = = construction begins , 2961 hello katie and emma = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before president bush died construction of the berlin |
| 163373226 | 163412211 | 2007-10-09 21:03:18 | 0 days 03:10:18 | 0|12.214.229.98 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} | hey like watz up | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in |
| 163412211 | 163412267 | 2007-10-09 21:03:37 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 4414625 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | hey like watz up | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in |
| 165900742 | 166090762 | 2007-10-21 17:56:01 | 0 days 22:19:42 | 0|71.146.84.96 | 0 | construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to | fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 166285669 | 166317359 | 2007-10-22 17:09:34 | 0 days 02:37:00 | 0|65.97.101.229 | 0 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 166357408 | 166496747 | 2007-10-23 12:31:51 | 0 days 16:15:59 | 0|208.108.159.75 | 0 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | & & i love taylor and jax sooo much < 3 xox | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 166498828 | 166499245 | 2007-10-23 12:49:18 | 0 days 00:02:53 | 0|195.110.70.55 | 0 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | & & i love taylor and jax sooo much < 3 xox | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 167863048 | 167863179 | 2007-10-29 16:11:22 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 0|164.113.70.85 | 0 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | and they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . he loved to see luis cry cuz he cried like a baby back bitch | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 167863179 | 167863508 | 2007-10-29 16:13:20 | 0 days 00:01:58 | 0|164.113.70.85 | 0 | time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . he loved to see luis cry cuz he cried like a baby back bitch | , and recent studies proved that the king really wasn ' t gay | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 167863508 | 167863816 | 2007-10-29 16:14:54 | 0 days 00:01:34 | 218593 | 2 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | and they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . he loved to see luis cry cuz he cried like a baby back bitch , and recent studies proved that the king really wasn ' t gay | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 169018449 | 169291934 | 2007-11-05 02:25:04 | 1 days 05:04:42 | 0|141.151.18.144 | 0 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | heyyyyy andrew ! ! ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 169291934 | 169291974 | 2007-11-05 02:25:15 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 4928500 | 0 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | heyyyyy andrew ! ! ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 171606006 | 171821210 | 2007-11-16 03:59:58 | 0 days 22:25:24 | 0|75.36.45.155 | 0 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | hi | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 171821210 | 171821331 | 2007-11-16 04:00:42 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 0|75.36.45.155 | 0 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | hi | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 176928245 | 177097561 | 2007-12-10 23:54:47 | 0 days 19:31:06 | 0|76.27.136.195 | 0 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | . . . . . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 177097561 | 177175244 | 2007-12-11 09:00:47 | 0 days 09:06:00 | 2537811 | 0 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | . . . . . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 181089537 | 181089717 | 2007-12-31 00:26:11 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 0|208.104.149.90 | 3 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | < / font > | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 181090431 | 181090540 | 2007-12-31 00:31:22 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 2306142 | 17 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | < / font > | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 181090540 | 181090839 | 2007-12-31 00:33:04 | 0 days 00:01:42 | 0|208.104.149.90 | 0 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | < font size = 200 > < font color = purple > caitlin wolfe < br > < br > < br > < br > 2009 vintage lane < br > < br > < br > < br > rock hill sc 29730 < / font > < / font > | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 181090839 | 181090902 | 2007-12-31 00:33:25 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 2306142 | 0 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | < font size = 200 > < font color = purple > caitlin wolfe < br > < br > < br > < br > 2009 vintage lane < br > < br > < br > < br > rock hill sc 29730 < / font > < / font > | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 184759898 | 185099808 | 2008-01-18 00:13:46 | 1 days 07:34:28 | 0|12.214.202.72 | 8 | ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] | . | ]] ]] | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in |
| 185099808 | 185099823 | 2008-01-18 00:13:49 | 0 days 00:00:03 | 1879647 | 7 | : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = < br / > headline text = = = = ]] ]] ]] | ]] ]] | . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in |
| 188146376 | 188146488 | 2008-01-31 13:48:05 | 0 days 00:00:51 | 0|208.108.155.115 | 0 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | hahhahaha | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 188146883 | 188151005 | 2008-01-31 14:18:01 | 0 days 00:27:19 | 0|89.100.2.123 | 0 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | hahhahaha | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in | |
| 191453257 | 191453299 | 2008-02-14 17:25:32 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 0|70.118.101.154 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 250px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers | |
| 191453299 | 191453321 | 2008-02-14 17:25:39 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 3369647 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 250px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers | |
| 195987434 | 196053252 | 2008-03-05 15:48:29 | 0 days 08:59:18 | 0|84.12.55.2 | 1 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | ¬¬¬ | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 196053859 | 196054243 | 2008-03-05 15:53:39 | 0 days 00:02:00 | 6227797 | 2 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | ¬¬¬ | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 196351478 | 196444249 | 2008-03-07 02:36:10 | 0 days 06:54:34 | 0|76.168.218.88 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . according to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | hiu | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 196444249 | 196444310 | 2008-03-07 02:36:27 | 0 days 00:00:17 | 2766867 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | hiu | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . according to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 199057868 | 199068712 | 2008-03-18 12:26:26 | 0 days 01:25:30 | 0|208.108.154.93 | 0 | - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | hi ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 199068712 | 199068719 | 2008-03-18 12:26:30 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 4928500 | 0 | - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | hi ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 201207548 | 201207652 | 2008-03-27 01:14:00 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 0|41.233.103.133 | 0 | - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 201207652 | 201208461 | 2008-03-27 01:17:50 | 0 days 00:03:50 | 3622922 | 1 | - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 201855946 | 202125951 | 2008-03-30 19:58:57 | 1 days 01:48:56 | 0|76.104.54.6 | 4 | to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the | soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | world | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 202125951 | 202125992 | 2008-03-30 19:59:06 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 2372780 | 3 | [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hahahahaha i hate the berlin wall so i decided to delete all the text that someone carefully put together to share with the | world | soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 202719369 | 202722337 | 2008-04-02 04:07:44 | 0 days 00:19:22 | 0|75.157.50.81 | 0 | - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | wogi bogi | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 202722337 | 202724227 | 2008-04-02 04:21:42 | 0 days 00:13:58 | 3622922 | 0 | - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | wogi bogi | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 202724324 | 202757101 | 2008-04-02 08:12:33 | 0 days 03:50:18 | 0|58.166.89.66 | 0 | - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | . . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 202757101 | 202827564 | 2008-04-02 16:17:17 | 0 days 08:04:44 | 3622922 | 0 | - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | . . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 203166714 | 203166894 | 2008-04-03 23:29:40 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 0|74.75.94.117 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | fucking chuffa | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 203166894 | 203166960 | 2008-04-03 23:29:56 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 6401397 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | fucking chuffa | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 203166960 | 203167170 | 2008-04-03 23:30:56 | 0 days 00:01:00 | 0|74.75.94.117 | 3 | – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and | west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | loves to get his ribs removed to suck on his tiny winky | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 203167170 | 203167190 | 2008-04-03 23:30:59 | 0 days 00:00:03 | 642191 | 4 | fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . davey clark sucks a lota cock . . . . he is so small and | loves to get his ribs removed to suck on his tiny winky | west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 203261340 | 203261588 | 2008-04-04 10:58:01 | 0 days 00:01:46 | 0|87.33.62.141 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | willy willy washer | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 203261718 | 203261801 | 2008-04-04 11:00:00 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 0|87.33.62.141 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | fat cunt | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 203261801 | 203261815 | 2008-04-04 11:00:11 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 4015543 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | fat cunt | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 210368707 | 210598916 | 2008-05-06 16:37:44 | 0 days 23:06:12 | 0|204.186.234.250 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | i love my mommy | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 210598916 | 210598950 | 2008-05-06 16:37:52 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5792322 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | i love my mommy | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 210598950 | 210599301 | 2008-05-06 16:39:38 | 0 days 00:01:46 | 0|204.186.234.250 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | 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| = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 210599301 | 210599324 | 2008-05-06 16:39:45 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 4928500 | 0 | of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | 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| = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 237252350 | 237254360 | 2008-09-09 10:30:20 | 0 days 00:15:52 | 0|219.90.228.180 | 0 | - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 237254360 | 237254375 | 2008-09-09 10:30:27 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 1395162 | 0 | - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 237419988 | 237420560 | 2008-09-10 02:38:55 | 0 days 00:03:53 | 7823276 | 2 | - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall | to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | they would usally have gay sex aswell | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 237420560 | 237420572 | 2008-09-10 02:38:59 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 2372780 | 3 | was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = many people belive the the germans had hot dirty sex with little boy on the othe side of the wall | they would usally have gay sex aswell | to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 237420572 | 237421084 | 2008-09-10 02:42:59 | 0 days 00:04:00 | 7823265 | 11 | agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and | west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | erosion | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 237421084 | 237421104 | 2008-09-10 02:43:05 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 2372780 | 11 | . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone from people bouncing up and down and | erosion | west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 237592256 | 237592653 | 2008-09-10 22:33:57 | 0 days 00:02:15 | 0|76.101.200.188 | 0 | - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | suck a wee - wee ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 237592653 | 237592684 | 2008-09-10 22:34:08 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 1395162 | 0 | - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | suck a wee - wee ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 237717024 | 237717240 | 2008-09-11 14:32:29 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 0|65.43.198.120 | 0 | - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | sam was here ~ | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 237727651 | 237730525 | 2008-09-11 15:42:56 | 0 days 00:14:24 | 0|163.1.149.137 | 0 | - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | sam was here ~ | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 239453915 | 239456329 | 2008-09-19 03:25:00 | 0 days 00:12:32 | 736477 | 17 | - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 246467287 | 246467509 | 2008-10-20 10:00:00 | 0 days 00:01:51 | 0|58.107.178.14 | 0 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | phail ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 246467841 | 246474655 | 2008-10-20 11:06:02 | 0 days 01:03:26 | 0|124.191.9.47 | 0 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | phail ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 246474655 | 246474803 | 2008-10-20 11:07:21 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 1398 | 0 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 248212563 | 248232882 | 2008-10-28 17:44:08 | 0 days 01:49:26 | 0|92.235.242.94 | 0 | germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | a kid searched this and din ' t understand it isn ' t that good ! x | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 248232882 | 248235009 | 2008-10-28 17:55:20 | 0 days 00:11:12 | 5177550 | 1 | germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | a kid searched this and din ' t understand it isn ' t that good ! x | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 248235009 | 248312085 | 2008-10-29 00:25:31 | 0 days 06:30:11 | 0|67.8.76.107 | 0 | germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | this is gay | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 248312085 | 248312104 | 2008-10-29 00:25:40 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 1667683 | 0 | germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | this is gay | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 248423012 | 248550123 | 2008-10-30 03:35:04 | 0 days 11:37:02 | 0|71.129.38.195 | 1 | . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was | divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | pretty ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 248550123 | 248551311 | 2008-10-30 03:44:11 | 0 days 00:09:07 | 3689445 | 3 | it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . the berlin wall was | pretty ! ! ! ! ! ! | divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 258364484 | 258372679 | 2008-12-16 15:55:23 | 0 days 00:54:04 | 0|75.70.205.58 | 0 | germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | hi people | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 258372679 | 258372702 | 2008-12-16 15:55:37 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 7566789 | 0 | germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | hi people | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 258398465 | 258399078 | 2008-12-16 18:27:46 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 8440996 | 0 | germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | in 1989 the berlin wall colapsed which helped cause a flat world | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 258399078 | 258399099 | 2008-12-16 18:27:53 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 2372780 | 0 | germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | in 1989 the berlin wall colapsed which helped cause a flat world | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 265707979 | 265792339 | 2009-01-22 22:11:08 | 0 days 07:29:19 | 0|38.116.202.94 | 0 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | boo ! ! ! i scared you ! ! ! hahahahaha | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 265797534 | 265797894 | 2009-01-22 22:37:55 | 0 days 00:01:48 | 634828 | 0 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | boo ! ! ! i scared you ! ! ! hahahahaha | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the |
| 268125931 | 268285347 | 2009-02-03 17:38:20 | 0 days 19:03:47 | 0|194.46.231.203 | 12 | the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . | he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 268285347 | 268287827 | 2009-02-03 17:51:45 | 0 days 00:13:25 | 65541 | 11 | barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side . , over 200 innocent people were killed this way . | he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 273103350 | 273165762 | 2009-02-25 10:48:59 | 0 days 08:21:42 | 0|193.172.26.226 | 0 | germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | joden ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 273165762 | 273165768 | 2009-02-25 10:49:05 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 4928500 | 0 | germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | joden ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 275036583 | 275070666 | 2009-03-05 01:56:17 | 0 days 02:46:31 | 0|99.145.18.73 | 0 | germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | . . . . . . . . . . . . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 275070666 | 275070764 | 2009-03-05 01:56:48 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 97951 | 0 | germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | . . . . . . . . . . . . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 275173185 | 275204500 | 2009-03-05 17:31:56 | 0 days 02:41:24 | 0|216.14.228.38 | 0 | germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | kevin loves weiner ! ! ! and some sloppy jalopy , and some thunda strap | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 275204500 | 275204795 | 2009-03-05 17:33:48 | 0 days 00:01:52 | 3190204 | 0 | germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | kevin loves weiner ! ! ! and some sloppy jalopy , and some thunda strap | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 276379143 | 276379297 | 2009-03-10 22:21:08 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 0|202.150.99.134 | 0 | germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | i love you montell i love you montell | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 276379297 | 276379329 | 2009-03-10 22:21:16 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 1879647 | 1 | germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | i love you montell i love you montell | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 277132148 | 277225474 | 2009-03-14 18:13:47 | 0 days 12:16:17 | 6984319 | 2 | germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . | in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian access in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > when large numbers of east germans then defected under the guise of " visits " , the new east german state essentially eliminated all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the inner german border officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving easter germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 841828828 | 841850873 | 2018-05-18 13:51:49 | 0 days 03:38:34 | 33790789 | 0 | empire . forum . p . 170 - 171 . {{ isbn | 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 }} . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} | = = = how khrushchev - kennedy relations affected the construction of the wall = = = < p > in april 1961 , khrushchev gained an impression that kennedy ' ' is not very smart ' ' when he saw washington supporting the failed invasion of cuba by anti - communist exiles which were than left to their fate . khrushchev decided to alarm rather than appease the president . he soon revealed his intention of signing the separate peace treaty with east germany that would abolish allied rights in west berlin . one of his intentions was therefore to get whole of the berlin . however , this action had risks behind it . ' ' the risks that we are taking is justified . if we look at it in the terms of a percentage , there is more than a 95 % chance that there will be no war ' ' < ref > {{ cite journal | last = afanasenko | first = e . i . | date = 1964 - 03 - 01 | title = the decisions of the june plenary meeting of the cpsu central committee and the tasks of public education bodies | url = http : / / dx . doi . org / 10 . 2753 / res1060 - 939306053 | journal = russian education & society | volume = 6 | issue = 5 | pages = 3 – 13 | doi = 10 . 2753 / res1060 - 939306053 | issn = 1060 - 9393 }} < / ref > . it meant that 5 % was an actual chance of having a war . khrushchev ' s assumptions about kennedy were false . he made clear that the chance of having a war was bigger that 5 % . he showed the unpredictability of us ' s policy . all though soviet forces were not on high alert , the plans were nonetheless changed to deal with the consequences of the kennedy ' s actions . it was then decided to block the access of the west berlin from the east . that is when the construction of the wall started < ref > {{ cite journal | date = 2010 | editor - last = leffler | editor - first = melvyn p . | editor2 - last = westad | editor2 - first = odd arne | title = the cambridge history of the cold war | url = http : / / dx . doi . org / 10 . 1017 / chol9780521837200 | doi = 10 . 1017 / chol9780521837200 }} < / ref > . < / p > | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb |
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| 1012031 | 1092751 | 2003-06-08 12:37:20 | 31 days 17:34:08 | 9244 | 39 | the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = | * [ | http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / | ||||
| 4242842 | 4247378 | 2004-06-23 19:29:07 | 0 days 00:11:05 | 0|80.45.179.46 | 1 | http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] | * [ | http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ | ||||
| 6170903 | 6272294 | 2004-09-26 19:54:05 | 1 days 03:37:52 | 0|68.127.11.132 | 1 | http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] | * [ | http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ | ||||
| 6698144 | 6698178 | 2004-10-19 10:33:42 | 0 days 11:17:38 | 0|217.231.158.148 | 1 | http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] | * [ | http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ | ||||
| 6969433 | 6969446 | 2004-10-29 22:52:47 | 6 days 02:22:45 | 0|141.156.41.50 | 1 | http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] | * [ | http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ | ||||
| 13372568 | 13376839 | 2005-05-07 06:18:21 | 0 days 00:01:23 | 28107 | 0 | of the city . besides , america had been caught off - balance , it being a sunday morning . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a | speech | [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm speech ] on july 25 1961 that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and | ||||
| 18535564 | 18607525 | 2005-07-11 16:24:41 | 1 days 00:15:53 | 0|81.63.110.106 | 1 | [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts | * [ | http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / | ||||
| 22624244 | 22650963 | 2005-09-05 22:13:52 | 0 days 07:16:01 | 28107 | 1 | : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] | * [ | http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war | ||||
| 22687707 | 22698966 | 2005-09-06 14:26:01 | 0 days 04:33:04 | 0|213.86.60.3 | 1 | : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] | * [ | http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war | ||||
| 22698966 | 22741071 | 2005-09-07 01:48:34 | 0 days 11:22:33 | 28107 | 1 | : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] | * [ | http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war | ||||
| 23258905 | 23281713 | 2005-09-15 12:45:24 | 0 days 09:53:00 | 0|80.43.15.110 | 1 | : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] | * [ | http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war | ||||
| 23281713 | 23327917 | 2005-09-16 06:15:04 | 0 days 17:29:40 | 28107 | 1 | : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] | * [ | http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war | ||||
| 27964176 | 28136750 | 2005-11-12 19:33:42 | 1 days 21:11:14 | 0|80.184.142.8 | 1 | att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] | * [ | http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ | ||||
| 28225109 | 28230173 | 2005-11-13 19:37:41 | 0 days 01:15:15 | 0|80.43.50.189 | 1 | att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] | * [ | http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ | ||||
| 40238138 | 40238670 | 2006-02-19 04:13:33 | 0 days 00:05:26 | 69412 | 1 | * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s | * [ | http : / / www . webpundit . net / pages / pundits / cp / columns / newberlinwall . htm the new berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ | ||||
| 40898814 | 40900018 | 2006-02-23 19:38:26 | 0 days 00:09:50 | 89179 | 6 | permananently closed in [[ 1961 ]] . it was finally reopened in [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently destroyed . from [[ 1949 ]] - [[ 1961 ]] 2 . 5 million | east germans crossed into the west | between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . | [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was | |||
| 44682288 | 44689214 | 2006-03-20 18:09:05 | 0 days 01:00:11 | 1114786 | 1 | [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts | * [ | http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold | ||||
| 63086213 | 63215080 | 2006-07-11 12:36:14 | 0 days 18:02:53 | 0|84.136.20.147 | 1 | [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts | * [ | http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold | ||||
| 65187980 | 65188008 | 2006-07-22 10:10:30 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 0|86.141.127.26 | 1 | [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts | * [ | http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold | ||||
| 65188008 | 65188164 | 2006-07-22 10:12:48 | 0 days 00:02:18 | 135 | 1 | [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts | * [ | http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold | ||||
| 68486767 | 68703823 | 2006-08-09 22:23:19 | 1 days 00:21:42 | 0|217.88.158.5 | 1 | [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts | * [ | http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold | ||||
| 68703898 | 68764117 | 2006-08-10 05:33:15 | 0 days 07:09:34 | 157842 | 1 | [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts | * [ | http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold | ||||
| 70719583 | 70805687 | 2006-08-20 18:48:42 | 0 days 12:38:01 | 0|88.134.153.65 | 1 | [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts | * [ | http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold | ||||
| 70805687 | 70805788 | 2006-08-20 18:49:13 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 1514294 | 1 | [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts | * [ | http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold | ||||
| 99129270 | 99129501 | 2007-01-07 17:51:00 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 82835 | 2 | to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 | ]] | < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for | ||||
| 105154508 | 105175281 | 2007-02-02 20:43:43 | 0 days 01:30:19 | 911178 | 0 | stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / a large number of | collected | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / a large number of colelcted images in the flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold | ||||
| 3 | / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * | [ | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / a large number of colelcted images in the flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold | |||||||||
| 108457024 | 108586738 | 2007-02-16 12:01:39 | 0 days 13:04:03 | 0|217.132.143.214 | 1 | / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] | [ | http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal | ||||
| 147393203 | 147504639 | 2007-07-27 18:51:54 | 0 days 12:58:35 | 0|85.178.21.141 | 3 | / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | ||||
| 147504639 | 147504728 | 2007-07-27 18:52:19 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 0|85.178.21.141 | 1 | / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | ||||
| 149947858 | 150060455 | 2007-08-08 21:56:43 | 0 days 11:55:05 | 0|88.254.140.54 | 1 | / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | ||||
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 40 | < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . | stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ | shtml | http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ | |||
| 59 | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the | berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = | platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " | http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ | ||||||||
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 40 | . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . | shtml | stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ | http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching | |||
| 61 | . continuum , august 2003 , isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the | platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " | berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = | http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / sex " categories : semi - protected | sex viewsarticle discussion view source history personal toolssign in / create | ||||||||
| 80 | , 1c , 2bw ^ two sexes are not enough ^ cytoplasmic fusion and the nature of sexes ^ " thickens the brow and upper bridge of the nose " [ | 1 ] ^ [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] ^ nikolaos a . patsopoulos , et al . ( aug 2007 ) . " claims of sex differences : an empirical assessment in genetic associations " . j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . | http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . | |||||||||
| 160893232 | 160904974 | 2007-09-28 12:55:47 | 0 days 01:39:54 | 3341545 | 2 | [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . | kill " | http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date | ||||
| 162446548 | 162484247 | 2007-10-05 16:36:59 | 0 days 03:45:03 | 0|216.124.56.20 | 5 | [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ | http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ | http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . | ||||
| 8 | / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | |||||||||
| 162484247 | 162484765 | 2007-10-05 16:39:58 | 0 days 00:02:59 | 82432 | 1 | http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ htt * [ | http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required | http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . | ||||
| 7 | germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | |||||||||
| 164032213 | 164038519 | 2007-10-12 13:16:17 | 0 days 00:48:45 | 0|193.179.31.229 | 1 | / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | ||||
| 179812877 | 179945723 | 2007-12-24 12:27:45 | 0 days 18:15:41 | 5803670 | 1 | / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | ||||
| 188772780 | 188831750 | 2008-02-03 17:09:13 | 0 days 07:08:31 | 6085301 | 0 | victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > | [ | http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the | ||||
| 2 | the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > | [ | http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the | |||||||||
| 196444310 | 196608741 | 2008-03-07 20:45:55 | 0 days 18:09:28 | 0|79.0.146.173 | 1 | / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | ||||
| 196608741 | 196612887 | 2008-03-07 21:04:14 | 0 days 00:18:19 | 0|79.0.146.173 | 0 | [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 | * {{ it }} [[ | http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 photo | ||||
| 2 | / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | |||||||||
| 204483235 | 204483897 | 2008-04-09 16:42:52 | 0 days 00:03:07 | 137113 | 2 | 2006 < ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) | < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ | http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history | ||||
| 214793313 | 214855602 | 2008-05-25 16:23:01 | 0 days 07:44:48 | 7002667 | 1 | : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} | [[ | [ | http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw | |||
| 225295527 | 225402367 | 2008-07-13 14:21:02 | 0 days 15:14:57 | 5299643 | 1 | / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | ||||
| 229166509 | 229217140 | 2008-08-01 12:51:26 | 0 days 08:29:32 | 6085301 | 0 | iron curtain . < ref > http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | freedom ! - time | http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html researchers confirm 125 berlin wall deaths | ||||
| 233480684 | 233599076 | 2008-08-22 19:56:57 | 0 days 14:22:42 | 0|198.7.247.188 | 1 | / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | ||||
| 233718719 | 233719779 | 2008-08-23 11:46:32 | 0 days 00:09:49 | 7701560 | 5 | / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | ||||
| 271925346 | 272012260 | 2009-02-20 06:03:12 | 0 days 08:13:00 | 0|84.177.182.215 | 1 | / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | ||||
| 272012260 | 272012445 | 2009-02-20 06:05:04 | 0 days 00:01:52 | 911178 | 1 | / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | ||||
| 274163078 | 274232751 | 2009-03-01 20:42:47 | 0 days 04:49:33 | 0|71.238.71.152 | 1 | / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | ||||
| 282662590 | 282781427 | 2009-04-09 15:13:59 | 0 days 15:06:29 | 9418822 | 2 | / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | ||||
| 282781427 | 282782058 | 2009-04-09 15:17:12 | 0 days 00:03:13 | 9418822 | 3 | / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] | * [ | http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by german embassy washington ] * a large number of collected images in the [ | ||||
| 288559693 | 289216105 | 2009-05-11 08:19:01 | 3 days 10:15:02 | 9611157 | 1 | , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories - personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | ||||
| 300713021 | 300962838 | 2009-07-08 10:00:17 | 1 days 08:10:31 | 10069869 | 1 | , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories - personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | ||||
| 305129751 | 305130153 | 2009-07-30 19:15:32 | 0 days 00:01:56 | 0|130.218.10.1 | 2 | www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} * | [ | http : / / hss . kennesaw . edu / about / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / ] | ||||
| 306465427 | 306538732 | 2009-08-07 04:34:49 | 0 days 08:18:22 | 6984319 | 11 | vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . | and prior official figures listed 98 as being killed | http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date | ||||
| 25 | schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . | < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = | http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date | |||||||||
| 310125952 | 310318597 | 2009-08-27 07:01:23 | 0 days 22:10:20 | 0|79.220.97.128 | 2 | mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german | an englisch | ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : | ||||
| 314413450 | 314764222 | 2009-09-18 18:35:09 | 1 days 21:59:41 | 10586423 | 1 | , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories - personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | ||||
| 315255881 | 315255964 | 2009-09-21 08:16:52 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 204692 | 3 | : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , | [[ | 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin | ||||
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 56 | . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14th , | [[ | 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means | ||||
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 90 | : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , | [[ | 2009 ]] < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from | ||||
| 318872025 | 319488273 | 2009-10-12 20:24:27 | 3 days 06:02:12 | 3058538 | 13 | , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories - personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text | ||||
| 16 | - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large | collection | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war | |||||||||
| 28 | : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} | [ | http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw | |||||||||
| 34 | marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in | the [ | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war | |||||||||
| 320971298 | 320975384 | 2009-10-20 09:57:52 | 0 days 00:48:13 | 3058538 | 15 | on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ | http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060219134229 / | http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : | ||||
| 320975384 | 320978520 | 2009-10-20 10:32:07 | 0 days 00:34:15 | 3058538 | 6 | videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - | ||||
| 7 | / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] | * [ | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret | |||||||||
| 321122011 | 321159821 | 2009-10-21 08:47:46 | 0 days 06:11:06 | 0|80.254.146.68 | 1 | / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] | * [ | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret | ||||
| 321246464 | 321349222 | 2009-10-22 08:51:11 | 0 days 13:33:22 | 332841 | 1 | / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] | * [ | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret | ||||
| 322000370 | 322274629 | 2009-10-27 03:17:35 | 1 days 06:39:48 | 82982 | 32 | durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' | {{ lang | de | | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] | ||||
| 324012977 | 324105756 | 2009-11-05 16:38:29 | 0 days 14:11:38 | 0|77.1.32.123 | 1 | / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] | * [ | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret | ||||
| 324297643 | 324361293 | 2009-11-06 22:46:16 | 0 days 06:16:54 | 0|38.107.109.130 | 1 | / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] | * [ | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret | ||||
| 324361439 | 324362083 | 2009-11-06 22:51:28 | 0 days 00:04:14 | 6163802 | 1 | / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] | * [ | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret | ||||
| 324820066 | 324825240 | 2009-11-09 11:50:42 | 0 days 00:56:47 | 0|87.36.53.53 | 3 | / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] | * [ | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret | ||||
| 324827563 | 324827614 | 2009-11-09 12:14:04 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 0|92.27.168.55 | 1 | / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] | * [ | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret | ||||
| 324838374 | 324838628 | 2009-11-09 13:53:17 | 0 days 00:01:50 | 0|213.64.19.23 | 1 | * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] | * [ | http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war | ||||
| 324932966 | 324937840 | 2009-11-09 23:32:03 | 0 days 00:24:17 | 16710 | 17 | into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = | 1989 - | 11 / 17 / 1989 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn | ||||
| 325218548 | 325218944 | 2009-11-11 09:54:29 | 0 days 00:05:02 | 6971250 | 1 | = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 | . link | [ | http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : / / | |||
| 326127754 | 326393226 | 2009-11-17 19:21:27 | 1 days 11:09:57 | 8179044 | 1 | * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] | * [ | http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war | ||||
| 327805035 | 327838324 | 2009-11-25 10:01:14 | 0 days 05:27:30 | 0|195.37.189.30 | 1 | * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] | * [ | http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war | ||||
| 327857129 | 328159601 | 2009-11-27 05:22:19 | 1 days 16:07:01 | 11108349 | 1 | * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] | * [ | http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war | ||||
| 328159601 | 328159849 | 2009-11-27 05:24:28 | 0 days 00:02:09 | 1623918 | 1 | * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] | * [ | http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war | ||||
| 328159849 | 328160753 | 2009-11-27 05:32:21 | 0 days 00:07:53 | 11108349 | 1 | * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] | * [ | http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war | ||||
| 328160753 | 328161039 | 2009-11-27 05:34:53 | 0 days 00:02:32 | 1623918 | 1 | * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] | * [ | http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war | ||||
| 332313949 | 332477899 | 2009-12-18 12:02:04 | 0 days 20:13:52 | 0|84.111.55.153 | 1 | * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] | * [ | http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war | ||||
| 332477899 | 332489251 | 2009-12-18 13:46:39 | 0 days 01:44:35 | 6971250 | 1 | * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] | * [ | http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war | ||||
| 341696550 | 341779103 | 2010-02-03 23:22:21 | 0 days 07:40:25 | 0|77.1.40.125 | 1 | / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] | * [ | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret | ||||
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 17 | / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a | soviet | http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg | ||||
| 40 | august 1 in the same year , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . | [ | http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ | |||||||||
| 41 | " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 . | [ | http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation | |||||||||
| 346776955 | 346946452 | 2010-02-28 20:32:14 | 0 days 20:44:54 | 11808820 | 1 | / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] | * [ | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret | ||||
| 348149601 | 348215111 | 2010-03-07 01:32:51 | 0 days 06:31:24 | 145394 | 1 | / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] | * [ | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret | ||||
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 5 | . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press | ]] | , 2006 < / ref > on december 11 , 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . it | ||||
| 7 | < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press | ]] | , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of | |||||||||
| 46 | 1978 }} * [[ childs ]] , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman | , | [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 | |||||||||
| 50 | : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s ] the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0850582458 , 9780850582451 . | [ | [ | http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt = hot | ||||||||
| 56 | from the times * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] official website berlin . de | * {{ de icon }} [ | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : | |||||||||
| 58 | en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] | * {{ de icon }} [ | http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www | |||||||||
| 79 | videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] | * [ | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - | |||||||||
| 80 | / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] | * [ | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret | |||||||||
| 369426506 | 369704750 | 2010-06-23 08:49:43 | 1 days 12:15:03 | 5812172 | 1 | * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] | * [ | http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube | ||||
| 381576652 | 383513705 | 2010-09-07 20:13:40 | 9 days 21:55:10 | 1219174 | 5 | . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] | * [ | http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and | ||||
| 385938027 | 386053284 | 2010-09-21 05:51:05 | 0 days 13:01:45 | 5812172 | 1 | : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube ]] | * [ | http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . {{ berlin | ||||
| 390478077 | 391228576 | 2010-10-17 12:46:44 | 4 days 01:24:36 | 9021902 | 6 | & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . isbn | 0582315697 | 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 | [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 amazon . co . uk | |||
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 76 | / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ de icon }} neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august | 14 , | 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was mainly a means of | ||||
| 398858085 | 399051464 | 2010-11-27 00:47:52 | 1 days 03:59:26 | 16710 | 0 | valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . | [[ media | : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / commons / 6 / 6f / map - germany - 1945 . svg map - germany - 1945 ] berlin | ||||
| 23 | / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s ] the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , 9780850582451 . | [ | http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt = hot | |||||||||
| 28 | * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] | * [ | http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube | |||||||||
| 29 | : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube ]] | * [ | http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . {{ berlin | |||||||||
| 399051464 | 399052561 | 2010-11-27 00:55:57 | 0 days 00:08:05 | 16710 | 6 | german unity ) , batsford , third edition . isbn 0713467959 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? | ] | http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s ( open library ) ] < / ref > the [[ soviet ]] government gave | explicit | orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ | ||
| 210686797 | 210716210 | 2008-05-07 02:13:29 | 0 days 02:42:09 | 0|76.246.244.54 | 1 | it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be | killed and then the bodies | sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move | ||||
| 210975287 | 211222812 | 2008-05-09 09:24:57 | 1 days 03:28:16 | 686868 | 6 | during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols | ' ' ' | soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe | ||||
| 229217140 | 229650556 | 2008-08-03 21:25:53 | 2 days 08:34:27 | 577301 | 32 | = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in | [[ | moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west | ||||
| 33 | between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow | ]] | ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents | |||||||||
| 238784960 | 238803915 | 2008-09-16 13:39:19 | 0 days 02:29:23 | 7869922 | 0 | of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | roy was here | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | ||||
| 238803915 | 238804035 | 2008-09-16 13:40:01 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 7869922 | 0 | of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | roy was here | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | ||||
| 238804035 | 238804107 | 2008-09-16 13:40:27 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 7869922 | 0 | of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | ray was here | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | ||||
| 238804107 | 238804205 | 2008-09-16 13:41:03 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 7869922 | 0 | of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | ray was here | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | ||||
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 64 | as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although | the intent was for | the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed | ||||
| 248212563 | 248232882 | 2008-10-28 17:44:08 | 0 days 01:49:26 | 0|92.235.242.94 | 1 | of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , | what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , | ||||
| 248232882 | 248235009 | 2008-10-28 17:55:20 | 0 days 00:11:12 | 5177550 | 0 | of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , | what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , | ||||
| 249088521 | 249352359 | 2008-11-03 06:37:04 | 1 days 06:49:34 | 911178 | 0 | territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone | . | ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided | ||||
| 249352359 | 249738980 | 2008-11-04 22:26:36 | 1 days 15:49:32 | 162210 | 0 | territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone | . | ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided | ||||
| 255351460 | 255351569 | 2008-12-02 03:51:07 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 0|68.33.196.243 | 3 | background = = [[ image : uyfukyfuvj , hvuyv [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . | although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the ddr . | stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east | ||||
| 258364412 | 258364484 | 2008-12-16 15:01:19 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 836916 | 1 | 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [ joseph | [ | stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits | ||||
| 267088797 | 267258659 | 2009-01-29 20:33:57 | 0 days 20:05:29 | 0|83.71.5.156 | 0 | of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | after | before | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four | |||
| 267258659 | 267258897 | 2009-01-29 20:35:15 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 0|83.71.5.156 | 0 | of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | before | after | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four | |||
| 267773611 | 267775034 | 2009-02-01 05:39:44 | 0 days 00:12:12 | 214542 | 2 | and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had | at their disposal | , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet | ||||
| 269853251 | 269858109 | 2009-02-10 21:45:42 | 0 days 00:19:34 | 5047767 | 2 | ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating the republic of dave from the russian communist headquarters ( | in berlin | gdr | ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] | |||
| 274455448 | 274459456 | 2009-03-02 16:42:07 | 0 days 00:17:30 | 0|70.133.170.228 | 0 | of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . | = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany | ||||
| 274459456 | 274460739 | 2009-03-02 16:47:43 | 0 days 00:05:36 | 355538 | 0 | of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . | = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany | ||||
| 275172016 | 275172493 | 2009-03-05 14:46:48 | 0 days 00:02:39 | 0|87.33.73.130 | 0 | [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . | the wall was built for the craic . | the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 34 , 1600 until the wall was opened | ||||
| 275172493 | 275173185 | 2009-03-05 14:50:32 | 0 days 00:03:44 | 3505251 | 3 | [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . | the wall was built for the craic . | the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 34 , 1600 until the wall was opened | ||||
| 276615854 | 276783143 | 2009-03-12 17:21:54 | 0 days 18:42:56 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 0 | [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . | jonah | the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened | ||||
| 276783264 | 276783338 | 2009-03-12 17:22:49 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 2844657 | 1 | [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . | jonah | the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened | ||||
| 280460425 | 280462457 | 2009-03-29 18:13:49 | 0 days 00:09:46 | 0|96.245.236.126 | 3 | = is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . }} | indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it | ||||
| 4 | ref > is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . | indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . | {{ opinion | date = is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the | |||||||||
| 281579157 | 281608811 | 2009-04-04 00:53:19 | 0 days 03:10:55 | 0|70.116.66.124 | 0 | gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet | block | bloc | nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen | |||
| 282237256 | 282254456 | 2009-04-07 02:27:37 | 0 days 01:46:26 | 0|24.107.100.195 | 0 | of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | after | aaafter | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four | |||
| 282254456 | 282254554 | 2009-04-07 02:28:22 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 7167267 | 0 | of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | aaafter | after | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four | |||
| 282598973 | 282661555 | 2009-04-09 00:01:25 | 0 days 05:48:24 | 0|12.216.69.251 | 0 | of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | hey ! this page was edited by madi ! ! your welcome ! ! : ) | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | ||||
| 282661555 | 282662590 | 2009-04-09 00:07:30 | 0 days 00:06:05 | 6984319 | 0 | of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | hey ! this page was edited by madi ! ! your welcome ! ! : ) | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | ||||
| 299164112 | 299165691 | 2009-06-28 19:04:01 | 0 days 00:10:50 | 0|75.2.134.42 | 4 | leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . | in order | to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , | ||||
| 304807664 | 304813427 | 2009-07-29 04:28:07 | 0 days 00:41:10 | 6984319 | 0 | of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | = = = post - war germany = = = | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | ||||
| 2 | war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | ]] . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep | |||||||||
| 3 | ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside | |||||||||
| 4 | | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets | ]] . | < ref name = " miller4 " / > within two years , divisions occurred between the | the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone | ||||||||
| 5 | capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . | although the | and the other | occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be | ||||||||
| 307307874 | 307307907 | 2009-08-11 05:34:03 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 164429 | 0 | published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ | cquote | quote | | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness | |||
| 314764222 | 315251624 | 2009-09-21 07:26:58 | 2 days 12:51:49 | 204692 | 0 | capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . | < ref name = " miller4 " / > | within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self | ||||
| 315336961 | 315504920 | 2009-09-22 13:41:29 | 0 days 19:25:53 | 764861 | 1 | huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , | [[ | 1991 ]] * [[ paradigm shift ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | | ||||
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 178 | the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] | , | in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | ||||
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 16 | date of the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] | , | in 1918 , the date of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | ||||
| 17 | the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in 1918 | . however | , the date of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s | |||||||||
| 317216603 | 317287122 | 2009-10-01 14:50:31 | 0 days 11:19:08 | 0|65.51.207.226 | 0 | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation | are | ghghghghffffhhhhhhhfjare | not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | | |||
| 317287122 | 317287236 | 2009-10-01 14:51:16 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 207712 | 0 | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation | ghghghghffffhhhhhhhfjare | are | not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | | |||
| 318091580 | 318274763 | 2009-10-06 16:40:43 | 0 days 22:27:51 | 1476858 | 17 | enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , ' ' ' soviet military patrols | ' ' ' | could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies | ||||
| 323949431 | 323949763 | 2009-11-04 20:13:10 | 0 days 00:01:49 | 0|90.212.100.1 | 1 | = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] | built up a | attacked jews | protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain | |||
| 323949763 | 323950472 | 2009-11-04 20:16:54 | 0 days 00:03:44 | 10519822 | 1 | = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , nazi leader [[ joseph stalin ]] | attacked jews | built up a | protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain | |||
| 324105954 | 324119733 | 2009-11-05 18:01:53 | 0 days 01:22:11 | 0|12.165.250.13 | 8 | gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet | union | communist party ]] of the [[ soviet union ]] , to tear down the wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the [[ eastern | bloc nations , saying : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can | ||||
| 9 | on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc | nations , saying | ]] | : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause | ||||||||
| 324867570 | 324875649 | 2009-11-09 17:57:25 | 0 days 00:47:20 | 0|204.234.247.165 | 0 | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | stalin | stalen | ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which | |||
| 324875649 | 324876007 | 2009-11-09 17:59:34 | 0 days 00:02:09 | 3683078 | 0 | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | stalen | stalin | ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which | |||
| 324962711 | 324965950 | 2009-11-10 02:12:02 | 0 days 00:21:12 | 0|69.209.56.112 | 0 | airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet | - | controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet | ||||
| 325413116 | 325413366 | 2009-11-12 10:06:37 | 0 days 00:02:38 | 8023653 | 7 | . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 ] * the two red flags : european social democracy & soviet communism since 1945 | ' ' | , routledge , 2000 . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp / title ~ db = all ~ content = t732627883 ] * germany in | ||||
| 325566075 | 325566396 | 2009-11-13 04:30:57 | 0 days 00:03:13 | 0|150.101.251.68 | 2 | = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled | nations | penises | on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled | |||
| 325566396 | 325566439 | 2009-11-13 04:31:24 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 8214624 | 3 | penis . {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet penis [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled | penises | nations | on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled | |||
| 335696374 | 336036689 | 2010-01-05 18:08:52 | 1 days 20:22:48 | 0|206.253.42.34 | 0 | of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | hitler was the best person ever ! ! ! | | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic | ||||
| 336036689 | 336036763 | 2010-01-05 18:09:19 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 10519822 | 0 | of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | hitler was the best person ever ! ! ! | | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic | ||||
| 338604783 | 338609721 | 2010-01-18 20:10:50 | 0 days 00:30:41 | 0|94.9.30.213 | 0 | ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader | [[ joseph stalin ]] | ben hatrick | built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which | |||
| 338609721 | 338609845 | 2010-01-18 20:11:36 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 1004750 | 0 | ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader | ben hatrick | [[ joseph stalin ]] | built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which | |||
| 341779103 | 341918461 | 2010-02-04 17:03:26 | 0 days 17:41:05 | 0|80.195.85.18 | 1 | in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . | tess smells | in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " | ||||
| 341918690 | 341918847 | 2010-02-04 17:05:40 | 0 days 00:00:56 | 3150196 | 2 | in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . | tess smells | in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " | ||||
| 346182156 | 346183678 | 2010-02-24 23:07:35 | 0 days 00:08:59 | 0|202.134.38.186 | 1 | . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ | joseph stalin | keeley hazell | ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , | |||
| 346183678 | 346183823 | 2010-02-24 23:08:22 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 262550 | 0 | eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , the hot and sexy horny soviet leader [[ | keeley hazell | joseph stalin | ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , | |||
| 359841081 | 359978376 | 2010-05-04 02:23:01 | 0 days 13:00:10 | 0|66.170.198.190 | 0 | . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ | joseph stalin | barrack obama | ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , | |||
| 359978376 | 359983575 | 2010-05-04 02:52:55 | 0 days 00:29:54 | 0|98.88.174.26 | 0 | . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ | barrack obama | josef stalin | ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , | |||
| 362031754 | 362031860 | 2010-05-14 04:38:14 | 0 days 00:01:16 | 0|65.100.196.54 | 1 | . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the ussr | , to prevent citizens from east germany escaping into west germany , | that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along | ||||
| 364628895 | 364781062 | 2010-05-29 03:02:56 | 0 days 19:12:55 | 45645 | 0 | , and completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet | - | dominated [[ eastern block ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in | ||||
| 1 | cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet dominated [[ eastern | block | bloc | ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | ||||||||
| 368159388 | 368177016 | 2010-06-15 13:56:04 | 0 days 02:01:59 | 89179 | 7 | wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] | in east germany , however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period | . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - | ||||
| 8 | was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . | the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . | the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the | |||||||||
| 377111406 | 378518722 | 2010-08-12 10:54:22 | 7 days 22:00:57 | 305208 | 0 | changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet | union | soviet | ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 that all | ||||
| 395972413 | 396019020 | 2010-11-10 22:25:14 | 0 days 04:26:18 | 0|98.222.50.106 | 0 | germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern | and parts of western | europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the | ||||
| 396019020 | 396020558 | 2010-11-10 22:34:56 | 0 days 00:09:42 | 5177550 | 0 | germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern | and parts of western | europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the | ||||
| 399263461 | 399311566 | 2010-11-28 12:32:53 | 0 days 08:43:34 | 0|91.109.31.186 | 1 | of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . | the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef | ||||
| 400658430 | 400827797 | 2010-12-06 09:50:14 | 0 days 21:21:56 | 0|211.31.26.156 | 0 | of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . | hello everybody | the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the | ||||
| 400827797 | 400827810 | 2010-12-06 09:50:23 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 13286072 | 0 | of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . | hello everybody | the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the | ||||
| 422616275 | 423139570 | 2011-04-09 07:03:09 | 3 days 05:52:53 | 9366145 | 1 | the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin | ]] | observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts | ||||
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 77 | beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist | ]] | elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall | ||||
| 103 | west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , | [[ | denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste | |||||||||
| 113 | that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and | [[ | eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down | |||||||||
| 443416955 | 443420038 | 2011-08-06 22:56:21 | 0 days 00:23:24 | 16710 | 16 | - list | 2 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 | * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] | * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front | ||||
| 448750565 | 448751555 | 2011-09-06 14:09:31 | 0 days 00:08:17 | 723354 | 0 | = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] | built up | headed | a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the eastern bloc , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain | |||
| 471803134 | 472771510 | 2012-01-23 09:13:24 | 6 days 05:36:27 | 36352 | 0 | category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] | [[ category : cold war ]] | [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] | ||||
| 472771510 | 472772227 | 2012-01-23 09:22:00 | 0 days 00:08:36 | 6971250 | 0 | category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] | [[ category : cold war ]] | [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] | ||||
| 472772227 | 472781538 | 2012-01-23 11:03:38 | 0 days 01:41:38 | 7208260 | 0 | category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] | [[ category : cold war ]] | [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] | ||||
| 494695297 | 495094589 | 2012-05-30 08:17:37 | 2 days 08:55:03 | 577301 | 1 | / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | | general secretary ]] of the [[ communist party of the soviet union | communist party ]] of the [[ soviet union | ]] , to tear down the wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the [[ eastern bloc ]] : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we | ||||
| 495598155 | 496228492 | 2012-06-06 05:38:52 | 3 days 19:00:57 | 10079076 | 0 | reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 | * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] | * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the | ||||
| 576012629 | 576163852 | 2013-10-07 17:10:28 | 1 days 00:25:25 | 18611911 | 2 | one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the united states , the united kingdom , france and the [[ soviet union ]] | and [[ saarland ]] | . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location fully within | ||||
| 576163852 | 576167532 | 2013-10-07 17:34:21 | 0 days 00:23:53 | 4358157 | 2 | one of the five occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the united states , the united kingdom , france and the [[ soviet union ]] | and [[ saarland ]] | . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location fully within | ||||
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 23 | 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could | easily | break through easily in the event of war . < ref > " rise and fall of the berlin wall " . ' ' history channel ' ' , 2009 . | ||||
| 640243071 | 641499497 | 2015-01-08 00:05:29 | 8 days 09:29:01 | 2705932 | 18 | its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government | , allowing free travel across their common boarder . however this movement of people grew so large it caused difficulties for both countries | . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , | ||||
| 774994359 | 774996064 | 2017-04-11 23:54:04 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 204692 | 2 | in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . | {{ fact }} | in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " | ||||
| 780019390 | 781687181 | 2017-05-22 17:34:23 | 10 days 04:39:20 | 8719036 | 4 | [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] | , | ( | 1991 * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ | |||
| 5 | charlie ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 | ) | ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing | |||||||||
| 825795679 | 825799159 | 2018-02-15 14:02:55 | 0 days 00:30:54 | 5946478 | 7 | in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} | < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > | in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " |
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| 22164068 | 22624244 | 2005-09-05 14:57:51 | 6 days 05:44:26 | 0|213.86.60.3 | 1 | * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . | com | co . uk | / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border |
| 40944082 | 40945287 | 2006-02-24 01:11:25 | 0 days 00:08:50 | 304316 | 11 | claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm | ] [ | < / ref > < ref > | http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ] and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping |
| 14 | 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm | ] [ | < / ref > < ref > | http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | |||||
| 64681432 | 64682237 | 2006-07-19 16:07:06 | 0 days 00:04:50 | 157842 | 8 | personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp | , | http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] {{ cold war | |
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 27 | german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / | publications | itc | / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland |
| 28 | republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / | policyreview | hs | / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} | |||||
| 32 | people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / | dw | category | / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 | |||||
| 33 | killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / | article | steroids | / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had | |||||
| 36 | been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / | 2 | science | / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents | |||||
| 37 | trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / | hi | humanbody | / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that | |||||
| 38 | flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / | europe | sex | / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ | |||||
| 44 | had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / | 2 | releases | / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east | |||||
| 62 | {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / | historical + resources | wiki | / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | | |||||
| 76 | as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html | ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ | http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however | ||||||
| 77 | ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / | ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ | http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ | ||||||
| 78 | denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / | hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august | 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin | ||||||
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 25 | genetic associations " . j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . columbia . edu / | itc | publications | / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / |
| 26 | " . j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc / | hs | policyreview | / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www | |||||
| 28 | ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html | ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ | http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody | ||||||
| 30 | http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . | com | de | / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http | |||||
| 31 | / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / | category | dw | / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / | |||||
| 32 | www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / | steroids | article | / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www | |||||
| 33 | columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / | androgens | 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < | / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily | |||||
| 34 | edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / | ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ | http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . | ||||||
| 36 | anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / | science | 2 | / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links | |||||
| 37 | html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / | humanbody | hi | / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further | |||||
| 38 | : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / | sex | europe | / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find | |||||
| 43 | http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . | com | co . uk | / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary | |||||
| 44 | / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / | releases | 2 | / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from | |||||
| 45 | www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / | hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august | 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks | ||||||
| 46 | . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 | < | / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations | ||||||
| 163818437 | 163840161 | 2007-10-11 17:08:04 | 0 days 01:51:05 | 0|65.43.199.13 | 0 | the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / | gb | gbh | / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall |
| 163840479 | 163881129 | 2007-10-11 20:22:05 | 0 days 03:12:25 | 400903 | 1 | the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / | gbh | gb | / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall |
| 166331546 | 166354092 | 2007-10-22 20:00:56 | 0 days 01:42:19 | 716438 | 4 | 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . | com | de | / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / |
| 5 | 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / | berlinwall | ges | / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / | |||||
| 6 | escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / | history | ztg | / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . | |||||
| 11 | / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / | en | index . php | / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed | |||||
| 12 | / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / | fakten | de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e | . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be | |||||
| 188768514 | 188772780 | 2008-02-03 10:00:42 | 0 days 00:47:48 | 6085301 | 2 | a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm | a 1962 defense of the berlin wall | ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin | |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 52 | ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / | youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) | / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < | |
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 52 | ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / | youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) | / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < | |
| 274964752 | 274979258 | 2009-03-04 18:46:02 | 0 days 01:10:39 | 3505251 | 2 | killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / | ges | index . php | / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the |
| 3 | to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / | ztg | de | / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german | |||||
| 4 | from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / | thm | start | / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued | |||||
| 274979258 | 274981620 | 2009-03-04 18:57:41 | 0 days 00:11:39 | 3505251 | 2 | < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / | start | common | / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl |
| 3 | name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / | index | document / field / file | / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting | |||||
| 318872025 | 319488273 | 2009-10-12 20:24:27 | 3 days 06:02:12 | 3058538 | 18 | by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en | berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ | http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists | |
| 320971298 | 320975384 | 2009-10-20 09:57:52 | 0 days 00:48:13 | 3058538 | 10 | people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm | the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut | ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section | |
| 324827738 | 324827897 | 2009-11-09 12:17:11 | 0 days 00:01:42 | 0|92.27.168.55 | 0 | wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . archive . org / download / | fallofberlinwall | speakerscornershows2009 | / heikoonfallofberlinwall . mp3 a unique documentary radio show ] on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans |
| 324899230 | 324902376 | 2009-11-09 20:26:10 | 0 days 00:16:57 | 0|68.211.97.75 | 3 | separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / | magazine | magjghf | / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > after its erection , around |
| 324902376 | 324902901 | 2009-11-09 20:28:59 | 0 days 00:02:49 | 118722 | 3 | separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / | magjghf | magazine | / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > after its erection , around |
| 325218548 | 325218944 | 2009-11-11 09:54:29 | 0 days 00:05:02 | 6971250 | 2 | and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / | * " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : | ] < br | / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' |
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 25 | 34897 http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / | [ | http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / http | |
| 26 | firewall / article1338387 / http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html | theglobeandmail . com ] < / ref > < ref > [ | http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html < / ref > | ||||||
| 36 | fall of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html | aljazeera . net | ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ | ||||||
| 367791832 | 367995322 | 2010-06-14 16:31:11 | 1 days 00:02:50 | 0|76.126.226.142 | 2 | hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / www . latimes . com / | news | 2009 / sep / 13 | / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < / |
| 441951679 | 443412986 | 2011-08-06 22:01:43 | 8 days 23:04:20 | 16710 | 16 | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 | > {{ cite web | url = | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 | |
| 19 | < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 | < ref > {{ cite web | url = | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical | ||||||
| 28 | < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html | {{ dead link | date = august 2011 }} | http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > the [[ | ||||||
| 443412986 | 443413503 | 2011-08-06 22:05:52 | 0 days 00:04:09 | 16710 | 0 | intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / | | archiveurl = | http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg | |
| 2 | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 | {{ cite web | url = | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 | ||||||
| 4 | > http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / | {{ cite web | author = | url = | http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / < | ||||||
| 6 | the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html | {{ cite web | url = | http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] | ||||||
| 445112728 | 445115677 | 2011-08-16 07:52:17 | 0 days 00:31:24 | 6971250 | 1 | . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / | en | / / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / | |
| 546489570 | 546994321 | 2013-03-26 00:13:50 | 2 days 16:58:12 | 1469567 | 2 | the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? – an alternate history of cold war espionage ' ' , < ref > http : / / voicesunderberlin . com | could we have stopped it ? | publisher = | voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html < / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the | |
| 602473473 | 602872991 | 2014-04-05 15:12:03 | 2 days 17:59:28 | 88026 | 5 | www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060219134229 | | url = | 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ | |
| 6 | / / web . archive . org / web / 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html | | title = | http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : | ||||||
| 17 | www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060219134229 | / | http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : | ||||||
| 633021579 | 633040519 | 2014-11-09 02:15:56 | 0 days 02:47:56 | 10340692 | 3 | 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ external links | date = november 2014 }} * [ http : | spam | : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www | |
| 647586466 | 649173174 | 2015-02-28 02:27:10 | 10 days 07:50:56 | 851535 | 1 | german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / | academic / cas / gpa | german - propaganda - archive | / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins |
| 734284492 | 734407317 | 2016-08-14 03:25:55 | 0 days 18:58:58 | 4977632 | 7 | . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / | index . php | en | / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] – a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http |
| 23 | berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm | deutsche bilder aus der vergangenheit | trans - title = my wall - german pictures from the past | language = de | publisher = [[ university | https : / / secure . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / | ||||||
| 751172499 | 752045266 | 2016-11-29 05:27:46 | 5 days 08:30:00 | 6792845 | 1 | stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . hindu . com / | 2009 | todays - paper | / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate |
| 2 | . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . hindu . com / 2009 / | 09 | tp - opinion | / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 8 | |||||
| 3 | ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . hindu . com / 2009 / 09 / | 15 | how - margaret - thatcher - pleaded - with - gorbachev - not - to - let - the - berlin - wall - fall - out - of - london | / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | |||||
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 9 | considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / | ernst . grabovszki | news | / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = |
| 790928672 | 791152467 | 2017-07-18 13:25:09 | 1 days 12:29:00 | 27015025 | 4 | yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20090429042056 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org : 80 / historical | + resources | % 2bresources | / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | archivedate = 29 april 2009 | df = dmy }} * {{ cite book | last1 |
| 5 | / / web . archive . org / web / 20090429042056 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org : 80 / historical + resources / archives / reference | + desk | % 2bdesk | / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | archivedate = 29 april 2009 | df = dmy }} * {{ cite book | last1 = loescher | first = gil | |||||
| 793523187 | 793675442 | 2017-08-03 07:52:05 | 0 days 23:07:15 | 28903366 | 0 | , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( 21 october 2009 ) [ https : / / www . wsj . com / | article | articles | / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " ' ' the wall street journal ' ' . < / ref |
| 810225119 | 810227691 | 2017-11-14 01:34:10 | 0 days 00:19:37 | 6554947 | 2 | and political activist wolfram hasch , who was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / | artanddesign | archives | / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by |
| 3 | activist wolfram hasch , who was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / | 2014 | 1987 | / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or | |||||
| 4 | hasch , who was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / | nov | 01 | / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors | |||||
| 822396886 | 822504643 | 2018-01-26 19:24:33 | 0 days 15:37:47 | 5841175 | 1 | deaths . < ref name = " contemporary research " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / | index . php | 178924 | / de / start / index / id / 593792 | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | |
| 826899654 | 827316878 | 2018-02-24 01:04:34 | 2 days 08:38:31 | 508734 | 5 | " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com | " | / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > in and around berlin . | |
| 8 | parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com | " | / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > a fact standing out from | ||||||
| 10 | the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com | " | / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > = = = eastern bloc | ||||||
| 12 | in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com | " | / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > in 1955 , the soviets | ||||||
| 14 | , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com | " | cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > it had | ||||||
| 15 | east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / | > | / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > it had the unintended result | ||||||
| 19 | {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com | " | / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > at midnight , the police | ||||||
| 21 | > the date of 13 august became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com | " | / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the barrier was built inside | ||||||
| 23 | at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday , 19 august 1961 . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com | " | / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > they arrived in a city | ||||||
| 25 | . east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com | " | / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the front of the convoy | ||||||
| 37 | | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . < ref > https : / / mashable . com | " | / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] | ||||||
| 39 | to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . < ref > https : / / mashable . com | " | / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > east berliners and east germans could not , at first , travel | ||||||
| 41 | ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin to help alleviate this situation . < ref > https : / / mashable . com | " | / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the | ||||||
| 43 | visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . < ref > https : / / mashable . com | " | / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter | ||||||
| 45 | as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin . < ref > https : / / mashable . com | " | / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the | ||||||
| 47 | military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . < ref > https : / / mashable . com | " | / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the | ||||||
| 49 | . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . < ref > https : / / mashable . com | " | mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > = = = defection attempts = = = {{ | ||||||
| 50 | in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / | > | / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list | ||||||
| 845242425 | 845346007 | 2018-06-11 05:24:11 | 0 days 16:38:45 | 508734 | 5 | at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . < ref > https : / / mashable . com | " | / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > ( see [[ history of the berlin s - bahn ]] . |
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| 41675140 | 41675177 | 2006-03-01 00:07:21 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 0|72.15.91.239 | 0 | of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | northgate rocks ! | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west |
| 41675177 | 41675215 | 2006-03-01 00:07:35 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 60449 | 0 | of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | northgate rocks ! | = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west |
| 51468255 | 51477891 | 2006-05-04 04:26:09 | 0 days 01:34:13 | 0|68.37.69.98 | 0 | wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | hi joanna | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 51477891 | 51477991 | 2006-05-04 04:27:08 | 0 days 00:00:59 | 767514 | 0 | wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | hi joanna | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 53469237 | 53500500 | 2006-05-16 13:10:13 | 0 days 05:20:12 | 0|204.10.216.173 | 3 | with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of | preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | germay which is also stupid ! | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west |
| 53500500 | 53500522 | 2006-05-16 13:10:22 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 385115 | 2 | see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . < font size = 36 > < center > basically this wall was super stupid yo ! it also messed up most of | germay which is also stupid ! | preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west |
| 53689482 | 53689519 | 2006-05-17 14:46:44 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 0|170.158.120.2 | 0 | wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | ¿ ○♦♣♠○◘•♥☻m♥ | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 53689519 | 53690006 | 2006-05-17 14:49:45 | 0 days 00:03:01 | 1008387 | 0 | wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | ¿ ○♦♣♠○◘•♥☻m♥ | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 54987836 | 54988059 | 2006-05-25 00:52:05 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 0|24.151.45.195 | 1 | wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | i love titties | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 54988059 | 54988126 | 2006-05-25 00:52:33 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 509520 | 2 | wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | i love titties | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 67063735 | 67063829 | 2006-08-01 16:31:24 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 0|66.32.195.73 | 0 | wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | i know you wanna fuck yo mama , nigger | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 67064018 | 67065553 | 2006-08-01 16:41:25 | 0 days 00:08:52 | 1008387 | 2 | wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | i know you wanna fuck yo mama , nigger | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 86755902 | 86759896 | 2006-11-09 18:20:00 | 0 days 00:21:50 | 0|206.158.3.70 | 0 | the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | after the wall was built , schnitzel was banned from all of germany . this is because schnitzel is mean and it kills baby cows . weisswurst was banned too because it tastes like poop . i am very cool . i went to germany one time and i saw the berlin wall . it was wicked boring and none of you should ever ever ever ever go see it it is a waste of time . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 86759896 | 86759980 | 2006-11-09 18:20:27 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 319064 | 0 | the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | after the wall was built , schnitzel was banned from all of germany . this is because schnitzel is mean and it kills baby cows . weisswurst was banned too because it tastes like poop . i am very cool . i went to germany one time and i saw the berlin wall . it was wicked boring and none of you should ever ever ever ever go see it it is a waste of time . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 86759980 | 86760104 | 2006-11-09 18:21:04 | 0 days 00:00:37 | 0|206.158.3.70 | 0 | the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | after the wall was built , schnitzel was banned from all of germany . this is because schnitzel is mean and it kills baby cows . weisswurst was banned too because it tastes like poop . i am very cool . i went to germany one time and i saw the berlin wall . it was wicked boring and none of you should ever ever ever ever go see it it is a waste of time . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 86760104 | 86760196 | 2006-11-09 18:21:32 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 145855 | 0 | the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | after the wall was built , schnitzel was banned from all of germany . this is because schnitzel is mean and it kills baby cows . weisswurst was banned too because it tastes like poop . i am very cool . i went to germany one time and i saw the berlin wall . it was wicked boring and none of you should ever ever ever ever go see it it is a waste of time . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 91645972 | 91703918 | 2006-12-03 02:08:58 | 0 days 05:40:21 | 0|69.34.58.90 | 0 | was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = | many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | hitler wins go nazis go ! | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west |
| 91703918 | 91705950 | 2006-12-03 02:23:37 | 0 days 00:14:39 | 241822 | 0 | was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = | hitler wins go nazis go ! | many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west |
| 100887174 | 100916417 | 2007-01-15 18:33:14 | 0 days 02:34:19 | 2810123 | 11 | the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | jesus . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 100916417 | 100920432 | 2007-01-15 18:53:45 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 11 | the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | jesus . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 100941637 | 100946186 | 2007-01-15 20:50:46 | 0 days 00:21:18 | 0|67.176.104.115 | 0 | the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | whoa ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! this is like whoa dude ! | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 100946186 | 100948158 | 2007-01-15 20:59:57 | 0 days 00:09:11 | 302522 | 13 | the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | whoa ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! this is like whoa dude ! | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 123623472 | 123829798 | 2007-04-18 15:39:51 | 0 days 19:14:18 | 0|209.66.200.83 | 1 | the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - | fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | 9468 - 4 | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west |
| 123830148 | 123849129 | 2007-04-18 16:58:40 | 0 days 01:17:26 | 302522 | 1 | agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . 3840823501934 ` 59134059819034581 - | 9468 - 4 | fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west |
| 126983726 | 127281050 | 2007-04-30 23:40:39 | 0 days 23:46:03 | 0|71.164.170.202 | 0 | the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | this helps the entire country | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 127281050 | 127284977 | 2007-04-30 23:58:21 | 0 days 00:17:42 | 76027 | 0 | the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | this helps the entire country | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 129554249 | 129554566 | 2007-05-09 16:36:20 | 0 days 00:01:13 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 0 | of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | hello | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west |
| 129555699 | 129555771 | 2007-05-09 16:41:06 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 2073927 | 15 | of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | hello | = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west |
| 163097473 | 163098190 | 2007-10-08 14:37:50 | 0 days 00:03:43 | 0|216.237.254.146 | 1 | the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . | it was fake it never happend , it was apart of disany . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 163102843 | 163105476 | 2007-10-08 15:13:04 | 0 days 00:12:54 | 5173527 | 5 | the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . | it was fake it never happend , it was apart of disany . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 166497262 | 166497309 | 2007-10-23 12:35:57 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 0|208.108.159.75 | 0 | the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . | ' ' ' heyy sam and nick ! ! ! ' ' ' | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 166497309 | 166497339 | 2007-10-23 12:36:09 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 4928500 | 1 | the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . | ' ' ' heyy sam and nick ! ! ! ' ' ' | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 166497339 | 166497507 | 2007-10-23 12:37:24 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|208.108.159.75 | 0 | the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . | ' ' ' the hannah montana concert is guna be so funn with nick and mitch ' ' ' | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 166499245 | 166499429 | 2007-10-23 12:50:36 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 0|195.110.70.55 | 0 | the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . | ' ' ' the hannah montana concert is guna be so funn with nick and mitch ' ' ' | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 173359524 | 173360419 | 2007-11-23 22:20:18 | 0 days 00:05:27 | 137113 | 0 | the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . | an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 spelled out the official line to [[ socialist unity party | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 188168240 | 188168740 | 2008-01-31 16:05:10 | 0 days 00:02:45 | 0|208.108.156.224 | 0 | ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | samantha somogyi was here . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 188168740 | 188168848 | 2008-01-31 16:05:52 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 241822 | 1 | ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | samantha somogyi was here . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 197073715 | 197075558 | 2008-03-09 20:51:04 | 0 days 00:08:24 | 0|98.17.134.249 | 20 | sphere , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well - financed federal republic . | an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 197077024 | 197077031 | 2008-03-09 20:57:59 | 0 days 00:00:02 | 3622922 | 8 | ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere . | an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west | |
| 202525275 | 202536820 | 2008-04-01 13:23:40 | 0 days 01:09:16 | 0|208.182.113.239 | 6 | john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and | west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | four buffalo | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west |
| 202536820 | 202537943 | 2008-04-01 13:30:00 | 0 days 00:06:20 | 911178 | 6 | penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , and seven groundhogs jumped over the berlin wall chasing a cat and | four buffalo | west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west |
| 237717240 | 237717440 | 2008-09-11 14:33:43 | 0 days 00:01:14 | 0|65.43.198.120 | 1 | ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | sam f was here hehehehe ! ! ! | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it | |
| 237719427 | 237719525 | 2008-09-11 14:45:33 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 4164433 | 0 | ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | sam f was here hehehehe ! ! ! | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it | |
| 248095268 | 248099439 | 2008-10-28 00:43:56 | 0 days 00:22:55 | 0|76.16.149.66 | 2 | obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of | the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | your mom ! | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it |
| 248099439 | 248099489 | 2008-10-28 00:44:08 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 258000 | 1 | chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . berlin = capital of | your mom ! | the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it |
| 256157274 | 256305388 | 2008-12-06 22:22:01 | 0 days 20:21:33 | 0|74.243.98.83 | 0 | ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | well actllay a few days ago was the anniversary of th fall of the berlin wall . also get of the computer you are spose to be spnding time with your family | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it | |
| 256305388 | 256306859 | 2008-12-06 22:29:51 | 0 days 00:07:50 | 352579 | 0 | ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | well actllay a few days ago was the anniversary of th fall of the berlin wall . also get of the computer you are spose to be spnding time with your family | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it | |
| 272950002 | 272958977 | 2009-02-24 13:56:12 | 0 days 01:12:51 | 0|206.131.56.160 | 0 | ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | im a cool cat . | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it | |
| 272958977 | 272959089 | 2009-02-24 13:57:01 | 0 days 00:00:49 | 2372780 | 0 | ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | im a cool cat . | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it | |
| 285286386 | 285289634 | 2009-04-21 19:04:36 | 0 days 00:18:00 | 0|66.99.126.132 | 0 | ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | and bitches 2 | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it | |
| 285289634 | 285289733 | 2009-04-21 19:05:02 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 9454468 | 0 | ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | and bitches 2 | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it | |
| 296640805 | 296772448 | 2009-06-16 15:30:44 | 0 days 16:39:46 | 0|194.74.22.170 | 0 | ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | you ate my cat now die but munch | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it | |
| 296787288 | 296787393 | 2009-06-16 17:00:31 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 0|91.105.119.223 | 0 | ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | you ate my cat now die but munch | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it | |
| 341918847 | 342118264 | 2010-02-05 16:24:05 | 0 days 23:18:25 | 0|207.35.35.12 | 0 | ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | aussi dofus | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} general | |
| 342118535 | 342118914 | 2010-02-05 16:27:52 | 0 days 00:02:13 | 0|207.35.35.12 | 0 | agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} aussi dofus | ca suce | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} general | |
| 342118914 | 342119150 | 2010-02-05 16:29:13 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 0|207.35.35.12 | 0 | s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} aussi dofus ca suce | mais tes un pas propre mon criss . | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} general | |
| 342119150 | 342120204 | 2010-02-05 16:35:38 | 0 days 00:06:25 | 3505251 | 3 | ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | aussi dofus ca suce mais tes un pas propre mon criss . | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} general | |
| 348982757 | 348982903 | 2010-03-10 12:56:28 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 0|84.14.123.189 | 0 | " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = | with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) michael abbott , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervor . the wall violated postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move . they considered the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus they concluded that the possibility of a soviet military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " }} ' ' {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . east germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] : {{ quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [[ junker ]] s , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy | |
| 348982903 | 348982964 | 2010-03-10 12:56:49 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 7852030 | 0 | " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = | with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) michael abbott , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervor . the wall violated postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move . they considered the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus they concluded that the possibility of a soviet military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " }} ' ' {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . east germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] : {{ quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [[ junker ]] s , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy | |
| 351162178 | 351194927 | 2010-03-21 17:53:22 | 0 days 03:40:34 | 0|65.188.39.230 | 0 | agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | < s > - - - - strike - through texti agree with the nation of the us that hitler was a baby < / s > | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy | |
| 351194927 | 351202892 | 2010-03-21 18:41:14 | 0 days 00:47:52 | 3308922 | 0 | agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | < s > - - - - strike - through texti agree with the nation of the us that hitler was a baby < / s > | = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy | |
| 774994359 | 774996064 | 2017-04-11 23:54:04 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 204692 | 7 | to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . | {{ fact }} | = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | 220px | [[ universal newsreel ]] | |
| 825804625 | 825804984 | 2018-02-15 14:50:22 | 0 days 00:02:43 | 5946478 | 4 | that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} | < / ref > | = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | 220px | [[ universal newsreel ]] |
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| 13872 | 86615 | 2002-02-25 15:51:15 | 6 days 11:48:33 | 0|62.253.64.7 | 3 | ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | | east | ]] , the wall completely surrounded west | berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place |
| 9658614 | 9762535 | 2005-01-26 01:42:57 | 0 days 06:03:58 | 26468 | 28 | ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east germany and the main part of west germany and | [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west | east | berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] |
| 20652186 | 20668374 | 2005-08-10 03:32:17 | 0 days 04:36:14 | 0|70.30.191.58 | 0 | ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 | east | west | germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , |
| 1 | hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in | east | west | germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he | |||||
| 2 | in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of | east | west | germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , | |||||
| 4 | ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow | east | west | berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the gdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision | |||||
| 5 | replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to | west | east | berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the gdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all | |||||
| 7 | in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that | east | west | berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . when asked who this would apply to etc . he couldn ' t answer because he really didn ' | |||||
| 20668374 | 20669087 | 2005-08-10 03:48:06 | 0 days 00:15:49 | 21397 | 0 | ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 | west | east | germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in west germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of west germany resigned on [[ october 18 ]] |
| 1 | hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 west germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in | west | east | germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of west germany resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after which the ruthless western capitalist blood | |||||
| 2 | in september more than 13 , 000 west germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in west germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of | west | east | germany resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after which the ruthless western capitalist blood - sucking world order finally capitulated to the glories of communism . | |||||
| 5 | - sucking world order finally capitulated to the glories of communism . he was briefly replaced by a successor a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow | west | east | berliners to apply for visas to travel to east berlin . however , the bdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been | |||||
| 6 | of communism . he was briefly replaced by a successor a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow west berliners to apply for visas to travel to | east | west | berlin . however , the bdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular | |||||
| 9 | in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that | west | east | berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . when asked who this would apply to etc . he couldn ' t answer because he really didn ' | |||||
| 23255938 | 23258570 | 2005-09-15 02:46:22 | 0 days 00:49:46 | 0|64.12.116.198 | 0 | german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ | west | north | berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall |
| 1 | : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ | east | south | berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' | |||||
| 2 | ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ | east | south | germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall | |||||
| 3 | ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the | east | south | german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its | |||||
| 4 | ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between | west | north | berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ | |||||
| 5 | ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and | east | south | germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and | |||||
| 23258570 | 23258905 | 2005-09-15 02:52:24 | 0 days 00:06:02 | 89675 | 0 | german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ | north | west | berlin ]] from [[ south berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ south germany ]] . the south german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall |
| 1 | : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ north berlin ]] from [[ | south | east | berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ south germany ]] . the south german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' | |||||
| 2 | ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ north berlin ]] from [[ south berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ | south | east | germany ]] . the south german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall | |||||
| 3 | ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ north berlin ]] from [[ south berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ south germany ]] . the | south | east | german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its | |||||
| 4 | ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between | north | west | berlin and south germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ | |||||
| 5 | ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between north berlin and | south | east | germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and | |||||
| 36641976 | 36642576 | 2006-01-25 14:09:00 | 0 days 00:05:37 | 0|194.232.85.82 | 3 | crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the | east | west | ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to |
| 43657363 | 43706232 | 2006-03-14 09:31:41 | 0 days 07:44:09 | 686868 | 0 | kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the | west | east | german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = |
| 51451925 | 51460452 | 2006-05-04 01:46:05 | 0 days 01:09:32 | 0|205.188.117.13 | 0 | economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while | east | west | germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight |
| 51460452 | 51468255 | 2006-05-04 02:51:56 | 0 days 01:05:51 | 46160 | 0 | economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while | west | east | germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight |
| 52367351 | 52419460 | 2006-05-10 02:13:47 | 0 days 05:54:41 | 0|71.235.38.203 | 1 | germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , | west | north eastern | germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s |
| 52419460 | 52431775 | 2006-05-10 03:47:28 | 0 days 01:33:41 | 145855 | 1 | germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 5932 onwards , | north eastern | west | germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s |
| 53714889 | 53718756 | 2006-05-17 18:02:04 | 0 days 00:24:14 | 0|204.14.12.53 | 1 | belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between | east | west | and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf |
| 53718756 | 53720035 | 2006-05-17 18:10:38 | 0 days 00:08:34 | 1008387 | 1 | belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between | west | east | and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf |
| 92402213 | 92580978 | 2006-12-07 00:18:00 | 0 days 18:30:19 | 0|65.1.22.233 | 0 | , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via | west | east | berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = |
| 92580978 | 92585081 | 2006-12-07 00:38:00 | 0 days 00:20:00 | 1008387 | 0 | , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via | east | west | berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . duhhhhhhhhhhhhhh i |
| 94444428 | 94445836 | 2006-12-15 04:29:25 | 0 days 00:09:48 | 0|67.173.253.172 | 0 | . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in | west | east | berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly |
| 94445836 | 94446525 | 2006-12-15 04:34:23 | 0 days 00:04:58 | 3032809 | 0 | . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in | east | west | berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly |
| 95295938 | 95348829 | 2006-12-19 18:26:53 | 0 days 05:51:56 | 0|24.158.16.162 | 0 | all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from | east | west | german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was |
| 95348909 | 95349461 | 2006-12-19 18:30:37 | 0 days 00:03:17 | 302522 | 1 | all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from | west | east | german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was |
| 105269225 | 105429213 | 2007-02-03 22:36:11 | 0 days 17:33:44 | 0|71.167.154.124 | 1 | checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ | east | west | german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east |
| 105429213 | 105532218 | 2007-02-04 08:28:36 | 0 days 09:52:25 | 302522 | 1 | checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , a [[ | west | east | german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east |
| 118635394 | 118639947 | 2007-03-28 23:11:07 | 0 days 00:19:40 | 0|65.24.114.248 | 5 | ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while | east | northern | germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic |
| 9 | advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of | east | northwestern | germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent | |||||
| 11 | of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via | west | northern | berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed | |||||
| 118654236 | 118657778 | 2007-03-29 00:33:26 | 0 days 00:17:42 | 911178 | 5 | ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while | northern | east | germany became one of the richest , most powerful countries in the southern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic |
| 8 | many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) the flight of growing numbers of | northwestern | east | germans to non - democratic countries via northern berlin led to germany destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent | |||||
| 10 | significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) the flight of growing numbers of northwestern germans to non - democratic countries via | northern | west | berlin led to germany destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further shananagans . = = = proposed | |||||
| 128704499 | 128759187 | 2007-05-06 22:18:52 | 0 days 03:51:06 | 0|71.240.172.25 | 0 | vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded | west | east | berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood |
| 128759187 | 128760514 | 2007-05-06 22:25:00 | 0 days 00:06:08 | 911178 | 0 | vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded | east | west | berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood |
| 128760514 | 128924265 | 2007-05-07 13:07:06 | 0 days 14:42:06 | 0|86.138.177.126 | 0 | protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ | east berlin | east berlin | east | ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following |
| 178433680 | 178872694 | 2007-12-19 03:34:38 | 2 days 00:13:36 | 0|67.188.74.176 | 0 | 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ | west | south | berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' |
| 1 | ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ | east | north | berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the | |||||
| 2 | lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ | east | north | germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two | |||||
| 4 | berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the | east | north | - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction | |||||
| 5 | and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - | west | south | german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on | |||||
| 6 | ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ | east | north | berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in | |||||
| 7 | [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | | east | north | ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during | |||||
| 8 | ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ | west | south | berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people | |||||
| 10 | - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the | east | north | german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans | |||||
| 12 | ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering | west | south | berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the | |||||
| 13 | the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of | east | north | germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall | |||||
| 14 | 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by | west | south | germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters | |||||
| 16 | of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , | east | south | german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans | |||||
| 17 | stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of | east | south | berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east | |||||
| 18 | east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the | east | south | germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just | |||||
| 20 | 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from | east | lower | german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was | |||||
| 25 | vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded | west | north | berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood | |||||
| 178873340 | 178873918 | 2007-12-19 03:42:19 | 0 days 00:03:39 | 2537811 | 0 | 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ | south | west | berlin ]] from [[ north berlin ]] and the rest of [[ north germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' |
| 1 | ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ south berlin ]] from [[ | north | east | berlin ]] and the rest of [[ north germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the | |||||
| 2 | lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ south berlin ]] from [[ north berlin ]] and the rest of [[ | north | east | germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south german border between the two | |||||
| 4 | berlin ]] and the rest of [[ north germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the | north | east | - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction | |||||
| 5 | and the rest of [[ north germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the north - | south | west | german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on | |||||
| 6 | ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ | north | east | berlin | north ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in | |||||
| 7 | [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | | north | east | ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during | |||||
| 8 | ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north ]] and [[ | south | west | berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people | |||||
| 10 | - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the | north | east | german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrestification , that entering south berlin would be permitted , crowds of north germans | |||||
| 12 | ' found }} < / ref > when the north german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrestification , that entering | south | west | berlin would be permitted , crowds of north germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by south germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the | |||||
| 13 | the north german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrestification , that entering south berlin would be permitted , crowds of | north | east | germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by south germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall | |||||
| 14 | 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrestification , that entering south berlin would be permitted , crowds of north germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by | south | west | germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were smuggled away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters | |||||
| 16 | of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , | south | east | german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans | |||||
| 17 | stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of | south | east | berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the south | |||||
| 18 | south berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the | south | east | germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just | |||||
| 20 | 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the plans for the creation of the berlin wall came from | lower | east | german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by canadian leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was | |||||
| 25 | vehicles , and a barbi - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded | north | west | berlin . during the construction of the death star , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ space combat troops of the working class | kda ]] | |||||
| 187302258 | 187520641 | 2008-01-28 19:02:51 | 0 days 23:41:54 | 0|86.153.120.115 | 0 | " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while | east | west | germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and |
| 187520641 | 187520715 | 2008-01-28 19:03:15 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 0|86.153.120.115 | 0 | " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while | west | east | germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and |
| 188267882 | 188292941 | 2008-02-01 02:03:28 | 0 days 02:07:48 | 0|71.223.128.231 | 0 | vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded | west | east | berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood |
| 188292941 | 188309052 | 2008-02-01 03:39:07 | 0 days 01:35:39 | 1718065 | 0 | vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded | east | west | berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood |
| 193677464 | 193760678 | 2008-02-24 20:07:47 | 0 days 09:06:04 | 0|76.109.48.180 | 0 | and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; | west | east | berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ |
| 193760678 | 193766290 | 2008-02-24 20:33:43 | 0 days 00:25:56 | 2537811 | 0 | and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; | east | west | berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ |
| 197799039 | 197872871 | 2008-03-13 02:03:44 | 0 days 05:41:57 | 3554446 | 0 | " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while | east | west | germany became rich , many west germans wanted to move to east germany . and some east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin |
| 203048806 | 203049740 | 2008-04-03 14:33:54 | 0 days 00:04:52 | 0|208.108.155.10 | 0 | remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east berlin and [[ | west | north east | berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least |
| 203050010 | 203050208 | 2008-04-03 14:36:30 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 2775239 | 1 | the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated butt cheeks [[ | north east | west | berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least |
| 234342442 | 234416798 | 2008-08-26 19:40:30 | 0 days 06:41:11 | 0|89.180.206.195 | 0 | freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into | west | east | berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin |
| 234416798 | 234445357 | 2008-08-26 22:08:36 | 0 days 02:28:06 | 5177550 | 0 | freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into | east | west | berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin |
| 237758626 | 237870717 | 2008-09-12 04:52:17 | 0 days 10:40:51 | 0|69.143.253.120 | 0 | friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' | west | east | germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at |
| 2 | = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit | east | west | germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous | |||||
| 3 | ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an | east | west | german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east | |||||
| 4 | ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to | east | west | berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' | |||||
| 5 | east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however | east | west | german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all | |||||
| 6 | berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' | west | east | berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december | |||||
| 237870717 | 237881567 | 2008-09-12 06:22:52 | 0 days 01:30:35 | 5177550 | 0 | friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' | east | west | germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' eastern countries ' ' ' could in general visit west germany . usually this involved application of a visa at |
| 2 | = who could cross = = = ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' eastern countries ' ' ' could in general visit | west | east | germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an west german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to west berlin were issued without previous | |||||
| 3 | ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' eastern countries ' ' ' could in general visit west germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an | west | east | german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to west berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however west | |||||
| 4 | ' could in general visit west germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an west german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to | west | east | berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however west german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' | |||||
| 5 | west german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to west berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however | west | east | german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all | |||||
| 6 | berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however west german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' | east | west | berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december | |||||
| 239453915 | 239456329 | 2008-09-19 03:25:00 | 0 days 00:12:32 | 736477 | 14 | ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between | east | the western | and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ |
| 15 | consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and | west | eastern sectors of | berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : | |||||
| 239832687 | 239837716 | 2008-09-20 19:14:07 | 0 days 00:29:33 | 2519868 | 2 | borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . there are 2 , 000 walls that seperated the | east | eastern side | from the west because they liked there private space the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 |
| 246118237 | 246356283 | 2008-10-19 20:37:11 | 1 days 04:21:27 | 0|68.201.94.244 | 0 | ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ | west | east | berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated |
| 246356283 | 246372059 | 2008-10-19 21:58:21 | 0 days 01:21:10 | 5177550 | 0 | ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ | east | west | berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated |
| 254112696 | 254991403 | 2008-11-30 13:38:13 | 4 days 14:32:05 | 6661 | 0 | infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the | east | west | german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy |
| 254991403 | 254999894 | 2008-11-30 14:50:38 | 0 days 01:12:25 | 686868 | 0 | infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the | west | east | german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy |
| 257284183 | 257291690 | 2008-12-11 16:06:25 | 0 days 00:50:25 | 0|71.130.177.243 | 1 | [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated | east | north | germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on |
| 7 | - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the | east | north | german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east | |||||
| 9 | several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by | west | east | germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters | |||||
| 257291690 | 257299643 | 2008-12-11 16:51:58 | 0 days 00:45:33 | 352579 | 0 | [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated | north | east | germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on |
| 4 | - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the | north | east | german government announced on november 5 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east | |||||
| 6 | several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by | east | west | germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few decades , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters | |||||
| 265328211 | 265375952 | 2009-01-20 23:03:51 | 0 days 04:21:53 | 0|65.31.228.149 | 0 | - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the | east | west | german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east |
| 2 | east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of | east | west | germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall | |||||
| 265375952 | 265376259 | 2009-01-20 23:05:34 | 0 days 00:01:43 | 4928500 | 0 | - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the | west | east | german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west germany , crowds of west |
| 2 | west german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west germany , crowds of | west | east | germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall | |||||
| 272589769 | 272603029 | 2009-02-22 23:32:00 | 0 days 01:05:48 | 9050933 | 0 | republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ | west | east | germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ |
| 272603029 | 272610872 | 2009-02-23 00:10:19 | 0 days 00:38:19 | 5177550 | 0 | republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ | east | west | germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ |
| 277302153 | 277678292 | 2009-03-16 17:17:05 | 1 days 16:10:45 | 0|150.155.15.230 | 0 | ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated | east | northern | germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 |
| 277678607 | 277679396 | 2009-03-16 17:23:06 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 118722 | 0 | ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated | northern | east | germany from southern korea for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 |
| 313255946 | 313587017 | 2009-09-13 15:44:01 | 1 days 18:41:25 | 0|98.225.37.255 | 0 | small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between | east | north | and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and |
| 313587017 | 313610213 | 2009-09-13 17:58:49 | 0 days 02:14:48 | 3308922 | 0 | small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between | north | east | and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and |
| 314293733 | 314368006 | 2009-09-16 16:34:12 | 0 days 09:23:41 | 0|212.202.145.187 | 0 | capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ | east | west | ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection |
| 314368006 | 314368094 | 2009-09-16 16:34:43 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 0|212.202.145.187 | 0 | capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ | west | east | ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection |
| 317605383 | 317824549 | 2009-10-04 12:01:41 | 1 days 04:40:16 | 0|86.13.148.133 | 0 | " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which | east | eastern | bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % |
| 324899230 | 324902376 | 2009-11-09 20:26:10 | 0 days 00:16:57 | 0|68.211.97.75 | 2 | ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ | east | west | germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers |
| 324902376 | 324902901 | 2009-11-09 20:28:59 | 0 days 00:02:49 | 118722 | 2 | ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ | west | east | germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers |
| 324911771 | 324912788 | 2009-11-09 21:20:08 | 0 days 00:05:34 | 0|192.234.216.250 | 0 | | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to | west | east | germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern |
| 324913447 | 324914209 | 2009-11-09 21:27:55 | 0 days 00:04:10 | 0|96.50.68.135 | 0 | | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to | east | west | germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern |
| 325218944 | 325219992 | 2009-11-11 10:07:49 | 0 days 00:13:20 | 0|212.117.127.210 | 0 | with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the | east | west | german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east |
| 325219992 | 325221468 | 2009-11-11 10:24:02 | 0 days 00:16:13 | 6971250 | 0 | with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the | west | east | german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east |
| 361170062 | 361177167 | 2010-05-10 00:21:31 | 0 days 00:45:58 | 0|98.245.156.49 | 0 | de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ | west | east | berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide |
| 361177167 | 361195850 | 2010-05-10 02:05:01 | 0 days 01:43:30 | 0|98.148.178.135 | 0 | a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ east berlin ]] , separating it from | east | west | germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " |
| 1 | the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ east berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ | east | west | berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that | |||||
| 361195850 | 361201195 | 2010-05-10 02:41:44 | 0 days 00:36:43 | 262550 | 0 | de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ | east | west | berlin ]] , separating it from west germany ( including [[ west berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide |
| 1 | a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ east berlin ]] , separating it from | west | east | germany ( including [[ west berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " | |||||
| 2 | the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ east berlin ]] , separating it from west germany ( including [[ | west | east | berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that | |||||
| 368159388 | 368177016 | 2010-06-15 13:56:04 | 0 days 02:01:59 | 89179 | 1 | | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off | the city of berlin , separating west berlin from east germany ( including [[ east | [[ west | berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | |
| 392939112 | 393650061 | 2010-10-29 18:21:46 | 3 days 12:40:54 | 0|205.211.141.243 | 2 | to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the | west | north | in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled |
| 393650061 | 393650284 | 2010-10-29 18:23:16 | 0 days 00:01:30 | 7209796 | 2 | to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the | north | west | in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled |
| 401992519 | 402027187 | 2010-12-12 22:05:02 | 0 days 03:29:16 | 0|50.11.70.253 | 0 | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , | [[ east | [ west | germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included |
| 1 | democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ | east | west | berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . | |||||
| 402027187 | 402032954 | 2010-12-12 22:39:08 | 0 days 00:34:06 | 3308922 | 0 | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , | [ west | [[ east | germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ west berlin ]] . the barrier included |
| 1 | democratic republic ( gdr , [ west germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ | west | east | berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . | |||||
| 489424180 | 489424644 | 2012-04-27 04:54:53 | 0 days 00:05:04 | 14405583 | 1 | = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag | germany }} , {{ flag | | east | west | germany }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ |
| 701431900 | 702890848 | 2016-02-02 06:39:23 | 8 days 15:24:28 | 13816079 | 0 | > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in | western | west | german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' |
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| 6686417 | 6698144 | 2004-10-18 23:16:04 | 17 days 09:54:52 | 0|216.104.211.5 | 0 | west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . | reuters | msnbc . msn | . com / newsarticle . jhtml ? type = worldnews & storyid = 6181106 ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate |
| 1 | % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . reuters . com / | newsarticle | id / 5942091 / ] fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to checkpoint charlie | . jhtml ? type = worldnews & storyid = 6181106 ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = external | |||||
| 2 | east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . reuters . com / newsarticle . | jhtml ? type = worldnews & storyid = 6181106 | [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / | ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www | |||||
| 6969446 | 7034922 | 2004-10-29 22:53:25 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 0|141.156.41.50 | 0 | * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / | www . | berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of | |
| 7274559 | 7274640 | 2004-11-09 22:08:53 | 0 days 00:02:10 | 0|84.57.81.84 | 0 | germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] | many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . | fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / | |
| 9658614 | 9762535 | 2005-01-26 01:42:57 | 0 days 06:03:58 | 26468 | 38 | alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . | wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . | during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 | |
| 10524422 | 10599750 | 2005-02-23 21:57:05 | 0 days 00:02:29 | 0|80.184.143.219 | 1 | , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos | ] | photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls | |
| 11896685 | 11902442 | 2005-04-05 01:20:09 | 0 days 02:17:19 | 0|4.239.237.190 | 5 | rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html / personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]] | ||
| 11902442 | 12289902 | 2005-04-05 04:33:38 | 0 days 03:13:29 | 28107 | 5 | rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html / personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]] | ||
| 14541749 | 14541815 | 2005-06-01 19:19:18 | 0 days 20:46:26 | 0|66.30.82.215 | 6 | rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm us army website ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : & # 3585 ; & # 3635 ; & # 3649 ; & # 3614 ; & # 3591 ; & # 3648 ; & # 3610 ; & # 3629 ; & # 3619 ; & # 3660 ; & # 3621 ; & # 3636 ; & # 3609 ; ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]] | ||
| 14541815 | 14704826 | 2005-06-01 19:21:05 | 0 days 00:01:47 | 7891 | 6 | rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm us army website ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : & # 3585 ; & # 3635 ; & # 3649 ; & # 3614 ; & # 3591 ; & # 3648 ; & # 3610 ; & # 3629 ; & # 3619 ; & # 3660 ; & # 3621 ; & # 3636 ; & # 3609 ; ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]] | ||
| 22164068 | 22624244 | 2005-09-05 14:57:51 | 6 days 05:44:26 | 0|213.86.60.3 | 0 | wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . | geocities | berlinphotos | . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east |
| 2 | http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / | isanders _ 2000 / | berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) | ||||||
| 29161539 | 29803715 | 2005-12-01 13:57:51 | 6 days 16:23:48 | 0|203.145.155.11 | 0 | . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . | dieberlinermauer | historicphotos | . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall |
| 2 | simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . | html | com | berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http | |||||
| 29803715 | 29803808 | 2005-12-01 13:59:20 | 0 days 00:01:29 | 49943 | 0 | . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . | historicphotos | dieberlinermauer | . blogspot . com berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org |
| 40460981 | 40648652 | 2006-02-22 01:28:28 | 1 days 06:34:58 | 386031 | 20 | time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / | www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk | ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall | |
| 40944082 | 40945287 | 2006-02-24 01:11:25 | 0 days 00:08:50 | 304316 | 17 | east germans and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | ] | < / ref > | many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' |
| 40946332 | 40946642 | 2006-02-24 01:21:12 | 0 days 00:02:18 | 304316 | 1 | and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | | date = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} | < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg | |
| 41746791 | 41761508 | 2006-03-01 15:37:50 | 0 days 02:21:39 | 24373 | 7 | | publisher = msnbc | publishyear = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | | date | accessdate | = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ |
| 53689296 | 53689482 | 2006-05-17 14:46:28 | 0 days 00:01:17 | 157842 | 4 | a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] ^ " berlin wall " . encyclopedia britannica . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 ^ http : / / | www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ^ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ^ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm ^ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ^ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ^ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm ^ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ^ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ^ furlong , ray ( july 5 , 2005 ) . berlin wall memorial is torn down . bbc news . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 ^ reuters ( september 8 , 2004 ) . one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt . msnbc . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 [ edit ] further reading | div > | = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , |
| 71923367 | 72819207 | 2006-08-30 13:54:56 | 4 days 12:17:24 | 0|84.136.71.53 | 0 | 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . | panorama - cities | stadtpanoramen | . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . |
| 72842365 | 72875166 | 2006-08-30 19:28:45 | 0 days 03:05:33 | 63530 | 0 | 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . | stadtpanoramen | panorama - cities | . de / en / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . |
| 78108348 | 78344366 | 2006-09-28 18:20:18 | 1 days 03:42:11 | 2160191 | 0 | {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / | historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / | speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside | |
| 1 | cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches | / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 | . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story | ||||||
| 81768193 | 81768427 | 2006-10-16 11:36:46 | 0 days 00:02:33 | 686868 | 0 | like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / | index2 . html | < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general | |
| 122566024 | 123036914 | 2007-04-15 18:34:05 | 1 days 22:58:35 | 0|69.81.140.251 | 0 | = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . | jfklibrary | addictinggames | . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech |
| 2 | {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / | historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 | rainbowsphere | . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title | |||||
| 3 | . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . | htm | html | | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin | |||||
| 129352059 | 129352259 | 2007-05-08 21:21:34 | 0 days 00:00:51 | 0|71.220.96.241 | 1 | war ]] . < p > < img src = " http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / en / f / f1 / tiger _ | mountain | 0104 | . jpg " border = " 0 " / > < / p > < div style = " width : 150px ; height : 24px ; background - color : |
| 130123030 | 130123251 | 2007-05-11 16:47:08 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 0|209.184.226.15 | 2 | / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / | berlin | berloin | . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present |
| 130123251 | 130124262 | 2007-05-11 16:51:40 | 0 days 00:04:32 | 2073927 | 2 | / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / | berloin | berlin | . html personal akccount of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present |
| 132910594 | 132997348 | 2007-05-23 19:22:33 | 0 days 07:30:33 | 869278 | 0 | = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . | addictinggames | jfklibrary | . com / rainbowsphere . html | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , |
| 2 | {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . addictinggames . com / | rainbowsphere | historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 | . html | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title | |||||
| 3 | web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . addictinggames . com / rainbowsphere . | html | htm | | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin | |||||
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 25 | ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . | hoover | columbia | . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de |
| 29 | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / | 3478177 | pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy | . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and | |||||
| 30 | 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . | dw - world | humanhormones | . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at | |||||
| 34 | to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / | 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < | androgens | / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = | |||||
| 35 | that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / | news | www | . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august | |||||
| 39 | germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / | 6943093 | articles / testosterone | . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | | |||||
| 41 | , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / | news | www | . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august | |||||
| 42 | children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . | bbc | sciencedaily | . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < | |||||
| 45 | co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / | ref > when the east german government announced | 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information | on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and | |||||
| 60 | | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / | www | en | . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 | |||||
| 61 | = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . | jfklibrary | wikipedia | . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech | |||||
| 72 | }} ( a bilingual photo - study tracing the line of the wall ) = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . | websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall | privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained | by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 | |||||
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 23 | an empirical assessment in genetic associations " . j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . | columbia | hoover | . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens |
| 27 | j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / | pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy | 3478177 | . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science | |||||
| 29 | 893 . http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . | humanhormones | dw - world | . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . | |||||
| 35 | hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / | www | news | . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 | |||||
| 39 | / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / | articles / testosterone | 6943093 | . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex | |||||
| 41 | steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / | www | news | . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects | |||||
| 42 | androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . | sciencedaily | bbc | . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions | |||||
| 47 | bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / | 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information | ref > when the east german government announced | on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and media from commons news stories from | |||||
| 62 | by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / | en | www | . wikipedia . org / wiki / sex " categories : semi - protected | sex viewsarticle discussion view source history personal toolssign in / create account navigation main page contents | |||||
| 63 | . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en . | wikipedia | jfklibrary | . org / wiki / sex " categories : semi - protected | sex viewsarticle discussion view source history personal toolssign in / create account navigation main page contents featured content | |||||
| 64 | new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . org / | wiki | historical + resources | / sex " categories : semi - protected | sex viewsarticle discussion view source history personal toolssign in / create account navigation main page contents featured content current events random article | |||||
| 65 | article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / | sex " categories : semi - protected | archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | | sex viewsarticle discussion view source history personal toolssign in / create account navigation main page contents featured content current events random article interaction about wikipedia community portal recent changes contact | |||||
| 166331546 | 166354092 | 2007-10-22 20:00:56 | 0 days 01:42:19 | 716438 | 3 | were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . | dailysoft | goethe | . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . |
| 7 | west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / | facts _ 01 | thm / ddg / en1748571 | . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref | |||||
| 9 | : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . | die | chronik | - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting | |||||
| 170313046 | 170423035 | 2007-11-09 22:14:07 | 0 days 09:25:19 | 1581958 | 5 | defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / | / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref | > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , | |
| 188768514 | 188772780 | 2008-02-03 10:00:42 | 0 days 00:47:48 | 6085301 | 4 | west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / | < / ref > | first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < | as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay |
| 6 | ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / | < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - | history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / | ||||||
| 7 | , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history | of berlin wall ] < | / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur | ||||||
| 8 | was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / | ref > | facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . | ||||||
| 204485065 | 204485312 | 2008-04-09 16:49:34 | 0 days 00:01:14 | 137113 | 1 | fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . | goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > | . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an | |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 98 | ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / | / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - | |
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 68 | [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . | muppetcentral | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic | . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet |
| 71 | on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . | muppetnewsflash | http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] | . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com | |||||
| 74 | www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . | muppetcast | http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] | . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ | |||||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 98 | ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / | / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - | |
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 68 | [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . | muppetcentral | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic | . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet |
| 71 | on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . | muppetnewsflash | http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] | . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com | |||||
| 74 | www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . | muppetcast | http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] | . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ | |||||
| 245491777 | 245491946 | 2008-10-15 18:29:12 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 0|216.82.180.21 | 0 | / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / | www . | berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * | |
| 1 | * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / | www . | berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / | ||||||
| 246467509 | 246467798 | 2008-10-20 10:02:16 | 0 days 00:02:16 | 0|58.179.157.209 | 4 | peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . | calvin | . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he | |
| 255351569 | 255351633 | 2008-12-02 03:51:29 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 7801357 | 3 | was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : ulfdu , fvc , jhv ; opjpojlkmni / nin / lkn / inddr . | although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the ddr . | stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east | |
| 274964752 | 274979258 | 2009-03-04 18:46:02 | 0 days 01:10:39 | 3505251 | 1 | than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . | goethe | chronik - der - mauer | . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < |
| 5 | to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / | ddg | index | / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | |||||
| 6 | berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / | en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - | id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ( in | german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors | |||||
| 274979258 | 274981620 | 2009-03-04 18:57:41 | 0 days 00:11:39 | 3505251 | 4 | - institut " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / | 593792 chronik der mauer : | 45997 forschungsprojekt „die | todesopfer an der berliner mauer ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors |
| 274982026 | 274982274 | 2009-03-04 19:00:58 | 0 days 00:01:16 | 3505251 | 3 | . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 | center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting | |
| 276265321 | 276265514 | 2009-03-10 13:29:47 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 1 | that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . | chronik - der - mauer | dude | . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ |
| 10 | day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . | time | . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref | ||||||
| 308887262 | 309060395 | 2009-08-20 13:05:07 | 0 days 22:19:29 | 6971250 | 4 | call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . | mauerfall09 . de | | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / | |
| 310125952 | 310318597 | 2009-08-27 07:01:23 | 0 days 22:10:20 | 0|79.220.97.128 | 0 | www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . | websauger | innerdeutsche - grenze | . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / |
| 312604952 | 312612312 | 2009-09-08 16:29:46 | 0 days 00:47:21 | 10069869 | 0 | public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / | cyber - city | 113713 / en | berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , mixed reality installation after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss * [ http |
| 315252773 | 315254957 | 2009-09-21 08:05:55 | 0 days 00:25:37 | 204692 | 0 | - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www | . | goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / | |
| 315255881 | 315255964 | 2009-09-21 08:16:52 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 204692 | 0 | to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www | . | ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / | |
| 318872025 | 319488273 | 2009-10-12 20:24:27 | 3 days 06:02:12 | 3058538 | 0 | by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en | britishpathe | . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - | |
| 1 | [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . | workspace . php | ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / | ||||||
| 2 | / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / | id | = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann | ||||||
| 3 | . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? | 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] { [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash | video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang | ||||||
| 19 | [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . | youtube | . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - | ||||||
| 20 | / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / | watch | ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / | ||||||
| 21 | . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? | v | = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann | ||||||
| 26 | bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & | wolfgang | strauss ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 | ||||||
| 35 | ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / | flickr | berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | | ||||||
| 320971298 | 320975384 | 2009-10-20 09:57:52 | 0 days 00:48:13 | 3058538 | 12 | rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = not all segments of the wall were | |
| 321400884 | 321435832 | 2009-10-22 19:30:08 | 0 days 03:25:18 | 2740078 | 1 | life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / | berlin wall : | past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . | |
| 324735970 | 324762845 | 2009-11-09 02:09:24 | 0 days 02:37:38 | 10972407 | 5 | 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . | stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals — engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 mi ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 mi ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide | meatspin | . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript |
| 7 | 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com | / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} | ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / | ||||||
| 324820066 | 324825240 | 2009-11-09 11:50:42 | 0 days 00:56:47 | 0|87.36.53.53 | 1 | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . | guardian | redtube | . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' |
| 324827614 | 324827738 | 2009-11-09 12:15:29 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 0|92.27.168.55 | 1 | ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . archive . org / download / fallofberlinwall / heikoonfallofberlinwall . mp3 | ] | a unique documentary radio show on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans modrow * [ http : | |
| 324827738 | 324827897 | 2009-11-09 12:17:11 | 0 days 00:01:42 | 0|92.27.168.55 | 1 | 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . archive . org / download / fallofberlinwall / | heikoonfallofberlinwall | 6nov2009speakerscorner | . mp3 a unique documentary radio show ] on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans modrow * |
| 324833874 | 324833939 | 2009-11-09 13:14:18 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 545027 | 0 | littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * hhgd admine @ vx [ http : / / www . | redtube | guardian | . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' |
| 324914209 | 324915778 | 2009-11-09 21:36:21 | 0 days 00:08:26 | 9265862 | 0 | and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / | * | " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / * [[ berlin border crossings | |
| 324932966 | 324937840 | 2009-11-09 23:32:03 | 0 days 00:24:17 | 16710 | 23 | 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 11 / 17 | / 1989 | }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete | |
| 325413116 | 325413366 | 2009-11-12 10:06:37 | 0 days 00:02:38 | 8023653 | 6 | . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 ] * | childs , david , ( 2000 ) ' ' | the two red flags : european social democracy & soviet communism since 1945 , routledge , 2000 . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp / | |
| 325552663 | 325566075 | 2009-11-13 04:27:44 | 0 days 02:02:39 | 0|150.101.251.68 | 6 | 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . | stmas | ssdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipietmas | . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' |
| 325566396 | 325566439 | 2009-11-13 04:31:24 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 8214624 | 7 | 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . | ssdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipietmas | stmas | . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' |
| 325814566 | 325940817 | 2009-11-15 07:25:15 | 0 days 15:05:38 | 433328 | 21 | " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / ] | < br / > | ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of | |
| 348982964 | 348983118 | 2010-03-10 12:57:46 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 0|84.14.123.189 | 0 | & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ https : / / | www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in time 1989 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and photos of the time of the fall of the berlin wall and the german reunification , mostly licenced under cc * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / m . fleischmann & w . strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / photogallery . htm gallery at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | berlin wall ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | stq }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | sw }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley verleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ lmo : mür de berlin ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ szl : berliński mur ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ tt : берлин дивары ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 348983118 | 348983351 | 2010-03-10 12:59:15 | 0 days 00:01:29 | 7852030 | 0 | & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ https : / / | www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in time 1989 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and photos of the time of the fall of the berlin wall and the german reunification , mostly licenced under cc * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / m . fleischmann & w . strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / photogallery . htm gallery at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | berlin wall ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | stq }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | sw }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley verleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ lmo : mür de berlin ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ szl : berliński mur ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ tt : берлин дивары ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 40 | : " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / | imdb . com | ] ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel | |
| 41 | " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / ] | < / ref > * * | ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 | ||||||
| 48 | , longman . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 | amazon . co . uk | ] * childs , david , ( 2000 ) ' ' the two red flags : european social democracy & soviet communism since 1945 ' ' , routledge . [ http | ||||||
| 367791832 | 367995322 | 2010-06-14 16:31:11 | 1 days 00:02:50 | 0|76.126.226.142 | 1 | , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / | www | articles | . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date |
| 376154207 | 377111406 | 2010-08-04 12:53:25 | 5 days 15:47:03 | 8729652 | 0 | what he could to stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . | thehindu | hindu | . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out |
| 381576652 | 383513705 | 2010-09-07 20:13:40 | 9 days 21:55:10 | 1219174 | 0 | / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / | home | www | . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : |
| 1 | www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . | att | berlin1969 | . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / | |||||
| 389330154 | 389349828 | 2010-10-07 16:55:20 | 0 days 01:50:48 | 3308922 | 12 | remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at http : / / www . | berlin - wall - map | some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city | . com fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , |
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 65 | / / web . archive . org / web / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = | 13 june | 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary | |
| 441951679 | 443412986 | 2011-08-06 22:01:43 | 8 days 23:04:20 | 16710 | 5 | . com / audio / year _ in _ review / events - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in - berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / | ] | < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " > {{ cite web | url = | = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel |
| 7 | why the soviet union should think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " [ http : / | / www . upi . com / audio / year _ in _ review / events - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in - berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / ] | < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " | [[ file : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the | |||||
| 26 | [ http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / | theglobeandmail | < | . com ] < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + | |||||
| 38 | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 | biography | ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was | ||||||
| 443412986 | 443413503 | 2011-08-06 22:05:52 | 0 days 00:04:09 | 16710 | 11 | / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 ] < | / | ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . he attempted | |
| 13 | > http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / | < | / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / | ||||||
| 505389806 | 505558329 | 2012-08-03 10:30:56 | 1 days 02:39:43 | 339081 | 9 | ref > {{ cite web | title = sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / | / www . dpa . de / detailansicht - 80er - jahre . 543 + m517a9d5ff09 . 0 . html }} < / ref | > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people | |
| 539045002 | 543081696 | 2013-03-09 21:01:49 | 18 days 06:26:28 | 4905985 | 1 | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away , < ref > http : / / www . youtube | . com / watch ? v = | | | - ummj _ jnway < / ref > a song by tom fedora , as performed by [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[ |
| 575102993 | 575123746 | 2013-09-30 11:07:53 | 0 days 04:46:36 | 6971250 | 0 | buchwald , frank church , et al . | url = http : / / www2 . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb441 / | publisher = | thwe | the | national security archive at the george washington university in washington , d . c . | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | author = matthew m . aid and william burr |
| 589252116 | 590300424 | 2014-01-12 01:24:43 | 6 days 18:43:57 | 1469567 | 0 | , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | < / ref > | something to do with the wall ( 1991 ) - imdb ] < / ref > | * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | the spy who came |
| 602473473 | 602872991 | 2014-04-05 15:12:03 | 2 days 17:59:28 | 88026 | 1 | }} [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ] * [ http : / / www . youtube | | | youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * | |
| 9 | . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube | | | youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at youtube * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin | ||||||
| 631992977 | 631993537 | 2014-11-01 09:45:30 | 0 days 00:08:10 | 6730078 | 2 | originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | | title = | something to do with the wall ( 1991 ) - imdb ] < / ref > * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ | |
| 4 | the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / | | title = | imdb . com ] < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie | ||||||
| 14 | ct - myths - berlin - wall - fall - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 < / | ref > | . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = | ||||||
| 633021579 | 633040519 | 2014-11-09 02:15:56 | 0 days 02:47:56 | 10340692 | 16 | {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 – 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / | berlin | wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of 9 november | |
| 34 | - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / | bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ youtube | o2grqp7k0iy | escape | from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin }} * {{ wayback | date = 20060219134229 | url = http : / / www | ||||||
| 43 | one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / | berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin | wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of 9 november | ||||||
| 46 | {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 – 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / | large collection of images in berlin wall | group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / | ||||||
| 647586466 | 649173174 | 2015-02-28 02:27:10 | 10 days 07:50:56 | 851535 | 0 | serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / | www | research | . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} |
| 668610901 | 668894661 | 2015-06-27 12:11:06 | 1 days 23:12:38 | 88026 | 5 | & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ http : / / | www | secure | . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni |
| 687309257 | 687661190 | 2015-10-26 23:44:37 | 2 days 04:58:42 | 88026 | 1 | ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) | url = http : / / | www . | archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = 20 february 2012 }} < / ref > | |
| 700030765 | 700067540 | 2016-01-16 05:21:17 | 0 days 06:00:32 | 14508071 | 3 | }} < / ref > although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of the wall , < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / | / www . vox . com / 2016 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | website = vox | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last = fisher | first = max }} < / ref | > on his death , the [[ foreign office ( germany ) | german foreign office ]] tweeted " good - bye , david bowie . you are now among # | |
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 11 | " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | city of berlin | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > | that is now much of the [[ potsdamer platz ]] development . later , the initial barrier was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large | |
| 706975021 | 707177225 | 2016-02-27 07:39:45 | 0 days 22:24:26 | 16283967 | 14 | < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html | montrealgazette | . com ] {{ dead link | date = august 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the | |
| 708550214 | 708557629 | 2016-03-06 07:11:16 | 0 days 01:09:59 | 88026 | 3 | . < ref > mary elise sarotte , ' ' collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall ' ' , new york : basic books , 2014 < / | ref | > this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . this time , however , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by train through | |
| 736676388 | 737235458 | 2016-09-01 14:39:08 | 3 days 11:02:58 | 7903804 | 0 | 1946 | publisher = abc - clio | location = santa barbara , california | isbn = 9780313397639 | url = https : / / books . google . com / | books | ? id = j - i99v70m0sc & pg = pt45 & lpg = pt45 & dq = visa + to + visit + west + germany + from + east & | |
| 751172499 | 752045266 | 2016-11-29 05:27:46 | 5 days 08:30:00 | 6792845 | 0 | what he could to stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . | hindu | thehindu | . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out |
| 4 | = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . hindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / | stories / 2009091553501100 | article183758 | . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 15 | |||||
| 5 | 9 . 15 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . hindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . | htm | ece | | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 15 september 2009 | |||||
| 760659119 | 760740289 | 2017-01-18 20:24:17 | 0 days 11:28:40 | 28903366 | 0 | history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} * * [ https : / / | secure | www | . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . |
| 760740289 | 761201385 | 2017-01-21 15:51:57 | 2 days 19:27:40 | 96897 | 6 | history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} * * [ https : / / | www | secure | . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . |
| 768718339 | 770060658 | 2017-03-13 05:57:21 | 7 days 18:38:41 | 28903366 | 1 | through the wall into west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( 21 october 2009 ) [ http : / / | online | www | . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " ' ' the wall street journal |
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 5 | and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / | homepage | www | . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 |
| 6 | west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . | univie | telegraph | . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot | |||||
| 787359385 | 787408974 | 2017-06-25 06:54:21 | 0 days 07:37:56 | 31190988 | 2 | watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . < ref > {{ cite web | title = memorial landscape : berlin wall | url = http : / / | berlin - wall - map | www | . com / | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better |
| 787408974 | 787409030 | 2017-06-25 06:55:15 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 31190988 | 5 | of the border strip . the [[ german forest jungle | german forestry youth ]] ( {{ coordinate | text = dms | ns = 52 / 39 / 36 . | 2 / n | ew = 13 / 17 / 59 . 4 / e | type = landmark | de - be }} ) . | * the only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( bt - 11 ) in the erna - berger - strasse also in mitte - however , was moved by | |
| 787409030 | 787409131 | 2017-06-25 06:56:40 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 31190988 | 8 | ; there is an exhibition about the wall in the area of the potsdamer platz in planning < ref > {{ webarchiv | url = http : / / www . | berlinwallexpo . de / _ / start . html | wayback = 20141220054134 text = web page on the border watch tower }} , accessed on 27 january 2014 . < / ref > . | nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center . < ref > {{ | |
| 790928672 | 791152467 | 2017-07-18 13:25:09 | 1 days 12:29:00 | 27015025 | 1 | / / web . archive . org / web / 20091214050606 / http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de : 80 / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 | , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 | % 2c1872 % 2c7925355 % 2c00 | . html | archivedate = 14 december 2009 | df = dmy }} < / ref > a 2011 poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than |
| 793523187 | 793675442 | 2017-08-03 07:52:05 | 0 days 23:07:15 | 28903366 | 1 | had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( 21 october 2009 ) [ https : / / www . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 | . html | " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " ' ' the wall street journal ' ' . < / ref > excerpts from schabowski | |
| 810009717 | 810071958 | 2017-11-13 05:36:10 | 0 days 07:44:21 | 19339494 | 4 | strip , which has been turned into a park , near the [[ lohmühleninsel ]] < ref > [ http : / / www . kunstfabrik . org / # lue | kunstfabrik am | | title = | flutgraben e . & nbsp ; v . ] < / ref > * the former " kieler eck " ( kieler eck ) on kieler strasse in [[ berlin - |
| 810225119 | 810227691 | 2017-11-14 01:34:10 | 0 days 00:19:37 | 6554947 | 1 | the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch , who was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . | theguardian | upi | . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the |
| 5 | who was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / | 03 | 09 | / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in | |||||
| 6 | apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / | east | foreign | - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall | |||||
| 820363656 | 820717744 | 2018-01-16 05:59:33 | 1 days 21:19:16 | 1808194 | 8 | fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / | ref | > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . the wall was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | | |
| 822396886 | 822504643 | 2018-01-26 19:24:33 | 0 days 15:37:47 | 5841175 | 2 | name = " contemporary research " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / | de / start / index / id / 593792 | todeopfer - an - der - berliner - mauer | | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | |
| 822504643 | 822507011 | 2018-01-26 19:42:05 | 0 days 00:17:32 | 5841175 | 1 | bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / | / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref | > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam ]] has confirmed at least 140 deaths . < | |
| 825795679 | 825799159 | 2018-02-15 14:02:55 | 0 days 00:30:54 | 5946478 | 4 | belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / | / | > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took place on 3 october 1990 . = = background = | |
| 825811905 | 825814813 | 2018-02-15 16:00:22 | 0 days 00:19:34 | 5946478 | 5 | = 1996 | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | url = https : / / scholarship . | law | 29 : iss | . cornell . edu / cgi / viewcontent . cgi ? article = 1391 & context = cilj | journal = | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages |
| 826899654 | 827316878 | 2018-02-24 01:04:34 | 2 days 08:38:31 | 508734 | 29 | possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . < ref > https : / / www . thoughtco . com / | the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - | > < ref name = " cnn . com " / > < ref name = " | history - 1779495 < / ref > < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin |
| 30 | . thoughtco . com / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history - 1779495 < / ref > < ref > https : / / www . | cnn | howstuffworks | . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > < ref > | |||||
| 35 | to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . < ref > https : / / mashable . com | / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref | " | > west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all – all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . | |||||
| 78 | the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / | 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref | > in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = | ||||||
| 85 | lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / | 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref | > at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august , the border with west | ||||||
| 89 | the date of 13 august became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / | 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref | > the barrier was built inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . generally , the wall was | ||||||
| 90 | [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday , 19 august 1961 . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / | 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref | > they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ | ||||||
| 91 | east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / | 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref | > the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin | ||||||
| 101 | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / | 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref | > in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east | ||||||
| 102 | the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / | 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref | > east berliners and east germans could not , at first , travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall | ||||||
| 103 | , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin to help alleviate this situation . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / | 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref | > citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) | ||||||
| 104 | western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / | 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref | > allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required | ||||||
| 105 | the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / | 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref | > the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures | ||||||
| 106 | liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / | 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref | > allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : | ||||||
| 845242425 | 845346007 | 2018-06-11 05:24:11 | 0 days 16:38:45 | 508734 | 9 | night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / | 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref | > ( see [[ history of the berlin s - bahn ]] . ) ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( as a |
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| 238415 | 390224186 | 2001-10-17 13:27:34 | 30 days 22:18:06 | 120 | 1 | {st@rt} built in [[ berlin ]] on [[ august 13 ]] , 1961 | ]] | in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | | ||
| 3 | country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 | ]] | - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd 1990 . see [[ berlin ]] ; http : | |||||||
| 13872 | 86615 | 2002-02-25 15:51:15 | 6 days 11:48:33 | 0|62.253.64.7 | 6 | the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | and many immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through | - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd 1990 . see [[ berlin ]] ; http : | ||
| 102788 | 102790 | 2002-06-22 18:16:03 | 5 days 16:18:17 | 59 | 7 | increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . the wall was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] | , | in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering the american , british or french sectors of berlin . the wall divided the city into [[ west | ||
| 21 | on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | , | and many immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through - it was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] | |||||||
| 794852 | 794855 | 2003-04-01 14:00:37 | 0 days 00:17:21 | 0|204.218.227.5 | 0 | sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee . | " alexandrea elenora clinea ! " yelled the gay homosexual . hahhahahahhahahhahahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahhahahhahahahhahahahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhaahahhahahhahahahahhahahhahahahahhahahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahahhahahahahhahahahahhahahahhahahahahhahahahahhahah | from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , england and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) formed a part of [[ west germany ]] that | ||
| 794855 | 898611 | 2003-04-01 14:02:35 | 0 days 00:01:58 | 0|62.253.64.7 | 0 | sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee . | " alexandrea elenora clinea ! " yelled the gay homosexual . hahhahahahhahahhahahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahhahahhahahahhahahahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhaahahhahahhahahahahhahahhahahahahhahahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahahhahahahahhahahahahhahahahhahahahahhahahahahhahah | from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , england and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) formed a part of [[ west germany ]] that | ||
| 1012031 | 1092751 | 2003-06-08 12:37:20 | 31 days 17:34:08 | 9244 | 7 | the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and | weissensee | weißensee | . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , england and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) formed a part of [[ west germany ]] | |
| 22 | on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | . after a misunderstanding | , and many people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard | |||||||
| 23 | [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , | [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned , | and many people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein | |||||||
| 1098066 | 1184497 | 2003-07-01 00:21:33 | 0 days 01:50:12 | 8272 | 0 | hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | , and he was replaced by a short - lived successor [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later | . the travel restrictions for east germans were somewhat lifted by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski | ||
| 1596399 | 1596409 | 2003-10-20 16:14:53 | 8 days 09:58:00 | 0|199.190.225.43 | 0 | wall3 . jpg ]] < br > ' ' berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ | berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte | berlinascxbnrtshmhughjynt thgvytghhn ghn ytghvbnghbvjn tjh ngfhn gfbvh ngbvhn gfhngfh ngfbv hnbgbv nghbnjhgjgythj yjhh | , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin | |
| 1596409 | 1596460 | 2003-10-20 16:17:07 | 0 days 00:02:14 | 7580 | 0 | wall3 . jpg ]] < br > ' ' berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ | berlinascxbnrtshmhughjynt thgvytghhn ghn ytghvbnghbvjn tjh ngfhn gfbvh ngbvhn gfhngfh ngfbv hnbgbv nghbnjhgjgythj yjhh | berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte | , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin | |
| 1608238 | 1711609 | 2003-10-22 21:22:46 | 0 days 00:50:12 | 26248 | 0 | was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . | in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] . | from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent , were in effect a | ||
| 2440574 | 2497657 | 2004-02-19 04:27:57 | 4 days 17:12:26 | 35188 | 4 | hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | , and | . | he was replaced by a short - lived successor [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were somewhat lifted by the new government | |
| 2959424 | 2959465 | 2004-03-28 22:45:23 | 0 days 11:17:03 | 55079 | 2 | a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , | [[ berlin - | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin | ||
| 3 | portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte | | mitte ]] | , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift | |||||||
| 4 | city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , | [[ | prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the | |||||||
| 5 | their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg | ]] | , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states | |||||||
| 2959465 | 2964656 | 2004-03-28 22:48:54 | 0 days 00:03:31 | 55079 | 0 | each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , | [[ | köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " | ||
| 1 | had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick | ]] | , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin | |||||||
| 3 | portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg | ]] | , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " | |||||||
| 4 | soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , | [[ | pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin | |||||||
| 5 | sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow | ]] | , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift | |||||||
| 6 | and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , | [[ | treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states . | |||||||
| 7 | covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow | ]] | , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states . from | |||||||
| 8 | of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and | [[ | weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states . from [[ 1949 | |||||||
| 9 | eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee | ]] | . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states . from [[ 1949 ]] | |||||||
| 3156940 | 3355675 | 2004-04-12 05:26:04 | 7 days 15:02:05 | 32383 | 1 | some believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] , | but | because it is | also of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] ; thus october 3 was chosen instead . the fall of the wall considerably | |
| 3800134 | 3800736 | 2004-05-31 10:22:36 | 0 days 18:49:48 | 3808 | 0 | [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | right | 400px | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] | = = background = = | after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the soviet union , the usa , the united kingdom and france each had a | ||
| 17 | escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , | [[ | hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began | |||||||
| 37 | east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , | [[ | east berlin ]] . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city ; as it | |||||||
| 4565906 | 4583370 | 2004-07-11 21:51:25 | 7 days 08:34:35 | 82928 | 0 | ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ | united states | | usa ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest | ||
| 5178672 | 5180399 | 2004-08-13 07:38:57 | 0 days 05:29:34 | 24744 | 7 | access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , december 25 , | [[ | 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . | ||
| 5188293 | 5189242 | 2004-08-13 19:14:28 | 0 days 00:49:12 | 36250 | 0 | over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , | in | east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city ; as it completely | ||
| 5637810 | 5637884 | 2004-09-03 21:35:33 | 0 days 00:03:51 | 49471 | 5 | west over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] | , | in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city ; as it | ||
| 7586970 | 7587337 | 2004-11-17 19:19:38 | 0 days 01:42:49 | 0|64.90.246.103 | 0 | schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] | nigger nigger nigger nigger nigger nigger ! | construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] | ||
| 7587337 | 7642354 | 2004-11-17 19:33:35 | 0 days 00:13:57 | 76027 | 0 | schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] | nigger nigger nigger nigger nigger nigger ! | construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] | ||
| 9112175 | 9112336 | 2005-01-05 02:38:45 | 27 days 00:48:34 | 0|67.164.50.76 | 3 | out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 | ||
| 9338110 | 9340902 | 2005-01-13 15:39:41 | 1 days 13:58:21 | 0|198.20.32.180 | 14 | ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , | [[ | köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee | ||
| 15 | had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick | ]] | , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . | |||||||
| 16 | portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , | [[ | lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ | |||||||
| 17 | the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg | ]] | , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] | |||||||
| 20 | by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , | [[ | pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union | |||||||
| 21 | the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow | ]] | , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to | |||||||
| 22 | and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , | [[ | prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ | |||||||
| 23 | of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg | ]] | , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] | |||||||
| 24 | berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , | [[ | treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the | |||||||
| 25 | [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow | ]] | , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies | |||||||
| 26 | , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and | [[ | weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ | |||||||
| 27 | köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee | ]] | . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] | |||||||
| 9340902 | 9400082 | 2005-01-13 19:37:16 | 0 days 03:57:35 | 28107 | 15 | and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick | ]] | , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the | ||
| 16 | france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , | [[ | lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet | |||||||
| 17 | each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg | ]] | , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union | |||||||
| 20 | under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , | [[ | pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] | |||||||
| 21 | their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow | ]] | , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by | |||||||
| 22 | control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , | [[ | prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the | |||||||
| 23 | the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg | ]] | , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies | |||||||
| 24 | soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , | [[ | treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . | |||||||
| 25 | sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow | ]] | , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after | |||||||
| 26 | by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and | [[ | weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 | |||||||
| 27 | far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee | ]] | . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] | |||||||
| 9533284 | 9533310 | 2005-01-21 15:56:43 | 0 days 00:34:18 | 26468 | 1 | schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] | the wall = = | construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] | ||
| 18 | orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , | minefields | and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | | |||||||
| 9658614 | 9762535 | 2005-01-26 01:42:57 | 0 days 06:03:58 | 26468 | 13 | strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , | it | was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german | ||
| 20 | 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , | [[ | barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at | |||||||
| 10084850 | 10084995 | 2005-02-09 02:13:18 | 0 days 00:02:21 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 12 | ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , | [[ | köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee | ||
| 13 | had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick | ]] | , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . | |||||||
| 14 | portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , | [[ | lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ | |||||||
| 15 | the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg | ]] | , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] | |||||||
| 18 | by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , | [[ | pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union | |||||||
| 19 | the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow | ]] | , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to | |||||||
| 20 | and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , | [[ | prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ | |||||||
| 21 | of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg | ]] | , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] | |||||||
| 22 | berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , | [[ | treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the | |||||||
| 23 | [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow | ]] | , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies | |||||||
| 24 | , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and | [[ | weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ | |||||||
| 25 | köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee | ]] | . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] | |||||||
| 26 | [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in | [[ | 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three | |||||||
| 10084995 | 10087212 | 2005-02-09 02:20:03 | 0 days 00:06:45 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 9 | to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 | ]] | in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to | ||
| 10087212 | 10087443 | 2005-02-09 03:43:17 | 0 days 01:23:14 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 2 | successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , | [[ | 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports | ||
| 3 | attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 | ]] | ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath | |||||||
| 14 | august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . | |||||||
| 23 | communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in | [[ | 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this | |||||||
| 24 | , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 | ]] | , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " | |||||||
| 25 | after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , | [[ | ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . in | |||||||
| 10087443 | 10091995 | 2005-02-09 03:51:22 | 0 days 00:08:05 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 3 | | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the | ||
| 4 | postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , | [[ | hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in | |||||||
| 11 | through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker | ]] | , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later | |||||||
| 15 | began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by | |||||||
| 16 | german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , | [[ | egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , | |||||||
| 17 | ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz | ]] | , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | |||||||
| 21 | ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon | |||||||
| 23 | restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski | ]] | announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people | |||||||
| 10091995 | 10144491 | 2005-02-09 07:09:31 | 0 days 03:18:09 | 28107 | 15 | and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick | ]] | , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to | ||
| 16 | france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , | [[ | lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the | |||||||
| 17 | each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg | ]] | , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin | |||||||
| 20 | under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , | [[ | pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after | |||||||
| 21 | their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow | ]] | , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 | |||||||
| 22 | control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , | [[ | prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , | |||||||
| 23 | the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg | ]] | , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three | |||||||
| 24 | soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , | [[ | treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors | |||||||
| 25 | sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow | ]] | , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled | |||||||
| 26 | by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and | [[ | weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the | |||||||
| 27 | far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee | ]] | . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united | |||||||
| 71 | successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , | [[ | 1964 ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car | |||||||
| 72 | escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , 1964 | ]] | ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath | |||||||
| 94 | tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 | ]] | , ronald reagan gave a famous speech at the brandenburg gate , at which he challenged mikhail gorbachev to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay | |||||||
| 95 | , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , | [[ | ronald reagan gave a famous speech at the brandenburg gate , at which he challenged mikhail gorbachev to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that | |||||||
| 107 | | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , | [[ | hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began | |||||||
| 108 | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , hungary | ]] | removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in | |||||||
| 126 | days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on november 9 , 1989 . after a misunderstanding , günter schabowski | ]] | announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people | |||||||
| 10365915 | 10406521 | 2005-02-17 20:18:45 | 0 days 00:42:19 | 44727 | 3 | [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until november 9 , [[ 1989 ]] | and subsequently almost entirely demolished | . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it | ||
| 14015916 | 14016061 | 2005-05-21 09:38:46 | 2 days 17:36:54 | 0|216.27.183.43 | 1 | the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , | and | only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after | ||
| 15054564 | 15054752 | 2005-06-12 05:48:45 | 0 days 04:11:01 | 5016 | 7 | by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , | and the eastern districts of berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , , | [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet | ||
| 15881315 | 15902037 | 2005-06-26 21:50:58 | 0 days 18:23:00 | 44454 | 21 | final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . | 6m | 6 & nbsp ; m | high and 1 . 5m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended | |
| 46 | the traditional city center , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , and the eastern districts of berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] | , | , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four | |||||||
| 18341759 | 18388981 | 2005-07-08 10:31:44 | 0 days 16:15:16 | 53921 | 8 | sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 | [[ east german markk | | east german marks . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced | ||
| 19111126 | 19261911 | 2005-07-20 22:42:15 | 2 days 00:00:08 | 0|195.4.0.21 | 2 | few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake | . due to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv that all travel restrictions had been abandoned . tens | ||
| 20652186 | 20668374 | 2005-08-10 03:32:17 | 0 days 04:36:14 | 0|70.30.191.58 | 3 | in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | , after which the ruthless western capitalist blood - sucking world order finally capitulated to the glories of communism | . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for | ||
| 20668374 | 20669087 | 2005-08-10 03:48:06 | 0 days 00:15:49 | 21397 | 10 | . mass demonstrations against the government in west germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of west germany resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | , after which the ruthless western capitalist blood - sucking world order finally capitulated to the glories of communism | . he was briefly replaced by a successor a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow west berliners to apply for visas to travel to east berlin | ||
| 24151055 | 24156661 | 2005-09-27 13:29:22 | 0 days 01:47:28 | 0|205.202.36.246 | 20 | and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin | ||
| 26467857 | 26918322 | 2005-10-30 22:25:26 | 5 days 02:16:53 | 0|205.188.116.204 | 25 | the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , | the three sectors controlled | as it was heavily distrusted | by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ | |
| 27961254 | 27961463 | 2005-11-10 21:57:48 | 0 days 00:02:13 | 0|67.38.154.248 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | | berlin wall | wheeee | on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' | |
| 27961617 | 27964176 | 2005-11-10 22:22:28 | 0 days 00:23:17 | 246113 | 2 | {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | | wheeee | berlin wall | on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' | |
| 28532961 | 28612782 | 2005-11-17 19:37:39 | 0 days 22:32:10 | 0|84.92.121.217 | 0 | germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , | a few days later | the people ' s favourite [[ robin hughes ]] ' s rival | . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister | |
| 28612782 | 28612923 | 2005-11-17 19:39:40 | 0 days 00:02:01 | 0|84.92.121.217 | 0 | germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , | at | the people ' s favourite [[ robin hughes ]] ' s rival . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany | ||
| 28612923 | 28613740 | 2005-11-17 19:51:24 | 0 days 00:11:44 | 83165 | 0 | germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , | at the recommendation of [[ robin hughes ]] | a few days later | . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister | |
| 37796258 | 37828716 | 2006-02-02 10:58:24 | 0 days 06:20:16 | 471054 | 3 | began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | or just 9 / 11 | and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , | ||
| 38522275 | 38565790 | 2006-02-07 03:43:31 | 0 days 05:22:56 | 0|194.170.32.253 | 0 | began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ 9 november ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | or just 9 / 11 | and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , | ||
| 38896088 | 38974751 | 2006-02-09 21:59:58 | 0 days 12:40:41 | 293907 | 1 | | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] | . | ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around | ||
| 40460981 | 40648652 | 2006-02-22 01:28:28 | 1 days 06:34:58 | 386031 | 2 | kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] | [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] | that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly | ||
| 40814212 | 40814314 | 2006-02-23 04:38:46 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 386031 | 19 | in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | . he | and | was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to | |
| 40915337 | 40944082 | 2006-02-24 01:02:35 | 0 days 03:27:05 | 304316 | 36 | the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on june 26th , 1963 ]] | but | [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / | ||
| 40946642 | 40949144 | 2006-02-24 01:42:58 | 0 days 00:21:46 | 304316 | 5 | to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields | , | and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off | ||
| 42982893 | 43080078 | 2006-03-10 03:49:02 | 0 days 11:48:42 | 51235 | 15 | communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in | [[ | 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down | ||
| 16 | , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 | ]] | , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | |||||||
| 24 | of east germany ' s peaceful revolution because it was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 | ]] | . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october | |||||||
| 43080078 | 43116053 | 2006-03-10 10:22:16 | 0 days 06:33:14 | 13040 | 16 | tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 | ]] | , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | ||
| 24 | apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution because it was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 | ]] | . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 , [[ october 3 ]] | |||||||
| 43116053 | 43124562 | 2006-03-10 12:04:36 | 0 days 01:42:20 | 0|69.138.128.92 | 0 | . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] | and mollested hos | [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / | ||
| 43124562 | 43194836 | 2006-03-10 21:24:43 | 0 days 09:20:07 | 0|206.110.235.21 | 0 | . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] | and mollested hos | [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / | ||
| 43550317 | 43550620 | 2006-03-13 06:02:37 | 0 days 00:02:47 | 635781 | 5 | ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ | october 3 | | october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ | ||
| 47569698 | 47686586 | 2006-04-09 11:25:46 | 0 days 18:40:55 | 86816 | 1 | demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 | ]] | , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by | ||
| 3 | . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] | ]] | [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / | |||||||
| 51997348 | 51998094 | 2006-05-07 16:31:49 | 0 days 00:06:00 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 10 | reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 | [[ | east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref | ||
| 14 | intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , | [[ | barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de | |||||||
| 19 | mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , | < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > | and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around | |||||||
| 51998094 | 51998163 | 2006-05-07 16:32:31 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 223113 | 9 | about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 | [[ | east german mark . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced | ||
| 13 | with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , | [[ | barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower fortification watchtowers , and twenty bunkers . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments | |||||||
| 18 | difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower fortification watchtowers , | < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > | and twenty bunkers . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are | |||||||
| 51998163 | 51999522 | 2006-05-07 16:44:07 | 0 days 00:11:36 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 16 | four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 | ]] | and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . | ||
| 20 | subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 | ]] | , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited | |||||||
| 47 | ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . | |||||||
| 52214065 | 52229625 | 2006-05-08 23:41:59 | 0 days 01:41:12 | 1402196 | 0 | ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , | by brittany freytag | was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ east germany | ||
| 52230634 | 52245238 | 2006-05-09 01:36:36 | 0 days 01:48:21 | 389512 | 1 | ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , | by brittany " gaz " freytag | was arguably the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ east | ||
| 52362173 | 52364421 | 2006-05-09 20:01:35 | 0 days 00:14:02 | 0|24.225.9.211 | 0 | language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ | 1989 | 1970 ' s | ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ | |
| 52364421 | 52367351 | 2006-05-09 20:19:06 | 0 days 00:17:31 | 145855 | 0 | language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ | 1970 ' s | 1989 | ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ | |
| 53141362 | 53157399 | 2006-05-14 15:15:22 | 0 days 02:55:36 | 0|82.82.185.33 | 0 | the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = | hakki kazanci began the construction of the wall ! ! | construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the | ||
| 53168999 | 53179447 | 2006-05-14 18:07:38 | 0 days 01:16:25 | 157842 | 0 | the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = | hakki kazanci began the construction of the wall ! ! | construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the | ||
| 57880127 | 58088350 | 2006-06-11 20:42:36 | 1 days 05:43:44 | 0|66.30.211.110 | 0 | 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , | the communist | [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government | ||
| 58406027 | 58424207 | 2006-06-13 17:38:35 | 0 days 02:00:38 | 59264 | 1 | mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] | , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ | ||
| 2 | ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , | the berlin wall | was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron | |||||||
| 61679517 | 61913575 | 2006-07-03 21:31:57 | 1 days 09:06:51 | 82835 | 13 | communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in | [[ | 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down | ||
| 14 | , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 | ]] | , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | |||||||
| 23 | apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 | ]] | . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , | |||||||
| 63357225 | 63858347 | 2006-07-14 22:07:07 | 2 days 17:42:04 | 1793767 | 8 | the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , | approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] | but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at | ||
| 64681432 | 64682237 | 2006-07-19 16:07:06 | 0 days 00:04:50 | 157842 | 4 | his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speach at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret thatcher ]] , amony | many | others | . the piece of the wall became part of the [[ winston churchill ]] memorial library . one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys | |
| 10 | . = = portion of wall at westminster college = = a small portion of the wall can also bee seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , | [[ | missouri ]] . westminster college is know for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speach at westminster college | |||||||
| 65633170 | 65633547 | 2006-07-24 21:39:57 | 0 days 00:02:12 | 0|65.112.106.194 | 0 | gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret thatcher ]] , | amony | among | others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu | |
| 70203016 | 70228934 | 2006-08-17 14:17:04 | 0 days 03:25:10 | 119174 | 0 | churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . bush ]] , and [[ | margret | margaret | thatcher ]] , among others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http : / / www . westminster | |
| 70267189 | 70267284 | 2006-08-17 18:01:14 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 130684 | 1 | and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] | ) | , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into | ||
| 78107977 | 78108348 | 2006-09-27 14:38:07 | 0 days 00:02:21 | 142220 | 0 | wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] | [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] | that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown | ||
| 79606749 | 79608608 | 2006-10-05 06:59:52 | 0 days 00:18:35 | 21887 | 10 | east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , | [[ | november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was | ||
| 86125050 | 86126158 | 2006-11-06 21:09:35 | 0 days 00:04:58 | 350153 | 1 | wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] | , | that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown | ||
| 86716477 | 86725782 | 2006-11-09 15:23:28 | 0 days 00:53:56 | 2148063 | 0 | the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = | on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . | construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning | ||
| 95089251 | 95090637 | 2006-12-18 14:01:12 | 0 days 00:10:54 | 0|84.64.31.22 | 7 | escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , | and even | one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a | ||
| 110985984 | 111074434 | 2007-02-26 14:03:40 | 0 days 11:02:25 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 0 | , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ | 1961 | 1931 | ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the | |
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 48 | some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , | the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the job , became distracted by other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' | including west berlin . | on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans . | |
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 48 | some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , | the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the job , became distracted by other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' | including west berlin . | on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans . | |
| 111079436 | 111080379 | 2007-02-26 14:54:17 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 0|193.194.158.107 | 48 | some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , | the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the job , became distracted by other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' | including west berlin . | on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans . | |
| 112936932 | 113009009 | 2007-03-06 06:45:43 | 0 days 06:44:54 | 621997 | 0 | successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , | and in | one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of | ||
| 113385689 | 113462887 | 2007-03-08 01:21:56 | 0 days 05:35:39 | 0|134.161.77.27 | 0 | reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , | communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , | zan preston | and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 | |
| 114231078 | 114232094 | 2007-03-11 04:46:14 | 0 days 00:06:38 | 0|192.176.11.14 | 1 | reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , | zan preston | communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , | and paul funke took charge and led the deconstruction of the berlin wall . late in the night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first | |
| 115567915 | 115568150 | 2007-03-16 15:11:51 | 0 days 00:01:04 | 0|170.211.170.126 | 0 | the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = | heather is a slut bag skank | on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : | ||
| 115568150 | 115570458 | 2007-03-16 15:23:05 | 0 days 00:11:14 | 0|70.189.134.83 | 0 | the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = | heather is a slut bag skank | on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : | ||
| 119194198 | 119196685 | 2007-03-31 03:37:08 | 0 days 00:17:34 | 196242 | 12 | zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ | jon walker | united kingdom | | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the | |
| 121051788 | 121058451 | 2007-04-07 21:56:21 | 0 days 00:37:41 | 0|217.132.96.102 | 0 | in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , | [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] | and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on | ||
| 121253825 | 121573640 | 2007-04-10 01:23:04 | 1 days 05:10:35 | 0|137.149.162.10 | 1 | years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ | 1989 | 1647 | ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived | |
| 121573640 | 121573836 | 2007-04-10 01:23:59 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 3269692 | 1 | years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ january 19 ]] , [[ | 1647 | 1989 | ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived | |
| 127961923 | 127967878 | 2007-05-03 15:01:27 | 0 days 00:27:45 | 284038 | 0 | construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | {{ fact }} | . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by | ||
| 130564003 | 130580466 | 2007-05-13 17:59:22 | 0 days 01:27:54 | 12858 | 0 | construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | {{ fact | date = may 2007 }} | . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by | ||
| 132997348 | 133070307 | 2007-05-24 01:07:06 | 0 days 05:44:33 | 129409 | 5 | the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , | and | until | it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german | |
| 8 | . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly | & mdash ; | after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany | ||||||
| 25 | which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 | ]] | , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ | |||||||
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 27 | germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | , | and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more | ||
| 34 | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | , | [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 | |||||||
| 49 | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht | ]] | stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set up a | |||||||
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 66 | / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , | rory ]] | title = stalin ' | 26 september 2007 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license . ( see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . | s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ | |
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 3 | {st@rt} this article is about biological sexes : male , female , etc . | ]] [[ image : berlinermauer | . for alternate uses , such as sexual intercourse , see sex ( disambiguation ) . sexuality portal sex refers to the male and female duality of biology and reproduction . | ||
| 68 | bahasa indonesia interlingua italiano עברית kernewek lëtzebuergesch मराठी nederlands 日本語 plattdüütsch polski português русский simple english slovenščina suomi svenska türkçe vèneto 中文 this page was last modified 12 : 24 , | 26 september 2007 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license . ( see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . | rory ]] | title = stalin ' | s . registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate | ||||||
| 162086635 | 162086828 | 2007-10-03 20:14:23 | 0 days 00:01:00 | 0|142.25.180.23 | 0 | germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 2961 hello katie | and emma | = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before president bush died construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference | ||
| 166091165 | 166163043 | 2007-10-21 23:35:42 | 0 days 05:37:26 | 0|76.211.17.132 | 1 | , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , | communist [[ hungary ]] removed its | the | border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | | |
| 166736883 | 166834669 | 2007-10-24 21:12:29 | 0 days 08:04:35 | 100426 | 1 | intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , | [[ | barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de | ||
| 167284000 | 167330269 | 2007-10-27 00:46:38 | 0 days 04:33:26 | 50001 | 1 | intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , | [[ | barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / | ||
| 172911751 | 172915047 | 2007-11-21 14:57:47 | 0 days 00:22:32 | 137113 | 0 | part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] | {{ fact }} | . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were | ||
| 174243817 | 174244572 | 2007-11-27 23:20:12 | 0 days 00:03:39 | 0|68.210.132.92 | 0 | ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas | dolby | packer | ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which | |
| 174244572 | 174334338 | 2007-11-28 09:37:20 | 0 days 10:17:08 | 137113 | 0 | ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas | packer | dolby | ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which | |
| 175957057 | 175993501 | 2007-12-05 20:16:36 | 0 days 02:49:49 | 0|147.133.205.61 | 0 | of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , | retarded | east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east | ||
| 175993501 | 176001287 | 2007-12-05 20:51:38 | 0 days 00:35:02 | 2537811 | 0 | of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , | retarded | east german leaders met the idiotic soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the | ||
| 179014613 | 179015175 | 2007-12-19 19:26:21 | 0 days 00:02:29 | 0|71.107.178.35 | 0 | of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , | cameron san nicolas | leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should | ||
| 179015175 | 179016000 | 2007-12-19 19:30:21 | 0 days 00:04:00 | 4417781 | 0 | of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , | east german | leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should | ||
| 188238452 | 188247561 | 2008-01-31 22:19:11 | 0 days 00:38:51 | 0|208.102.187.49 | 0 | refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = | ' ' ' | on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " | ||
| 188768514 | 188772780 | 2008-02-03 10:00:42 | 0 days 00:47:48 | 6085301 | 11 | " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , | " ] | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] | ||
| 15 | " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , | < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > | and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments | |||||||
| 197723532 | 197732281 | 2008-03-12 15:22:03 | 0 days 00:45:35 | 3505251 | 1 | wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , | formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . | another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag | construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which | |
| 198362532 | 198983944 | 2008-03-17 23:54:50 | 2 days 17:32:57 | 0|76.205.75.132 | 22 | | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer | zu errichten | ich iterich | ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall | |
| 198983944 | 198984976 | 2008-03-17 23:59:41 | 0 days 00:04:51 | 911178 | 20 | | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staitsrat ]] chairman [[ walter elbe ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niende hat die elsich , neine mauer | ich iterich | zu errichten | ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall | |
| 210975287 | 211222812 | 2008-05-09 09:24:57 | 1 days 03:28:16 | 686868 | 3 | jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and | ' ' ' | , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the | ||
| 218142316 | 219002173 | 2008-06-13 03:31:38 | 3 days 17:20:50 | 205121 | 0 | [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ | sinead | sinéad | o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his | |
| 229217140 | 229650556 | 2008-08-03 21:25:53 | 2 days 08:34:27 | 577301 | 31 | german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 | ]] | , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the | ||
| 63 | ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 | ]] | and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " | |||||||
| 67 | berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 | ]] | . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in | |||||||
| 72 | longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 | ]] | , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , | |||||||
| 77 | peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 | ]] | . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = | |||||||
| 91 | east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred | |||||||
| 106 | the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and | |||||||
| 110 | gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange | |||||||
| 120 | ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 | ]] | . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military | |||||||
| 126 | attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 | ]] | , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the | |||||||
| 136 | wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . | |||||||
| 149 | . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 | ]] | {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the | |||||||
| 154 | , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , | new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ | new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite | |||||||
| 236302681 | 236563607 | 2008-09-06 01:05:55 | 1 days 05:10:07 | 0|69.14.36.41 | 0 | : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] | i have too much pubic hair on my face . | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at | ||
| 236563607 | 236569880 | 2008-09-06 01:48:59 | 0 days 00:43:04 | 852522 | 0 | : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] | i have too much pubic hair on my face . | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at | ||
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 75 | | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , | communist | [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in | ||
| 240242156 | 240250311 | 2008-09-22 16:47:42 | 0 days 00:48:53 | 3505251 | 2 | surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated 14 municipalities of the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] , | including [[ potsdam ]] | listed in counter - clockwise direction | , from west berlin . these municipalities , subdivided by district , are listed in order from north to south : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' | |
| 3 | the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated 14 municipalities of the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , | from | share a border with former | west berlin . these municipalities , subdivided by district , are listed in order from north to south : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ | ||||||
| 245504761 | 245586319 | 2008-10-16 02:40:23 | 0 days 07:05:44 | 292168 | 0 | : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] | = | = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the | ||
| 249088521 | 249352359 | 2008-11-03 06:37:04 | 1 days 06:49:34 | 911178 | 8 | before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 | . | ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 | ||
| 255351460 | 255351569 | 2008-12-02 03:51:07 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 0|68.33.196.243 | 1 | berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : uyfukyfuvj , | hvuyv [[ allied control council ]] | fvc | , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders | |
| 255351569 | 255351633 | 2008-12-02 03:51:29 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 7801357 | 2 | paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : ulfdu , fvc , | jhv ; opjpojlkmni / nin / lkn / inddr | was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone | . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between | |
| 255794738 | 255794996 | 2008-12-04 06:19:57 | 0 days 00:02:18 | 241887 | 2 | . 199 | 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 ]] ( [[ user talk : 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 | talk ]] ) 06 : 17 , | 4 december 2008 ( utc ) < / nowiki > y | from the day | construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref | |
| 256683536 | 256850381 | 2008-12-09 16:11:14 | 0 days 19:57:18 | 4634493 | 0 | germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 | , and | . recent archiological evidence suggests it | was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article | |
| 260620165 | 260986131 | 2008-12-31 00:06:32 | 1 days 18:56:37 | 7662999 | 0 | it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 ]] | [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the [[ berlin wall ]] located on the library grounds ]] | little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft | ||
| 262762670 | 263247726 | 2009-01-10 21:42:09 | 2 days 06:10:03 | 5026668 | 4 | authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , | [[ | conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for | ||
| 5 | permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann | ]] | was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and | |||||||
| 265328211 | 265375952 | 2009-01-20 23:03:51 | 0 days 04:21:53 | 0|65.31.228.149 | 11 | shot down in midair by soldiers . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ | octopussy | octo | ]] . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip | |
| 265375952 | 265376259 | 2009-01-20 23:05:34 | 0 days 00:01:43 | 4928500 | 12 | shot down in midair by soldiers . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ | octo | octopussy | ]] . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip | |
| 265376259 | 265376312 | 2009-01-20 23:05:48 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 0|65.31.228.149 | 8 | shot down in midair by soldiers . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ | octopussy | octo | ]] . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip | |
| 265376312 | 265376378 | 2009-01-20 23:06:12 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 118722 | 9 | shot down in midair by soldiers . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ | octo | octopussy | ]] . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip | |
| 267777243 | 267777804 | 2009-02-01 06:03:25 | 0 days 00:04:25 | 214542 | 3 | the wall ]] " . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octopussy ]] | ' ' | . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip . | ||
| 269655083 | 269718055 | 2009-02-10 06:33:53 | 0 days 06:39:45 | 0|137.215.6.53 | 0 | of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . | fetcher | fechter | ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would | |
| 270266414 | 270320669 | 2009-02-12 23:01:02 | 0 days 04:39:16 | 0|216.77.203.11 | 0 | : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] | hiiiii and i like toes ! | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin | ||
| 270337066 | 270344001 | 2009-02-13 01:09:48 | 0 days 00:40:33 | 8970988 | 0 | : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin | |||
| 270345564 | 271135545 | 2009-02-16 16:05:26 | 3 days 14:46:18 | 1104957 | 0 | authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , | [[ | conrad schumann was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable | ||
| 1 | longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , conrad schumann | ]] | was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and | |||||||
| 276265321 | 276265514 | 2009-03-10 13:29:47 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 12 | , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . | html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures | . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik | ||
| 277800121 | 277801434 | 2009-03-17 04:37:08 | 0 days 00:10:33 | 0|72.12.135.231 | 0 | west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between | the | [[ usa ]] ( and it ' s allies ) and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - | ||
| 277903755 | 277906414 | 2009-03-17 17:34:06 | 0 days 00:11:27 | 6984319 | 0 | west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between | the | [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began | ||
| 278705102 | 278746206 | 2009-03-21 15:19:56 | 0 days 06:04:55 | 6984319 | 3 | / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , | 165 | 186 | , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . | |
| 4 | > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , | 000 | 715 | in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / | ||||||
| 5 | the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , | 182 | 186 | , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / | ||||||
| 6 | border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , | 000 | 441 | in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . | ||||||
| 8 | , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , | 000 | 086 | in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und | ||||||
| 279058833 | 279124770 | 2009-03-23 10:55:07 | 0 days 09:35:13 | 3505251 | 3 | ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , | 186 | 165 | , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . | |
| 4 | taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , | 715 | 000 | in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / | ||||||
| 5 | zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , | 186 | 182 | , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / | ||||||
| 6 | between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , | 441 | 000 | in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . | ||||||
| 8 | the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , | 086 | 000 | in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und | ||||||
| 279124770 | 279160858 | 2009-03-23 15:09:45 | 0 days 04:14:38 | 6984319 | 3 | / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , | 165 | 186 | , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . | |
| 4 | > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , | 000 | 715 | in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / | ||||||
| 5 | the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , | 182 | 186 | , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / | ||||||
| 6 | border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , | 000 | 441 | in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . | ||||||
| 8 | , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , | 000 | 086 | in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und | ||||||
| 279160858 | 279162751 | 2009-03-23 15:21:43 | 0 days 00:11:58 | 3505251 | 3 | ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , | 186 | 165 | , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . | |
| 4 | taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , | 715 | 000 | in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / | ||||||
| 5 | zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , | 186 | 182 | , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / | ||||||
| 6 | between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , | 441 | 000 | in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . | ||||||
| 8 | the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , | 086 | 000 | in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und | ||||||
| 279717154 | 279717291 | 2009-03-26 01:51:18 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 0|71.192.229.229 | 0 | : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] | = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall " = = an seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet block nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} the speech is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . < ref > http : / / www . reaganlibrary . com / reagan / speeches / wall . asp < / ref > | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it | ||
| 280764248 | 280886430 | 2009-03-31 16:22:09 | 0 days 15:34:58 | 9349949 | 2 | the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent august 28 , 1958 , | letter | to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | ||
| 298826489 | 298845873 | 2009-06-26 23:43:35 | 0 days 02:18:11 | 24204 | 0 | 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , | < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > | that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . | ||
| 300484953 | 300485855 | 2009-07-05 22:25:18 | 0 days 00:05:57 | 145194 | 7 | : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 | ]] | . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity | ||
| 303769446 | 303808186 | 2009-07-23 20:46:49 | 0 days 03:35:51 | 7382148 | 1 | protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . little known protester , carolyn schneider | , | would often rally for the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite | ||
| 315336961 | 315504920 | 2009-09-22 13:41:29 | 0 days 19:25:53 | 764861 | 2 | new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , [[ 1991 | ]] | * [[ paradigm shift ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = | ||
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 29 | = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , | [[ | 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist | ||
| 48 | | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , | [[ | 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref | |||||||
| 163 | also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , | [[ | october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin | |||||||
| 179 | of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 | . however | , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 | |||||||
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 25 | ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of [[ february 21 ]] , [[ 1947 | ]] | . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the | ||
| 29 | 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , | |||||||
| 31 | of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 | ]] | . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of | |||||||
| 35 | - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1949 | ]] | , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and | |||||||
| 39 | < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on [[ april 1 ]] , [[ 1952 | ]] | , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east | |||||||
| 43 | ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on [[ december 11 ]] , [[ 1957 | ]] | that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by | |||||||
| 47 | of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on [[ august 28 ]] , [[ 1958 | ]] | , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ | |||||||
| 51 | : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 | ]] | . ]] on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of | |||||||
| 58 | ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on [[ august 1 ]] , [[ 1961 | ]] | , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages | |||||||
| 70 | ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 | ]] | . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] | |||||||
| 81 | and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] , [[ 1961 | ]] | . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle | |||||||
| 101 | permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 | ]] | , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , | |||||||
| 105 | 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at | |||||||
| 109 | seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on [[ june 12 ]] , [[ 1987 | ]] | . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{ | |||||||
| 113 | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref | |||||||
| 117 | monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred | |||||||
| 136 | brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 21 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer | |||||||
| 140 | of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive | |||||||
| 152 | attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 | ]] | , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german | |||||||
| 162 | concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , which included the final movement of [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s | |||||||
| 179 | ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 2009 | ]] | , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles | |||||||
| 323553877 | 323566540 | 2009-11-02 22:58:43 | 0 days 01:00:45 | 6340927 | 0 | day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , | a member of | the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly | ||
| 324942089 | 324949378 | 2009-11-10 00:33:49 | 0 days 00:39:52 | 0|71.112.226.115 | 0 | | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] | president | john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics | ||
| 324951791 | 324951813 | 2009-11-10 00:48:35 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 8214624 | 6 | | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] | president | john f . kennedy acknowledged in a speech on july 25th , 1961 < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / | ||
| 333200951 | 333201260 | 2009-12-22 05:38:54 | 0 days 00:02:59 | 0|64.41.2.99 | 1 | people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [[ junkers ]] | s | , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w | ||
| 343535162 | 343773536 | 2010-02-13 17:47:19 | 1 days 04:57:14 | 5326371 | 26 | < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 | , | ; | 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / | |
| 27 | of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 | , | ; | 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . | ||||||
| 28 | zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 | ; | and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler | |||||||
| 34 | = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , | within which | the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime | |||||||
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 13 | john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , | us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged | postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months | ||
| 343781933 | 343782709 | 2010-02-13 18:35:30 | 0 days 00:04:59 | 5326371 | 3 | > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims with graffiti , 1982 ]] | later successful escape attempts used | east germans successfully escaped by | a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight | |
| 343784334 | 343784856 | 2010-02-13 18:48:35 | 0 days 00:03:09 | 5326371 | 9 | the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . palestinians in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , | [[ | west bank pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] , in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref | ||
| 347133221 | 347136856 | 2010-03-01 18:40:55 | 0 days 00:19:09 | 5177550 | 2 | one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ crack heads ]] , [[ the stoners ]] , [[ | the man whores | france | ]] and the [[ damn commies ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite | |
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 59 | global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn | = | 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | ||
| 356338854 | 356339026 | 2010-04-16 07:51:04 | 0 days 00:01:47 | 0|97.103.168.242 | 0 | 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , | the berlin wall was constructed to prevent the theft of high fives . | first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an | ||
| 356339026 | 356340188 | 2010-04-16 08:04:04 | 0 days 00:13:00 | 3308922 | 1 | 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , | the berlin wall was constructed to prevent the theft of high fives . | first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an | ||
| 361665081 | 361779090 | 2010-05-12 23:36:12 | 0 days 11:26:33 | 0|64.252.65.146 | 0 | of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers | , | etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could | ||
| 365795613 | 365892970 | 2010-06-03 20:14:53 | 0 days 11:24:49 | 0|198.235.178.54 | 0 | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in | 1961 | 1962 | , and completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet | |
| 365892970 | 365893156 | 2010-06-03 20:15:56 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 0|198.235.178.54 | 0 | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in | 1962 | 1961 | , and completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet | |
| 365935108 | 366083032 | 2010-06-04 21:09:55 | 0 days 20:17:25 | 0|24.20.116.168 | 0 | ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1961 , | and | completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated | ||
| 366474355 | 366509890 | 2010-06-07 06:39:26 | 0 days 04:43:55 | 0|124.171.154.106 | 0 | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1961 | august 13 | , completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - | ||
| 366521234 | 366522148 | 2010-06-07 08:36:01 | 0 days 00:08:43 | 6971250 | 4 | former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ tunnel , the ]] ' ' , 2001 - | superb | dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , the wall . film by r . s . richter * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments | ||
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 30 | november 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and | , | in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . | ||
| 37 | had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise ( | 1 | nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 | |||||||
| 41 | of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] | 9 | november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the | |||||||
| 73 | the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields | , | and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing | |||||||
| 82 | of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers | , | etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could | |||||||
| 399625658 | 399637116 | 2010-11-30 02:28:33 | 0 days 01:09:45 | 7328338 | 1 | / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn : 9780582315693 , isbn | : | 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & | ||
| 418362137 | 418362289 | 2011-03-11 22:02:40 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 14143658 | 1 | a million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub ( henslin , 07 ) | . | meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in | ||
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 24 | schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes " ; north sports final edition associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : | 23 | jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall : she died | ||
| 90 | = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration | ]] | , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | |||||||
| 104 | and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark | ]] | ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be | |||||||
| 438816969 | 439163215 | 2011-07-12 22:11:43 | 1 days 23:24:49 | 42558 | 1 | same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on 17 november 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , | a spokesperson | the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman | for the politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . | |
| 444619121 | 444827910 | 2011-08-14 17:10:20 | 1 days 04:20:43 | 10289486 | 2 | | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 | [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] | or about 3 , 638 , 000 us $ . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft | ||
| 445092140 | 445097289 | 2011-08-16 04:28:36 | 0 days 00:53:53 | 9243491 | 1 | 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = [ august 13 , 2011 , | event ( | germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom and a minute of silence honored those who died trying to flee to the west . " it is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again " , entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom ” , proclaimed president wulff . . " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe / germany / 8699626 / germany - marks - 50th - anniversary - of - berlin - wall . html | title = germany marks 50th anniversary of berlin wall | publisher = uk telegraph | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . foxnews . com / world / 2011 / 08 / 13 / germany - marks - construction - berlin - wall - 1271894147 / | title = germany marks construction of the berlin wall | publisher = ap | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / news / 2011 / 08 / 11 / reflecting - on - the - berlin - wall - 50 - years - after - its - construction / | title = reflecting on the berlin wall , | 50 years ago , construction began ) ] . . . . . . . ( adding text and refs . ) = = = cultural differences = = = for | |
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 34 | , waiting for favorable winds and taking a [[ night crossing | hot air balloon ]] , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and | , | in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind | ||
| 615294848 | 615295062 | 2014-07-02 13:45:45 | 0 days 00:01:52 | 7669583 | 0 | , with guests including [[ bon jovi ]] , [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ | cyndi lauper ]] , [[ | thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . over the | ||
| 623943583 | 629623801 | 2014-10-14 20:43:44 | 41 days 18:59:13 | 5495886 | 0 | use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . finally , at 10 : 45 pm , | [[ harald jäger ]] , the commander of the [[ bornholmer straße border crossing ]] yielded , allowing for | the guards yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . as the ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] | ||
| 633124700 | 633132744 | 2014-11-09 20:10:48 | 0 days 00:59:02 | 2012100 | 12 | ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , | and | [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . | ||
| 640243071 | 641499497 | 2015-01-08 00:05:29 | 8 days 09:29:01 | 2705932 | 11 | million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) | the longtime leader of east germany | at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , the | ||
| 41 | million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) | meanwhile | , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague | |||||||
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 33 | name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ revolutions | of 1989 | a series of radical political changes | ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power |
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| 1012031 | 1092751 | 2003-06-08 12:37:20 | 31 days 17:34:08 | 9244 | 40 | ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / | www . wall - berlin . og ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] | ||
| 1250101 | 1282616 | 2003-08-06 14:54:51 | 10 days 20:16:02 | 18489 | 0 | org / www . wall - berlin . og ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] | * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] | ||
| 1393212 | 1534932 | 2003-09-05 00:59:03 | 12 days 16:43:23 | 16445 | 0 | dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] | * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] | ||
| 1554867 | 1596399 | 2003-10-12 06:16:53 | 1 days 15:08:45 | 0|216.27.177.24 | 0 | berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] | * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] | ||
| 2302553 | 2389072 | 2004-02-04 20:21:06 | 20 days 18:36:29 | 0|82.82.126.150 | 0 | http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] | * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall | ||
| 2389084 | 2440574 | 2004-02-14 11:15:31 | 0 days 00:01:45 | 14486 | 0 | by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = related articles = = * [[ berlin ]] = = external | link | links | = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www |
| 2440574 | 2497657 | 2004-02-19 04:27:57 | 4 days 17:12:26 | 35188 | 2 | austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . | leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , | [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and he was replaced by a short - lived successor [[ egon krenz ]] a few | |
| 5 | in the fall of 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and he was replaced by a short - lived successor | , | [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were somewhat lifted by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | ||||||
| 3800134 | 3800736 | 2004-05-31 10:22:36 | 0 days 18:49:48 | 3808 | 33 | obviously wasn ' t achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = | related articles | see also | = = * [[ berlin ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin |
| 4016839 | 4016845 | 2004-06-10 12:45:25 | 0 days 00:01:06 | 0|151.188.16.51 | 0 | wall , which obviously was not achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] | ||
| 4016845 | 4050087 | 2004-06-10 12:46:07 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 0|151.188.16.51 | 0 | wall , which obviously was not achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] | ||
| 4705728 | 4728651 | 2004-07-18 08:33:17 | 5 days 16:18:12 | 0|203.103.193.193 | 0 | a family ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on | augist | august | 17 [[ 1962 ]] . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . |
| 6069019 | 6069215 | 2004-09-22 14:39:40 | 0 days 16:41:50 | 0|207.160.227.2 | 0 | pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] | blah bop bop | ||
| 6069215 | 6103099 | 2004-09-22 14:50:33 | 0 days 00:10:53 | 23616 | 0 | pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] | blah bop bop | ||
| 11746206 | 11747812 | 2005-04-01 03:30:23 | 2 days 11:22:10 | 225848 | 2 | the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of | 80m near | [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] | |
| 28 | berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . | = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , also called as ' ' ode to joy ' ' , with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in | [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] | ||||||
| 32 | . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . | fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html / personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]] | |||||||
| 11747812 | 11751790 | 2005-04-01 04:25:04 | 0 days 00:54:41 | 28107 | 27 | = aftermath = = not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of | 80m near | the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] | [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and |
| 29 | . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . | fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html / personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]] | |||||||
| 18607525 | 18615057 | 2005-07-11 18:24:45 | 0 days 02:00:04 | 116385 | 9 | # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : | берлински зид | ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]] | |
| 23800360 | 23988638 | 2005-09-25 11:46:04 | 2 days 09:27:45 | 271058 | 0 | berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ | ko | nn | : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl |
| 24151055 | 24156661 | 2005-09-27 13:29:22 | 0 days 01:47:28 | 0|205.202.36.246 | 73 | of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . | the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released & mdash ; for a price & mdash ; at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin _ s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin _ u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost stations ]] ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin there . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . when asked who this would apply to etc . he couldn ' t answer because he really didn ' t know ( he had been on vacation as previously noted ) . and at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when this would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be the same day . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to hold the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhof ]] performed his song ' ' looking for freedom ' ' , which was very popular in germany at that time , stand on the berlin wall . david hasselhof has later ( perhaps jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 24156661 | 24156863 | 2005-09-27 13:33:41 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 340905 | 73 | the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at friedrichstra in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . | the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released & mdash ; for a price & mdash ; at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin _ s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin _ u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost stations ]] ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin there . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . when asked who this would apply to etc . he couldn ' t answer because he really didn ' t know ( he had been on vacation as previously noted ) . and at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when this would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be the same day . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to hold the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhof ]] performed his song ' ' looking for freedom ' ' , which was very popular in germany at that time , stand on the berlin wall . david hasselhof has later ( perhaps jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 24618114 | 24828196 | 2005-10-05 18:04:22 | 2 days 13:19:55 | 0|24.51.178.10 | 9 | 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . | [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 24828196 | 24828244 | 2005-10-05 18:05:02 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 94806 | 9 | 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . | [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 24828279 | 24828564 | 2005-10-05 18:10:39 | 0 days 00:05:08 | 0|24.51.178.10 | 11 | 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . | [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 24828564 | 24828569 | 2005-10-05 18:10:52 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 94806 | 11 | 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . | [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 27961617 | 27964176 | 2005-11-10 22:22:28 | 0 days 00:23:17 | 246113 | 3 | {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ | octember 76 | november 16 | ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' |
| 37796258 | 37828716 | 2006-02-02 10:58:24 | 0 days 06:20:16 | 471054 | 5 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on june 7 , 2003 | berlin wall on [[ june | 7 | ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was | |
| 40238750 | 40248977 | 2006-02-19 05:54:32 | 0 days 01:40:08 | 0|203.87.204.114 | 1 | honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later | . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on all the protesting or this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he did not really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to have held the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( probably not even jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall remembered those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system a around 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ gdr border system ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 40248977 | 40249035 | 2006-02-19 05:55:16 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 309415 | 0 | honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later | . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on all the protesting or this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he did not really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to have held the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( probably not even jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall remembered those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system a around 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ gdr border system ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 40814212 | 40814314 | 2006-02-23 04:38:46 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 386031 | 75 | autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by | a successor , | [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , | |
| 77 | successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . | however , | [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on all the protesting or | ||||||
| 40946642 | 40949144 | 2006-02-24 01:42:58 | 0 days 00:21:46 | 304316 | 25 | ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] | * [[ ghost station ]] | * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / > | |
| 41742631 | 41742704 | 2006-03-01 12:27:13 | 0 days 00:01:00 | 0|212.219.250.36 | 0 | and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = = = escape attempts | and the like | = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo | |
| 41742704 | 41742834 | 2006-03-01 12:28:40 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 0|212.219.250.36 | 0 | and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = = = escape attempts | and the like | = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo | |
| 42309097 | 42336641 | 2006-03-05 13:06:23 | 0 days 06:06:51 | 686868 | 6 | limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin accessible to westerners was the | most famous being | [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at | |
| 42744056 | 42815657 | 2006-03-08 15:04:26 | 0 days 12:35:00 | 0|212.205.252.185 | 1 | category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] | {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 42815657 | 42842651 | 2006-03-08 18:40:06 | 0 days 03:35:40 | 292494 | 1 | category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] | {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 43706232 | 43741933 | 2006-03-14 15:53:30 | 0 days 06:21:49 | 0|209.7.107.26 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | you smell ! | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy | |
| 43741933 | 43751003 | 2006-03-14 17:04:20 | 0 days 01:10:50 | 209785 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | you smell ! | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy | |
| 44739550 | 44739797 | 2006-03-21 00:42:31 | 0 days 00:01:41 | 0|68.154.38.227 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | do you get it ? ! the same year ! ! ! | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy | |
| 44739797 | 44746100 | 2006-03-21 01:34:16 | 0 days 00:51:45 | 0|68.82.36.154 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | do you get it ? ! the same year ! ! ! | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy | |
| 44756611 | 44756764 | 2006-03-21 03:01:33 | 0 days 00:01:08 | 0|68.154.38.227 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | : ) | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy | |
| 44756764 | 44761040 | 2006-03-21 03:36:25 | 0 days 00:34:52 | 21887 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | : ) | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy | |
| 53575114 | 53610363 | 2006-05-17 01:16:10 | 0 days 04:00:16 | 0|205.188.117.13 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | & hearts ; | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 53610363 | 53610479 | 2006-05-17 01:16:53 | 0 days 00:00:43 | 0|205.188.117.13 | 0 | union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . & hearts ; | ( cc ) chicky copyright | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 53610479 | 53610865 | 2006-05-17 01:19:41 | 0 days 00:02:48 | 1008387 | 0 | union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . & hearts ; | ( cc ) chicky copyright | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 53610865 | 53645846 | 2006-05-17 06:59:26 | 0 days 05:39:45 | 92511 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | & hearts ; | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 54043685 | 54067486 | 2006-05-19 18:21:48 | 0 days 02:53:27 | 0|158.59.210.49 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | it was all approved by a faggot ass mother fucker . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 54067486 | 54067993 | 2006-05-19 18:25:33 | 0 days 00:03:45 | 0|158.59.210.49 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | it was all approved by a faggot ass mother fucker . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 54107483 | 54268993 | 2006-05-20 23:49:24 | 1 days 00:45:45 | 0|69.124.27.151 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | < math > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - # redirect [[ < nowiki > < math > [[ image : = = = = = = = = | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 54268993 | 54269525 | 2006-05-20 23:53:19 | 0 days 00:03:55 | 1008387 | 2 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | < math > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - # redirect [[ < nowiki > < math > [[ image : = = = = = = = = | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 55031131 | 55072830 | 2006-05-25 14:37:25 | 0 days 07:25:09 | 0|168.170.196.71 | 0 | platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north | at | assat | [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance |
| 55072830 | 55073990 | 2006-05-25 14:46:18 | 0 days 00:08:53 | 1008387 | 0 | platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north | assat | at | [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance |
| 55867956 | 55920128 | 2006-05-30 12:50:57 | 0 days 08:17:49 | 0|70.91.131.209 | 0 | up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically | divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlinwall aster 2002aug22 lrg . jpg | thumb | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there used to be eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways useable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference ; when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new border crossings the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : borders ]] [[ category : articles containing fair use images ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 55920128 | 55920349 | 2006-05-30 12:52:38 | 0 days 00:01:41 | 1008387 | 0 | up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically | divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlinwall aster 2002aug22 lrg . jpg | thumb | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there used to be eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways useable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference ; when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new border crossings the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : borders ]] [[ category : articles containing fair use images ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 62972351 | 63027662 | 2006-07-10 11:10:31 | 0 days 09:24:57 | 0|67.149.158.118 | 0 | com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 63027662 | 63027687 | 2006-07-10 11:10:52 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 203358 | 0 | com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 70267284 | 70291423 | 2006-08-17 20:23:08 | 0 days 02:21:54 | 0|169.139.176.84 | 0 | berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] | = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo horma ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 70291423 | 70291818 | 2006-08-17 20:25:22 | 0 days 00:02:14 | 1667821 | 0 | berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] | = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo horma ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 83835783 | 83837476 | 2006-10-26 13:23:30 | 0 days 00:13:08 | 686868 | 6 | if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . | on the same day , the ministerial administration modified that proposal to include private travels . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . | [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had | |
| 85456438 | 85490134 | 2006-11-03 16:13:21 | 0 days 04:14:14 | 0|66.44.161.178 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | ' ' ' eric is gay ! ! ! ! ! ' ' ' | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 85491034 | 85493361 | 2006-11-03 16:30:42 | 0 days 00:12:25 | 1008387 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | erin ' s better ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 85493361 | 85506823 | 2006-11-03 17:45:12 | 0 days 01:14:30 | 0|84.177.194.94 | 7 | : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - | mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo horma ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 85506823 | 85507378 | 2006-11-03 17:48:19 | 0 days 00:03:07 | 0|84.177.194.94 | 6 | , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . | mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo horma ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 86859769 | 86949737 | 2006-11-10 15:32:30 | 0 days 12:43:04 | 0|89.51.186.116 | 0 | jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at | the glienicke bridge ( ' ' | glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check | |
| 87991523 | 87994645 | 2006-11-15 15:18:19 | 0 days 00:19:07 | 847895 | 2 | was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = down with the berlin wall | was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended | |
| 92585081 | 92645291 | 2006-12-07 06:22:24 | 0 days 05:44:24 | 0|129.1.208.200 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | nic taggie nicknamed jay the " korean wall " during a street hockey game when he meant the berlin wall . the nickname stuck and has lasted ever since . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 92646910 | 92647253 | 2006-12-07 06:39:14 | 0 days 00:02:56 | 1199710 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | nic taggie nicknamed jay the " korean wall " during a street hockey game when he meant the berlin wall . the nickname stuck and has lasted ever since . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 92647645 | 92647674 | 2006-12-07 06:43:01 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 0|129.1.208.200 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | wikipedia please stop deleting my work , the world must know about nic and his " korean wall " nickname for jay as a hockey goaltender . after all , the name was brought about because of confusion over the berlin wall . please stop being bitches and let this stay . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 92647674 | 92647828 | 2006-12-07 06:44:20 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 1199710 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | wikipedia please stop deleting my work , the world must know about nic and his " korean wall " nickname for jay as a hockey goaltender . after all , the name was brought about because of confusion over the berlin wall . please stop being bitches and let this stay . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 93876848 | 93880292 | 2006-12-12 19:52:20 | 0 days 00:14:37 | 0|72.20.141.105 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | shana is wierd ! ! ! | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 93881175 | 93881282 | 2006-12-12 19:57:01 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 198194 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | shana is wierd ! ! ! | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 94389378 | 94443968 | 2006-12-15 04:16:23 | 0 days 05:06:11 | 0|71.251.242.195 | 1 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | = = = = = = = = | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 99129756 | 99137429 | 2007-01-07 18:28:55 | 0 days 00:36:37 | 0|74.117.24.31 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | < gallery > image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 < / gallery > | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 99137429 | 99152844 | 2007-01-07 19:42:40 | 0 days 01:13:45 | 302522 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | < gallery > image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 < / gallery > | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 99737979 | 99757174 | 2007-01-10 13:35:33 | 0 days 03:15:04 | 0|168.216.41.11 | 1 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | frau bailey quit her job and joined a necromatical sex cult ! | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 99757174 | 99757249 | 2007-01-10 13:36:09 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 128863 | 1 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | frau bailey quit her job and joined a necromatical sex cult ! | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 100000629 | 100114258 | 2007-01-12 00:20:16 | 0 days 09:04:28 | 0|64.228.195.105 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | ass ass ass | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 100114258 | 100114349 | 2007-01-12 00:20:45 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 991086 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | ass ass ass | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 100887174 | 100916417 | 2007-01-15 18:33:14 | 0 days 02:34:19 | 2810123 | 2 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | jesus . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 100916417 | 100920432 | 2007-01-15 18:53:45 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 2 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | jesus . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 53 | term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = | * < s > | november 10 | [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] |
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 53 | term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = | * < s > | november 10 | [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] |
| 111077007 | 111079436 | 2007-02-26 14:44:18 | 0 days 00:21:12 | 0|199.104.209.62 | 0 | wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . | = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] | this shit is nothing but lies don ' t believe this crap ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | |
| 111079436 | 111080379 | 2007-02-26 14:54:17 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 0|193.194.158.107 | 52 | wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . | this shit is nothing but lies don ' t believe this crap ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |
| 111196973 | 111243428 | 2007-02-27 03:05:37 | 0 days 03:27:28 | 0|71.211.223.181 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | england is far superior to poland . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 111243428 | 111243489 | 2007-02-27 03:05:58 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 345374 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | england is far superior to poland . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 111407321 | 111407534 | 2007-02-27 20:40:52 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 302522 | 0 | [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = | mrs ramsay tell them to stop over writing me | construction begins , 1961 | = = = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and |
| 112425941 | 112454237 | 2007-03-04 00:54:45 | 0 days 02:13:45 | 0|63.215.27.155 | 0 | com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 112454237 | 112464865 | 2007-03-04 01:49:57 | 0 days 00:55:12 | 284135 | 0 | com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 112716989 | 112935331 | 2007-03-05 23:53:50 | 0 days 21:07:59 | 0|67.177.105.103 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | < math > insert formula here < / math > | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 112935331 | 112936932 | 2007-03-06 00:00:49 | 0 days 00:06:59 | 2198470 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | < math > insert formula here < / math > | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 113114464 | 113120365 | 2007-03-06 19:02:44 | 0 days 00:24:08 | 0|206.123.204.226 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | for mor info . on the first albino mexican call 970 - 884 - 2564 | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 113120365 | 113138879 | 2007-03-06 20:23:39 | 0 days 01:20:55 | 1265360 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | for mor info . on the first albino mexican call 970 - 884 - 2564 | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 113475667 | 113475754 | 2007-03-08 02:25:43 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 0|68.18.0.87 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | poopie ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = = poopsed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 114836126 | 114852047 | 2007-03-13 18:17:45 | 0 days 01:06:46 | 0|151.188.16.26 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | and shannon is the coolest person ever . same with ashna . you ' re just jealous | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 114852047 | 114856947 | 2007-03-13 18:40:29 | 0 days 00:22:44 | 911178 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | and shannon is the coolest person ever . same with ashna . you ' re just jealous | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 115589605 | 115708717 | 2007-03-17 02:59:59 | 0 days 10:08:11 | 0|192.228.185.208 | 0 | com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | = = | |
| 115708717 | 115708771 | 2007-03-17 03:00:22 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 979770 | 6 | com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " | = = | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |
| 116663804 | 116668276 | 2007-03-21 00:50:34 | 0 days 00:20:06 | 351312 | 1 | from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . - - [[ | user : 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 | 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 | peter fechter | ]] 00 : 30 , 21 march 2007 ( utc ) i like chocolate ! = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing |
| 119194198 | 119196685 | 2007-03-31 03:37:08 | 0 days 00:17:34 | 196242 | 9 | remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : | the | [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]] | |
| 10 | of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : [[ | brendon urie | united states | | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]] . the old | |||||
| 123570932 | 123623370 | 2007-04-17 20:25:12 | 0 days 03:20:46 | 0|70.162.132.231 | 0 | walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , | hello peoples | [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] | |
| 123623370 | 123623472 | 2007-04-17 20:25:33 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 645017 | 0 | walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , | hello peoples | [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] | |
| 123829798 | 123830148 | 2007-04-18 15:41:14 | 0 days 00:01:23 | 0|209.66.200.83 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | > > > > > > > > www . chubbybear . com < < < < < < < < < . . . . . for more info . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 123830148 | 123849129 | 2007-04-18 16:58:40 | 0 days 01:17:26 | 302522 | 2 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | > > > > > > > > www . chubbybear . com < < < < < < < < < . . . . . for more info . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 127967878 | 127976135 | 2007-05-03 15:37:17 | 0 days 00:35:50 | 0|68.192.33.121 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | heyy yoo ` = ) thisss be mary holleringgg at thiss pagee , , haha . . . best damn information yu can ever gettt mann . . yu noe yuu lovee it like whoaa ! so dont yu be playingg mann , cuz ' yu noe it aint right = / tisk tisk . . lmao . . love ya ' ll < 333 | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 127976135 | 127976672 | 2007-05-03 15:39:35 | 0 days 00:02:18 | 0|68.192.33.121 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | heyy this is anngiie babiie whoot whoot ! ! this is the fo realliest best site eevvaaa ! ! ya maaann ! ! i love this siite ! ! kk biiie looove yoooh < 333 tiffany was here < 3333333333333333333333333yeah yo fo shizzle | heyy yoo ` = ) thisss be mary holleringgg at thiss pagee , , haha . . . best damn information yu can ever gettt mann . . yu noe yuu | |
| 127976915 | 127992744 | 2007-05-03 16:49:37 | 0 days 01:08:57 | 0|216.64.169.240 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | yooo wassuppp this is anngiie babiie whoot whoot ! ! this is the fo realliest best site eevvaaa ! ! ya maaann ! ! i love this siite ! ! kk biiie looove yoooh < 333 tiffany was here < 3333333333333333333333333yeah yo fo shizzle heyy yoo ` = ) thisss be mary holleringgg at thiss pagee , , haha . . . best damn information yu can ever gettt mann . . yu noe yuu lovee it like whoaa ! so dont yu be playingg mann , cuz ' yu noe it aint right = / tisk tisk . . lmao . . love ya ' ll < 333 | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 127992744 | 128043670 | 2007-05-03 20:30:16 | 0 days 03:40:39 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 3 | was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to | be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | do | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' |
| 128044362 | 128044374 | 2007-05-03 20:32:44 | 0 days 00:00:03 | 1614547 | 5 | | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of the war the germans decided to go make some brownies that they thoguht would be interesting to | do | be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' |
| 129354253 | 129366217 | 2007-05-08 22:25:05 | 0 days 00:54:51 | 0|71.234.214.112 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | germany kicks assss bitchessss | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 129366217 | 129366302 | 2007-05-08 22:25:31 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 2372073 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | germany kicks assss bitchessss | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 129554675 | 129554933 | 2007-05-09 16:37:49 | 0 days 00:01:02 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 129555699 | 129555771 | 2007-05-09 16:41:06 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 2073927 | 3 | user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ | user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | social market economy | ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 |
| 129949358 | 129954281 | 2007-05-10 22:39:14 | 0 days 00:18:48 | 0|12.176.89.237 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | this stuff is crap | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 129954281 | 129954619 | 2007-05-10 22:40:30 | 0 days 00:01:16 | 0|12.176.89.237 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | this stuff is crap | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 130123030 | 130123251 | 2007-05-11 16:47:08 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 0|209.184.226.15 | 1 | _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and | stories | kstories | 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side |
| 130123251 | 130124262 | 2007-05-11 16:51:40 | 0 days 00:04:32 | 2073927 | 1 | _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and | kstories | stories | 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side |
| 132298502 | 132440511 | 2007-05-21 14:08:15 | 0 days 16:48:29 | 0|69.88.90.2 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | ' ' ' alle die leute leibst meinem schwanze alle die jahr , und tag fur funf jahr . ' ' ' | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 132440511 | 132450928 | 2007-05-21 15:05:51 | 0 days 00:57:36 | 979695 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | ' ' ' alle die leute leibst meinem schwanze alle die jahr , und tag fur funf jahr . ' ' ' | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 133071645 | 133072963 | 2007-05-24 01:21:37 | 0 days 00:07:22 | 715870 | 7 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 | november | ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the | |
| 133073625 | 133074114 | 2007-05-24 01:27:50 | 0 days 00:02:33 | 715870 | 7 | the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 | june | ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand | |
| 138718813 | 138718856 | 2007-06-17 07:32:59 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 0|125.238.36.152 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | poop | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 138723953 | 138725085 | 2007-06-17 08:35:55 | 0 days 00:12:29 | 1400373 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | poop | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 138879702 | 138934720 | 2007-06-18 08:20:16 | 0 days 07:15:27 | 0|121.72.139.61 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | heaps of people eat poos for breakfast lunch and tea . when thirsty they drink some pee . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 138934720 | 138934785 | 2007-06-18 08:20:53 | 0 days 00:00:37 | 317054 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | heaps of people eat poos for breakfast lunch and tea . when thirsty they drink some pee . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 146287097 | 146344832 | 2007-07-22 17:09:21 | 0 days 07:36:21 | 0|76.111.26.72 | 0 | [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . | the above red panel words read ; " god ! help me stay alive . " | ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint | |
| 155659633 | 155851144 | 2007-09-05 15:13:56 | 0 days 22:11:28 | 0|207.157.119.20 | 0 | republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . | and i like pasta . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 155851144 | 155853769 | 2007-09-05 15:29:23 | 0 days 00:15:27 | 294180 | 0 | republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . | and i like pasta . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 155853769 | 156050532 | 2007-09-06 13:50:20 | 0 days 22:20:57 | 0|69.246.212.189 | 1 | gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = | notes | bad | = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | |
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 73 | " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by | georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupation ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | people like you . please donate today . | |
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 76 | inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by | people like you . please donate today . | georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupation ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |
| 161588251 | 161588587 | 2007-10-01 16:31:59 | 0 days 00:01:55 | 0|142.25.180.48 | 0 | republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . | luke skywalker defeated the nazis with the force . later that day , luke died of aids . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 161592987 | 161593149 | 2007-10-01 16:54:19 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 5451838 | 4 | republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . | luke skywalker defeated the nazis with the force . later that day , luke died of aids . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 164330493 | 165005648 | 2007-10-16 18:39:29 | 2 days 23:53:33 | 0|24.249.110.110 | 4 | muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is | : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | so retarded | |
| 165005648 | 165005884 | 2007-10-16 18:40:39 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 614280 | 4 | administration is not very good a group of people got csr for the next day for just sitting at the table where some kids were shooting off bottle caps that is | so retarded | : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |
| 166090762 | 166091165 | 2007-10-21 17:58:16 | 0 days 00:02:15 | 0|71.146.84.96 | 0 | the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same | year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' | |
| 167955046 | 167972708 | 2007-10-30 00:21:30 | 0 days 01:19:04 | 4906799 | 0 | the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same | . | = = = divergence of german states = = = chocolate on a hot day is good for the soul , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a | |
| 169825171 | 169972063 | 2007-11-07 22:37:47 | 0 days 13:41:55 | 5765655 | 0 | the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ | august | april | 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . |
| 169972063 | 169975273 | 2007-11-07 22:51:51 | 0 days 00:14:04 | 5765655 | 0 | the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ | april | august | 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . |
| 172964319 | 173175116 | 2007-11-22 22:18:16 | 1 days 02:32:10 | 137113 | 0 | , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | | | ( | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer |
| 173175116 | 173175378 | 2007-11-22 22:19:57 | 0 days 00:01:41 | 137113 | 0 | , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | ( | - | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 ) }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner |
| 174038726 | 174056095 | 2007-11-27 03:11:09 | 0 days 01:32:45 | 2004568 | 7 | william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | | | ||
| 178873918 | 179014417 | 2007-12-19 19:23:05 | 0 days 15:40:46 | 0|71.107.178.35 | 0 | into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | [[ special : contributions / 71 . 107 . 178 . 35 | 71 . 107 . 178 . 35 ]] ( [[ user talk : 71 . 107 . 178 . 35 | talk ]] ) 19 : 23 , 19 december 2007 ( utc ) | = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft | |
| 179015175 | 179016000 | 2007-12-19 19:30:21 | 0 days 00:04:00 | 4417781 | 1 | into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | [[ special : contributions / 71 . 107 . 178 . 35 | 71 . 107 . 178 . 35 ]] ( [[ user talk : 71 . 107 . 178 . 35 | talk ]] ) 19 : 23 , 19 december 2007 ( utc ) | = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft | |
| 181089181 | 181089350 | 2007-12-31 00:23:54 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 0|208.104.149.90 | 5 | university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | < / font > | [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided | |
| 181089350 | 181089537 | 2007-12-31 00:25:02 | 0 days 00:01:08 | 0|208.104.149.90 | 0 | into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | < font color = purple > | = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft | |
| 181090431 | 181090540 | 2007-12-31 00:31:22 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 2306142 | 2 | into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | < font color = purple > | = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft | |
| 16 | < / b > came from < i > east german leader < / i > [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by < font color = red > soviet leader | < / font > | [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided | ||||||
| 183023808 | 183108189 | 2008-01-09 03:50:28 | 0 days 07:05:57 | 0|72.70.120.222 | 0 | to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ | october 3 | march 15 | ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof |
| 183108189 | 183108939 | 2008-01-09 03:55:28 | 0 days 00:05:00 | 0|71.232.128.61 | 1 | to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ | march 15 | october 3 | ]] [[ 1988 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof |
| 183108939 | 183109311 | 2008-01-09 03:58:10 | 0 days 00:02:42 | 0|72.70.120.222 | 0 | to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ | october 3 | january 9 | ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof |
| 183109422 | 183109767 | 2008-01-09 04:01:15 | 0 days 00:02:22 | 162210 | 0 | to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ | january 9 | october 3 | ]] [[ 1955 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof |
| 183109767 | 183109949 | 2008-01-09 04:02:27 | 0 days 00:01:12 | 0|72.70.120.222 | 0 | to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ | october 3 | francesca ' s | ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof |
| 186292925 | 186294689 | 2008-01-23 06:18:42 | 0 days 00:15:14 | 686868 | 0 | left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece | near | of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and | [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in |
| 190370753 | 190525831 | 2008-02-11 02:22:08 | 0 days 14:44:45 | 0|64.215.123.218 | 2 | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany | ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ) ) | |
| 190525831 | 190526102 | 2008-02-11 02:23:39 | 0 days 00:01:31 | 0|24.91.51.85 | 2 | / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ whats up the berlin walll was really a stupid idea germany | ) ) | ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |
| 195465346 | 195675603 | 2008-03-03 23:34:23 | 0 days 21:07:21 | 0|71.218.204.188 | 0 | asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] | = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 195675603 | 195676011 | 2008-03-03 23:36:10 | 0 days 00:01:47 | 732608 | 0 | asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] | = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 198362532 | 198983944 | 2008-03-17 23:54:50 | 2 days 17:32:57 | 0|76.205.75.132 | 1 | were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august | 13 | 11 | ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according |
| 7 | remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october | 3 | 5 | ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ | |||||
| 198983944 | 198984976 | 2008-03-17 23:59:41 | 0 days 00:04:51 | 911178 | 1 | were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 27 years , from the day construction began on [[ august | 11 | 13 | ]] [[ 1963 ]] until it was dismantled in 1984 . during this period at least 143 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according |
| 7 | remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october | 5 | 3 | ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ | |||||
| 199068893 | 199069199 | 2008-03-18 12:29:53 | 0 days 00:02:09 | 0|208.108.154.93 | 0 | the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | what it do baby boo ! ! ! ! | = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft | |
| 199069199 | 199069215 | 2008-03-18 12:29:59 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 4466297 | 0 | the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | what it do baby boo ! ! ! ! | = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft | |
| 199098110 | 199098162 | 2008-03-18 15:13:44 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 1879647 | 1 | image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] tgykrtljy ; tiljoyeipjp ; tyijryoirt ; yjiortjyiotr ; yeiet i love cheese cake . | the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft | |
| 201724471 | 201855065 | 2008-03-29 18:05:49 | 0 days 15:57:55 | 0|68.47.21.231 | 2 | http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it | }} [[ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | |
| 201855065 | 201855908 | 2008-03-29 18:09:49 | 0 days 00:04:00 | 0|68.47.21.231 | 2 | isbn 3875846958 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin | ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] you all need to suck my dick ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! us berliners love sucking dicks ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! all you pepole should try it ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | ||
| 201855908 | 201855946 | 2008-03-29 18:10:01 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 6475994 | 2 | 3875846958 }} we love this site it helps to learn aout berlin i love learning about new states so this a good site to veiw so u can learn about berlin | ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [[ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 204492738 | 204492884 | 2008-04-09 17:28:11 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 137113 | 0 | [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = | * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 | {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / | |
| 221970072 | 223245034 | 2008-07-03 06:09:59 | 6 days 07:29:21 | 3622922 | 4 | tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the | brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 | upcoming days . | ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more |
| 237254375 | 237419653 | 2008-09-10 02:32:25 | 0 days 16:01:58 | 7823265 | 0 | the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | and then all of the people there sucked micheal jackson until he was glowing | = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into | |
| 237419653 | 237419774 | 2008-09-10 02:33:12 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 301395 | 0 | the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | and then all of the people there sucked micheal jackson until he was glowing | = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into | |
| 238154941 | 238325424 | 2008-09-14 09:16:02 | 0 days 18:24:11 | 0|220.236.150.187 | 0 | the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | when the bridge fell and 3 people died . | = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into | |
| 238325424 | 238325456 | 2008-09-14 09:16:17 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 50975 | 0 | the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | when the bridge fell and 3 people died . | = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into | |
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 40 | | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being | the | [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at | |
| 240014029 | 240058346 | 2008-09-21 19:14:39 | 0 days 03:42:30 | 0|71.180.214.228 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | asdasdasdsa | = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow | |
| 240058346 | 240058380 | 2008-09-21 19:14:49 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 358536 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | asdasdasdsa | = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow | |
| 240250311 | 240440258 | 2008-09-23 13:55:37 | 0 days 21:07:55 | 0|87.38.215.7 | 1 | berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the | two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | berlin wall : d | = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow |
| 240440258 | 240441737 | 2008-09-23 14:04:13 | 0 days 00:08:36 | 3048050 | 1 | west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . katie o mahony loves the | berlin wall : d | two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow |
| 242557548 | 242755000 | 2008-10-03 14:42:47 | 0 days 19:46:38 | 7991946 | 13 | the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as | an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | right | thumb | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | the prince of bel air | |
| 242755000 | 242755785 | 2008-10-03 14:46:42 | 0 days 00:03:55 | 0|66.28.221.133 | 11 | 7 or 8 and i yelled to the cabbie ' yo homes smell ya later ' i looked at my kingdom i was finally there to sit on my throne as | the prince of bel air | an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | right | thumb | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 118 | ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr | }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af | : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs | |
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 35 | guy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , | see | anti - communist who was known to | [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ |
| 79 | sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr | }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af | : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl | ||||||
| 80 | street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : | muppet | berlynse muur | ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety | |||||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 118 | ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr | }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af | : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs | |
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 35 | guy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , | see | anti - communist who was known to | [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ |
| 79 | sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr | }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af | : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl | ||||||
| 80 | street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : | muppet | berlynse muur | ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety | |||||
| 258173962 | 258174012 | 2008-12-15 19:06:23 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 0|98.193.69.28 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s | infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the ddr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] | |
| 258174012 | 258174101 | 2008-12-15 19:06:47 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 197953 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s | infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the ddr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] | |
| 258204890 | 258206239 | 2008-12-15 21:36:56 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|76.217.13.119 | 0 | republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . | americans are the stupidest pieces of crap in the world ! | = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany | |
| 258206239 | 258209070 | 2008-12-15 21:49:42 | 0 days 00:12:46 | 5177550 | 6 | republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . | americans are the stupidest pieces of crap in the world ! | = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany | |
| 258399099 | 258459897 | 2008-12-16 23:36:24 | 0 days 05:08:31 | 0|66.143.116.78 | 0 | " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes | = = | {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = | |
| 258459980 | 258476585 | 2008-12-17 01:05:35 | 0 days 01:28:46 | 352579 | 1 | " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes | = = | {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = | |
| 272012445 | 272118109 | 2009-02-20 19:20:46 | 0 days 13:15:42 | 0|150.131.80.118 | 0 | in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their | mayor | chancellor | [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , |
| 272476022 | 272476848 | 2009-02-22 11:47:09 | 0 days 00:04:40 | 0|93.132.133.36 | 2 | http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | | year = 2004 | | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany | |
| 275496147 | 275499407 | 2009-03-06 23:30:21 | 0 days 00:19:15 | 0|129.170.241.133 | 0 | in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their | chancellor | mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) | [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , |
| 275499407 | 275903809 | 2009-03-08 22:29:08 | 1 days 22:58:47 | 9166621 | 9 | . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! | " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 276308584 | 276379143 | 2009-03-10 22:20:26 | 0 days 05:08:16 | 0|202.150.99.134 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | miss coxx suxz bolos | = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in | |
| 276379297 | 276379329 | 2009-03-10 22:21:16 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 1879647 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | miss coxx suxz bolos | = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in | |
| 276397704 | 276398047 | 2009-03-10 23:50:41 | 0 days 00:01:38 | 0|68.81.17.165 | 2 | eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for | east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | nerds | |
| 276398047 | 276398128 | 2009-03-10 23:51:01 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 850418 | 3 | name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . . . you know what ? fuck this , wikipedia is for | nerds | east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |
| 277132148 | 277225474 | 2009-03-14 18:13:47 | 0 days 12:16:17 | 6984319 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > before 1950 , over 15 million immigrants emigrated from soviet - occupied eastern european countries to the west in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > taking advantage of this route , the number of eastern europeans applying for political asylum in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " / > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further sovietization with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in the just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " / > | = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in | |
| 277226599 | 277226883 | 2009-03-14 18:22:08 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 6984319 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | = | = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end | |
| 277229162 | 277301544 | 2009-03-15 01:02:48 | 0 days 06:27:46 | 0|82.40.237.118 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | great . | = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 277301544 | 277302153 | 2009-03-15 01:06:20 | 0 days 00:03:32 | 3061573 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | great . | = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 277873616 | 277902757 | 2009-03-17 17:18:17 | 0 days 02:15:20 | 0|209.173.1.126 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | unfortunately , this is not what really happened . | = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 277902757 | 277903755 | 2009-03-17 17:22:39 | 0 days 00:04:22 | 3505251 | 2 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | unfortunately , this is not what really happened . | = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 277903755 | 277906414 | 2009-03-17 17:34:06 | 0 days 00:11:27 | 6984319 | 2 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | unfortunately , this is not what really happened . | = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 277906414 | 277907821 | 2009-03-17 17:40:14 | 0 days 00:06:08 | 6984319 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | unfortunately , this is not what really happened . | = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 278138099 | 278326099 | 2009-03-19 13:41:18 | 0 days 20:48:43 | 3505251 | 0 | west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the | late 1940s | early 1950s | = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority |
| 279820445 | 279835916 | 2009-03-26 17:42:54 | 0 days 01:28:32 | 0|24.106.235.42 | 4 | as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east | germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = princeton university press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ harvard reference | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ eastern bloc defection }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 279835916 | 279835940 | 2009-03-26 17:43:03 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 4 | as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east | germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = princeton university press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ harvard reference | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ eastern bloc defection }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 288319667 | 288394418 | 2009-05-07 02:06:51 | 0 days 07:11:41 | 0|68.146.140.114 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | dick head | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 288394418 | 288394735 | 2009-05-07 02:09:07 | 0 days 00:02:16 | 5177550 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | dick head | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 289461792 | 289778757 | 2009-05-14 00:04:23 | 1 days 10:23:53 | 1233313 | 1 | that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain | " | = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in | |
| 295845404 | 296376339 | 2009-06-14 16:36:20 | 2 days 20:20:34 | 0|66.189.45.189 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | get into the rush now , you dont have to know how . do it all before you try . | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 296376339 | 296376394 | 2009-06-14 16:36:44 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 0|66.189.45.189 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | get into the rush now , you dont have to know how . do it all before you try . | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 299792508 | 299857270 | 2009-07-02 09:34:08 | 0 days 09:29:10 | 0|222.154.103.86 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | ' ' ' this is all bullshit wikipedia is a fake ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 299857270 | 299857283 | 2009-07-02 09:34:16 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 4928500 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | ' ' ' this is all bullshit wikipedia is a fake ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 299857283 | 299857416 | 2009-07-02 09:35:23 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 0|222.154.103.86 | 0 | republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . | = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | fhduioawtnvsorituvnsdorivunso ; driu | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at |
| 299857416 | 299857477 | 2009-07-02 09:35:56 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 1879566 | 0 | republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . | fhduioawtnvsorituvnsdorivunso ; driu | = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at |
| 300632026 | 300712885 | 2009-07-07 01:48:40 | 0 days 08:13:47 | 0|66.168.157.214 | 0 | germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early | 1950s | 1650s | = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority |
| 300712885 | 300713021 | 2009-07-07 01:49:46 | 0 days 00:01:06 | 7801357 | 0 | germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early | 1650s | 1950s | = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority |
| 309060752 | 309335785 | 2009-08-21 23:14:07 | 1 days 10:06:24 | 0|76.93.184.45 | 0 | wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = | see also | annnddd | = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west |
| 309335785 | 309336034 | 2009-08-21 23:16:00 | 0 days 00:01:53 | 911178 | 0 | wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = | annnddd | see also | = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west |
| 309336034 | 309828599 | 2009-08-24 18:52:05 | 2 days 19:36:05 | 8574593 | 1 | [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער | וואנט | מויער | ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] |
| 311083982 | 311127689 | 2009-08-31 18:52:44 | 0 days 04:33:02 | 3171782 | 1 | [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער | מויער | וואנט | ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] |
| 318872025 | 319488273 | 2009-10-12 20:24:27 | 3 days 06:02:12 | 3058538 | 6 | ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / | m . | strauss ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 | |
| 322274629 | 322275480 | 2009-10-27 03:24:07 | 0 days 00:06:32 | 82982 | 0 | of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = | {{ lang | de | | 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} | |
| 324762845 | 324762884 | 2009-11-09 02:09:39 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 4928500 | 6 | escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . get drunk and watch meatspin ( www . meatspin . com ) | intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " }} ' ' {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang | de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed improvement and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin , since the prospect of the fall of west berlin after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , could call into question the reliability of the united states in the eyes of its other allies . on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany into east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements - - arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units - - left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm berlin wall ] < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s , visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . it was forbidden to export east german currency out of the east , but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . east berliners and east germans could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , soviet military patrols could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when traveling in this manner . * ' ' ' rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( duty ) trains that traveled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons traveling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the western allies accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr . this was intended to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , which could jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all berlin . ordinary citizens of the western allied powers , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 , < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german ] < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " . < ref name = " bbcsept2007 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system preceded the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = }} < / ref > on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general secretary ]] of the [[ communist party of the soviet union | communist party ]] of the [[ soviet union ]] , to tear down the wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the [[ eastern bloc ]] : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate , 09 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus ! " }} ' ' ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant ' ' {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben hier " }} ' ' , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution ( german ) | peaceful revolution ]] " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = {{ lang | de | 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson for the politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist riccardo ehrman , the berlin correspondant of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( oct 21 , 2009 ) [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " the wall street journal . < / ref > [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " east germany " has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = oppositions = = = in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that she wanted the soviet leader to do what he could to stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " / > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times }} < / ref > {{ cquote | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders , and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . thehindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = sep 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freude }} ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freiheit }} ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 | november 9 in german history ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ november 9th in german history | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . [[ nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued the euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 11 / 17 / 1989 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign is focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and students at over 20 universities will participate in " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | title = freedom without walls | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise " – journey of the wall takes place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks are being sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite news | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , there still was talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 percent of west germans and 12 percent of east germans wished that east and west should be separated again by a " wall " . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated however that only about a tenth of the population was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans also make similar distinctions between north and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = november 5 , 2009 | url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall portions | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ paradigm shift ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = princeton university press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ citation | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ harvard reference | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba - ac3c - d7af - 5b98808a1ebd6b9e the cwihp collection on the rise and fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . wallofberlin . com " virtual berlin wall " ] - website linked to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . pictures can be uploaded on a chose region of the wall for a fee ( in english ) * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] official website berlin . de * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german and englisch ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com / allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] * [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] { [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / m . fleischmann & w . strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / photogallery . htm gallery at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ||
| 324842902 | 324843477 | 2009-11-09 14:31:09 | 0 days 00:04:20 | 6971250 | 0 | . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall | near | adjacent to the | [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those |
| 325137398 | 325147847 | 2009-11-10 23:57:34 | 0 days 00:59:36 | 0|118.210.222.46 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | hello | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at |
| 325147847 | 325148147 | 2009-11-10 23:59:17 | 0 days 00:01:43 | 4916882 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | hello | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at |
| 325218548 | 325218944 | 2009-11-11 09:54:29 | 0 days 00:05:02 | 6971250 | 10 | a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] | after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . | * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ paradigm shift ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = | |
| 325552663 | 325566075 | 2009-11-13 04:27:44 | 0 days 02:02:39 | 0|150.101.251.68 | 5 | " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 325566396 | 325566439 | 2009-11-13 04:31:24 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 8214624 | 11 | " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 325567787 | 325583646 | 2009-11-13 07:23:37 | 0 days 02:40:22 | 6971250 | 1 | the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . | {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} | = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival | |
| 340925242 | 340925516 | 2010-01-30 17:02:56 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 0|91.187.103.2 | 0 | the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background | how we can trust wikipedia when whoever can edit whatever wants ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? | = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] | |
| 340925516 | 340925610 | 2010-01-30 17:03:32 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 6660588 | 0 | the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background | how we can trust wikipedia when whoever can edit whatever wants ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? | = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] | |
| 341149142 | 341149444 | 2010-01-31 21:09:21 | 0 days 00:01:55 | 0|76.235.202.194 | 0 | " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | ronald reagan murdered his friend ! | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 341149444 | 341153466 | 2010-01-31 21:32:14 | 0 days 00:22:53 | 8918196 | 0 | " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | ronald reagan murdered his friend ! | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 343535162 | 343773536 | 2010-02-13 17:47:19 | 1 days 04:57:14 | 5326371 | 2 | - nazification | de - nazified ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] {{ ndash }} a term coined by | mayor | [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . after several weeks of local civil unrest following a radical | |
| 355152907 | 355153123 | 2010-04-10 15:27:52 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 0|89.129.52.24 | 1 | the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = k guay k es | axo | gay , se li nota | = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - |
| 355153332 | 355153463 | 2010-04-10 15:30:07 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 0|84.77.74.198 | 0 | the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = madrid 1 - 2 | fcbarecelona | barecelona | = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - |
| 359062465 | 359062935 | 2010-04-29 14:23:46 | 0 days 00:03:19 | 0|66.109.249.254 | 1 | " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | the berlin wall came down of | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 359062935 | 359062981 | 2010-04-29 14:24:07 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 11743424 | 1 | }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and nov its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | the berlin wall came down of | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 359267780 | 359267987 | 2010-04-30 15:21:53 | 0 days 00:01:11 | 0|169.204.164.80 | 0 | ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s | for mexicans | = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority | |
| 359268782 | 359268892 | 2010-04-30 15:27:15 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 7007500 | 0 | ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s | for mexicans | = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority | |
| 376102866 | 376154207 | 2010-07-29 21:06:22 | 0 days 05:43:39 | 9540157 | 17 | citation | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 | | ref = harv | postscript = | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | | |
| 380775149 | 381017545 | 2010-08-26 00:06:29 | 1 days 04:19:31 | 0|86.41.107.66 | 1 | ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall , she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartement at | 48 | [[ bernauer strasse ]] 48 . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start | |
| 396552271 | 396783802 | 2010-11-14 22:07:31 | 1 days 03:32:33 | 0|201.229.27.187 | 0 | : سور برلين ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] | [[ pap : muraya di berlin ]] | [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] | |
| 398858085 | 399051464 | 2010-11-27 00:47:52 | 1 days 03:59:26 | 16710 | 12 | / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , | isbn10 | isbn | : 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen |
| 417646773 | 417971197 | 2011-03-09 15:37:54 | 1 days 20:22:29 | 0|65.51.198.66 | 0 | " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | this makes a horrible map on black ops and was a waste of 1600 microsoft points . send me some micro points if you would like . do not buy dlc map pact . this is all true stuff . use it in your reports . | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 417971197 | 417971223 | 2011-03-09 15:38:07 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 13286072 | 0 | " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | this makes a horrible map on black ops and was a waste of 1600 microsoft points . send me some micro points if you would like . do not buy dlc map pact . this is all true stuff . use it in your reports . | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | |
| 420447970 | 422046294 | 2011-04-02 22:14:24 | 9 days 15:56:56 | 1426328 | 0 | jpg | thumb | left | upright | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | | header = ' ' [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech | |
| 422046294 | 422046414 | 2011-04-02 22:15:20 | 0 days 00:00:56 | 1426328 | 2 | jpg | thumb | left | upright | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | | header = ' ' [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner | |
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 21 | http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc | date = 2007 | - 08 - | | accessdate = | 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - |
| 128 | . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 | - 09 - 07 | | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany | ||||||
| 150 | berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november | 9 , | 1989 ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the | ||||||
| 443416955 | 443420038 | 2011-08-06 22:56:21 | 0 days 00:23:24 | 16710 | 6 | lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | | 2 | 3 | | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc |
| 18 | the cold war * [[ paradigm shift ]] * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | | solidarity movement | ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] | ||||||
| 456255233 | 456811030 | 2011-10-22 11:01:12 | 3 days 13:16:43 | 14814465 | 0 | : سور برلين ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] | [[ km : ជញ្ជាំង ប៊ែរឡាំង ]] | [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pap : muraya di berlin ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului | |
| 474175877 | 476209082 | 2012-02-11 00:44:21 | 10 days 16:49:11 | 10996774 | 5 | - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | publisher = the globe and mail | date = | 26 october 2009 | | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + | |
| 8 | ukoddlyenough | title = who built berlin wall ? most russians don ' t know & # 124 ; reuters | publisher = uk . reuters . com | date = | 5 november 2009 | | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall | ||||||
| 485297583 | 489424180 | 2012-04-27 04:49:49 | 23 days 21:13:49 | 14405583 | 7 | secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | . 376944 | | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | | |
| 496228492 | 496328462 | 2012-06-06 20:16:30 | 0 days 14:37:38 | 8066546 | 0 | : سور برلين ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] | [[ oc : mur de berlin ]] | [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pap : muraya di berlin ]] [[ km : ជញ្ជាំង ប៊ែរឡាំង ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim | |
| 499130826 | 499137099 | 2012-06-24 14:03:31 | 0 days 00:57:51 | 4905985 | 0 | and cost [[ east german mark | ddm ]] 16 , 155 , 000 or about us $ 3 , 638 , 000 . < ref > {{ cite web | | author | first | = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of |
| 505389806 | 505558329 | 2012-08-03 10:30:56 | 1 days 02:39:43 | 339081 | 2 | by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref | > {{ cite web | title | name | = sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / / www . dpa . de / |
| 507301035 | 508690466 | 2012-08-22 22:16:31 | 8 days 21:06:49 | 7661756 | 37 | ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html | title = record of the conversation | language = {{ de icon }} | publisher = welt . de | date = 2009 | - 05 - 30 | | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative | |
| 39 | / 12295509433760 - 7 / | title = wall goes up in berlin - events of 1961 - year in review | publisher = upi . com | date = 1998 | - 05 - 29 | | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary | ||||||
| 43 | 04 - 09 | title = goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 2008 | - 04 - 09 | | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' | ||||||
| 51 | middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html | title = palestinians break israel ' s wall - middle east | publisher = al jazeera english | date = 2009 | - 11 - 09 | | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20 | ||||||
| 54 | marks - 50th - anniversary - of - berlin - wall . html | title = germany marks 50th anniversary of berlin wall | publisher = uk telegraph | date = | 2011 - 08 - | 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 | location = london }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / | ||||||
| 55 | / germany - marks - construction - berlin - wall - 1271894147 / | title = germany marks construction of the berlin wall | agency = associated press | date = | 2011 - 08 - | 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . | ||||||
| 56 | years - after - its - construction / | title = reflecting on the berlin wall , 50 years after its construction | publisher = history . com | date = | 2011 - 08 - | 11 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germanworldonline . | ||||||
| 57 | - berlin - wall - 1961 - 1989 / | title = 50 years berlin wall 1961 – 1989 [ video clips ] | publisher = german world | date = | 2011 - 08 - | 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate | ||||||
| 522266850 | 522515322 | 2012-11-11 18:59:38 | 1 days 17:14:36 | 8453292 | 0 | ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ tt : берлин дивары ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : | берлінська стіна | берлінський мур | ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ war : |
| 529700077 | 529724987 | 2012-12-25 15:36:49 | 0 days 06:28:33 | 10434788 | 19 | [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist | [[ | ' ' {{ ill | de | elsner | | stephan elsner | elsner ]] created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " border injuries " . on one |
| 590849769 | 590964946 | 2014-01-16 13:37:35 | 0 days 19:20:34 | 736651 | 22 | 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html | language = german | title = neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 | publisher = zlb . de | | date = | | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . most people believed that the | |
| 26 | 45997 | title = forschungsprojekt " die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989 " : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | | date = | | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . | ||||||
| 28 | 1 | title = chronik der mauer - bau und fall der berliner mauer & # 124 ; opfer der mauer | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | | date = | | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a | ||||||
| 35 | / time / world / article / 0 , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html | newspaper = [[ time ( magazine ) | time ]] | date = 2009 | - 04 - 19 | | accessdate = 2013 - 05 - 06 }} < / ref > asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it | ||||||
| 633040519 | 633043240 | 2014-11-09 02:46:03 | 0 days 00:30:07 | 10340692 | 5 | : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 – 1990 | ) | ] * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} | |
| 633124700 | 633132744 | 2014-11-09 20:10:48 | 0 days 00:59:02 | 2012100 | 11 | / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations | ( | of | [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took |
| 638716252 | 639531492 | 2014-12-25 00:38:22 | 5 days 23:42:25 | 16752040 | 0 | [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] | {{ link fa | vi }} | ||
| 641744226 | 642368255 | 2015-01-13 22:11:05 | 4 days 06:12:32 | 12404882 | 1 | category : walls in germany ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] | [[ category : border barriers ]] | [[ category : separation barriers ]] | |
| 695438983 | 696790319 | 2015-12-25 23:10:22 | 9 days 21:03:18 | 24426143 | 0 | [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] | [[ category : cold war in popular culture ]] | ||
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 19 | = http : / / www . theweek . co . uk / 25027 / did - bowie - bring - down - berlin - wall | publisher = the week | ]] | | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 15 december 2008 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | title = germany : thank you david | |
| 22 | au / germany - thanks - david - bowie - for - helping - bring - down - berlin - wall - 2016 - 1 | publisher = business insider australia | ]] | | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of the wall , | ||||||
| 27 | | ansa ]] ' s [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , < ref > {{ cite news | title = berlin wall : was the fall engineered by the gdr ? | | author | first | = stephanie kirchner | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / world / article / 0 , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html | |||||
| 64 | / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 | – usatoday . com | | accessdate = 19 february 2008 | work = usa today | date = 12 june 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ u . s | ||||||
| 703417729 | 703715928 | 2016-02-07 05:09:15 | 1 days 17:25:27 | 204692 | 3 | the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . | {{ fact }} | [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing the new regulations . however , he | |
| 703834686 | 705263863 | 2016-02-16 13:42:22 | 8 days 14:33:37 | 26830382 | 0 | found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . | [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , currently still in its original spot ]] | = = = 50th anniversary commemoration = = = on 13 august 2011 , germany marked the 50th anniversary of east germany beginning the erection of the berlin wall . chancellor | |
| 705263863 | 705518521 | 2016-02-17 23:32:23 | 1 days 09:50:01 | 23149456 | 0 | and in public spaces around the world . [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , currently still in its original spot | , 2016 | ]] = = = 50th anniversary commemoration = = = on 13 august 2011 , germany marked the 50th anniversary of east germany beginning the erection of the berlin wall . | |
| 774994359 | 774996064 | 2017-04-11 23:54:04 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 204692 | 1 | }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew , and its standard of living steadily improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | {{ fact }} | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main article | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after the soviet occupation of eastern | |
| 27 | and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . | {{ fact }} | = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list of deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : east german guard - flickr - the central intelligence | ||||||
| 776886357 | 779016763 | 2017-05-06 14:40:43 | 12 days 16:04:21 | 558022 | 2 | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} [[ file : tear down this wall . | ogv | webm | | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at |
| 779016763 | 779442748 | 2017-05-08 23:18:55 | 2 days 08:38:12 | 19339494 | 11 | / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | work = [[ vox ( website ) | vox ]] | date = january | 11 , | 2016 | accessdate = january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last | |
| 13 | _ 1 _ berlin - wall | title = crosby , stills and nash sound a positive note at berlin wall | work = los angeles times | date = 1989 | - 11 - 21 | | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of | ||||||
| 15 | uk _ news / magazine / 3465301 . stm | title = did david hasselhoff really help end the cold war ? | work = bbc news | date = 2004 | - 02 - 06 | | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] | ||||||
| 780019390 | 781687181 | 2017-05-22 17:34:23 | 10 days 04:39:20 | 8719036 | 0 | ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) = = see also = = {{ columns - list | | 3 | 2 | | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] stand - off between us and |
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 19 | contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc | ]] , associated with the | countries — | [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in |
| 29 | = medic }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a | term coined by mayor | [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] | ||||||
| 783600846 | 783938874 | 2017-06-05 15:28:47 | 2 days 03:32:38 | 19576814 | 0 | category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : cold war in popular culture ]] | [[ category : walls ]] | ||
| 791624973 | 793523187 | 2017-08-02 08:44:50 | 11 days 19:51:02 | 38455 | 10 | duty : black ops ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) = = see also = = {{ | columns - list | div col | | 2 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] ( october 1961 |
| 19 | ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) = = see also = = {{ columns - list | | 2 | | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] ( october 1961 ) * | ||||||
| 809997471 | 810009717 | 2017-11-12 21:51:49 | 0 days 01:18:47 | 96897 | 1 | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) , by implication ranking the [[ nato ]] countries ( and [[ west germany ]] in particular ) | equal to | with | [[ fascism | fascists ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " , a term coined by mayor [[ |
| 816797571 | 816797805 | 2017-12-23 19:37:49 | 0 days 00:02:02 | 11112747 | 2 | ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) {{ div col end }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = | ' ' ' bibliography ' ' ' | {{ refbegin | 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | |
| 822396886 | 822504643 | 2018-01-26 19:24:33 | 0 days 15:37:47 | 5841175 | 8 | id / 593792 | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer | . de | | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]] | |
| 825811905 | 825814813 | 2018-02-15 16:00:22 | 0 days 00:19:34 | 5946478 | 7 | = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | url = https : / / scholarship . law . cornell . | edu / cgi / viewcontent . cgi ? article = 1391 & context = cilj | journal = | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = | p | 728 | doi = | access - date = }} < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = |
| 825818178 | 825819094 | 2018-02-15 16:28:37 | 0 days 00:06:08 | 5946478 | 7 | and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} | < ref > [[ history of the berlin s - bahn ]] < / ref > < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > | = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list of deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : east german guard - flickr - the central intelligence |
| 825820751 | 825831503 | 2018-02-15 17:56:49 | 0 days 01:16:27 | 5946478 | 0 | }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew , and its standard of living steadily improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} | < ref > http : / / www . independent . co . uk / life - style / history / berlin - wall - what - you - need - to - know - about - the - barrier - that - divided - east - and - west - 9847347 . html < / ref > | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main article | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after the soviet occupation of eastern |
| 826039698 | 826083240 | 2018-02-17 02:54:25 | 0 days 05:33:02 | 4626582 | 0 | in germany ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls in germany ]] | [[ category : walls ]] | ||
| 836314607 | 837089893 | 2018-04-18 17:08:36 | 4 days 16:52:32 | 10289486 | 0 | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , | ' ' | statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | | |
| 843144692 | 843537822 | 2018-05-29 19:55:32 | 2 days 14:29:27 | 30675059 | 9 | of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > {{ citation | last = levine | first = marilyn | title = something to do with the wall | | date = 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 | = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' | |
| 12 | 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = | marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , | ||||||
| 854070499 | 854078225 | 2018-08-08 20:29:20 | 0 days 01:04:58 | 3563616 | 0 | 367 }} < / ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by [[ wolfgang engels ]] , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the | ' ' | [[ nationale volksarmee ]] . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . he was |
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| 1282664 | 1293677 | 2003-08-13 05:00:19 | 0 days 00:13:54 | 9788 | 0 | = * [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . | og | org | ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities |
| 4242842 | 4247378 | 2004-06-23 19:29:07 | 0 days 00:11:05 | 0|80.45.179.46 | 0 | ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ | http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle | |
| 6170903 | 6272294 | 2004-09-26 19:54:05 | 1 days 03:37:52 | 0|68.127.11.132 | 0 | ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ | http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html / personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . | |
| 6698144 | 6698178 | 2004-10-19 10:33:42 | 0 days 11:17:38 | 0|217.231.158.148 | 0 | / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = external links = = * [ | http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html pictures photographs ] | * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html / personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / | |
| 6969433 | 6969446 | 2004-10-29 22:52:47 | 6 days 02:22:45 | 0|141.156.41.50 | 0 | 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ | http : / / berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] | * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin | |
| 7264266 | 7264285 | 2004-11-09 17:42:17 | 0 days 16:08:40 | 129758 | 1 | com / id / 5942091 / ] fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to checkpoint charlie | ]] | . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] | |
| 14774041 | 14774055 | 2005-06-06 03:18:29 | 0 days 19:50:57 | 0|67.163.164.93 | 0 | the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = | wtfbbq | * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . | |
| 14774055 | 14805404 | 2005-06-06 03:18:48 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 140548 | 0 | the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = | wtfbbq | * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . | |
| 18535564 | 18607525 | 2005-07-11 16:24:41 | 1 days 00:15:53 | 0|81.63.110.106 | 0 | html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ | http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] | * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / | |
| 22624244 | 22650963 | 2005-09-05 22:13:52 | 0 days 07:16:01 | 28107 | 0 | index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ | http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] | * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / | |
| 22687707 | 22698966 | 2005-09-06 14:26:01 | 0 days 04:33:04 | 0|213.86.60.3 | 0 | german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ | http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / berlin wall photos from 1989 and after ] | * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin | |
| 22698966 | 22741071 | 2005-09-07 01:48:34 | 0 days 11:22:33 | 28107 | 0 | german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ | http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / berlin wall photos from 1989 and after ] | * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in | |
| 23258905 | 23281713 | 2005-09-15 12:45:24 | 0 days 09:53:00 | 0|80.43.15.110 | 0 | by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ | http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk photos of the berlin wall and after by ian sanders ] | * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - | |
| 23281713 | 23327917 | 2005-09-16 06:15:04 | 0 days 17:29:40 | 28107 | 0 | by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ | http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk photos of the berlin wall and after by ian sanders ] | * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / | |
| 27964176 | 28136750 | 2005-11-12 19:33:42 | 1 days 21:11:14 | 0|80.184.142.8 | 0 | : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ | http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] | * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary | |
| 28225109 | 28230173 | 2005-11-13 19:37:41 | 0 days 01:15:15 | 0|80.43.50.189 | 0 | by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ | http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] | * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - | |
| 32304897 | 32884467 | 2005-12-27 16:05:11 | 5 days 15:07:17 | 0|84.190.222.185 | 0 | german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ | http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ] | * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin | |
| 32884467 | 32939747 | 2005-12-28 01:27:43 | 0 days 09:22:32 | 28107 | 0 | and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade | ) | ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation | |
| 36216676 | 36359497 | 2006-01-23 14:19:21 | 1 days 00:38:59 | 0|84.190.219.68 | 0 | * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ | http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] | * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail | |
| 40238138 | 40238670 | 2006-02-19 04:13:33 | 0 days 00:05:26 | 69412 | 0 | net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ | http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s | |
| 40460981 | 40648652 | 2006-02-22 01:28:28 | 1 days 06:34:58 | 386031 | 15 | current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] | berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s | * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin | |
| 41746791 | 41761508 | 2006-03-01 15:37:50 | 0 days 02:21:39 | 24373 | 32 | . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy | ]] | | kennedy , john f | . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside |
| 43 | from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ web | reference | | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " | ||||||
| 63086213 | 63215080 | 2006-07-11 12:36:14 | 0 days 18:02:53 | 0|84.136.20.147 | 0 | of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ | http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery | * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and | |
| 64266709 | 64277967 | 2006-07-17 12:53:08 | 0 days 01:56:02 | 53117 | 0 | story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = | {{ commons }} | * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die | |
| 70719583 | 70805687 | 2006-08-20 18:48:42 | 0 days 12:38:01 | 0|88.134.153.65 | 0 | [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ | http : / / www . ferienwohnung - forum . de berlin holiday appartments ] | * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / | |
| 70805687 | 70805788 | 2006-08-20 18:49:13 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 1514294 | 0 | [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ | http : / / www . ferienwohnung - forum . de berlin holiday appartments ] | * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . | |
| 82205348 | 82210317 | 2006-10-18 14:07:16 | 0 days 00:31:24 | 0|216.164.60.172 | 0 | [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ | http : / / www . germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories1 . html / berlin wall portal of the german embassy to the usa ] | * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / | |
| 82210317 | 82212056 | 2006-10-18 14:18:33 | 0 days 00:11:17 | 21887 | 1 | [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ | http : / / www . germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories1 . html / berlin wall portal of the german embassy to the usa ] | * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . | |
| 87789653 | 87939085 | 2006-11-15 07:06:40 | 0 days 13:51:13 | 0|84.58.138.143 | 0 | external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ | http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] | * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - | |
| 89531736 | 89532890 | 2006-11-22 22:11:26 | 0 days 00:06:31 | 0|85.178.123.221 | 0 | 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] | ( in german ) | * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / | |
| 99129270 | 99129501 | 2007-01-07 17:51:00 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 82835 | 1 | 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 | feb . | february ]] [[ | 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the wall was a propaganda disaster |
| 10 | < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 | , | ]] [[ | 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 | |||||
| 11 | > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | ]] | | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - | ||||||
| 13 | . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 | , | ]] [[ | 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / | |||||
| 14 | ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | ]] | | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref | ||||||
| 104916475 | 104917460 | 2007-02-01 20:30:42 | 0 days 00:04:25 | 911178 | 0 | wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall | ] | * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall | |
| 108457024 | 108586738 | 2007-02-16 12:01:39 | 0 days 13:04:03 | 0|217.132.143.214 | 0 | and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ | http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 photo gallery of commented photographs of the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * | |
| 130124523 | 130124687 | 2007-05-11 16:53:25 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 0|209.184.226.15 | 0 | wallpooalloveryou . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the | berlin wall | poo | ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs |
| 130124687 | 130125487 | 2007-05-11 16:57:06 | 0 days 00:03:41 | 2073927 | 1 | wallpooalloveryou . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the | poo | berlin wall | ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs |
| 134637473 | 134754471 | 2007-05-31 06:37:02 | 0 days 10:49:15 | 957447 | 0 | wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall | ] | * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall | |
| 147393203 | 147504639 | 2007-07-27 18:51:54 | 0 days 12:58:35 | 0|85.178.21.141 | 0 | : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ | http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required | * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * | |
| 1 | berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ | http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / berlin / checkpointcharlie / index . html virtual e - tour checkpoint charlie ] shockwave player required | * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - | ||||||
| 147504639 | 147504728 | 2007-07-27 18:52:19 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 0|85.178.21.141 | 0 | * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ | http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / berlin / checkpointcharlie / index . html virtual e - tour checkpoint charlie ] shockwave player required | * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / | |
| 149947858 | 150060455 | 2007-08-08 21:56:43 | 0 days 11:55:05 | 0|88.254.140.54 | 0 | ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ | http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] | * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall | |
| 157815087 | 157857452 | 2007-09-14 15:00:03 | 0 days 05:30:43 | 0|216.174.135.206 | 0 | berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player | required | hnrequired | * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / |
| 157857452 | 157857703 | 2007-09-14 15:01:38 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 302522 | 0 | berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player | hnrequired | required | * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / |
| 162446548 | 162484247 | 2007-10-05 16:36:59 | 0 days 03:45:03 | 0|216.124.56.20 | 0 | [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ | htt | * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall | |
| 1 | ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ | http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ | ||||||
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| 4 | shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ | http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] | * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - | ||||||
| 162484247 | 162484765 | 2007-10-05 16:39:58 | 0 days 00:02:59 | 82432 | 2 | = = = * [ htt * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] | http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] | * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ | |
| 4 | wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall | http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ | * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall | ||||||
| 6 | / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] | * [ | * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( | ||||||
| 8 | ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ | htt | * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / | ||||||
| 164032213 | 164038519 | 2007-10-12 13:16:17 | 0 days 00:48:45 | 0|193.179.31.229 | 0 | ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ | http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] | * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / | |
| 169297346 | 169314403 | 2007-11-05 04:53:11 | 0 days 01:52:36 | 0|216.9.20.240 | 0 | / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall | photos and stories 1989 | pieces for sale | ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery |
| 196444310 | 196608741 | 2008-03-07 20:45:55 | 0 days 18:09:28 | 0|79.0.146.173 | 0 | www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ | http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 photo gallery . | * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ | |
| 225295527 | 225402367 | 2008-07-13 14:21:02 | 0 days 15:14:57 | 5299643 | 0 | [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ | http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : | |
| 229217140 | 229650556 | 2008-08-03 21:25:53 | 2 days 08:34:27 | 577301 | 15 | ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = [[ july 5 | ]] [[ | , | 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - |
| 16 | < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = [[ september 8 | ]] [[ | , | 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < | |||||
| 151 | cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 | ]] | | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - | ||||||
| 153 | {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 | ]] | | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref | ||||||
| 233480684 | 233599076 | 2008-08-22 19:56:57 | 0 days 14:22:42 | 0|198.7.247.188 | 0 | www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ | http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] | * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ | |
| 233718719 | 233719779 | 2008-08-23 11:46:32 | 0 days 00:09:49 | 7701560 | 1 | = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german | * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - | |
| 2 | : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] | * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / | ||||||
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 70 | . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ | com muppet central ] - fan site | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ | |
| 71 | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ | http : / / www | * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www | ||||||
| 72 | of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ | muppetnewsflash | * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / | ||||||
| 73 | in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ | com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia | * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - | ||||||
| 74 | index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ | http : / / www | * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / | ||||||
| 75 | memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ | http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] | muppetcast | * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in | |||||
| 76 | * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ | http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] | com muppetcast ] - podcast | * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary | |||||
| 111 | | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = | {{ commons }} | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle | ||||||
| 113 | . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german | * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www | ||||||
| 114 | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ | http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) | * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / | ||||||
| 115 | of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ | http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - | ||||||
| 116 | in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ | http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] | * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / | ||||||
| 117 | index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ | http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] | * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ | ||||||
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 44 | viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) | : | was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 | * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) |
| 46 | that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www . | youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) | / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] | |||||
| 47 | http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) * [ | http : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] ) | bot generated title --> ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . | * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) | |||||
| 48 | : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] ) * [ | http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) | name = " autogenerated1 " / | * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / patrioticeagle " patrioticeagle " ] ( run by [[ sam the eagle | sam the eagle ]] | |||||
| 49 | http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) * [ | http : / / www . youtube . com / user / patrioticeagle " patrioticeagle " ] ( run by [[ sam the eagle | sam the eagle ]] ) | early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a | * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / weirdowhatever " weirdowhatever " ] ( run by [[ gonzo the great | the great gonzo ]] | |||||
| 62 | crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = | the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 | * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www | ||||||
| 65 | links guidelines ( search for wp : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ | disney xtreme digital | * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} | ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet | |||||
| 66 | for wp : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] | * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 | * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash | ||||||
| 69 | : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . | com muppet central ] - fan site | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german | * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ | |||||
| 72 | disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . | com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia | http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] | * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category | |||||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 70 | . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ | com muppet central ] - fan site | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ | |
| 71 | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ | http : / / www | * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www | ||||||
| 72 | of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ | muppetnewsflash | * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / | ||||||
| 73 | in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ | com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia | * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - | ||||||
| 74 | index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ | http : / / www | * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / | ||||||
| 75 | memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ | http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] | muppetcast | * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in | |||||
| 76 | * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ | http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] | com muppetcast ] - podcast | * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary | |||||
| 111 | | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = | {{ commons }} | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle | ||||||
| 113 | . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german | * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www | ||||||
| 114 | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ | http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) | * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / | ||||||
| 115 | of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ | http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - | ||||||
| 116 | in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ | http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] | * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / | ||||||
| 117 | index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ | http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] | * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ | ||||||
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 44 | viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) | : | was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 | * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) |
| 46 | that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www . | youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) | / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] | |||||
| 47 | http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) * [ | http : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] ) | bot generated title --> ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . | * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) | |||||
| 48 | : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] ) * [ | http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) | name = " autogenerated1 " / | * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / patrioticeagle " patrioticeagle " ] ( run by [[ sam the eagle | sam the eagle ]] | |||||
| 49 | http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) * [ | http : / / www . youtube . com / user / patrioticeagle " patrioticeagle " ] ( run by [[ sam the eagle | sam the eagle ]] ) | early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a | * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / weirdowhatever " weirdowhatever " ] ( run by [[ gonzo the great | the great gonzo ]] | |||||
| 62 | crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = | the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 | * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www | ||||||
| 65 | links guidelines ( search for wp : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ | disney xtreme digital | * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} | ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet | |||||
| 66 | for wp : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] | * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 | * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash | ||||||
| 69 | : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . | com muppet central ] - fan site | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german | * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ | |||||
| 72 | disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . | com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia | http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] | * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category | |||||
| 256069695 | 256069792 | 2008-12-05 17:07:45 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 0|68.72.100.17 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . | jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from the beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc | |
| 256069792 | 256070488 | 2008-12-05 17:11:55 | 0 days 00:04:10 | 5177550 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . | jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc | |
| 265328211 | 265375952 | 2009-01-20 23:03:51 | 0 days 04:21:53 | 0|65.31.228.149 | 12 | [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - | personal stories | tories | ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 |
| 265375952 | 265376259 | 2009-01-20 23:05:34 | 0 days 00:01:43 | 4928500 | 14 | [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - | tories | personal stories | ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 |
| 265376259 | 265376312 | 2009-01-20 23:05:48 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 0|65.31.228.149 | 9 | [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - | personal stories | tories | ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 |
| 265376312 | 265376378 | 2009-01-20 23:06:12 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 118722 | 11 | [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - | tories | personal stories | ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 |
| 271925346 | 272012260 | 2009-02-20 06:03:12 | 0 days 08:13:00 | 0|84.177.182.215 | 0 | shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ | http : / / www . forum - ddr - grenze . de / questions and answers about the east german border and berlin wall ( in german ) ] | * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities | |
| 272012260 | 272012445 | 2009-02-20 06:05:04 | 0 days 00:01:52 | 911178 | 0 | shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ | http : / / www . forum - ddr - grenze . de / questions and answers about the east german border and berlin wall ( in german ) ] | * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * | |
| 274163078 | 274232751 | 2009-03-01 20:42:47 | 0 days 04:49:33 | 0|71.238.71.152 | 0 | / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ | http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] | * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall | |
| 274698765 | 274919699 | 2009-03-04 13:11:24 | 0 days 21:51:05 | 0|143.252.80.100 | 0 | of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ | http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times | * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - | |
| 276265321 | 276265514 | 2009-03-10 13:29:47 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 2 | killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . | de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | | cmon really ? ? ? | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] |
| 276265514 | 276265541 | 2009-03-10 13:29:58 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 634828 | 14 | {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . . . . . . dude . | cmon really ? ? ? | de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] |
| 281090935 | 281109932 | 2009-04-01 17:12:18 | 0 days 01:48:07 | 9358984 | 2 | _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html ] freedom without walls : german mission in the united states | ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle | |
| 282781427 | 282782058 | 2009-04-09 15:17:12 | 0 days 00:03:13 | 9418822 | 1 | http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal | stories | accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info | ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 |
| 288559693 | 289216105 | 2009-05-11 08:19:01 | 3 days 10:15:02 | 9611157 | 0 | timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ | http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] official website berlin . de | * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www | |
| 300713021 | 300962838 | 2009-07-08 10:00:17 | 1 days 08:10:31 | 10069869 | 0 | . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ | http : / / netzspannung . org / database / cyber - city berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , mixed reality installation after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss | * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall | |
| 312604952 | 312612312 | 2009-09-08 16:29:46 | 0 days 00:47:21 | 10069869 | 4 | cyber - city berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , mixed reality installation after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss | ] | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery | |
| 318872025 | 319488273 | 2009-10-12 20:24:27 | 3 days 06:02:12 | 3058538 | 7 | bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & | w . | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery | |
| 9 | strauss ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 | {{ de icon }} | * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall | ||||||
| 320971298 | 320975384 | 2009-10-20 09:57:52 | 0 days 00:48:13 | 3058538 | 5 | is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " . < ref name = " bbcsept2007 " > {{ cite | web | news | | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc |
| 16 | * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] | {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} | * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ | ||||||
| 320975384 | 320978520 | 2009-10-20 10:32:07 | 0 days 00:34:15 | 3058538 | 2 | 2007 [[ black - and - white | b & w ]] photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall | pieces for sale | . net | ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery |
| 4 | net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ | http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} | * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ | ||||||
| 5 | [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ | http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / {{ it icon }} borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} 2007 [[ black - and - white | b & w ]] photo gallery . | * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities | ||||||
| 321246464 | 321349222 | 2009-10-22 08:51:11 | 0 days 13:33:22 | 332841 | 0 | memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ | http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] | * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in | |
| 321400884 | 321435832 | 2009-10-22 19:30:08 | 0 days 03:25:18 | 2740078 | 0 | / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on guardian video series on the berlin wall : 20 years on ] | video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' | * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba | |
| 322000370 | 322274629 | 2009-10-27 03:17:35 | 1 days 06:39:48 | 82982 | 36 | , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of | {{ lang | de | | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf | |
| 324012977 | 324105756 | 2009-11-05 16:38:29 | 0 days 14:11:38 | 0|77.1.32.123 | 0 | _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ | http : / / www . wallofberlin . com ] " virtual berlin wall " - website linked to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . pictures can be uploaded on a chose region of the wall for a fee ( in english ) | * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original | |
| 324297643 | 324361293 | 2009-11-06 22:46:16 | 0 days 06:16:54 | 0|38.107.109.130 | 0 | . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ | http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = owqstzgkbiy ] how the wall worked . 3d virtual realization | * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / | |
| 324361439 | 324362083 | 2009-11-06 22:51:28 | 0 days 00:04:14 | 6163802 | 0 | . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ | http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = owqstzgkbiy how the wall worked . ] 3d virtual realization | * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british | |
| 324827563 | 324827614 | 2009-11-09 12:14:04 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 0|92.27.168.55 | 0 | uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ | http : / / www . archive . org / download / fallofberlinwall / heikoonfallofberlinwall . mp3 ] a unique documentary radio show on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans modrow | * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / | |
| 324827738 | 324827897 | 2009-11-09 12:17:11 | 0 days 00:01:42 | 0|92.27.168.55 | 2 | heikoonfallofberlinwall . mp3 a unique documentary radio show ] on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans modrow | [[ resonance fm ]] | * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba | |
| 324833874 | 324833939 | 2009-11-09 13:14:18 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 545027 | 3 | uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ | http : / / www . archive . org / download / speakerscornershows2009 / 6nov2009speakerscorner . mp3 a unique documentary radio show ] on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans modrow [[ resonance fm ]] | * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba | |
| 324838628 | 324838831 | 2009-11-09 13:54:45 | 0 days 00:01:28 | 0|213.64.19.23 | 0 | , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html ] deutsche welle , the berlin wall in detail , animeted video | ] | * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video | |
| 324932966 | 324937840 | 2009-11-09 23:32:03 | 0 days 00:24:17 | 16710 | 15 | to stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " / > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11 " > {{ cite | web | news | | url = http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain |
| 16 | than [[ adolf hitler ]] ever had and that europe would have to bear the consequences . < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 10 " > {{ cite | web | news | | url = http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / world / europe / article6828556 . ece | title = united germany | |||||
| 325413116 | 325413366 | 2009-11-12 10:06:37 | 0 days 00:02:38 | 8023653 | 9 | / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 ] * the two red flags : european social democracy & soviet communism since 1945 , routledge | , 2000 | . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp / title ~ db = all ~ content = t732627883 ] * germany in the twentieth century , | |
| 327805035 | 327838324 | 2009-11-25 10:01:14 | 0 days 05:27:30 | 0|195.37.189.30 | 0 | ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ | https : / / www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in time 1989 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and photos of the time of the fall of the berlin wall and the german reunification , mostly licenced under cc | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de | |
| 328159849 | 328160753 | 2009-11-27 05:32:21 | 0 days 00:07:53 | 11108349 | 0 | : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ | http : / / boondilexicon . blogspot . com / 2009 / 11 / berlin - wall - dr - ruwan - m - jayatunge . html an essay on berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp | |
| 328160753 | 328161039 | 2009-11-27 05:34:53 | 0 days 00:02:32 | 1623918 | 0 | : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ | http : / / boondilexicon . blogspot . com / 2009 / 11 / berlin - wall - dr - ruwan - m - jayatunge . html an essay on berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / | |
| 333200585 | 333200951 | 2009-12-22 05:35:55 | 0 days 00:03:09 | 96897 | 0 | betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , | [ | [[ | junkers ] [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / junker ] , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass |
| 341696550 | 341779103 | 2010-02-03 23:22:21 | 0 days 07:40:25 | 0|77.1.40.125 | 0 | _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ | http : / / www . wallofberlin . com " virtual berlin wall " ] - website linked to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . pictures can be uploaded on a chose region of the wall for a fee ( in english ) | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle | |
| 346776955 | 346946452 | 2010-02-28 20:32:14 | 0 days 20:44:54 | 11808820 | 0 | [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ | http : / / www . petervannugteren . com / berlin . html photoimpression berlin wall 1976 ] | * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * | |
| 348149601 | 348215111 | 2010-03-07 01:32:51 | 0 days 06:31:24 | 145394 | 0 | [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ | http : / / www . petervannugteren . com / berlin . html photoimpression berlin wall 1976 ] | * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / photogallery . htm gallery at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / | |
| 350071952 | 350105223 | 2010-03-15 23:50:50 | 0 days 03:09:30 | 0|98.17.93.7 | 0 | . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = | fuck you big time | * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british | |
| 350105436 | 350105530 | 2010-03-15 23:52:50 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 1738583 | 1 | . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = | fuck you big time | * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british | |
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 72 | _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage | in english | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle | |
| 73 | website berlin . de * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall | in german | * [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german and englisch ) * [ http | ||||||
| 74 | der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] | ( in german and englisch ) | * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / | ||||||
| 75 | - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system | ( in german ) | ] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary | ||||||
| 78 | past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 | at www . germany . info | ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin | ||||||
| 357897333 | 358424098 | 2010-04-26 15:38:35 | 2 days 18:36:26 | 10996774 | 1 | | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite | web | news | | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | |
| 363608452 | 363705343 | 2010-05-23 11:12:36 | 0 days 14:31:37 | 0|121.236.152.86 | 1 | mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 | = = external links = = {{ commons }} | * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : | |
| 363705343 | 363705709 | 2010-05-23 11:15:24 | 0 days 00:02:48 | 7007500 | 1 | mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 | = = external links = = {{ commons }} | * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : | |
| 369426506 | 369704750 | 2010-06-23 08:49:43 | 1 days 12:15:03 | 5812172 | 0 | . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ | http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002 / the - berlin - wall - rise - and - fall the berlin wall : rise and fall ] - slideshow by ' ' [[ life magazine ]] ' ' | * [ https : / / www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in time 1989 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and | |
| 381576652 | 383513705 | 2010-09-07 20:13:40 | 9 days 21:55:10 | 1219174 | 4 | / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ | http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] | * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ | |
| 385938027 | 386053284 | 2010-09-21 05:51:05 | 0 days 13:01:45 | 5812172 | 0 | ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ | http : / / www . thefirstpost . co . uk / 55774 , in - pictures , news - in - pictures , in - pictures - photographs - the - berlin - wall - my - part - in - its - fall - by - roland - pietsch - germany fall of the wall : my school trip ] - slideshow by ' ' [[ the first post ]] ' ' | * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / | |
| 398858085 | 399051464 | 2010-11-27 00:47:52 | 1 days 03:59:26 | 16710 | 24 | icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . | die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / | |
| 27 | galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / | / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required | * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * | ||||||
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 4 | western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 | , | – time | publisher = time < ! | date = | 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title |
| 96 | wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 | - 11 - 09 | | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / | ||||||
| 140 | . < ref > {{ cite news | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july | 5 , | 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 | ||||||
| 142 | " . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september | 8 , | 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . | ||||||
| 145 | and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = november | 5 , | 2009 | url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate | ||||||
| 152 | http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube | ]] | * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . | ||||||
| 445112728 | 445115677 | 2011-08-16 07:52:17 | 0 days 00:31:24 | 6971250 | 3 | but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / | / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] | * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp | |
| 474175877 | 476209082 | 2012-02-11 00:44:21 | 10 days 16:49:11 | 10996774 | 1 | and confided that she wanted the soviet leader to do what he could to stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite | web | news | | url = http : / / www . hindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded |
| 10 | once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom , ” proclaimed president wulff . " < ref > {{ cite | web | news | | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe / germany / 8699626 / germany - marks - 50th - | |||||
| 14 | publisher = history . com | date = 2011 - 08 - 11 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite | web | news | | url = http : / / www . germanworldonline . com / index . php / 50 - years - berlin - wall - 1961 - 1989 / | title | |||||
| 15 | | title = germany marks 50th anniversary of berlin wall | publisher = uk telegraph | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 | }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | | url = http : / / www . foxnews . com / world / 2011 / 08 / 13 / germany - marks - construction - berlin - wall - | ||||||
| 478048968 | 479597706 | 2012-03-01 04:49:52 | 8 days 18:24:43 | 508734 | 1 | and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , 20 | nov . | november | 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title |
| 490948661 | 492197810 | 2012-05-12 13:18:30 | 6 days 05:07:09 | 14216826 | 9 | the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , | 9780850582451 | isbn 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 | . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt |
| 499130826 | 499137099 | 2012-06-24 14:03:31 | 0 days 00:57:51 | 4905985 | 1 | east german mark | ddm ]] 16 , 155 , 000 or about us $ 3 , 638 , 000 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko | | last = | burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall | |
| 560698146 | 560703430 | 2013-06-20 04:11:03 | 0 days 01:09:43 | 1108424 | 2 | process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com " > {{ | cite web | unreferenced section | | url = http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate |
| 560704004 | 561644568 | 2013-06-26 09:25:41 | 6 days 05:07:04 | 15628412 | 0 | ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ | http : / / www . shapell . org / manuscript . aspx ? president - ronald - reagan - pictured - at - the - berlin - wall - during - tear - down - this - wall - speech ronald reagan at the berlin wall : tear down this wall ] shapell manuscript foundation | * [ http : / / www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in time 1989 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and | |
| 602473473 | 602872991 | 2014-04-05 15:12:03 | 2 days 17:59:28 | 88026 | 0 | bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ] | * {{ | * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on | |
| 4 | as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] | * {{ wayback | date = | * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / web . archive | ||||||
| 8 | / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 – 1990 ] * | {{ | * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall | ||||||
| 15 | www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin | ] | * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com / allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * | ||||||
| 18 | / web / 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection | ] | * [ http : / / www . berlin1969 . com / " berlin 1969 " includes links to other sources . ] * [ http : / / www . | ||||||
| 632911058 | 632912474 | 2014-11-08 03:39:03 | 0 days 00:20:38 | 10340692 | 0 | uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ | http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba - ac3c - d7af - 5b98808a1ebd6b9e the cwihp collection on the rise and fall of the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / | |
| 1 | . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ | http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times | * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] official website berlin . de * {{ de | ||||||
| 4 | [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com / allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ | http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] | * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * {{ wayback | date = 20060219134229 | url | ||||||
| 6 | berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] * [ | http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] | * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http | ||||||
| 7 | . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ | http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] | * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www | ||||||
| 8 | died ' trying to flee east germany ] . [[ the daily telegraph ]] , 13 august 2003 . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ | http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002 / the - berlin - wall - rise - and - fall the berlin wall : rise and fall ] – slideshow by ' ' [[ life magazine ]] ' ' | * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british | ||||||
| 9 | / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and photos of the time of the fall of the berlin wall and the german reunification , mostly licenced under cc * [ | http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de | ||||||
| 10 | / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ | http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * | ||||||
| 633021579 | 633040519 | 2014-11-09 02:15:56 | 0 days 02:47:56 | 10340692 | 4 | guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] | for further details | --> | * [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ | |
| 5 | _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] | the berlin wall | * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video | ||||||
| 9 | - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / | - a | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle | ||||||
| 14 | one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / | history | * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * | ||||||
| 23 | 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ external links | date = november 2014 }} * [ http : | / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ | ||||||
| 24 | 2014 }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ | http : / / www . dw - world . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html explore the former inner german border with dw ' s animated video ] | * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video | ||||||
| 26 | guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] | ' ' | * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / | ||||||
| 29 | / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall – official | homepage | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle | ||||||
| 33 | . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall | and east - berlin ] | * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ youtube | o2grqp7k0iy | escape from | ||||||
| 35 | * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ youtube | o2grqp7k0iy | escape from | gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin }} * {{ wayback | date = 20060219134229 | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html | title = jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection }} | * [ http : / / www . berlin1969 . com / " berlin 1969 " includes links to other sources . ] * [ http : / / www . | ||||||
| 39 | index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall | ] | * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * | ||||||
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 28 | ' s [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , < ref > {{ cite news | title = berlin wall : was the fall engineered by the gdr ? | author = stephanie | | last = | kirchner | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / world / article / 0 , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html | newspaper | |
| 63 | among # heroes . thank you for helping to bring down the # wall . " < ref > {{ cite web | title = good - bye , david bowie | . | | url = https : / / twitter . com / germanydiplo / status / 686498183669743616 | publisher = german foreign office | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = | ||||||
| 706975021 | 707177225 | 2016-02-27 07:39:45 | 0 days 22:24:26 | 16283967 | 12 | rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 | date = 20120907214853 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite | news | | url = http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / | |
| 714997403 | 722498372 | 2016-05-28 14:48:32 | 45 days 12:07:39 | 27823944 | 2 | = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 | deadurl = | yes | may 2016 | | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110920132624 / http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . |
| 734284492 | 734407317 | 2016-08-14 03:25:55 | 0 days 18:58:58 | 4977632 | 2 | [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] – official website for the state capital of berlin | . de / mauer / en / }} | * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] * [ http : / / www . chronik | |
| 5 | ] – official website for the state capital of berlin * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial | ] | | publisher = berlin wall foundation }} | * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle | |||||
| 10 | : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall | ] – a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic | | publisher = deutschlandradio }} | * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk | |||||
| 17 | [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin | - brandenburg | * {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britishpathe . com / search / query / | ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] – a chronicle of the berlin wall history * {{ nyt topic | |||||
| 18 | / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] | + wall | title = berlin wall ( newsreel archives ) | publisher = [[ british pathe | * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] – a chronicle of the berlin wall history * {{ nyt topic | | ||||||
| 735821858 | 736676388 | 2016-08-29 03:36:10 | 5 days 18:00:42 | 27823944 | 2 | first1 = sven felix | last1 = kellerhof | first2 = alan | last2 = posener | year = 2007 | work = [[ die welt ]] online | deadurl = | yes | august 2016 | | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / |
| 749499810 | 750161040 | 2016-11-18 03:30:42 | 3 days 09:52:21 | 27823944 | 0 | ref > [ http : / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 rsf . org ] {{ | wayback | webarchive | | url = http : / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 | date = 20091108121553 }} |
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 4 | that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | | title = berlin wall : five things you might not know | date = 12 august 2011 | publisher = ' ' [[ telegraph media group | the telegraph ]] ' ' | | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ | |
| 787359385 | 787408974 | 2017-06-25 06:54:21 | 0 days 07:37:56 | 31190988 | 1 | a memorial in 1999 . other isolated fragments , lampposts , other elements , and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . < ref > {{ | cite web | title = memorial landscape : berlin wall | webarchiv | | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref |
| 810071958 | 810072027 | 2017-11-13 05:36:43 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 19339494 | 9 | < ref > {{ citation | last = gélin | first = daniel | title = the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall | date = 1965 | - 07 - 15 | | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / combined | last2 = varela | last3 = arco | last4 = block | |
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| 341350743 | 341570583 | 2010-02-02 22:54:36 | 1 days 01:11:28 | 0|24.32.209.152 | 0 | from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | the b erlin wall was stupid | | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ | |
| 341570583 | 341570758 | 2010-02-02 22:55:29 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 9674144 | 0 | from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | the b erlin wall was stupid | | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ | |
| 341570758 | 341570921 | 2010-02-02 22:56:23 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 0|24.32.209.152 | 0 | from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | the berlin wall was gay | | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ | |
| 341570921 | 341571052 | 2010-02-02 22:56:59 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 11441278 | 0 | from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | the berlin wall was gay | | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ | |
| 398244809 | 398275575 | 2010-11-22 17:08:51 | 0 days 03:12:44 | 0|217.86.65.6 | 5 | | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | | - | | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to | |
| 398275575 | 398275606 | 2010-11-22 17:09:04 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 13286072 | 1 | image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | | - | | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone ( wow that is a vey cool lamb . ) in germany | |
| 444182652 | 444482392 | 2011-08-12 18:46:58 | 1 days 16:17:34 | 2989394 | 6 | . [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector | . | ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980 ' s | |
| 456253435 | 456255233 | 2011-10-18 21:44:29 | 0 days 00:12:40 | 5177550 | 0 | thousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . | file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " | file : berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 plaque . jpg | a " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file | |
| 504102528 | 505248510 | 2012-08-01 12:00:15 | 6 days 23:47:00 | 17222084 | 7 | . [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector | . | ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s ]] four | |
| 510912533 | 511602144 | 2012-09-09 22:17:03 | 4 days 09:01:45 | 595371 | 0 | 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = | {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} | [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous | |
| 529700077 | 529724987 | 2012-12-25 15:36:49 | 0 days 06:28:33 | 10434788 | 1 | file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | 250px | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector | . | . | ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | 250px | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s |
| 534983192 | 538062628 | 2013-02-13 16:08:19 | 18 days 02:16:50 | 12799911 | 0 | such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = | [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] | [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) . ]] the berlin | |
| 538062628 | 538916225 | 2013-02-18 19:08:38 | 5 days 03:00:19 | 10728040 | 0 | remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 9 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ | < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking through | [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall in the days before it was torn down . ]] [[ file : | |
| 6 | visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ file : berlin wall 1990 . | file : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | almost all of the remaining sections were rapidly chipped away . december 1990 | file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | upright | west germans curiously peer at | ||||||
| 16 | ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 | ]] [[ | file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | thumb | upright | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , | ||||||
| 27 | it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . | [[ | file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | upright | west germans curiously peer at | ||||||
| 574661815 | 574662020 | 2013-09-26 21:55:58 | 0 days 00:02:01 | 16715243 | 0 | ein berliner " and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | ich bin ein berliner | tear down this wall ! }} | {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( " i am a berliner " ) speech ( audio ) | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} | [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous | |
| 575031930 | 575032069 | 2013-09-29 18:29:29 | 0 days 00:01:23 | 1108424 | 0 | jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . photos by george garrigues | . 1984 | ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | | |
| 575032069 | 575047845 | 2013-09-29 20:48:17 | 0 days 02:18:48 | 1108424 | 3 | jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . photos by george garrigues | . 1984 | ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | | |
| 594610725 | 595829165 | 2014-02-17 04:45:39 | 8 days 01:48:57 | 182902 | 0 | in foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 | . photos by george garrigues | ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | | |
| 600160165 | 601584324 | 2014-03-28 00:27:17 | 9 days 10:05:54 | 18779361 | 2 | brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | east german [[ combat groups of the working class ]] close the border on 13 august 1961 in preparation of the berlin wall construction | . | ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 . ]] on | |
| 4 | a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall | . | ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) . ]] the | ||||||
| 623786249 | 623812316 | 2014-09-02 05:04:56 | 0 days 04:37:28 | 204692 | 0 | brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | east german [[ combat groups of the working class ]] close the border on 13 august 1961 in preparation of the berlin wall construction | . | ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 ]] on 15 | |
| 656846739 | 659612103 | 2015-04-28 03:39:31 | 11 days 00:23:37 | 24802543 | 2 | 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the berlin wall , as seen from the [[ axel springer ag ]] building , 1984 | . | ]] [[ file : berlin wall death strip , 1977 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ czech | |
| 3 | in foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 | . | ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position | ||||||
| 5 | a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall | . | ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin | ||||||
| 16 | jpg | at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | juggling on the wall on 16 november 1989 | . | file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > another border crossing to the south may have been | ||||||
| 22 | wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 file : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | almost all of the remaining sections were rapidly chipped away . december 1990 | . | file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | west germans peer at east german border guards through | ||||||
| 820361257 | 820363656 | 2018-01-14 08:40:17 | 0 days 00:14:39 | 11104969 | 3 | | at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 . file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | juggling on the wall on 16 november 1989 | . | file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) . file : berlin 1989 , fall der mauer , chute du mur | |
| 851685920 | 851852657 | 2018-07-25 01:13:29 | 1 days 02:16:37 | 558022 | 0 | . doi . org / 10 . 1017 / chol9780521837200 | doi = 10 . 1017 / chol9780521837200 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = | [[ file : aerial view of divided berlin . webm | thumb | right | 200px | aerial footage of the wall as filmed by the [[ cia ]] in 1961 ]] | [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | east german [[ combat groups of the |
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| 74442611 | 74981139 | 2006-09-10 21:59:14 | 2 days 20:41:41 | 63530 | 0 | fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn | 0471267364 | 0471267368 | }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = |
| 89532890 | 89582444 | 2006-11-23 03:25:22 | 0 days 05:13:56 | 433328 | 0 | fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn | 0471267368 | 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 | }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = |
| 325413366 | 325413509 | 2009-11-12 10:08:14 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 8023653 | 2 | * germany in the twentieth century , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition , 1991 . isbn 0 713467959 * | childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' | east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? , [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the | |
| 376102866 | 376154207 | 2010-07-29 21:06:22 | 0 days 05:43:39 | 9540157 | 1 | citation | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 | | ref = harv | postscript = | | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin | |
| 7 | = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 | | ref = harv | postscript = | * {{ citation | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | ||||||
| 9 | | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 | | ref = harv | postscript = | }} * {{ citation | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | | ||||||
| 11 | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 | | ref = harv | postscript = }} | }} * {{ citation | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | | ||||||
| 13 | the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 | | ref = harv | postscript = | | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} | ||||||
| 20 | loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 | | ref = harv | postscript = | }} * {{ citation | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = | ||||||
| 24 | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 | | ref = harv | postscript = | | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european | ||||||
| 28 | | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 | | ref = harv | postscript = | | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year | ||||||
| 32 | | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 | | ref = harv | postscript = | }} * {{ citation | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the | ||||||
| 34 | photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 | | ref = harv | postscript = | }} * {{ citation | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | ||||||
| 36 | | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 | | ref = harv | postscript = | }} * {{ citation | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = | ||||||
| 38 | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 | | ref = harv | postscript = | }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - | ||||||
| 39 | citation | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 | }} | * {{ citation | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall | ||||||
| 44 | = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 | }} | * {{ citation | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | | ||||||
| 46 | | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 | }} | * {{ citation | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | ||||||
| 48 | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 | }} | * {{ citation | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | ||||||
| 398858085 | 399051464 | 2010-11-27 00:47:52 | 1 days 03:59:26 | 16710 | 16 | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = | 071465408 | 0714654086 | | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary |
| 441951679 | 443412986 | 2011-08-06 22:01:43 | 8 days 23:04:20 | 16710 | 3 | book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 | | pages | | language = {{ de icon }} | publisher = welt . de | date = 2009 - 05 - 30 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} | = 247 }} < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | |
| 24 | book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 | | pages | page | = 394 }} < / ref > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = [[ file : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | |||||
| 490948661 | 492197810 | 2012-05-12 13:18:30 | 6 days 05:07:09 | 14216826 | 3 | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | year = 2009 | isbn = | 0375425322 | 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 | }} < / ref > after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . |
| 4 | cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = | 9055890952 | 90 - 5589 - 095 - 2 | | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first | |||||
| 6 | / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn 9780582315693 , isbn | 0582315697 | 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 | * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin | |||||
| 10 | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 – 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = | 0714654086 | 0 - 7146 - 5408 - 6 | | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary | |||||
| 11 | dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = | 0300044984 | 0 - 300 - 04498 - 4 | | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : | |||||
| 12 | | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = | 1594200629 | 1 - 59420 - 062 - 9 | | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up | |||||
| 13 | driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = | 0691096783 | 0 - 691 - 09678 - 3 | | ref = harv }} * {{ cite journal | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and | |||||
| 14 | = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = | 0198297165 | 0 - 19 - 829716 - 5 | | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite journal | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' | |||||
| 15 | | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 – 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = | 0890969671 | 0 - 89096 - 967 - 1 | | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite journal | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come | |||||
| 16 | book | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = | 0312174071 | 0 - 312 - 17407 - 1 | | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite journal | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title | |||||
| 17 | of a lost border . ( die berliner mauer . spuren einer verschwundenen grenze ) | publisher = be . bra verlag , berlin | year = 2011 | isbn = | 9783814801858 | 978 - 3 - 8148 - 0185 - 8 | | ref = harv | postscript = }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 – 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * | |||||
| 18 | book | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = | 0313328145 | 0 - 313 - 32814 - 5 | | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | |||||
| 19 | ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = | 3875846958 | 3 - 87584 - 695 - 8 | | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since | |||||
| 20 | turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = | 0300038658 | 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 | | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war | |||||
| 21 | | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = | 0742555429 | 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 | | ref = harv | postscript = }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser |
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| 42382313 | 42452944 | 2006-03-06 08:48:18 | 0 days 12:18:52 | 0|210.186.42.27 | 0 | on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 ]] | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . he predicted that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference ; when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually knocked it down . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ( english band ) | the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution because it was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft | |
| 42452944 | 42452968 | 2006-03-06 08:48:44 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 212671 | 0 | on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 ]] | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . he predicted that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference ; when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually knocked it down . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ( english band ) | the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution because it was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft | |
| 44080269 | 44113664 | 2006-03-16 21:53:42 | 0 days 04:06:55 | 1095569 | 0 | was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | in 1990 the u . s . congress failed to pass the defense budget forcing many government defense contracting companies to lay off thousands of workers . | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft | |
| 44622748 | 44682288 | 2006-03-20 17:08:54 | 0 days 10:47:27 | 0|67.110.222.148 | 0 | was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | in 1990 the u . s . congress failed to pass the defense budget forcing many government defense contracting companies to lay off thousands of workers . | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft | |
| 44769958 | 44770116 | 2006-03-21 04:57:37 | 0 days 00:01:58 | 0|68.154.38.227 | 0 | was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft | |
| 44770337 | 44770428 | 2006-03-21 05:00:41 | 0 days 00:00:58 | 410083 | 1 | was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft | |
| 52529239 | 52529711 | 2006-05-10 18:44:12 | 0 days 00:03:09 | 0|209.7.107.26 | 0 | was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | ed geins hot as hell | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft | |
| 52529711 | 52530486 | 2006-05-10 18:48:55 | 0 days 00:04:43 | 145855 | 0 | was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | ed geins hot as hell | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft | |
| 64831086 | 64853167 | 2006-07-20 14:11:37 | 0 days 03:09:49 | 0|212.135.1.185 | 0 | in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | this was a dramatic story and for all of yous lot that put that wall up die die die | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft | |
| 64853167 | 64854802 | 2006-07-20 14:22:28 | 0 days 00:10:51 | 157842 | 0 | in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | this was a dramatic story and for all of yous lot that put that wall up die die die | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft | |
| 84732751 | 84973950 | 2006-11-01 04:03:49 | 1 days 03:47:27 | 2628196 | 0 | in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | over 3millon people comited oral sex | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft | |
| 84974428 | 84974601 | 2006-11-01 04:08:49 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 416594 | 1 | in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | over 3millon people comited oral sex | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft | |
| 86761110 | 86761963 | 2006-11-09 18:30:53 | 0 days 00:04:37 | 0|206.158.3.70 | 0 | in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | trying to escape berlin is really hard believe me i tried it and like i got shot so many times it wasn ' t even funny . luckly my flesh is like metal and the bullets bounced off me . this is why you shouldnt try to escape from germany . | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft | |
| 86761963 | 86762343 | 2006-11-09 18:32:46 | 0 days 00:01:53 | 441020 | 2 | in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | trying to escape berlin is really hard believe me i tried it and like i got shot so many times it wasn ' t even funny . luckly my flesh is like metal and the bullets bounced off me . this is why you shouldnt try to escape from germany . | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft | |
| 87694767 | 87777029 | 2006-11-14 16:01:29 | 0 days 11:33:26 | 0|63.253.45.100 | 0 | in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | this one time nick g ollied the berlin wall to freedom ' cause he was black , and he was wearing 30 pairs of pants ' cause he likes chewbacca | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft | |
| 87781196 | 87781220 | 2006-11-14 16:26:49 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 1008387 | 0 | in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | this one time nick g ollied the berlin wall to freedom ' cause he was black , and he was wearing 30 pairs of pants ' cause he likes chewbacca | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft | |
| 100114596 | 100116552 | 2007-01-12 00:32:15 | 0 days 00:10:08 | 0|64.228.195.105 | 0 | in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | eeee wreck shuns ! ! ! ! | = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left | |
| 100116552 | 100119758 | 2007-01-12 00:48:43 | 0 days 00:16:28 | 1365356 | 0 | in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | eeee wreck shuns ! ! ! ! | = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left | |
| 109820921 | 109895954 | 2007-02-21 20:45:54 | 0 days 05:45:40 | 0|70.147.157.133 | 0 | berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] | the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . | hi | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 |
| 109895954 | 109896077 | 2007-02-21 20:46:27 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 2655685 | 0 | berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] | hi | the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 |
| 116345998 | 116369124 | 2007-03-19 22:04:39 | 0 days 01:34:09 | 0|69.134.230.173 | 0 | opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . | the german legislature then voted to move their capital from bonn to berlin . the transfer is said to take 10 years ! | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 | |
| 116486220 | 116509549 | 2007-03-20 12:18:22 | 0 days 03:23:27 | 351312 | 2 | opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . | the german legislature then voted to move their capital from bonn to berlin . the transfer is said to take 10 years ! | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 | |
| 127284977 | 127423646 | 2007-05-01 14:26:01 | 0 days 14:27:40 | 0|74.62.85.206 | 0 | opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . | bye | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 | |
| 127423646 | 127423687 | 2007-05-01 14:26:09 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 241822 | 0 | opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . | bye | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 | |
| 128044281 | 128044362 | 2007-05-03 20:32:41 | 0 days 00:00:17 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 1 | morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall | . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 | |
| 128044362 | 128044374 | 2007-05-03 20:32:44 | 0 days 00:00:03 | 1614547 | 13 | = layout and modifications = = i dont no why he just didnt ask the sarge about that one stipud idoits = = official crossings and usage = = berlin wall | . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 | |
| 150821296 | 150831974 | 2007-08-12 21:22:59 | 0 days 01:07:43 | 0|83.31.88.33 | 1 | right | 200px | piece of the wall that has now been relocated to [[ chapman university | chapman university ' s ]] campus . shown illuminated at night . ]] | the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 | |
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 76 | of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | see also : [[ schicksalstag ]] . | = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly | |
| 191453321 | 191453395 | 2008-02-14 17:26:01 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 0|70.118.101.154 | 0 | layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . | = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | 250px | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | 265px | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 150px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - west side graffiti ; " eventually every wall falls " . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 200px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] [[ image : rostropovich _ at _ the _ wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . | sam rules | = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away |
| 191453395 | 191453407 | 2008-02-14 17:26:07 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 4928500 | 0 | layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . | sam rules | = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | 250px | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | 265px | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 150px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - west side graffiti ; " eventually every wall falls " . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 200px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] [[ image : rostropovich _ at _ the _ wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . | = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away |
| 191583995 | 191709609 | 2008-02-15 20:07:18 | 0 days 15:08:49 | 0|207.160.105.110 | 2 | naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . | david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . | = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away | |
| 191709609 | 191709855 | 2008-02-15 20:08:39 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 4430968 | 2 | wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . brendon urie is the hottestmanontheplanet . | david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . | = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away | |
| 193766290 | 193777843 | 2008-02-24 21:25:31 | 0 days 00:51:48 | 0|64.93.160.189 | 0 | government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . | dear spencer , you are a bitch ! the wall came down on nov . 9th ! love , jonny | = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly | |
| 193777843 | 193777881 | 2008-02-24 21:25:41 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 851336 | 0 | government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . | dear spencer , you are a bitch ! the wall came down on nov . 9th ! love , jonny | = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly | |
| 193777881 | 193778312 | 2008-02-24 21:27:27 | 0 days 00:01:46 | 0|64.93.160.189 | 0 | government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . | dear spencer , you are a bitch . the wall came on nov . 9th silly . love , jonny . | = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly | |
| 193778312 | 193778475 | 2008-02-24 21:27:59 | 0 days 00:00:32 | 2372780 | 0 | government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . | dear spencer , you are a bitch . the wall came on nov . 9th silly . love , jonny . | = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly | |
| 240441737 | 240527783 | 2008-09-23 20:55:28 | 0 days 06:51:15 | 0|142.167.51.128 | 0 | that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . | hey peoples | = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away | |
| 240527783 | 240527995 | 2008-09-23 20:56:17 | 0 days 00:00:49 | 0|142.167.51.128 | 0 | that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . | hey peoples | = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away | |
| 248088801 | 248089272 | 2008-10-27 23:49:55 | 0 days 00:02:21 | 0|69.131.98.104 | 0 | that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . | - - [[ special : contributions / 69 . 131 . 98 . 104 | 69 . 131 . 98 . 104 ]] ( [[ user talk : 69 . 131 . 98 . 104 | talk ]] ) 23 : 49 , 27 october 2008 ( utc ) | = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away | |
| 248638203 | 248638514 | 2008-10-30 16:21:48 | 0 days 00:01:36 | 352579 | 1 | that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . | - - [[ special : contributions / 69 . 131 . 98 . 104 | 69 . 131 . 98 . 104 ]] ( [[ user talk : 69 . 131 . 98 . 104 | talk ]] ) 23 : 49 , 27 october 2008 ( utc ) | = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away | |
| 266949918 | 267068772 | 2009-01-28 22:44:29 | 0 days 10:45:43 | 0|99.228.71.49 | 2 | union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . | jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving ' sign at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some {{ who }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used | |
| 267068772 | 267068810 | 2009-01-28 22:44:37 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 4928500 | 2 | victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] the berlin wall is bullshit . | jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving ' sign at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some {{ who }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used | |
| 274348982 | 274375997 | 2009-03-02 08:21:46 | 0 days 03:23:51 | 0|84.175.184.115 | 0 | that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . | david hasselhoff destroyed the wall in berlin with the song " ive been looking for freedom " . | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used | |
| 274375997 | 274455448 | 2009-03-02 16:24:37 | 0 days 08:02:51 | 96897 | 0 | that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . | david hasselhoff destroyed the wall in berlin with the song " ive been looking for freedom " . | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used | |
| 281323676 | 281352826 | 2009-04-02 19:54:58 | 0 days 02:38:01 | 0|149.169.138.39 | 0 | was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} | . | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used | |
| 282662590 | 282781427 | 2009-04-09 15:13:59 | 0 days 15:06:29 | 9418822 | 0 | the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 . . {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} | = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9th , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign is focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and students at over 20 universities will participate in " freedom without walls " events in the fall of 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | title = freedom without walls | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used | |
| 299536269 | 299551518 | 2009-06-30 18:30:07 | 0 days 01:29:17 | 0|171.66.240.162 | 0 | - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > | * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for the 20th anniversary is one of many efforts created for the 20th anniversary from individuals around the world | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used | |
| 299551518 | 299552541 | 2009-06-30 18:36:20 | 0 days 00:06:13 | 0|171.66.240.162 | 3 | . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for the 20th anniversary is one of many efforts created for the 20th anniversary from individuals around the world | . | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used | |
| 299552541 | 299564195 | 2009-06-30 19:41:06 | 0 days 01:04:46 | 3308922 | 0 | - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > | * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin is a multimedia dance performance which is to be performed onsite , via the web and in different theaters . this is one of many efforts created for the 20th anniversary since the fall of the wall from individuals around the world . | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used | |
| 303065140 | 303113265 | 2009-07-20 11:09:31 | 0 days 07:33:40 | 0|195.127.17.245 | 0 | - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > | an international project called " mauerreise " – journey of the wall takes place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks are being sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm < / ref > | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used | |
| 324767695 | 324769101 | 2009-11-09 02:50:30 | 0 days 00:09:18 | 444985 | 2 | / enindex . htm the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut ] < | / ref > | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used | |
| 324815547 | 324817567 | 2009-11-09 10:24:49 | 0 days 00:21:31 | 6971250 | 0 | htm the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut ] < / ref > | to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity has reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in virtual berlin . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . twinity . com / en / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 09 - 11 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used | |
| 324847851 | 324850374 | 2009-11-09 15:19:52 | 0 days 00:17:07 | 0|216.135.54.194 | 0 | / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > | the european music awards , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed on the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 | |
| 324997478 | 324997562 | 2009-11-10 05:49:56 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 444985 | 0 | tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . | palestinians in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , west bank pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html ] < / ref > | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 | |
| 324998283 | 325010242 | 2009-11-10 08:03:46 | 0 days 02:06:43 | 6971250 | 1 | tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . | palestinians in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , west bank pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html ] < / ref > | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 | |
| 325010353 | 325011446 | 2009-11-10 08:17:19 | 0 days 00:12:16 | 67221 | 1 | tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . | palestinians in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , west bank pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] , in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html ] < / ref > | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 | |
| 340925610 | 340953371 | 2010-01-30 19:58:23 | 0 days 02:54:51 | 0|71.94.226.60 | 0 | . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html ] < / ref > | i like spray cheese | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 | |
| 340953371 | 340953570 | 2010-01-30 19:59:48 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 5026668 | 0 | . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html ] < / ref > | i like spray cheese | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 | |
| 371187573 | 371284385 | 2010-07-01 23:11:03 | 0 days 11:31:26 | 6053249 | 0 | > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > | the international spy museum in washington dc hosted a trabant car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . rides were raffled every half hour and a trabant crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse . | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 | |
| 373492661 | 374861638 | 2010-07-22 14:54:33 | 7 days 19:35:53 | 0|76.248.68.144 | 4 | and a trabant crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse . | the allied museum in the [[ dahlem ( berlin ) | dahlem ]] district of berlin hosted a number of events to mark the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the museum held a special exhibition entitled " wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 - 1990 " which focused on the daily patrols deployed by the western powers to observe the situation along the berlin wall and the fortifications on the [[ east germany | gdr ]] [[ inner german border | border ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . alliiertenmuseum . de / en / 4 _ 2 . php ? year = & activity _ id = 214 ] < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp | cinderella stamps ]] designed by t . h . e . hill , the author of [[ voices under berlin : the tale of a monterey mary ( novel ) | voices under berlin ]] , was presented to the museum by david guerra , berlin veteran and webmaster of the site [[ berlin brigade | www . berlinbrigade . com ]] . the stamps splendidly illustrate that even twenty years on , veterans of service in berlin still regard their service there as one of the high points of their lives . < ref > [ http : / / www . alliiertenmuseum . de / en / 4 _ 3 . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 ] < / ref > | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 | |
| 404839330 | 404940629 | 2010-12-30 05:00:56 | 0 days 11:51:01 | 0|71.239.240.2 | 0 | = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > | in celebration of the 20th anniversary , internationally renown [[ choreographer ]] [ http : / / www . ny2dance . com nejla yatkin ] created [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = zz - 7zgxn7su wallstories ] co - commissioned by the [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / us / ney / enindex . htm goethe institut ny ] in [[ new york ]] . wallstories is part of the [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com berlin wall project ] and it premiered at the [[ john f . kennedy center for the performing arts ]] in [[ washington , dc ]] in 2009 to positive reviews in [[ the washington post ]] . the berlin wall project is a triptych movement project : manifesting on the stage - wallstories , on the screen - [ http : / / www . hulu . com / watch / 174408 / dance - on - camera - the - wall the wall ] , and on the streets - [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / 2009 / 11 / 11 / arts / dance / 11berlin . html ? _ r = 1 & ref = berlinwall dancing with the berlin wall ] . | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east | |
| 404941337 | 404942015 | 2010-12-30 05:12:19 | 0 days 00:05:38 | 262550 | 0 | = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > | in celebration of the 20th anniversary , internationally renown [[ choreographer ]] [ http : / / www . ny2dance . com nejla yatkin ] created [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = zz - 7zgxn7su wallstories ] co - commissioned by the [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / us / ney / enindex . htm goethe institut ny ] in [[ new york ]] . wallstories is part of the [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com berlin wall project ] and it premiered at the [[ john f . kennedy center for the performing arts ]] in [[ washington , dc ]] in 2009 to positive reviews in [[ the washington post ]] . the berlin wall project is a triptych movement project : manifesting on the stage - wallstories , on the screen - [ http : / / www . hulu . com / watch / 174408 / dance - on - camera - the - wall the wall ] , and on the streets - [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / 2009 / 11 / 11 / arts / dance / 11berlin . html ? _ r = 1 & ref = berlinwall dancing with the berlin wall ] [[ ( new york times ) ]] . | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east | |
| 411101265 | 411101859 | 2011-01-31 04:35:01 | 0 days 00:04:07 | 11086114 | 0 | = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > | geordie huband took down the berlin wall | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east | |
| 411101859 | 411101883 | 2011-01-31 04:35:13 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 13286072 | 0 | = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > | geordie huband took down the berlin wall | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east | |
| 411101883 | 411532543 | 2011-02-02 06:42:03 | 2 days 02:06:50 | 13916463 | 0 | = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > | < gallery > file : monument _ 46 . jpg | the secret denkmal - the first of twelve stones file : monument _ 41 . jpg | the secret denkmal - one of twelve stones < / gallery > at the time of the celebrations in 2009 , a monument was found in the area of berlin known as " no - man ' s land " - between what used to be east and west berlin . on bernauer street a dozen low - relief carved stones forming a circle around a tree were found by citizens of the mitte neighborhood . the stones included silhouettes of ak - 47s , a soldier with gun , bombs , and text in english about the " present and future " wars . the monument , coined the secret denkmal - using the german word for monument - was reported about by [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , , 5217452 , 00 . html deutsche welle ] . in early 2010 , a small group of concerned citizens [ http : / / timpinault . com / denkmal / viewer . swf moved the secret denkmal ] to another near - by open space , as the site where it lay was planned for demolition . | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east | |
| 411532543 | 411538405 | 2011-02-02 07:46:52 | 0 days 01:04:49 | 5338638 | 0 | = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > | < gallery > file : monument _ 46 . jpg | the secret denkmal - the first of twelve stones file : monument _ 41 . jpg | the secret denkmal - one of twelve stones < / gallery > at the time of the celebrations in 2009 , a monument was found in the area of berlin known as " no - man ' s land " - between what used to be east and west berlin . on bernauer street a dozen low - relief carved stones forming a circle around a tree were found by citizens of the mitte neighborhood . the stones included silhouettes of ak - 47s , a soldier with gun , bombs , and text in english about the " present and future " wars . the monument , coined the secret denkmal - using the german word for monument - was reported about by [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , , 5217452 , 00 . html deutsche welle ] . in early 2010 , a small group of concerned citizens [ http : / / timpinault . com / denkmal / viewer . swf moved the secret denkmal ] to another near - by open space , as the site where it lay was planned for demolition . | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east | |
| 418362289 | 418686051 | 2011-03-13 22:31:56 | 2 days 00:29:16 | 8436524 | 0 | = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > | = = = media reaction = = = [[ the sun ( united kingdom newspaper ) | the sun ]] newspaper , a [[ united kingdom ]] tabloid , printed the front page headline " it ' s wall over " on 10 november 1989 , to celebrate the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / sunheadlines . blogspot . com / search / label / classics ] < / ref > | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east | |
| 418686051 | 418752147 | 2011-03-14 08:53:40 | 0 days 10:21:44 | 6971250 | 0 | = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > | = = = media reaction = = = [[ the sun ( united kingdom newspaper ) | the sun ]] newspaper , a [[ united kingdom ]] tabloid , printed the front page headline " it ' s wall over " on 10 november 1989 , to celebrate the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / sunheadlines . blogspot . com / search / label / classics ] < / ref > | = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east | |
| 811348758 | 812015131 | 2017-11-25 12:29:54 | 4 days 10:34:38 | 11193263 | 0 | | accessdate = 23 july 2010 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > | [[ file : locks at wall | thumb ]] | = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin wall ( 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] | |
| 815651106 | 815681621 | 2017-12-16 10:48:36 | 0 days 05:57:06 | 506179 | 0 | . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 | archivedate = 17 july 2011 | df = dmy - all }} [ ] < / ref > | [[ file : locks at wall | thumb ]] | = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin wall ( 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] |
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| 111407534 | 111409517 | 2007-02-27 20:49:25 | 0 days 00:08:33 | 392473 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 112716989 | 112935331 | 2007-03-05 23:53:50 | 0 days 21:07:59 | 0|67.177.105.103 | 1 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | bb , | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 112935331 | 112936932 | 2007-03-06 00:00:49 | 0 days 00:06:59 | 2198470 | 1 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | bb , | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 113258777 | 113258907 | 2007-03-07 06:13:11 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 0|67.160.16.40 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | wow , i can totally edit a wikipedia page and i ' m not even out of high school . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 113259425 | 113273294 | 2007-03-07 08:22:40 | 0 days 02:05:56 | 302522 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | wow , i can totally edit a wikipedia page and i ' m not even out of high school . no wonder my a . p . history teacher says not to trust wiki . sorry folks , looks like he was right . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 113475444 | 113475667 | 2007-03-08 02:25:16 | 0 days 00:01:08 | 0|68.18.0.87 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | poopie ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 113476232 | 113572203 | 2007-03-08 14:07:14 | 0 days 11:39:12 | 0|86.42.210.135 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | the irish won the war germans are gay | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 113572203 | 113574577 | 2007-03-08 14:20:12 | 0 days 00:12:58 | 802766 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | the irish won the war germans are gay | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 114892766 | 114905537 | 2007-03-13 22:03:13 | 0 days 00:52:03 | 0|141.149.174.143 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | . . . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 116085597 | 116190605 | 2007-03-19 05:27:20 | 0 days 09:06:28 | 74131 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | . . . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 118145720 | 118513932 | 2007-03-28 13:58:38 | 1 days 13:13:43 | 0|209.68.66.24 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | stalin was a fricken poopy head ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 118513932 | 118513954 | 2007-03-28 13:58:44 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 2198658 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | stalin was a fricken poopy head ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 118513954 | 118514214 | 2007-03-28 14:00:14 | 0 days 00:01:30 | 0|209.68.66.24 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | also stalin is a big poopy head | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 118514214 | 118514362 | 2007-03-28 14:01:04 | 0 days 00:00:50 | 3642938 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | also stalin is a big poopy head | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 118514362 | 118514380 | 2007-03-28 14:01:11 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 0|209.68.66.24 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | [[ media : example . ogg [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 118514380 | 118514572 | 2007-03-28 14:02:16 | 0 days 00:01:05 | 3642938 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | [[ media : example . ogg [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 123515484 | 123515983 | 2007-04-17 13:02:25 | 0 days 00:02:48 | 0|24.73.99.18 | 1 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | the berlin wall is made of pie and potatoes | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 123516548 | 123517699 | 2007-04-17 13:11:36 | 0 days 00:06:03 | 2875882 | 1 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | the berlin wall is made of pie and potatoes | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 126272805 | 126703896 | 2007-04-28 20:49:15 | 1 days 20:44:16 | 0|87.80.228.148 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | he also ate my face | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 126703896 | 126704053 | 2007-04-28 20:50:02 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 2044206 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | he also ate my face | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 131437579 | 131487842 | 2007-05-17 07:21:39 | 0 days 06:04:28 | 0|203.11.66.13 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | hello | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 131487842 | 131488336 | 2007-05-17 07:26:51 | 0 days 00:05:12 | 416811 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | hello | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 131538704 | 131539365 | 2007-05-17 14:06:14 | 0 days 00:03:50 | 0|203.109.89.18 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | preetham , a kotak mp , ap degree holder | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 131539365 | 131539503 | 2007-05-17 14:07:01 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 0|203.109.89.18 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | preetham , a kotak mp , ap degree holder | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 151093276 | 151142160 | 2007-08-14 10:07:36 | 0 days 06:44:26 | 0|61.68.227.116 | 0 | non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further | exodus . | ' ' ' hwlsoxhcuddgdkaeykkaiaaiufisdaudfuid ' ' ' | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader |
| 151142160 | 151142169 | 2007-08-14 10:07:45 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 1587622 | 0 | non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further | ' ' ' hwlsoxhcuddgdkaeykkaiaaiufisdaudfuid ' ' ' | exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader |
| 157861867 | 157861881 | 2007-09-14 15:25:53 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 0|216.174.135.206 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | darriens mom is the bomb | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 157863537 | 157865984 | 2007-09-14 15:48:40 | 0 days 00:13:50 | 302522 | 2 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | darriens mom is the bomb | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 158734899 | 158735955 | 2007-09-18 14:54:47 | 0 days 00:05:35 | 0|206.123.212.68 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | hi ryan | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 158735955 | 158738290 | 2007-09-18 15:07:15 | 0 days 00:12:28 | 0|71.205.116.236 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | hi ryan | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 160465669 | 160465952 | 2007-09-26 13:39:14 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | josh = gay | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 160465992 | 160466233 | 2007-09-26 13:40:49 | 0 days 00:01:22 | 145855 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | josh = gay | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 160533642 | 160539804 | 2007-09-26 20:03:06 | 0 days 00:28:49 | 0|68.210.32.120 | 1 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | it bordered south calabama . pokemon was inspired by the berlin wall . and then cheap knock offs were made such as yu - gi - oh ! | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 161588587 | 161589253 | 2007-10-01 16:35:07 | 0 days 00:03:08 | 0|142.25.180.48 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | colton was one of hitlers best friends and he killed many jews . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 161592987 | 161593149 | 2007-10-01 16:54:19 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 5451838 | 5 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | colton was one of hitlers best friends and he killed many jews . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 162353773 | 162445284 | 2007-10-05 12:42:12 | 0 days 12:55:28 | 0|65.43.196.18 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | hello laaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 162445284 | 162446548 | 2007-10-05 12:51:56 | 0 days 00:09:44 | 0|71.180.248.13 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | hello laaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 163105476 | 163371605 | 2007-10-09 17:45:07 | 1 days 02:32:03 | 0|82.41.42.114 | 7 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | ' ' | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 163371605 | 163373226 | 2007-10-09 17:53:00 | 0 days 00:07:53 | 5451838 | 7 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | ' ' | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 166165378 | 166270401 | 2007-10-22 13:01:09 | 0 days 13:13:23 | 0|63.97.18.35 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | this country blows shit out its ass ! | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 166270401 | 166270489 | 2007-10-22 13:01:37 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 5272864 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | this country blows shit out its ass ! | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 166497071 | 166497137 | 2007-10-23 12:34:40 | 0 days 00:00:32 | 0|208.108.159.75 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | kai and jamie are sooo hott x100000 | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 166497309 | 166497339 | 2007-10-23 12:36:09 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 4928500 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | ' ' ' kai and jamie are sooo hott x100000 ' ' ' | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 166497507 | 166498828 | 2007-10-23 12:46:25 | 0 days 00:09:01 | 0|208.108.159.75 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | ' ' ' ' ' mr . grinch is hottt ' ' ' ' ' | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 166516238 | 166516430 | 2007-10-23 14:35:20 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 1442840 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | ' ' ' ' ' mr . grinch is hottt ' ' ' ' ' | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 167705039 | 167856590 | 2007-10-29 15:35:14 | 0 days 18:17:22 | 0|164.113.70.82 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | and they shot people | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 167862425 | 167862530 | 2007-10-29 16:07:46 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 0|164.113.70.85 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | and they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . he loved to see luis cry cuz he cried like a baby back bitch | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 167863816 | 167863940 | 2007-10-29 16:15:33 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 218593 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | and they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 168297207 | 168309604 | 2007-10-31 14:56:47 | 0 days 01:16:29 | 0|164.113.70.2 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | so later testin revealed that dontae was a monkey | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 168310064 | 168310153 | 2007-10-31 14:59:48 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 5272864 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | so later testin revealed that dontae was a monkey no he wasn ' t he just looked like a monkey but luis was a monkey for sure and he got fucked by the baboons in the zoo every night true story | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 169975273 | 170106567 | 2007-11-08 15:14:56 | 0 days 16:23:05 | 0|164.113.70.2 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | and they killed people like edgar during the war because he was a mexican with a little penis and he was friends with luis | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 170106567 | 170106637 | 2007-11-08 15:15:26 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 5272864 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | and they killed people like edgar during the war because he was a mexican with a little penis and he was friends with luis | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 170106637 | 170107040 | 2007-11-08 15:17:52 | 0 days 00:02:26 | 0|164.113.70.2 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | luis is a mexican who crossed the boarder in 1978 with his family they were all cursed by a evil witch she made them all have small penis ' s so if you ever see a luis you ' ll always know that his penis is small | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 170107433 | 170107451 | 2007-11-08 15:20:22 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 4264700 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | luis is a mexican who crossed the boarder in 1978 with his family they were all cursed by a evil witch she made them all have small penis ' s so if you ever see a luis you ' ll always know that his penis is smalledgar has a small penis too | = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader | |
| 175559970 | 175572320 | 2007-12-03 21:25:39 | 0 days 00:54:19 | 0|24.128.167.7 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | hi | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 175572320 | 175574157 | 2007-12-03 21:35:02 | 0 days 00:09:23 | 137113 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | hi | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 177175244 | 177203555 | 2007-12-11 13:31:41 | 0 days 04:30:54 | 0|208.108.158.206 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | matt is gay | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 177203555 | 177203799 | 2007-12-11 13:33:20 | 0 days 00:01:39 | 0|208.108.158.206 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | matt is gay | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 177204049 | 177204310 | 2007-12-11 13:36:53 | 0 days 00:01:53 | 0|65.43.196.207 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | bob | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 177212791 | 177214350 | 2007-12-11 14:42:39 | 0 days 00:09:39 | 5779767 | 3 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | bob | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 181089350 | 181089537 | 2007-12-31 00:25:02 | 0 days 00:01:08 | 0|208.104.149.90 | 3 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | < / font > | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 181089537 | 181089717 | 2007-12-31 00:26:11 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 0|208.104.149.90 | 0 | berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . < / font > | < font color = orange > | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 181090431 | 181090540 | 2007-12-31 00:31:22 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 2306142 | 7 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | < / font > < font color = orange > | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 181887395 | 182004121 | 2008-01-04 00:53:14 | 0 days 07:49:22 | 0|208.157.183.39 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | hi whats up . | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 182004121 | 182012991 | 2008-01-04 01:37:44 | 0 days 00:44:30 | 2537811 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | hi whats up . | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 184559745 | 184582342 | 2008-01-15 22:16:01 | 0 days 01:32:50 | 6091975 | 1 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 184759898 | 185099808 | 2008-01-18 00:13:46 | 1 days 07:34:28 | 0|12.214.202.72 | 0 | further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . | # redirect [[ - - - - insert text ]] --> | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 185099808 | 185099823 | 2008-01-18 00:13:49 | 0 days 00:00:03 | 1879647 | 8 | further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . | # redirect [[ - - - - insert text ]] --> | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 186840588 | 187302124 | 2008-01-27 19:20:15 | 2 days 02:20:22 | 0|208.102.15.82 | 0 | further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . | i farted | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 187302124 | 187302258 | 2008-01-27 19:20:57 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 6262677 | 0 | further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . | i farted | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 188164448 | 188168240 | 2008-01-31 16:02:25 | 0 days 00:21:34 | 0|208.108.156.224 | 0 | further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . | nick mellen was here and does his mom all night and shnells her . | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 188168740 | 188168848 | 2008-01-31 16:05:52 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 241822 | 0 | further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . | nick mellen was here and does his mom all night and shnells her . | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 192126171 | 192156921 | 2008-02-17 22:27:08 | 0 days 02:21:14 | 0|75.73.185.6 | 0 | calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . | : * | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 192156921 | 192201303 | 2008-02-18 02:09:23 | 0 days 03:42:15 | 2537811 | 0 | calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . | : * | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; | |
| 193213261 | 193649835 | 2008-02-24 06:13:11 | 2 days 00:39:27 | 0|207.210.11.221 | 0 | calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . | according to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . | = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; |
| left_string | del_string | ins_string | right_string | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| from revision id | to revision id | timestamp | timegap | editor | |||||
| 40946642 | 40949144 | 2006-02-24 01:42:58 | 0 days 00:21:46 | 304316 | 22 | it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ]] | s | , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker | |
| 42982893 | 43080078 | 2006-03-10 03:49:02 | 0 days 11:48:42 | 51235 | 12 | ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 | ]] | . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall | |
| 20 | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 | ]] | < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , | ||||||
| 22 | 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 | ]] | , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , | ||||||
| 43080078 | 43116053 | 2006-03-10 10:22:16 | 0 days 06:33:14 | 13040 | 11 | ]] . it effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 | ]] | . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall | |
| 19 | as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in | [[ | 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < | ||||||
| 20 | " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 | ]] | < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref | ||||||
| 22 | begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 | ]] | , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , | ||||||
| 44901085 | 45389421 | 2006-03-25 07:45:29 | 3 days 03:46:51 | 433328 | 0 | 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] | s | . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the | |
| 51997348 | 51998094 | 2006-05-07 16:31:49 | 0 days 00:06:00 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 11 | 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | ]] s | . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the | |
| 18 | reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers | ]] | , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker | ||||||
| 51998163 | 51999522 | 2006-05-07 16:44:07 | 0 days 00:11:36 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 21 | transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . | four motorways useable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . | < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; | |
| 53500500 | 53500522 | 2006-05-16 13:10:22 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 385115 | 3 | of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | < font size | = 36 > < center > basically this wall was super stupid yo ! it also messed up most of germay which is also stupid ! = = = secondary response | |
| 61679517 | 61913575 | 2006-07-03 21:31:57 | 1 days 09:06:51 | 82835 | 10 | republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 | ]] | . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall | |
| 16 | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 | ]] | < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , | ||||||
| 18 | 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 | ]] | , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , | ||||||
| 73605688 | 73698506 | 2006-09-04 04:46:59 | 0 days 10:49:25 | 170745 | 1 | . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] | s | . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the | |
| 86760196 | 86761110 | 2006-11-09 18:26:16 | 0 days 00:04:44 | 0|206.158.3.70 | 4 | 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . | it was demolished because it was soooooooo boring and no one wanted to go see it and they rather go like eat some food or drink beer and stuff . | < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < | |
| 86761963 | 86762343 | 2006-11-09 18:32:46 | 0 days 00:01:53 | 441020 | 5 | 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . | it was demolished because it was soooooooo boring and no one wanted to go see it and they rather go like eat some food or drink beer and stuff . | < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < | |
| 91359911 | 91362108 | 2006-12-01 12:08:57 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 7 | elaborate signalisation , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and perfidious shooting automata , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border | guard | guards | . < br > but the more work , ingenuities , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human |
| 98181831 | 98182048 | 2007-01-03 14:49:30 | 0 days 00:01:16 | 0|168.216.125.69 | 0 | 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . | frau bailey joined an evil necromanical sex cult . | < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , | |
| 98182048 | 98199588 | 2007-01-03 16:28:15 | 0 days 01:38:45 | 441020 | 0 | 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . | frau bailey joined an evil necromanical sex cult . | < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , | |
| 98470052 | 99124385 | 2007-01-07 17:25:25 | 2 days 22:04:09 | 0|72.205.252.110 | 1 | west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this | drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 231 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 | never happened072038 | " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title |
| 99124385 | 99124607 | 2007-01-07 17:26:35 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 1574574 | 1 | {st@rt} no this | never happened072038 | drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 231 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 | " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 23 | in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with | the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards | druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices | . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human |
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 23 | in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with | the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards | druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices | . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human |
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 23 | in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with | the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards | druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices | . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human |
| 111345399 | 111352020 | 2007-02-27 16:27:37 | 0 days 00:34:53 | 0|205.126.63.15 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | i like poop ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non | |
| 121815930 | 121816065 | 2007-04-10 23:58:38 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 1587622 | 6 | was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . jauan is a dumbass fuck the berlin wall | asshole | . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 | > > > = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end |
| 7 | most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . jauan is a dumbass fuck the berlin wall asshole > | . < / ref | > > = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of | ||||||
| 129555771 | 129555882 | 2007-05-09 16:41:30 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 6 | all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on | the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons | a roller coaster again | . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally |
| 150832838 | 150865465 | 2007-08-13 00:57:21 | 0 days 03:29:12 | 158051 | 0 | html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot | : | > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | | |
| 6 | html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot | . | < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . | ||||||
| 153248597 | 153250129 | 2007-08-23 23:56:14 | 0 days 00:09:30 | 0|130.126.39.142 | 0 | berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart | , | . | " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a mythical [[ |
| 153250129 | 153257087 | 2007-08-24 00:36:34 | 0 days 00:40:20 | 715870 | 0 | berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart | . | , | " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > an iconic symbol of |
| 153326548 | 153394593 | 2007-08-24 18:14:49 | 0 days 08:46:02 | 715870 | 0 | day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west | , according to official figures | . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] | |
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 22 | stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , | recognized five sexes : male , female , merm ( male pseudohermaphrodite ) , ferm ( female pseudohermaphrodite ) and herm ( true hermaphrodite ) . although she was heavily criticized , her idea demonstrates the difficulty and imperfection of the current social responses to these variations . social and legal considerations main article : sociology of gender forms of legal or social distinction or discrimination based on sex include sex segregation and sexism . notably , some businesses , public institutions , and laws may provide privileges and services for one sex and not another , or they may require different sexes to be physically separated . recently , western societies have moved towards greater sexual equality . see also look up sex in wiktionary , the free dictionary . evolution of sex human sexuality list of gender names mammalian gestation sexual differentiation sexual dysfunction sex ratio sexual intercourse age of consent references ^ evolution with three sexes . university of british columbia . retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 03 . ^ g . e . julian , j . h . fewell , j . gadau , r . a . johnson , d . larrabee ( 2002 ) . | " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation | |
| 165005884 | 165222233 | 2007-10-17 17:39:09 | 0 days 22:58:30 | 0|67.132.117.2 | 10 | the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and | most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 | < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref | |
| 165222233 | 165222438 | 2007-10-17 17:40:08 | 0 days 00:00:59 | 1285073 | 12 | mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , | it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and | < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] | |
| 166331546 | 166354092 | 2007-10-22 20:00:56 | 0 days 01:42:19 | 716438 | 2 | = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross | the wall or as a result of the walls existance has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [ alexandra hildebrandt ] , director of the [ checkpoint charlie museum ] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimate the death toll to be well above 200 people | < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : | |
| 166355206 | 166357408 | 2007-10-22 20:15:52 | 0 days 00:09:51 | 716438 | 0 | than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . | < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > | < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july | |
| 169684876 | 169684921 | 2007-11-06 21:22:10 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 4928500 | 1 | mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , | however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . | < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] | |
| 181090151 | 181090273 | 2007-12-31 00:29:37 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 0|208.104.149.90 | 0 | directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . < font size = | 500 | 150 > < font color = green | > caitlin wolfe 2009 vintage lane rock hill sc 29730 < / font > = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | |
| 184759898 | 185099808 | 2008-01-18 00:13:46 | 1 days 07:34:28 | 0|12.214.202.72 | 5 | any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . | " | ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = | < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . |
| 186663944 | 186732530 | 2008-01-25 02:35:38 | 0 days 05:40:34 | 0|71.223.167.1 | 0 | 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] | or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] | . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the | |
| 204485514 | 204486644 | 2008-04-09 16:56:34 | 0 days 00:06:03 | 137113 | 0 | west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the ddr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind | . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a ddr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin i . e the wall would have been an unneccessary move if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . | < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east | |
| 232402354 | 232402597 | 2008-08-17 00:15:38 | 0 days 00:02:01 | 0|87.17.152.225 | 0 | - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld | , brandenburg | schönefeld | ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin | |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 1 | west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . | contradict | < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! |
| 4 | , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july | 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west | for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | right | 250px ]] ' ' ' the muppets ' ' ' are a group of [[ puppet ]] characters created by [[ jim henson ]] . individually , a muppet is one of the puppets made by jim henson or his [[ the jim henson company | company ' s workshop ]] . although the term is often used erroneously to refer to any [[ puppet ]] that resembles the distinctive style of ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' characters , the term is both an informal name and legal [[ trademark ]] linked to the characters created by henson . the word " muppet " itself was said by henson to have been created by combining the words " [[ marionette ]] " and " puppet " ; however , henson was also known to have stated that it was just something he liked the sound of , and he made up the " marionette / puppet " story while talking to a journalist because it sounded plausible . | < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - | |||||
| 19 | after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? | on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . | videoid = 129336 & | < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 | |||||
| 65 | than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . | external links guidelines ( search for wp : el ) . --> | . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july | ||||||
| 96 | ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] | was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 | < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july | |||||
| 96 | ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] | was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 | < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > | newly discovered documents confirm that | the [[ communism | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref | ||||
| 196946956 | 197071265 | 2008-03-09 20:31:11 | 0 days 14:27:18 | 0|98.17.134.249 | 11 | soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > | the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 197298614 | 197711528 | 2008-03-12 13:27:26 | 1 days 18:03:11 | 0|208.32.18.243 | 0 | soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > | i farted | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 197711528 | 197716228 | 2008-03-12 13:55:15 | 0 days 00:27:49 | 5717 | 0 | soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > | i farted | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 197716228 | 197723011 | 2008-03-12 14:33:43 | 0 days 00:38:28 | 3505251 | 1 | soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > | consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although travel between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 197732484 | 197733354 | 2008-03-12 15:27:51 | 0 days 00:04:39 | 3505251 | 2 | www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . | a | yet another explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in | |
| 3 | . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . yet | another | different | explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany | |||||
| 203051200 | 203078631 | 2008-04-03 16:58:32 | 0 days 02:16:35 | 0|64.92.177.117 | 0 | - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the | dumb | east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted | |
| 203078631 | 203095826 | 2008-04-03 18:20:56 | 0 days 01:22:24 | 0|153.48.52.241 | 0 | - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the | dumb | east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted | |
| 203095826 | 203140118 | 2008-04-03 21:36:10 | 0 days 03:15:14 | 0|24.188.247.1 | 0 | ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 203140118 | 203140169 | 2008-04-03 21:36:21 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 4296922 | 0 | ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints | |
| 204484909 | 204485065 | 2008-04-09 16:48:20 | 0 days 00:00:48 | 137113 | 0 | original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > | . | the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east | |
| 204485065 | 204485312 | 2008-04-09 16:49:34 | 0 days 00:01:14 | 137113 | 3 | original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > | . | the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east | |
| 204485312 | 204485514 | 2008-04-09 16:50:31 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 137113 | 4 | original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > | . | the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east | |
| 212120617 | 214518903 | 2008-05-23 22:40:18 | 10 days 07:43:03 | 7025534 | 2 | s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / | / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref | > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( | |
| 229166509 | 229217140 | 2008-08-01 12:51:26 | 0 days 08:29:32 | 6085301 | 1 | ref > http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html < / ref > | [ | ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east | |
| 232326761 | 232402354 | 2008-08-17 00:13:37 | 0 days 08:30:22 | 0|87.17.152.225 | 0 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > | = = territory = = out of citizen territory of [[ berlin ]] , the wall passed around the limits of 14 municipalities of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , bordering with [[ west berlin ]] . here is reported the list of bordering municipalities , subdivided for district , starting from north and proceding to south . * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' | |
| 234566811 | 235494550 | 2008-09-01 01:31:33 | 4 days 11:27:13 | 0|165.228.197.220 | 0 | - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > | hello people | when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , | |
| 235494550 | 235494562 | 2008-09-01 01:31:39 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 5887992 | 0 | - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > | hello people | when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , | |
| 235494562 | 235494760 | 2008-09-01 01:32:50 | 0 days 00:01:11 | 0|165.228.197.220 | 0 | - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > | hello people | when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , | |
| 235494760 | 235494793 | 2008-09-01 01:33:00 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 5887992 | 0 | - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > | hello people | when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , | |
| 237419774 | 237419923 | 2008-09-10 02:34:25 | 0 days 00:01:13 | 7823265 | 0 | soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > | and your mum is very hot and i want her in the pants | consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and | |
| 237419923 | 237419988 | 2008-09-10 02:35:02 | 0 days 00:00:37 | 2372780 | 0 | soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > | and your mum is very hot and i want her in the pants | consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and | |
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 59 | / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the | gdr / | east german government gave [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials | |
| 239453915 | 239456329 | 2008-09-19 03:25:00 | 0 days 00:12:32 | 736477 | 13 | soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > | consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] | the two german states | was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the |
| 241808916 | 241809073 | 2008-09-29 17:16:31 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 7966459 | 0 | . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the | east german government claimed | berlin wall is a wall | that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 3 | com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > | during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name | cleanup | = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - |
| 22 | gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > | grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on | as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response | ||||||
| 23 | . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as | sit - coms and dramas as ' ' [[ the cosby show ]] ' ' | such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . | ||||||
| 24 | edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such | ' ' [[ the west wing ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the torkelsons ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the [[ music video ]] for the [[ weezer ]] song " [[ keep fishin ' ]] " is premised on the band performing on ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and features appearances by several characters . on [[ september 28 ]] , [[ 2005 ]] , the [[ united states postal service ]] released a ' ' jim henson and the muppets ' ' [[ postage stamp ]] series . < ref > united states postal service ( [[ september 28 ]] , [[ 2005 ]] ) . ' ' [ http : / / www . usps . com / communications / news / stamps / 2005 / sr05 _ 046 . htm jim henson , muppets , get stamps of approval ] ' ' . press release . < / ref > the muppets also appeared on [[ dick clark ' s new year ' s rockin ' eve ]] for the 2008 countdown on [[ december 31 ]] , [[ 2007 ]] . kermit , rizzo and others welcomed in the new year with a series of messages to welcome viewers back from the advertising breaks . after one such segment , with kermit in time square , co - host [[ ryan seacrest ]] thanked his pal " kerms " for the help bringing in ' 08 . | , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly | ||||||
| 54 | in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > | early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a | http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) | note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had | |||||
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 25 | . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) ] < / ref > | americans | ] < / ref > miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood | |
| 95 | www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? videoid = 129336 & title = kermit - the - frog thedailyshow . com ] < / ref > | guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ jimmy kimmel live ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ extreme makeover : home edition ]] ' ' and an [[ april fool ' s day ]] edition of ' ' [[ larry king live ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and the frog has served | as grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on such sit - | ||||||
| 100 | . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) ] < / ref > | miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood squares ]] . on 25 july 2007 the [[ center for puppetry arts ]] in [[ atlanta ]] announced the opening of a new jim henson wing , which will house anywhere from 500 to 700 retired muppets , including those from fraggle rock and sesame street . the new wing will also include films , sketches , and other materials from the jim henson company archives . the wing , which will be a part of the center ' s new building , is slated to open in 2010 . = = discography = = {{ expand | date = august 2008 }} on september 17 , 2002 [[ rhino ]] released ' ' [[ the muppet show : music , mayhem , and more ]] ' ' . in addition to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . | it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = | ||||||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 3 | com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > | during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name | cleanup | = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - |
| 22 | gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > | grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on | as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response | ||||||
| 23 | . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as | sit - coms and dramas as ' ' [[ the cosby show ]] ' ' | such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . | ||||||
| 24 | edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such | ' ' [[ the west wing ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the torkelsons ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the [[ music video ]] for the [[ weezer ]] song " [[ keep fishin ' ]] " is premised on the band performing on ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and features appearances by several characters . on [[ september 28 ]] , [[ 2005 ]] , the [[ united states postal service ]] released a ' ' jim henson and the muppets ' ' [[ postage stamp ]] series . < ref > united states postal service ( [[ september 28 ]] , [[ 2005 ]] ) . ' ' [ http : / / www . usps . com / communications / news / stamps / 2005 / sr05 _ 046 . htm jim henson , muppets , get stamps of approval ] ' ' . press release . < / ref > the muppets also appeared on [[ dick clark ' s new year ' s rockin ' eve ]] for the 2008 countdown on [[ december 31 ]] , [[ 2007 ]] . kermit , rizzo and others welcomed in the new year with a series of messages to welcome viewers back from the advertising breaks . after one such segment , with kermit in time square , co - host [[ ryan seacrest ]] thanked his pal " kerms " for the help bringing in ' 08 . | , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly | ||||||
| 54 | in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > | early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a | http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) | note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had | |||||
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 25 | . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) ] < / ref > | americans | ] < / ref > miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood | |
| 95 | www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? videoid = 129336 & title = kermit - the - frog thedailyshow . com ] < / ref > | guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ jimmy kimmel live ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ extreme makeover : home edition ]] ' ' and an [[ april fool ' s day ]] edition of ' ' [[ larry king live ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and the frog has served | as grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on such sit - | ||||||
| 100 | . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) ] < / ref > | miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood squares ]] . on 25 july 2007 the [[ center for puppetry arts ]] in [[ atlanta ]] announced the opening of a new jim henson wing , which will house anywhere from 500 to 700 retired muppets , including those from fraggle rock and sesame street . the new wing will also include films , sketches , and other materials from the jim henson company archives . the wing , which will be a part of the center ' s new building , is slated to open in 2010 . = = discography = = {{ expand | date = august 2008 }} on september 17 , 2002 [[ rhino ]] released ' ' [[ the muppet show : music , mayhem , and more ]] ' ' . in addition to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . | it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = | ||||||
| 246619818 | 246982366 | 2008-10-22 17:14:43 | 1 days 16:55:08 | 0|71.203.127.102 | 0 | ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > | = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] | i balme bush ! ! ! ! | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin |
| 246982366 | 246982976 | 2008-10-22 17:17:52 | 0 days 00:03:09 | 3505251 | 0 | ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > | i balme bush ! ! ! ! | = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin |
| 248099489 | 248209774 | 2008-10-28 15:39:01 | 0 days 14:54:53 | 0|129.19.104.6 | 0 | - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > | < this wikipedia sucks ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! > | when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , | |
| 248209774 | 248212563 | 2008-10-28 15:54:42 | 0 days 00:15:41 | 0|199.67.140.242 | 0 | - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > | < this wikipedia sucks ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! > | when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , | |
| 262225961 | 262389806 | 2009-01-06 21:52:48 | 0 days 19:12:07 | 0|63.118.13.131 | 0 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > | = = = in popular culture = = = * the partially torn - down berlin wall was the site of a mega - concert celebrating the event , at which [[ roger waters ]] of [[ pink floyd ]] performed selections from the album , " [[ the wall ]] " . * it is rumored that stunt cyclist [[ evel knievel ]] proposed a stunt cycle jump over the berlin wall , but changed his mind when it was suggested that he would be shot down in midair by soldiers . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octopussy ]] . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip . in keeping with the tradition of adding pro - western graffitti to the wall , they used spray paint to create a copy of the [[ late night with david letterman ]] logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode the 1980s revival of [[ mission impossible ]] . | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' | |
| 263696071 | 263818058 | 2009-01-13 15:23:31 | 0 days 15:31:30 | 0|216.20.70.81 | 0 | com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > | pie | during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' | |
| 263818294 | 263818317 | 2009-01-13 15:24:50 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 4928500 | 3 | com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > | pie | during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' | |
| 265315033 | 265316535 | 2009-01-20 17:37:56 | 0 days 00:11:24 | 0|90.205.6.97 | 0 | com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > | hi | during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' | |
| 265316535 | 265316852 | 2009-01-20 17:39:54 | 0 days 00:01:58 | 911178 | 0 | com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > | hi | during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' | |
| 267776359 | 267776477 | 2009-02-01 05:52:19 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 214542 | 1 | ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > | , | while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http | |
| 269718055 | 269767784 | 2009-02-10 14:02:01 | 0 days 07:28:08 | 681579 | 0 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > | = = = fulton , missouri = = = one of the most unique pieces of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . | = = = in popular culture = = = * the partially torn - down berlin wall was the site of a mega - concert celebrating the event , at which | |
| 273460772 | 273461097 | 2009-02-26 17:57:12 | 0 days 00:01:44 | 0|166.82.103.142 | 0 | com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > | during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director | or | of stasi files . the berlin wall was 10 feet high . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east |
| 273461097 | 273461189 | 2009-02-26 17:57:38 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 4928500 | 0 | com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > | or | during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director | of stasi files . the berlin wall was 10 feet high . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east |
| 277226111 | 277226458 | 2009-03-14 18:19:44 | 0 days 00:02:15 | 6984319 | 0 | 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > | = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent august 28 , 1958 letter to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals - - engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later calimign that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb } pearson } 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 277228319 | 277228598 | 2009-03-14 18:31:52 | 0 days 00:01:30 | 6984319 | 1 | ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > | hope millard | {{ harvnb | | harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press |
| 278128071 | 278128838 | 2009-03-18 16:04:36 | 0 days 00:03:53 | 3505251 | 0 | independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > | before 1950 , over 15 million people moved westward from soviet - occupied eastern european countries in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of this route , the number of eastern europeans applying for political asylum in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > | one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 | |
| 278128838 | 278130591 | 2009-03-18 16:14:03 | 0 days 00:09:27 | 6984319 | 0 | independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > | before 1950 , over 15 million people in soviet - occupied eastern european countries moved westward in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of this route , the number of eastern europeans moving westward in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > | one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 | |
| 278138099 | 278326099 | 2009-03-19 13:41:18 | 0 days 20:48:43 | 3505251 | 2 | independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > | before 1950 , over 15 million people in soviet - occupied eastern european countries moved westward in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > | taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the emigrants moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , | |
| 279717291 | 279717613 | 2009-03-26 01:53:07 | 0 days 00:01:49 | 0|71.192.229.229 | 0 | last chapter of the soviet union . < ref > http : / / www . reaganlibrary . com / reagan / speeches / wall . asp < / ref > | indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it | |
| 279717789 | 279717857 | 2009-03-26 01:54:53 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 6984319 | 0 | . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} | [[ tear down this wall | | the speech is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . | |
| 280626722 | 280764216 | 2009-03-31 00:47:01 | 0 days 13:14:54 | 0|98.192.71.143 | 0 | of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > | i like to eat my boogers and screw my dog | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 280764216 | 280764248 | 2009-03-31 00:47:11 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 4495930 | 0 | of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > | i like to eat my boogers and screw my dog | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 281321501 | 281322387 | 2009-04-02 17:09:36 | 0 days 00:04:47 | 0|91.45.99.171 | 0 | . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} | [[ tear down this wall | the speech ]] < ref > http : / / www . reaganlibrary . com / reagan / speeches / wall . asp < / ref > is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . {{ fact | date = march 2009 }} indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it | |
| 283473619 | 283525140 | 2009-04-13 08:26:45 | 0 days 06:54:33 | 0|194.144.117.217 | 0 | - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > | the fall of the berlin wall started in hungary , where a reformist government started to dismantle the iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' . | when the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds | |
| 284274572 | 284339342 | 2009-04-17 02:20:49 | 0 days 06:03:31 | 9438880 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | = = suprising = = they might be rebuilding the berlin wall . tensions might be rising and people say there is going to be a ww3 with nuclear missles . just like korea . | = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet | |
| 284339342 | 284340646 | 2009-04-17 02:28:48 | 0 days 00:07:59 | 1099776 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | = = suprising = = they might be rebuilding the berlin wall . tensions might be rising and people say there is going to be a ww3 with nuclear missles . just like korea . | = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet | |
| 284340646 | 284341852 | 2009-04-17 02:37:04 | 0 days 00:08:16 | 0|200.118.239.22 | 0 | 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > | yo estuve por aquí | = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to | |
| 284341852 | 284342000 | 2009-04-17 02:38:05 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 7167267 | 0 | 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > | yo estuve por aquí | = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to | |
| 284465708 | 284465870 | 2009-04-17 18:10:36 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 0|67.241.233.150 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural - - especially between where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian access in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > when large numbers of east germans then defected under the guise of " visits " , the new east german state essentially eliminated all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the inner german border officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals - - engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 284465870 | 284466900 | 2009-04-17 18:17:03 | 0 days 00:06:27 | 6984319 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural - - especially between where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian access in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > when large numbers of east germans then defected under the guise of " visits " , the new east german state essentially eliminated all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the inner german border officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals - - engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 284918855 | 284935331 | 2009-04-20 02:49:29 | 0 days 01:42:59 | 9494861 | 1 | - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > | penis penis penis penis | the fall of the berlin wall started in [[ hungary ]] , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , | |
| 284935331 | 284935878 | 2009-04-20 02:52:53 | 0 days 00:03:24 | 1099776 | 1 | - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > | penis penis penis penis | the fall of the berlin wall started in [[ hungary ]] , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , | |
| 289804783 | 289853946 | 2009-05-14 10:40:38 | 0 days 07:49:49 | 194572 | 0 | - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > | the fall of the berlin wall started in [[ hungary ]] , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austrian - hungarian governmental meeting ( [[ august 23 ]] ) . on [[ september 11 ]] thousands of [[ gdr | east germans ]] started to cross the austrian - hungarian border to emigrate to [[ west germany ]] . that event caused popular demonstration and a irreversible political crisis in the government of [[ gdr ]] . | when the east german government announced on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin | |
| 296376394 | 296376531 | 2009-06-14 16:37:37 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 0|66.189.45.189 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | a bit of the berlin wall can be found in washington dc ' s newseum | = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet | |
| 296376531 | 296390210 | 2009-06-14 18:09:48 | 0 days 01:32:11 | 0|79.193.207.196 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | a bit of the berlin wall can be found in washington dc ' s newseum | = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet | |
| 296775707 | 296775983 | 2009-06-16 15:51:20 | 0 days 00:01:43 | 0|194.74.22.170 | 0 | ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > | eat cake and die b * * * t | = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by | |
| 296775983 | 296778899 | 2009-06-16 16:09:09 | 0 days 00:17:49 | 0|150.101.162.86 | 0 | ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > | eat cake and die b * * * t | = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by | |
| 298293536 | 298471813 | 2009-06-25 01:01:19 | 0 days 18:41:58 | 0|202.61.173.123 | 0 | of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building | kill | the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first |
| 298471958 | 298471974 | 2009-06-25 01:02:50 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 64463 | 0 | of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > | kill | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building | the bushpigs st . george illawara dragon fuck melbourne storm = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west |
| 1 | soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > kill the | bushpigs st | berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en | . george illawara dragon fuck melbourne storm = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the | |||||
| 298472210 | 298472354 | 2009-06-25 01:06:15 | 0 days 00:01:28 | 0|202.61.173.123 | 0 | / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . | fat people suck | = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg | |
| 298472354 | 298472401 | 2009-06-25 01:06:35 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 6403398 | 0 | / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . | fat people suck | = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg | |
| 300500909 | 300613467 | 2009-07-06 15:44:37 | 0 days 15:30:14 | 433328 | 5 | over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref > | {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > | in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of | |
| 306465427 | 306538732 | 2009-08-07 04:34:49 | 0 days 08:18:22 | 6984319 | 12 | / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > | < ref name = " bbcsept2007 " > {{ cite web | url = | several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners | |
| 23 | com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > | during this period | , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that | ||||||
| 306559902 | 306561115 | 2009-08-07 08:07:14 | 0 days 00:12:37 | 6984319 | 0 | / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . | = | = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg | |
| 306601037 | 306696761 | 2009-08-07 23:34:15 | 0 days 09:46:45 | 0|121.214.101.104 | 0 | | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > | the | theeeee | [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the |
| 306696761 | 306696808 | 2009-08-07 23:34:32 | 0 days 00:00:17 | 4227592 | 0 | | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > | theeeee | the | [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the |
| 308602478 | 308630655 | 2009-08-18 06:07:14 | 0 days 03:31:02 | 0|76.102.223.241 | 1 | / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > | and | prior official figures listed 98 as being killed the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not | |
| 311278175 | 311620302 | 2009-09-03 08:22:53 | 1 days 18:19:16 | 0|121.215.146.93 | 0 | and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking | in that australia is the best country and should take | advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in | |
| 311620302 | 311620727 | 2009-09-03 08:27:28 | 0 days 00:04:35 | 7746361 | 0 | and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking | in that australia is the best country and should take | advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in | |
| 312612312 | 312828979 | 2009-09-09 18:58:19 | 1 days 02:28:33 | 0|72.159.167.195 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | hi people | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 312828979 | 312830147 | 2009-09-09 19:05:02 | 0 days 00:06:43 | 142444 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | hi people | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 315252773 | 315254957 | 2009-09-21 08:05:55 | 0 days 00:25:37 | 204692 | 1 | / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > | . | the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east | |
| 315255881 | 315255964 | 2009-09-21 08:16:52 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 204692 | 5 | nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > | . | = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of | |
| 315255964 | 315256021 | 2009-09-21 08:17:32 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 204692 | 1 | was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > | ; | it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : | |
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 15 | be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on | [[ | april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] | |
| 98 | 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > by | [[ | november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the | ||||||
| 173 | | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > | whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday | , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / | ||||||
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 9 | | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > | whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday | , often initiated by former members of the political opposition in east germany < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de | |
| 36 | be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on | [[ | april 1 ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ | ||||||
| 118 | 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > by | [[ | november 4 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile | ||||||
| 170 | | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > | , whether | [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday . because , that date is also known as the ' ' [[ schicksalstag ]] ' ' ( fateful | ||||||
| 317478524 | 317514100 | 2009-10-02 19:02:08 | 0 days 04:16:44 | 0|198.236.27.40 | 0 | [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 | , | - 1949 | following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] |
| 317514277 | 317514851 | 2009-10-02 19:07:36 | 0 days 00:04:03 | 4916882 | 0 | [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 | - 1949 | , | following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] |
| 318865056 | 318868236 | 2009-10-09 13:56:11 | 0 days 00:23:32 | 0|203.91.207.30 | 0 | 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > | = = = matt gallimore likes big cock ! ! | = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled | |
| 318870568 | 318872025 | 2009-10-09 14:22:15 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 1839213 | 0 | 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift | = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled | |
| 319596946 | 319653259 | 2009-10-13 17:15:13 | 0 days 07:11:38 | 0|170.185.21.19 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | fact : the first attempt at the berlin wall was induced by a drag queen . | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 319653259 | 319653447 | 2009-10-13 17:16:18 | 0 days 00:01:05 | 6698490 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | fact : the first attempt at the berlin wall was induced by a drag queen . | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 319858118 | 319912104 | 2009-10-14 23:25:19 | 0 days 04:51:55 | 0|124.168.171.149 | 0 | smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , | ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhchoooooooooo | following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] | |
| 319912104 | 319914673 | 2009-10-14 23:40:51 | 0 days 00:15:32 | 9698266 | 0 | smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , | ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhchoooooooooo | following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] | |
| 322000370 | 322274629 | 2009-10-27 03:17:35 | 1 days 06:39:48 | 82982 | 30 | - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' | {{ lang | de | | " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch | |
| 323358471 | 323393153 | 2009-11-02 01:53:39 | 0 days 03:22:26 | 10834630 | 2 | a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > | when | initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of | large numbers of east germans then defected under the guise of " visits " , the new east german state essentially eliminated all travel to the west in 1956 . < |
| 323566540 | 323747300 | 2009-11-03 19:26:17 | 0 days 20:27:34 | 0|78.146.228.243 | 0 | deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > | within | wthin | two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - |
| 323747300 | 323760074 | 2009-11-03 20:35:58 | 0 days 01:09:41 | 3308922 | 0 | deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > | wthin | within | two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - |
| 323946188 | 323947532 | 2009-11-04 20:00:49 | 0 days 00:07:46 | 0|90.212.100.1 | 0 | of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > | and dogs go wof | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 323947826 | 323948489 | 2009-11-04 20:05:49 | 0 days 00:03:31 | 10519822 | 2 | of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > | and dogs go wof | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 324140282 | 324146953 | 2009-11-05 20:47:47 | 0 days 00:39:01 | 6999039 | 0 | ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = }} < / ref > | < ref name = " raze " / > | on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general | |
| 324280095 | 324283750 | 2009-11-06 14:58:34 | 0 days 00:28:00 | 6971250 | 2 | msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > | a poll taken in the october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated however that only about a tenth of the population where still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans also make similar distinctions between north and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = november 5 , 2009 | url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 06 }} < / ref > | = = = wall segments around the world = = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have | |
| 324422544 | 324469466 | 2009-11-07 15:15:06 | 0 days 07:49:57 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 7 | com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > | the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . | after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . during a | |
| 324643610 | 324658042 | 2009-11-08 15:40:52 | 0 days 01:57:02 | 0|159.134.67.45 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | chilli dawg | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 324658042 | 324658185 | 2009-11-08 15:41:48 | 0 days 00:00:56 | 0|159.134.67.45 | 0 | of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > | chilli dawg | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 324658185 | 324658273 | 2009-11-08 15:42:27 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 10809127 | 0 | of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > | chilli dawg | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 324658273 | 324660090 | 2009-11-08 15:56:01 | 0 days 00:13:34 | 3225475 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | chilli dawg | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 324735230 | 324735970 | 2009-11-08 23:31:46 | 0 days 00:04:10 | 0|97.113.74.253 | 0 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether | [[ | november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > | |
| 1 | 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 | | november 9 in german history ]] | would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite | ||||||
| 324767695 | 324769101 | 2009-11-09 02:50:30 | 0 days 00:09:18 | 444985 | 0 | over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > | a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow [[ twitter ]] users post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . masses of chinese users have used it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . berlin twitter wall was quickly blocked by the chinese authorities . < ref > http : / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html < | phenomenon . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm the wall in the world 2009 | |
| 324851832 | 324852165 | 2009-11-09 15:31:23 | 0 days 00:02:15 | 6971250 | 0 | wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the | [[ mtv europe music awards | | european music awards , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed on the brandenburg | |
| 324855461 | 324855604 | 2009-11-09 15:54:16 | 0 days 00:01:00 | 0|217.93.30.219 | 0 | of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and | industry | industrey | was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied |
| 324855604 | 324855670 | 2009-11-09 15:54:45 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 4630363 | 0 | of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and | industrey | industry | was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied |
| 324855670 | 324855849 | 2009-11-09 15:55:54 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 0|217.93.30.219 | 1 | of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and | industry | industrey | was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied |
| 324855849 | 324855951 | 2009-11-09 15:56:40 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 5026668 | 1 | of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and | industrey | industry | was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied |
| 325067793 | 325068326 | 2009-11-10 16:34:02 | 0 days 00:03:13 | 0|190.92.6.182 | 0 | including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > | alan es un mono | in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ | |
| 325068529 | 325068590 | 2009-11-10 16:35:46 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 634828 | 0 | including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > | alan es un mono | in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ | |
| 325185245 | 325185447 | 2009-11-11 04:20:10 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 694729 | 0 | . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 06 }} < / ref > | a recent poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than half of all russians do not know who built the berlin wall . ten percent of people surveyed thought berlin residents built it themselves . six percent said western powers built it and four percent thought it was a " bilateral initiative " of the [[ soviet union ]] and the west . fifty - eight percent said they did not know who built it , with just 24 percent correctly naming the soviet union and its then - communist ally east germany . < ref > http : / / uk . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough < / ref > | = = = wall segments around the world = = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have | |
| 325479643 | 325480642 | 2009-11-12 19:05:09 | 0 days 00:05:53 | 11003532 | 0 | including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > | in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted | impted | to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < |
| 325480642 | 325480912 | 2009-11-12 19:06:44 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 8214624 | 0 | including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > | impted | in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted | to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < |
| 325552663 | 325566075 | 2009-11-13 04:27:44 | 0 days 02:02:39 | 0|150.101.251.68 | 7 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 325566075 | 325566396 | 2009-11-13 04:30:57 | 0 days 00:03:13 | 0|150.101.251.68 | 4 | of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and | industry | penis | was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied |
| 325566396 | 325566439 | 2009-11-13 04:31:24 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 8214624 | 5 | of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and | penis | industry | was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied |
| 12 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | ||||||
| 326098834 | 326098896 | 2009-11-16 03:28:57 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 10772636 | 0 | the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > | = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > | = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the | |
| 326098896 | 326099540 | 2009-11-16 03:33:50 | 0 days 00:04:53 | 7167267 | 1 | the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > | = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > | = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the | |
| 326393226 | 326442219 | 2009-11-18 00:11:51 | 0 days 04:50:24 | 5680520 | 1 | = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ | november 9 | | november 9 in german history ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz | |
| 327584421 | 327684036 | 2009-11-24 16:11:18 | 0 days 14:20:24 | 11089768 | 0 | generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > | the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] | |
| 329390930 | 329391114 | 2009-12-03 04:39:04 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 0|76.125.86.250 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | hi my name is bob dont get rid of this wiki ppl | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 329391114 | 329391143 | 2009-12-03 04:39:14 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 10141256 | 1 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | hi my name is bob dont get rid of this wiki ppl | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 330703212 | 330704150 | 2009-12-09 18:37:18 | 0 days 00:05:34 | 21047 | 2 | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides | being | the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , november 9 is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | | |
| 330960458 | 331484038 | 2009-12-13 20:13:58 | 2 days 21:32:51 | 0|65.95.29.40 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | there was an exponentially increased rate of car damage in the 1950 ' s , caused mainly by east germans ' attempts to drive through barricades . this problem was solved when people in east germany began building these super cars to get through the blockades . these cars had reinforced bottoms , so you could just lay flat in the car , drive like mad through a barricade , and come out the other side . . . . . into the west ! the top of the car would likely be shaved clean off , leaving valuable metal resources behind to further strengthen the blockades . that is an example of irony . | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 331484038 | 331491884 | 2009-12-13 21:01:50 | 0 days 00:47:52 | 6971250 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | there was an exponentially increased rate of car damage in the 1950 ' s , caused mainly by east germans ' attempts to drive through barricades . this problem was solved when people in east germany began building these super cars to get through the blockades . these cars had reinforced bottoms , so you could just lay flat in the car , drive like mad through a barricade , and come out the other side . . . . . into the west ! the top of the car would likely be shaved clean off , leaving valuable metal resources behind to further strengthen the blockades . that is an example of irony . | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 332955731 | 333119511 | 2009-12-21 20:43:04 | 0 days 19:35:32 | 0|24.35.84.118 | 0 | - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} | = = ' ' ' headline text ' ' ' - - [[ special : contributions / 24 . 35 . 84 . 118 | 24 . 35 . 84 . 118 ]] ( [[ user talk : 24 . 35 . 84 . 118 | talk ]] ) 20 : 42 , 21 december 2009 ( utc ) aly scott | = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to | |
| 333119511 | 333120077 | 2009-12-21 20:46:11 | 0 days 00:03:07 | 3210133 | 0 | - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} | = = ' ' ' headline text ' ' ' - - [[ special : contributions / 24 . 35 . 84 . 118 | 24 . 35 . 84 . 118 ]] ( [[ user talk : 24 . 35 . 84 . 118 | talk ]] ) 20 : 42 , 21 december 2009 ( utc ) aly scott | = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to | |
| 333525969 | 334207931 | 2009-12-27 05:05:31 | 3 days 18:08:55 | 0|69.157.66.177 | 0 | of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > | bill and tom kaulitz are sexy : d tokio hotel < 3333 | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall | |
| 334207931 | 334210024 | 2009-12-27 05:24:38 | 0 days 00:19:07 | 10141256 | 0 | of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > | bill and tom kaulitz are sexy : d tokio hotel < 3333 | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall | |
| 336172835 | 336211787 | 2010-01-06 15:42:10 | 0 days 05:56:03 | 0|168.184.246.85 | 0 | of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > | ←this is so gay why the fuck are you reading this άss whipe . → | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall | |
| 336211787 | 336212381 | 2010-01-06 15:46:30 | 0 days 00:04:20 | 8918196 | 0 | of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > | ←this is so gay why the fuck are you reading this άss whipe . → | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall | |
| 336212381 | 336228755 | 2010-01-06 17:25:58 | 0 days 01:39:28 | 0|63.252.20.14 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | my penis blew up | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 336228755 | 336229695 | 2010-01-06 17:31:28 | 0 days 00:05:30 | 5177550 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | my penis blew up | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 336229695 | 336230322 | 2010-01-06 17:35:16 | 0 days 00:03:48 | 0|63.252.20.14 | 0 | of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > | my super big penis is mastrubating | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall | |
| 336230322 | 336231595 | 2010-01-06 17:42:38 | 0 days 00:07:22 | 5177550 | 0 | of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > | my super big penis is mastrubating | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall | |
| 336647165 | 336824742 | 2010-01-09 17:09:43 | 0 days 21:55:21 | 0|74.36.128.7 | 0 | allied personnel and foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several | other | oher | border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east |
| 336824742 | 336829512 | 2010-01-09 17:37:52 | 0 days 00:28:09 | 8918196 | 0 | allied personnel and foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several | oher | other | border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east |
| 337147033 | 337270397 | 2010-01-11 22:36:23 | 0 days 15:59:27 | 0|169.237.60.71 | 0 | mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > | ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ]] in the leading role . | ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ iron curtain | |
| 337292695 | 337293367 | 2010-01-12 00:54:41 | 0 days 00:04:12 | 461300 | 1 | / title / tt0058412 / ] ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > | * * | ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made | |
| 2 | mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > | ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ]] in the leading role . | * * | ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ iron curtain | |||||
| 337293367 | 337360247 | 2010-01-12 10:00:46 | 0 days 09:06:05 | 3308922 | 1 | to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > * * ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > | * * | ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ]] in the leading role . | ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ iron curtain |
| 2 | the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > | * * | ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | | ||||||
| 337710206 | 337745969 | 2010-01-14 05:38:12 | 0 days 04:38:53 | 11317167 | 0 | soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in | 1948 | 1848 | , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin |
| 337745969 | 337746147 | 2010-01-14 05:39:31 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 11317167 | 0 | soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in | 1848 | 1948 | , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin |
| 1 | of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while | 300 | 800 | , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east | |||||
| 337746147 | 337757819 | 2010-01-14 07:28:57 | 0 days 01:49:26 | 6971250 | 0 | of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while | 800 | 300 | , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east |
| 338171707 | 338203273 | 2010-01-16 17:01:49 | 0 days 04:16:22 | 1723027 | 0 | escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > | another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out by wolfgang engels , a 19 yers old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . she was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards , but a west german policeman returned fire and rescued him from the vehicle , which became entangled in the barbed wire . < ref > hertle , hans - hermann ( 2008 ) . ' ' the berlin wall : monument of the cold war ' ' . ch . links verlag , p . 72 . isbn 3861534630 < / ref > | [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims with graffiti , 1982 ]] later | |
| 341040429 | 341149142 | 2010-01-31 21:07:26 | 0 days 15:16:32 | 0|76.235.202.194 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | ronald reagan was a murder ! | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 341149444 | 341153466 | 2010-01-31 21:32:14 | 0 days 00:22:53 | 8918196 | 1 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | ronald reagan was a murder ! | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 341779103 | 341918461 | 2010-02-04 17:03:26 | 0 days 17:41:05 | 0|80.195.85.18 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | tess sanders | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 341918690 | 341918847 | 2010-02-04 17:05:40 | 0 days 00:00:56 | 3150196 | 1 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | tess sanders | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 342320227 | 342377041 | 2010-02-06 23:10:57 | 0 days 05:34:34 | 0|24.98.176.69 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | im horny as fuk i jus got done watchn animal porn . . i wanted my dog to be traind to fuk me n the ass jus lyk the one on the video did . . did yall kno horses diks are biger den humans diks . ya i fukd a horse before it felt gud . here how i did it wit a dog . me nd my friendwaz horny one day nd we were at her house we wernt gay or nun we jus felt lyk fuking sumone . butt inted of calln a man we did it together . we didnt have a strap or a dildo . so we used he dog who was alredy traind to fuk and lik pussy . so we used his dik and hadd a 3som . . one wway is the dog fukn u n da ass and likng the girls pussy . . it was i tym i will never forget . | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 342377041 | 342377279 | 2010-02-06 23:12:08 | 0 days 00:01:11 | 10141256 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | im horny as fuk i jus got done watchn animal porn . . i wanted my dog to be traind to fuk me n the ass jus lyk the one on the video did . . did yall kno horses diks are biger den humans diks . ya i fukd a horse before it felt gud . here how i did it wit a dog . me nd my friendwaz horny one day nd we were at her house we wernt gay or nun we jus felt lyk fuking sumone . butt inted of calln a man we did it together . we didnt have a strap or a dildo . so we used he dog who was alredy traind to fuk and lik pussy . so we used his dik and hadd a 3som . . one wway is the dog fukn u n da ass and likng the girls pussy . . it was i tym i will never forget . | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 342710348 | 342982454 | 2010-02-09 18:53:41 | 1 days 03:38:37 | 0|142.59.231.59 | 0 | cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > | at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] | |
| 343773805 | 343774672 | 2010-02-13 17:52:53 | 0 days 00:04:12 | 5326371 | 0 | , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > | on december 11 , 1957 | east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving | |
| 9 | percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those | actually | caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . | ||||||
| 343780168 | 343781933 | 2010-02-13 18:30:31 | 0 days 00:10:12 | 5326371 | 5 | 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > | while an ongoing | a | historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > [ http : / |
| 343781933 | 343782709 | 2010-02-13 18:35:30 | 0 days 00:04:59 | 5326371 | 0 | on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > | " | conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill | |
| 343782709 | 343784334 | 2010-02-13 18:45:26 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 5326371 | 9 | times | date = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > | moreover , | as | reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations |
| 10 | = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification | wasn ' t | was not | official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on | |||||
| 344670713 | 345283539 | 2010-02-20 21:03:43 | 3 days 01:18:18 | 0|189.161.229.230 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | y vayanse la verga | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 345283539 | 345286812 | 2010-02-20 21:23:00 | 0 days 00:19:17 | 10141256 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | y vayanse la verga | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 348983351 | 349037490 | 2010-03-10 17:56:43 | 0 days 04:57:28 | 0|204.39.61.253 | 0 | - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} | hey im tryin to do a school project and this is lettin me tlk bout it on here ! lmao | = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to | |
| 349037712 | 349038136 | 2010-03-10 18:00:02 | 0 days 00:02:09 | 3308922 | 1 | - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} | hey im tryin to do a school project and this is lettin me tlk bout it on here ! lmao | = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to | |
| 351387034 | 351391556 | 2010-03-22 17:16:54 | 0 days 00:25:59 | 0|93.96.120.24 | 0 | infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > | fuck | on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany through east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements — arranged in a column of 491 | |
| 351391556 | 351392982 | 2010-03-22 17:24:14 | 0 days 00:07:20 | 3308922 | 0 | infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > | fuck | on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany through east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements — arranged in a column of 491 | |
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 12 | points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > | [[ | " | rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a |
| 352801208 | 353206054 | 2010-03-31 19:26:39 | 1 days 23:37:12 | 0|38.102.61.241 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | micheal dedina | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 353206422 | 353242365 | 2010-03-31 22:55:08 | 0 days 03:26:18 | 0|131.204.231.107 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | micheal dedina | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 353439052 | 353501899 | 2010-04-02 06:23:08 | 0 days 07:34:21 | 12056309 | 0 | , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of | [[ | marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept | |
| 355153543 | 355153697 | 2010-04-10 15:31:28 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 0|84.77.74.198 | 1 | inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within | two | three | years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self |
| 355153697 | 355153879 | 2010-04-10 15:32:47 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 11743424 | 1 | inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within | three | two | years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making pre - war germany self |
| 359097792 | 359099672 | 2010-04-29 17:55:11 | 0 days 00:09:52 | 0|158.59.195.92 | 0 | were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > | hahahahaha . you picked the berlin wall as your topic . you should have picked the kgb like hernry nye . | property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western | |
| 359099672 | 359099839 | 2010-04-29 17:56:08 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 1004750 | 0 | were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > | hahahahaha . you picked the berlin wall as your topic . you should have picked the kgb like hernry nye . | property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western | |
| 360559921 | 360584163 | 2010-05-06 20:03:20 | 0 days 02:14:44 | 0|207.177.70.185 | 0 | deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > | within | adolf hitler has a very tiny penis , and im pretty sure he loved penis way up in his asswithin | two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany |
| 360584163 | 360584362 | 2010-05-06 20:04:15 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 0|70.144.221.105 | 0 | deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > | adolf hitler has a very tiny penis , and im pretty sure he loved penis way up in his asswithin | within | two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany |
| 362896146 | 362898856 | 2010-05-18 22:30:39 | 0 days 00:17:52 | 0|74.108.19.69 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | also had a great effect | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 362898856 | 362899410 | 2010-05-18 22:34:02 | 0 days 00:03:23 | 262550 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | also had a great effect | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 365278672 | 365283276 | 2010-05-31 20:24:17 | 0 days 00:25:41 | 0|71.82.76.109 | 0 | freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > | after its erection , | around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially | |
| 365283276 | 365286784 | 2010-05-31 20:41:19 | 0 days 00:17:02 | 3308922 | 0 | freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > | after its erection , | around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially | |
| 365286784 | 365308631 | 2010-05-31 22:30:39 | 0 days 01:49:20 | 0|98.149.237.23 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | < 3 | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 365308631 | 365309225 | 2010-05-31 22:33:47 | 0 days 00:03:08 | 7167267 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | < 3 | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 368159388 | 368177016 | 2010-06-15 13:56:04 | 0 days 02:01:59 | 89179 | 15 | freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > | after its erection | then | , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was |
| 373492661 | 374861638 | 2010-07-22 14:54:33 | 7 days 19:35:53 | 0|76.248.68.144 | 0 | [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > the | [[ | international spy museum in washington dc hosted a trabant car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . rides were | |
| 376102866 | 376154207 | 2010-07-29 21:06:22 | 0 days 05:43:39 | 9540157 | 0 | opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = < references / > * {{ | citation | cite book | | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} |
| 378683462 | 378715810 | 2010-08-13 14:08:31 | 0 days 05:06:39 | 6369861 | 0 | north sports final edition associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > | on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall , she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartement at [[ bernauer strasse ]] 48 . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / ref > | another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by wolfgang engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] . engels stole a | |
| 379656612 | 379899340 | 2010-08-20 03:51:09 | 1 days 06:28:14 | 9136297 | 0 | welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet | different | another | explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . east germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of the time |
| 1 | www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > | a | yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . east germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of | ||||||
| 379899340 | 379899513 | 2010-08-20 03:52:34 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 9136297 | 0 | www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > | yet another explanation was | the eastern german government also claimed | that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . east germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of the time , the |
| 384496686 | 384523300 | 2010-09-13 04:27:46 | 0 days 03:31:16 | 0|68.108.154.190 | 0 | | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - | bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > | bournaertretertertertertretrterterter | the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of |
| 384523300 | 384523324 | 2010-09-13 04:27:59 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 991036 | 0 | | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - | bournaertretertertertertretrterterter | bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > | the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of |
| 389132750 | 389329152 | 2010-10-07 14:59:01 | 0 days 21:54:30 | 0|141.43.69.1 | 0 | 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > | little is left | although most | of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft |
| 389330154 | 389349828 | 2010-10-07 16:55:20 | 0 days 01:50:48 | 3308922 | 0 | 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > | although most | little is left | of the wall was demolished in 1990 - 1991 , many remnants and traces can be found all around west berlin . the border wall facing towards west - berlin is |
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 4 | be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on | 1 | april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] | |
| 27 | turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > | on | | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < | ||||||
| 33 | 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by | 4 | november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) | ||||||
| 65 | easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april | 1 , | 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the | ||||||
| 84 | turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > | on | june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general secretary | ||||||
| 85 | - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on june | 12 , | 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general secretary ]] of the | ||||||
| 91 | - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november | 4 | , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile | ||||||
| 392939112 | 393650061 | 2010-10-29 18:21:46 | 3 days 12:40:54 | 0|205.211.141.243 | 0 | between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until | 1952 | 1863 | , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty |
| 393650061 | 393650284 | 2010-10-29 18:23:16 | 0 days 00:01:30 | 7209796 | 0 | between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until | 1863 | 1952 | , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty |
| 395570081 | 395570204 | 2010-11-08 17:03:16 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 0|79.75.31.192 | 0 | spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . [[ oxford university press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on | 11 | december 11 , 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing | |
| 396783802 | 397079222 | 2010-11-16 10:32:30 | 1 days 12:24:59 | 0|217.207.245.34 | 0 | / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > | i love poo poo so does jimmy wales | = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of | |
| 397079222 | 397079240 | 2010-11-16 10:32:39 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 13286072 | 0 | / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > | i love poo poo so does jimmy wales | = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of | |
| 398158094 | 398200111 | 2010-11-22 06:48:07 | 0 days 05:52:45 | 13478821 | 0 | [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > | = = origin of berlin wall art = = the origin of the art on the berlin wall is what gives the art such significance . the wall in the beginning of the eighties was not used to demonstrate and portray political ideas happening around the world . people would simply tag their names onto the wall . the names tagged on to the wall often did not stand out but simply blend or fade away into the enormous wall . no political voice spoke through the wall . = = = [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / thierry _ noir thierry noir ] and christophe bouchet = = = [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / thierry _ noir theirry noir ] lived closely by the wall and was reminded of its meaning of separation everyday . christophe bouchet and noir hated the wall and felt the need to express themselves on it . they began to paint huge murals on the walls with bright vivid colors in order to create a less of a intimidating wall . many people began to question the actions of these two men and ask them if they now liked the wall there because it allowed them to have a huge canvas . their hate for the wall still remained they would reply to these questions with " we are not trying to make the wall beautiful because in fact it ' s absolutely impossible . 80 persons have being killed trying to jump over the berlin wall , to escape to west - berlin , so you can cover that wall with hundred of kilos of color , it will stay the same . ” ( [ http : / / www . galerie - noir . de / archivesenglish / walleng . html story of the berlin wall ] by theirry noir ) the paints they used would eat away at the wall . the men also screwed in a basin , urinal , and shoes into the wall . of of these things they did to the wall proved that the wall was destructible and could not remain for ever . = = = influence = = = [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / thierry _ noir thierry noir ] and christophe bouchet started a major influence that has lead to the very famous idea of the free world on the west side of the wall . the two men would see people trying to paint the wall but not know where to start or how to go about it and they would help them get started . it is now plastered in paintings speaking about political ideas around the world . the wall became a place in which one felt entitled to their freedom because it took the freedom of those away inside of its cold walls . = = = destruction of the art = = = when the walls came down and finally the east was “free ” people were curious as to whether these two artist would mind that their work and expression was destroyed , the two men did not care . in fact they were over joyed to see the fall of the hideous , boring wall . | = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by | |
| 398275853 | 398276932 | 2010-11-22 17:17:16 | 0 days 00:06:46 | 0|217.86.65.6 | 3 | were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > | property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref | name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where | |
| 398276932 | 398276983 | 2010-11-22 17:17:34 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 6149938 | 4 | , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > | < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > | indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political | |
| 399311872 | 399312615 | 2010-11-28 12:44:16 | 0 days 00:07:59 | 7007500 | 0 | [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > | = = origin of berlin wall art = = the origin of the art on the berlin wall is what gives the art such significance . the wall in the beginning of the eighties was not used to demonstrate and portray political ideas happening around the world . people would simply tag their names onto the wall . the names tagged on to the wall often did not stand out but simply blend or fade away into the enormous wall . no political voice spoke through the wall . = = = [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / thierry _ noir thierry noir ] and christophe bouchet = = = [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / thierry _ noir theirry noir ] lived closely by the wall and was reminded of its meaning of separation everyday . christophe bouchet and noir hated the wall and felt the need to express themselves on it . they began to paint huge murals on the walls with bright vivid colors in order to create a less of a intimidating wall . many people began to question the actions of these two men and ask them if they now liked the wall there because it allowed them to have a huge canvas . their hate for the wall still remained they would reply to these questions with " we are not trying to make the wall beautiful because in fact it ' s absolutely impossible . 80 persons have being killed trying to jump over the berlin wall , to escape to west - berlin , so you can cover that wall with hundred of kilos of color , it will stay the same . ” ( [ http : / / www . galerie - noir . de / archivesenglish / walleng . html story of the berlin wall ] by theirry noir ) the paints they used would eat away at the wall . the men also screwed in a basin , urinal , and shoes into the wall . of these things they did to the wall proved that the wall was destructible and could not remain for ever . = = = influence = = = [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / thierry _ noir thierry noir ] and christophe bouchet started a major influence that has lead to the very famous idea of the free world on the west side of the wall . the two men would see people trying to paint the wall but not know where to start or how to go about it and they would help them get started . it is now plastered in paintings speaking about political ideas around the world . the wall became a place in which one felt entitled to their freedom because it took the freedom of those away inside of its cold walls . = = = destruction of the art = = = when the walls came down and finally the east was “free ” people were curious as to whether these two artist would mind that their work and expression was destroyed , the two men did not care . in fact they were over joyed to see the fall of the hideous , boring wall . {{ citation needed | date = november 2010 }} | = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by | |
| 399955415 | 400135537 | 2010-12-02 15:25:43 | 0 days 21:52:28 | 0|94.30.12.205 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | poo | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 400135537 | 400135595 | 2010-12-02 15:26:05 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 6636894 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | poo | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 401119682 | 401615969 | 2010-12-10 13:50:37 | 2 days 17:00:01 | 1343284 | 0 | 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ | cquote | quote | | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability |
| 404706835 | 404839126 | 2010-12-29 17:08:27 | 0 days 19:29:37 | 0|24.73.214.82 | 0 | inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within | two | 777 | years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self |
| 2 | under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major | task | douche | of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were | |||||
| 404839294 | 404839330 | 2010-12-29 17:09:55 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 13286072 | 1 | inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within | 777 | two | years , political fattys increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the cock suckers refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self |
| 4 | under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major | douche | task | of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were | |||||
| 409807529 | 409894092 | 2011-01-25 02:57:27 | 0 days 07:58:13 | 0|99.254.100.33 | 7 | the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two | thousand | years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self | |
| 409894092 | 409905421 | 2011-01-25 04:13:27 | 0 days 01:16:00 | 5204750 | 8 | elmo of corse . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two | thousand | years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying super [[ file : [[ file : example . jpg ]] [[ file : example . jpg ]] ]] | |
| 409988007 | 409990269 | 2011-01-25 16:27:11 | 0 days 00:13:30 | 8542716 | 0 | > [ http : / / uk . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough reuters . com ] < / ref > | = = = art = = = the berlin wall was also a theme to a lot of german artist as [[ horst walter ]] . but it also inspired international artists ( [[ east side gallery ]] ) and became a piece of art by itselve [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] . | = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the | |
| 409990269 | 409992456 | 2011-01-25 16:40:55 | 0 days 00:13:44 | 6971250 | 1 | > [ http : / / uk . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough reuters . com ] < / ref > | = = = art = = = the berlin wall was also a theme to a lot of german artist as [[ horst walter ]] . but it also inspired international artists ( [[ east side gallery ]] ) and became a piece of art by itselve [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] . | = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the | |
| 417972599 | 418362137 | 2011-03-11 22:01:37 | 2 days 06:12:12 | 14143658 | 0 | = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > | the protest demonstrations grew considerably | by 4 november , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 | |
| 1 | 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by | early november . the movement neared its height on | 4 november , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) | ||||||
| 2 | 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by 4 november | , the protests had swelled significantly , with | when | half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany | |||||
| 428575817 | 428576147 | 2011-05-11 12:54:42 | 0 days 00:02:47 | 10714345 | 0 | soldiers could detect him . this artwork was part of his famous work - series called " border injuries " ( german : " grenzverletzung " ) . < ref > | " die mauer als muse " by | lars von törne in berlin newspaper [ http : / / www . tagesspiegel . de / berlin / die - mauer - als - muse / 821970 . html " | |
| 433468803 | 435294058 | 2011-06-20 16:08:04 | 10 days 16:45:35 | 14732560 | 0 | . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] < / ref > | however , ulbricht had pushed for a border closure for quite some time , and khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ’ s tacit indication that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector of berlin . < ref > {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 | pages = 247 }} < / ref > | on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a | |
| 1 | php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / ref > | the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to freedom in west germany on august 24 , 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . < ref > {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 | pages = 363 - 367 }} < / ref > | another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by [[ wolfgang engels ]] , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] . engels | ||||||
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 48 | sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > whether [[ | 9 | november 9 in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ | |
| 127 | felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > whether [[ november | 9 | in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz | ||||||
| 440540857 | 440729712 | 2011-07-21 22:02:32 | 1 days 01:28:03 | 42558 | 0 | . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] < / ref > however , | other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative western reaction . what is beyond dispute , though , is that | ulbricht had pushed for a border closure for quite some time , and khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ’ s tacit indication that the us | |
| 441951679 | 443412986 | 2011-08-06 22:01:43 | 8 days 23:04:20 | 16710 | 14 | . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > < | | publisher = zlb . de | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} | ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document | |
| 443413503 | 443414712 | 2011-08-06 22:15:25 | 0 days 00:09:33 | 16710 | 0 | on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by colonel glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ | david hackworth | | hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany through east germany , bound for west berlin . | |
| 443416955 | 443420038 | 2011-08-06 22:56:21 | 0 days 00:23:24 | 16710 | 12 | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the | [[ | german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded | |
| 444827910 | 445092140 | 2011-08-16 03:34:43 | 1 days 10:24:23 | 9243491 | 0 | : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > | = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = [ august 13 , 2011 , event ( 50 years ago , construction began ) ] . . . . . . . ( adding text and refs . ) | = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ | |
| 445097289 | 445112728 | 2011-08-16 07:20:53 | 0 days 02:52:17 | 6971250 | 9 | . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 6 november 2006 }} < / ref > | a recent poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than half of all russians do not know who built the berlin wall . | , | ten percent of people surveyed thought berlin residents built it themselves . six percent said western powers built it and four percent thought it was a " bilateral initiative " of |
| 449778448 | 450027091 | 2011-09-12 08:58:42 | 0 days 23:42:46 | 1981037 | 0 | of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > | {{ anchor | construction }} | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | |
| 458013591 | 460776057 | 2011-11-15 13:51:47 | 16 days 18:25:21 | 15505994 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | there is about 280000 bricks | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 460776057 | 460776111 | 2011-11-15 13:52:08 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 13286072 | 0 | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | there is about 280000 bricks | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 480309454 | 481848501 | 2012-03-14 13:39:33 | 9 days 01:30:40 | 661572 | 0 | & nbsp ; million east germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > | an important reason the west berlin border was not closed earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . a new railway around west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , was started to be built 1951 and when finished in 1961 , it was more practical to close the border . | = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the | |
| 498937954 | 498938055 | 2012-06-23 04:07:59 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 2831403 | 0 | for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > | on december 30th , 1989 , | [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time | |
| 498938055 | 498957428 | 2012-06-23 08:09:57 | 0 days 04:01:58 | 3308922 | 0 | for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > | on december 30th , 1989 , | [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time | |
| 503454620 | 503455175 | 2012-07-21 16:36:54 | 0 days 00:04:52 | 1464875 | 0 | 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > | * * ' ' chippin ' away | url = http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = - ummj _ jnway ' ' , a song by tom fedora , as performed by [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ]] . | * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist [[ stephan elsner | elsner ]] created about 500 artworks along the former | |
| 538062628 | 538916225 | 2013-02-18 19:08:38 | 5 days 03:00:19 | 10728040 | 19 | com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " the wall street journal . < / ref > | [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | upright | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] | excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night — at 7 : 17 pm on [[ zdf | |
| 549642343 | 549885004 | 2013-04-11 18:28:01 | 1 days 10:51:47 | 18730792 | 0 | . galerie - son . com / artists / elsner / elsner _ press . html | work = press archive | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > | * video games related to the berlin wall * * the " first strike " downloadable content pack for 2010 ' s ' ' [[ call of duty : black ops ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) | = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off | |
| 561644568 | 561819989 | 2013-06-27 13:10:08 | 1 days 03:44:27 | 612302 | 0 | think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > | {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( " i am a berliner " ) speech ( audio ) | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} | in a speech on 26 july 1963 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us | |
| 563395777 | 564456970 | 2013-07-16 04:11:42 | 7 days 11:36:20 | 14644224 | 0 | | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > | = = rocking the wall - bruce springsteen visit = = 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert , which was attended by 300 , 0000 in person , and broadcast live on television and radio . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , " i ' m not here for or against any government , ” “i ' ve come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down . ” < ref > {{ cite web | title = did springsteen ' s 1988 berlin gig rock the wall ? | url = http : / / www . thelocal . de / opinion / 20130709 - 50749 . html }} < / ref > | = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} [[ file : tear down this wall | |
| 574657896 | 574659325 | 2013-09-26 21:32:01 | 0 days 00:14:26 | 16715243 | 5 | in english | publisher = the local - germany ' s news in english | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > | east germany and its fdj youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped by letting in springsteen they could improve their sentiment among east germans . this strategy of " one step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only made east germans hungrier for more of the freedoms that springsteen epitomized . while john f . kennedy or ronald reagan delivered their famous speeches from the safety of west berlin , springsteen ' s speaking out against the wall in the middle of east berlin added to the euphoria . < ref name = " tl20130709 " / > | = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} [[ file : tear down this wall | |
| 574661610 | 574661815 | 2013-09-26 21:53:57 | 0 days 00:01:56 | 16715243 | 0 | think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > | {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( " i am a berliner " ) speech ( audio ) | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} | us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move | |
| 576710951 | 576711458 | 2013-10-11 12:06:44 | 0 days 00:05:22 | 6971250 | 0 | period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll of over 100 < ref name = " chronik " / > | in and around berlin | , although that claim is disputed < ref name = " contemporary research " / > . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes | |
| 577123748 | 577242287 | 2013-10-15 07:01:05 | 0 days 18:42:33 | 14508071 | 1 | over 100 < ref name = " chronik " / > in and around berlin , although that claim is disputed < ref name = " contemporary research " / > | . | in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] | |
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 50 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > | as to | whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such | |
| 595829584 | 596246381 | 2014-02-19 21:59:11 | 2 days 17:09:16 | 1728614 | 0 | first step in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning | reached | did | not u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on 13 august 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the [[ kennedy compound ]] |
| 609218762 | 610971867 | 2014-05-31 19:49:06 | 12 days 09:28:54 | 8611774 | 1 | . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the | [[ | west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the | |
| 610971867 | 610979419 | 2014-05-31 20:49:32 | 0 days 01:00:26 | 3308922 | 1 | homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > | or suggesting that [[ capitalism ]] was somehow related to [[ fascism ]] | . the [[ west berlin ]] city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] | |
| 613835077 | 615294848 | 2014-07-02 13:43:53 | 10 days 19:48:20 | 7669583 | 1 | for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > | on new year ' s eve 1989 , | [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ | |
| 632340179 | 632389254 | 2014-11-04 07:32:40 | 0 days 09:03:37 | 14508071 | 6 | the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > | , | constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin | |
| 9 | the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > | . | the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = | ||||||
| 633082411 | 633093439 | 2014-11-09 14:40:09 | 0 days 02:10:28 | 115938 | 1 | period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll of over 100 < ref name = " chronik " / > | in and around berlin , although that claim is disputed . | to more than 200 | < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc |
| 2 | 100 < ref name = " chronik " / > in and around berlin , although that claim is disputed . < ref name = " contemporary research " / > | in and around berlin . | in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] | ||||||
| 633105760 | 633124700 | 2014-11-09 19:11:46 | 0 days 02:37:45 | 2724616 | 0 | | juggling on the wall on 16 november 1989 file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > | another border crossing to the south may have been opened earlier . an account by [[ heinz schäfer ]] indicates that he also acted independently and ordered the opening of the gate at waltersdorf - rudow a couple of hours earlier . < ref > {{ cite news | title = east germans may have arrived in west berlin hours before previously thought | author = mcelroy , damien | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe / germany / 6519769 / east - germans - may - have - arrived - in - west - berlin - hours - before - previously - thought . html | newspaper = the telegraph | date = 7 november 2009 | accessdate = 7 november 2014 }} < / ref > this may explain reports of east berliners appearing in west berlin earlier than the opening of the bornholmer straße border crossing . | = = = demolition = = = the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not | |
| 633124700 | 633132744 | 2014-11-09 20:10:48 | 0 days 00:59:02 | 2012100 | 8 | history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = 19 june 2013 }} < / ref > | on 9 november was soon followed by | the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer | |
| 635851215 | 636736384 | 2014-12-05 09:55:06 | 6 days 06:44:14 | 18865486 | 3 | archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = 20 february 2012 }} < / ref > | its demolition officially began on 13 june 1990 . < ref > http : / / www . thejournal . ie / berlin - wall - anniversary - 1762450 - nov2014 / < / ref > | the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles | |
| 640243071 | 641499497 | 2015-01-08 00:05:29 | 8 days 09:29:01 | 2705932 | 28 | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | year = 2009 | isbn = 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > | he read the note | been given , | out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters , [[ agenzia nazionale stampa associata | ansa ]] ' s [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , < ref |
| 674375849 | 677624002 | 2015-08-24 13:56:14 | 20 days 23:05:35 | 19401704 | 0 | homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > | by gdr propaganda | . " < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | |
| 688492814 | 688759360 | 2015-11-02 21:57:16 | 1 days 13:24:56 | 17417424 | 1 | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | year = 2009 | isbn = 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > | schabowski read the note , he had been given , out loud | at the end of the press conference . one of the reporters , [[ agenzia nazionale stampa associata | ansa ]] ' s [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , < ref > | |
| 699008752 | 699308560 | 2016-01-11 15:45:19 | 1 days 21:54:11 | 23149456 | 0 | | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > | = = david bowie concert 1987 = = having earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6th june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was accompanied with violent rioting in east berlin . according to tobias ruther , these protests in east berlin were the first in the sequence of riots that led to those of november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite web | title = did bowie bring down the berlin wall ? | url = http : / / www . theweek . co . uk / 25027 / did - bowie - bring - down - berlin - wall | publisher = the week | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 15 december 2008 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | title = germany : thank you david bowie for helping bring down the berlin wall | url = http : / / www . businessinsider . com . au / germany - thanks - david - bowie - for - helping - bring - down - berlin - wall - 2016 - 1 | publisher = business insider australia | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > on his death , the german foreign office tweeted " good - bye , david bowie . you are now among # heroes . thank you for helping to bring down the # wall . " < ref > {{ cite web | title = good - bye , david bowie . | url = https : / / twitter . com / germanydiplo / status / 686498183669743616 | publisher = german foreign office | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > | = = rocking the wall – bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e | |
| 699308679 | 699406529 | 2016-01-12 03:29:27 | 0 days 11:43:07 | 111277 | 0 | | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > | = = western concerts and growing anti - wall sentiment = = = | = = david bowie concert 1987 = = having earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to | |
| 699459916 | 699461131 | 2016-01-12 13:31:42 | 0 days 00:13:07 | 23149456 | 1 | - berlin - wall - 2016 - 1 | publisher = business insider australia | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > | although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of the wall , < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . vox . com / 2016 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | website = vox | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last = fisher | first = max }} < / ref > | on his death , the [[ foreign office ( germany ) | german foreign office ]] tweeted " good - bye , david bowie . you are now among # heroes | |
| 699931497 | 700030765 | 2016-01-15 23:20:45 | 0 days 14:05:06 | 23149456 | 2 | death - of - david - bowie - sparks - howls - of - anguish - across - social - media - 2016 - 01 - 11 < / ref > | 2c _ 1987 | above ]] | * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }} | |
| 702890979 | 702891285 | 2016-02-02 06:44:39 | 0 days 00:03:39 | 13816079 | 2 | think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > | us | american | and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move . |
| 702934332 | 703014660 | 2016-02-02 23:57:14 | 0 days 09:47:18 | 23149456 | 1 | think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument of communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > | american | us | and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move . |
| 703365386 | 703417729 | 2016-02-05 11:43:48 | 0 days 09:36:49 | 23149456 | 0 | think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > | us | united states | and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move . |
| 713738020 | 714997386 | 2016-04-13 02:40:45 | 7 days 09:38:49 | 13347245 | 0 | of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > | the exodus of emigrants from east germany presented two minor potential benefits : an easy opportunity to smuggle east german secret agents to west germany , and a reduction in the number of citizens hostile to the communist regime . neither of these perks , however , proved particularly useful . < ref > crozier , brian ( 1999 ) . the rise and fall of the soviet empire . forum . p . 170 - 171 . isbn 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 . < / ref > | {{ anchor | construction }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger | |
| 734407445 | 734490501 | 2016-08-14 18:29:44 | 0 days 15:02:04 | 17429839 | 0 | west berlin , springsteen ' s speaking out against the wall in the middle of east berlin added to the euphoria . < ref name = " tl20130709 " / > | = = = david hasselhoff , 1989 = = = on 31 december 1989 , american tv actor and pop music singer [[ david hasselhoff ]] was the headlining performer for the freedom tour live concert , which was attended by over 500 , 000 people on both sides of the wall . the live concert footage was directed by music video director [[ thomas mignone ]] and aired on broadcast television station zweites deutsches fernsehen [[ zdf ]] throughout europe . during shooting film crew personnel pulled people up from both sides to stand and celebrate on top of the wall . hasselhoff sang his number one hit song " looking for freedom " on a platform at the end of a twenty meter steel crane that swung above and over the wall adjacent to the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . < ref name = " npr20141109 " > {{ cite web | title = how mr . hasselhoff tore down this wall | url = http : / / www . npr . org / 2014 / 11 / 09 / 362595983 / how - mr - hasselhoff - tore - down - this - wall | work = npr | publisher = national public radio | accessdate = 9 november 2014 | date = 9 november 2014 }} < / ref > | = = " ich bin ein berliner " and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main article | ich bin ein berliner | | |
| 760657011 | 760659000 | 2017-01-18 08:54:05 | 0 days 00:25:49 | 29937011 | 1 | [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > | = = background = = | = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | a ' | |
| 760659000 | 760659119 | 2017-01-18 08:55:37 | 0 days 00:01:32 | 29937011 | 0 | [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > | = = background = = | = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | a ' | |
| 760740289 | 761201385 | 2017-01-21 15:51:57 | 2 days 19:27:40 | 96897 | 5 | the berlin wall | date = 31 october 2014 | subscription = yes | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > | < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > | the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = | |
| 10 | separation barrier | german ]] , berlin mauer ) was a barrier that divided [[ east germany | germany ]] and separated [[ east berlin ]] < nowiki / > from | [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) of 13 august | 1961 to 9 november 1989 . this wall is the most famous symbol of the cold war . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / | ||||||
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 28 | | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} < / ref > | by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — | a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer | |
| 782774870 | 783599634 | 2017-06-03 11:42:45 | 5 days 08:46:47 | 31190988 | 0 | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > | none | nothing | still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center . < ref > {{ cite |
| 787408974 | 787409030 | 2017-06-25 06:55:15 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 31190988 | 0 | / _ / start . html | wayback = 20141220054134 text = web page on the border watch tower }} , accessed on 27 january 2014 . < / ref > | ( {{ coordinate | text = dms | ns = 52 / 22 / 46 . 84 / e | type = landmark | dim = 10 | name = border watch tower stresemannstraße | region = de - be }} ) . | . | nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center . < ref > {{ |
| 798241666 | 800698581 | 2017-09-15 03:51:19 | 14 days 08:23:33 | 10031342 | 1 | marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , october 2006 . < / ref > | which circumscribed | accompanied by | a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and |
| 15 | ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the | " | fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = | ||||||
| 802359764 | 802360146 | 2017-09-25 17:48:42 | 0 days 00:02:49 | 30928445 | 0 | and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > | britain | france | , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to |
| 809536560 | 809972169 | 2017-11-12 17:35:07 | 2 days 22:13:03 | 6554947 | 0 | / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 – ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > | as was the case with the inner german border , a strip of gdr territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used only to perform maintenance on the outside of the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and west berlin sidewalks not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg = pt61 & dq = berlin + wall + outside + maintenance & source = bl & ots = e1vx - kbsf4 & sig = vzusis2injtqnywsqt9wjcxjdf0 & hl = en & sa = x & ved = 0ahukewjsvstlxbnxahvtzgmkhuuiclyq6aeitdaj # v = onepage & q = berlin % 20wall % 20outside % 20maintenance & f = false < / ref > | = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of | |
| 810314862 | 810320431 | 2017-11-14 15:18:54 | 0 days 00:44:25 | 6554947 | 0 | / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 – ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > | maintainance was performed on the outside of the wall by personnel who accessed the area outside it either via ladders or via hidden doors within the wall . | unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location | |
| 810341648 | 810344262 | 2017-11-14 18:16:34 | 0 days 00:19:19 | 6554947 | 1 | > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs / 9799537166800 / < / ref > | < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > | = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of | |
| 810344262 | 810347455 | 2017-11-14 18:39:46 | 0 days 00:23:12 | 6554947 | 0 | | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > | one notable exception to | despite | the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch and four other defectors were |
| 810347639 | 810351013 | 2017-11-14 19:06:27 | 0 days 00:25:19 | 6554947 | 0 | | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > | the | this outer | strip was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / |
| 810351128 | 810362048 | 2017-11-14 20:17:11 | 0 days 01:09:52 | 6554947 | 0 | / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / gallery / 2014 / apr / 03 / thierry - noir - graffiti - berlin - wall < / ref > | in 1986 , | defector and political activist wolfram hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them | |
| 810365117 | 810365760 | 2017-11-14 20:40:55 | 0 days 00:04:10 | 6554947 | 0 | | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > | however , | despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the area , however , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested | |
| 810365760 | 810394251 | 2017-11-15 00:08:21 | 0 days 03:27:26 | 6554947 | 4 | | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > | however , | despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the area , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by | |
| 812527422 | 812547586 | 2017-11-28 13:23:01 | 0 days 03:35:56 | 917354 | 14 | / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 – ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > | maintainance | maintenance | was performed on the outside of the wall by personnel who accessed the area outside it either via ladders or via hidden doors within the wall . < ref > {{ |
| 816797805 | 816798032 | 2017-12-23 19:39:36 | 0 days 00:01:47 | 11112747 | 0 | }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > | [[ | ' ' | rise and fall of the berlin wall ]] . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < |
| 2 | the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard , so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . < ref > | " | ' ' | rise and fall of the berlin wall " . ' ' history channel ' ' , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall | |||||
| 825811905 | 825814813 | 2018-02-15 16:00:22 | 0 days 00:19:34 | 5946478 | 8 | particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . < ref > | {{ cite cornell international law journal | last1 = | goodman | first1 = micah | date = 1996 | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | url | |
| 825877017 | 825915910 | 2018-02-16 03:54:46 | 0 days 04:40:35 | 5946478 | 0 | pushed for a border closure for quite some time , arguing that east germany ' s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had | been | become | emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ' s tacit indication {{ how | date = december 2013 }} that the us would not actively oppose this action in the |
| 825967396 | 826039698 | 2018-02-16 21:21:23 | 0 days 08:37:03 | 17299381 | 0 | www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > | a fact standing out from | the fact that this is an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " cannot be lost when we look on the significance | |
| 1 | . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the | fact | events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 is | that this is an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " cannot be lost when we look on the significance of the |
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| 43972110 | 43981878 | 2006-03-16 02:04:53 | 0 days 01:16:27 | 0|216.198.120.121 | 0 | which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . | fragments of the wall both with and without certificates of authenticity are a staple on [[ ebay ]] as well of german souvenier shops . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to | |
| 52346669 | 52350811 | 2006-05-09 18:32:56 | 0 days 00:26:34 | 0|168.212.165.131 | 0 | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world | . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to | |
| 52351586 | 52351667 | 2006-05-09 18:38:52 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 88149 | 1 | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world | . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to | |
| 52481135 | 52529239 | 2006-05-10 18:41:03 | 0 days 05:41:40 | 0|209.7.107.26 | 0 | of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . | it made the ranbow people happy | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to | |
| 52529711 | 52530486 | 2006-05-10 18:48:55 | 0 days 00:04:43 | 145855 | 1 | of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . | it made the ranbow people happy | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to | |
| 53511584 | 53575114 | 2006-05-16 21:15:54 | 0 days 06:34:16 | 0|69.177.183.218 | 0 | of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . | even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to | |
| 54927268 | 54985184 | 2006-05-25 00:32:38 | 0 days 05:52:15 | 0|152.163.100.73 | 0 | well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . | poopsicle | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to | |
| 54985184 | 54985618 | 2006-05-25 00:35:45 | 0 days 00:03:07 | 416594 | 0 | well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . | poopsicle | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to | |
| 64560450 | 64680479 | 2006-07-19 15:55:56 | 0 days 16:30:43 | 674991 | 0 | well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . | = = portion of wall at westminster college = = a small portion of the wall can also bee seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] . westminster college is know for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speach at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret thatcher ]] , amony many . the piece of the wall became part of the [[ winston churchill ]] memorial library . one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys ]] , granddaughter of winston churchill , proposed the idea of placing a piece of the wall at the westminster college campus . with the support of westminster college , sandys and her husband , richard kaplan , met with of officials in [[ east berlin ]] in february 1990 . upon arrival in berlin , the couple realized their plans to secure large portions of the wall would be costly , as 4 - foot - wide sections were selling at a cost of $ 60 , 000 to $ 200 , 000 . this obstacle , however , was solved when officials , impressed by the idea of a berlin wall monument being erected near the site of churchill ' s 1946 " iron curtain " speech , allowed sandys to choose eight sections as a gift to the college . sandys chose her sections from an area near the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , frequented by artists , because of the dramatic color of the graffiti . the repeated use of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " lies " or " untruths . " also appealed to her . on [[ november ]] [[ 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former [[ president ]] ronald reagan , [[ senator ]] [[ john ashcroft ]] and [[ german ]] [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . fourty - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | photo of the winson churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] ]] . [[ image : reaganwall . jpg | thumb | 200px | left | photo of [[ president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivering a speach during the presentation of the " breakthrough " monuement at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] ]] . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to | |
| 64681432 | 64682237 | 2006-07-19 16:07:06 | 0 days 00:04:50 | 157842 | 20 | . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | photo of the winson churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] ]] . | [[ image : reaganwall . jpg | thumb | 200px | left | photo of [[ president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivering a speach during the presentation of the " breakthrough " monuement at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] ]] . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to | |
| 64682848 | 64683314 | 2006-07-19 16:13:35 | 0 days 00:02:48 | 157842 | 2 | her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . | [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | photo of the winson churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] ]] . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to | |
| 86528914 | 86589748 | 2006-11-08 22:49:12 | 0 days 04:56:44 | 128695 | 2 | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . a portion of the berlin wall | can be seen in the lower left . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . w . bush ]] , and [[ margaret thatcher ]] , among others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] < / ref > one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys ]] , granddaughter of winston churchill , proposed the idea of placing a piece of the wall at the westminster college campus . with the support of westminster college , sandys and her husband , richard kaplan , met with officials in [[ east berlin ]] in february 1990 . upon arrival in berlin , the couple realized their plans to secure large portions of the wall would be costly , as 4 - foot - wide sections were selling at a cost of $ 60 , 000 to $ 200 , 000 . this obstacle , however , was solved when officials , impressed by the idea of a berlin wall monument being erected near the site of churchill ' s 1946 " iron curtain " speech , allowed sandys to choose eight sections as a gift to the college . sandys chose her sections from an area near the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , frequented by artists , because of the dramatic color of the graffiti . the repeated use of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " untrue " , also appealed to her . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former president ronald reagan , senator [[ john ashcroft ]] and german [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . forty - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . | }} | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to |
| 87779777 | 87780800 | 2006-11-14 16:24:13 | 0 days 00:06:09 | 0|63.253.45.100 | 0 | wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} | brennan nicholson is a hot bastard . give him a call . 1 - 208 - 585 - 6054 . sexy body no brains . give me a call . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to | |
| 87781196 | 87781220 | 2006-11-14 16:26:49 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 1008387 | 1 | wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} | brennan nicholson is a hot bastard . give him a call . 1 - 208 - 585 - 6054 . sexy body no brains . give me a call . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to | |
| 89219229 | 89219895 | 2006-11-21 12:31:43 | 0 days 00:06:30 | 617480 | 0 | well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . | = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to | |
| 90997156 | 91100212 | 2006-11-30 06:23:44 | 0 days 08:45:29 | 162655 | 1 | of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . | even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to | |
| 98168334 | 98179249 | 2007-01-03 14:33:10 | 0 days 01:19:16 | 0|168.216.125.69 | 0 | both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . | also at a turn in the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to | |
| 129408776 | 129474280 | 2007-05-09 09:15:37 | 0 days 07:19:00 | 558022 | 0 | segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] | [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for graffiti writers . ]] | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie | |
| 191875318 | 191902592 | 2008-02-16 19:10:26 | 0 days 02:30:25 | 1212157 | 0 | first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . | pieces of the wall were taken and sold around the world . the [[ main street station hotel and casino and brewery | main street station casino ]] in [[ las vegas ]] features [[ urinal ]] s mounted on a large slab of the wall in the men ' s washroom . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie | |
| 192015086 | 192015176 | 2008-02-17 06:53:54 | 0 days 00:00:48 | 686868 | 0 | stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . pieces of the wall were taken and sold around the world . | the [[ main street station hotel and casino and brewery | main street station casino ]] in [[ las vegas ]] features [[ urinal ]] s mounted on a large slab of the wall in the men ' s washroom . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie | |
| 192201303 | 192253607 | 2008-02-18 07:10:58 | 0 days 05:01:35 | 0|123.2.89.10 | 0 | stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . pieces of the wall were taken and sold around the world . | ' ' ' [[ bold text ]] rewerwewrerwrewrwewe ello my name is edjkdojdskojdsfkok bananas ' ' ' | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie | |
| 192253607 | 192259798 | 2008-02-18 08:00:09 | 0 days 00:49:11 | 2537811 | 0 | stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . pieces of the wall were taken and sold around the world . | ' ' ' [[ bold text ]] rewerwewrerwrewrwewe ello my name is edjkdojdskojdsfkok bananas ' ' ' | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie | |
| 228709022 | 229166509 | 2008-08-01 04:21:54 | 2 days 04:18:13 | 89777 | 5 | first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . | pieces of the wall were taken and sold around the world . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie | |
| 230143637 | 230236742 | 2008-08-06 17:51:32 | 0 days 11:36:41 | 1626379 | 0 | first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . | [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1982 . ]] | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie | |
| 299857601 | 299982785 | 2009-07-03 02:17:48 | 0 days 16:40:23 | 0|124.180.173.210 | 0 | first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . | to speak german , they are very simple to english . e . g , saying , ' good night ' is pronounced , ' gud nuckt ' ( ver similar ) 1 . deutschland ( das ) " germany " is how to say germany . 2 . berlin wall is pronounced as , ' fuchn nwn ouut ofn ouse ' it is pretty complicated , but an easy way is , ' fishin now out of house ' try it ! it ' s simple . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , | |
| 299982785 | 300057708 | 2009-07-03 14:48:17 | 0 days 12:30:29 | 137113 | 0 | first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . | to speak german , they are very simple to english . e . g , saying , ' good night ' is pronounced , ' gud nuckt ' ( ver similar ) 1 . deutschland ( das ) " germany " is how to say germany . 2 . berlin wall is pronounced as , ' fuchn nwn ouut ofn ouse ' it is pretty complicated , but an easy way is , ' fishin now out of house ' try it ! it ' s simple . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , | |
| 327026868 | 327055239 | 2009-11-21 04:15:17 | 0 days 03:39:11 | 0|67.66.201.139 | 0 | first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . | part of the wall is now located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california ]] , [[ usa ]] . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to | |
| 335311417 | 335321111 | 2010-01-01 18:58:52 | 0 days 01:10:12 | 6971250 | 0 | first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . | part of the wall is now located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california ]] , [[ usa ]] . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to | |
| 336116760 | 336170101 | 2010-01-06 09:12:40 | 0 days 07:46:16 | 11300920 | 0 | first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . | part of the wall is now located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california ]] , [[ usa ]] . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to | |
| 336170101 | 336172835 | 2010-01-06 09:46:07 | 0 days 00:33:27 | 6971250 | 0 | first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . | part of the wall is now located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california ]] , [[ usa ]] . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to |
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| 14329087 | 14485555 | 2005-05-27 20:46:14 | 1 days 04:00:09 | 0|131.111.8.103 | 0 | [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm us army website ] [[ category : | history of | berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af | |
| 38974751 | 39112555 | 2006-02-10 20:20:52 | 0 days 22:20:54 | 0|192.68.228.4 | 0 | }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] | [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] | [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany | |
| 56106564 | 56422227 | 2006-06-02 01:29:16 | 1 days 14:32:11 | 328895 | 0 | category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] | [[ category : borders ]] | [[ category : articles containing fair use images ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور | |
| 93817040 | 93876815 | 2006-12-12 19:37:36 | 0 days 04:55:33 | 0|158.123.252.2 | 9 | : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . | western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] {{ cold war }} | [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] | |
| 93876815 | 93876848 | 2006-12-12 19:37:43 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 1574574 | 9 | pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted to keep th east out of the west . this is because the east had worse economical situations and hated jews . | western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] {{ cold war }} | [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] | |
| 100940597 | 100941637 | 2007-01-15 20:29:28 | 0 days 00:04:57 | 2181758 | 10 | : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and | unauthorised | unauthorized | signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john |
| 100946186 | 100948158 | 2007-01-15 20:59:57 | 0 days 00:09:11 | 302522 | 12 | : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and | unauthorized | unauthorised | signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 41 | : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : | 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage | politics | ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f |
| 65 | destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history | of berlin | ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | | ||||||
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 57 | end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : | politics | 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage | ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] |
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 41 | : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : | 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage | politics | ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f |
| 65 | destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history | of berlin | ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | | ||||||
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 57 | end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : | politics | 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage | ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] |
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 41 | : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : | 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage | politics | ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f |
| 65 | destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history | of berlin | ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | | ||||||
| 130123030 | 130123251 | 2007-05-11 16:47:08 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 0|209.184.226.15 | 4 | / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - | communism | copmmunism | ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category |
| 130123251 | 130124262 | 2007-05-11 16:51:40 | 0 days 00:04:32 | 2073927 | 4 | / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - | copmmunism | communism | ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category |
| 138718856 | 138723953 | 2007-06-17 08:23:26 | 0 days 00:50:27 | 4281205 | 1 | [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation | of europe | ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] | |
| 180066130 | 180183753 | 2007-12-26 02:17:45 | 0 days 21:23:37 | 2013997 | 0 | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] | 1961 in the cold war | ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings | |
| 1 | / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : | [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] | [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and | ||||||
| 2 | / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : | 1980 architecture | ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings | ||||||
| 185660901 | 185751760 | 2008-01-21 00:46:06 | 0 days 08:28:26 | 4534303 | 0 | ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet | occupation | occupations | ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} |
| 214518903 | 214793313 | 2008-05-25 08:38:13 | 1 days 09:57:55 | 261435 | 0 | east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : | history of | 20th century in | germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 |
| 216963315 | 218142316 | 2008-06-09 10:10:48 | 5 days 09:44:18 | 298077 | 0 | ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : | soviet occupations | allied occupation of germany | ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} |
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 78 | : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} | [[ category : muppets | {{ link fa | | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na |
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 78 | : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} | [[ category : muppets | {{ link fa | | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na |
| 244846230 | 244911758 | 2008-10-13 03:26:39 | 0 days 06:19:57 | 1979668 | 0 | of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} | {{ coord missing | germany }} | [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : | |
| 305129751 | 305130153 | 2009-07-30 19:15:32 | 0 days 00:01:56 | 0|130.218.10.1 | 3 | [ http : / / hss . kennesaw . edu / about / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / | ] | [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : | |
| 324889784 | 324892029 | 2009-11-09 19:30:23 | 0 days 00:12:55 | 7201063 | 0 | graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] | [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] | [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | | |
| 339326768 | 340122205 | 2010-01-26 12:27:26 | 4 days 01:18:10 | 2684294 | 1 | | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | | berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category | |
| 363069140 | 363210288 | 2010-05-20 15:14:05 | 0 days 18:52:21 | 433328 | 1 | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | | berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category | |
| 438013830 | 438034729 | 2011-07-06 11:15:55 | 0 days 03:16:14 | 1644213 | 0 | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | | | ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category | |
| 1 | - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : | buildings and structures completed in | 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ | ||||||
| 2 | be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : 1961 | architecture | ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : | ||||||
| 481923440 | 481923664 | 2012-03-14 22:02:01 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 1004750 | 0 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] | [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] | [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category | |
| 499242068 | 499662251 | 2012-06-27 21:31:47 | 2 days 15:13:16 | 24902 | 5 | wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks | in germany | ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century | |
| 513488454 | 513559303 | 2012-09-19 16:50:35 | 0 days 11:05:47 | 1644213 | 0 | secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments | in germany | ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks in germany ]] [[ category : history of | |
| 596246381 | 597421016 | 2014-02-27 20:24:09 | 7 days 22:24:58 | 203786 | 0 | bloc ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures in germany ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls | in germany | ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers | |
| 631869000 | 631992977 | 2014-11-01 09:37:20 | 0 days 23:37:50 | 18865486 | 5 | | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] | [[ category : 1990 disestablishments ]] | [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in | |
| 633634166 | 633858023 | 2014-11-14 21:08:35 | 1 days 14:36:37 | 1258165 | 0 | : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[ category : | buildings and structures demolished in | 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 1990 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : anti - communism | |
| 1 | category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : | buildings and structures demolished in | 1990 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : buildings and | ||||||
| 2 | berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[ category : 1989 | disestablishments | ]] [[ category : 1990 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ | ||||||
| 3 | : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 1990 | disestablishments | ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed |
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| 113334424 | 113384513 | 2007-03-07 19:40:56 | 0 days 03:45:50 | 3511275 | 0 | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | or ' ' {{ lang | de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ' ' | ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany | ||||
| 124943473 | 124965000 | 2007-04-22 21:33:01 | 0 days 01:22:00 | 0|71.196.40.10 | 0 | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | , [[ russian language | russian ]] : ' ' берли́нская стена́ ' ' | ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ | ||||
| 146909803 | 146920623 | 2007-07-25 04:17:32 | 0 days 01:05:56 | 0|24.192.16.130 | 0 | , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} | , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' | ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ | ||||
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 35 | * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = | bibliography | references | = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title | |||
| 158483110 | 158483244 | 2007-09-17 12:41:15 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 0|86.148.90.145 | 1 | 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} | ) | and [[ east germany ]] {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ | ||||
| 3 | west germany | west ]] {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} and [[ east germany ]] {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} | ) | . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the | |||||||||
| 170423035 | 170518141 | 2007-11-10 09:41:42 | 0 days 11:27:35 | 67221 | 0 | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' | ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic | ||||
| 210365049 | 210367754 | 2008-05-05 17:26:55 | 0 days 00:12:10 | 0|64.130.204.173 | 0 | korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} | in conclusion of these events " andy is gay " | = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr | ||||
| 210367754 | 210368676 | 2008-05-05 17:31:21 | 0 days 00:04:26 | 0|64.130.204.173 | 0 | korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} | 20 ) | in conclusion of these events " andy is gay " = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last | ||||
| 210368676 | 210368707 | 2008-05-05 17:31:32 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 6847637 | 0 | korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} | 20 ) in conclusion of these events " andy is gay " he wants u he lives in aumsvile oregon 137 carmal drive by the iga store | = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr | ||||
| 262762670 | 263247726 | 2009-01-10 21:42:09 | 2 days 06:10:03 | 5026668 | 2 | = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} | [[ | john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; | ||||
| 263247726 | 263617505 | 2009-01-12 17:24:52 | 1 days 19:42:43 | 0|86.91.116.102 | 0 | of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | ) ( 1961 - 1989 | ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including | ||||
| 263617505 | 263617744 | 2009-01-12 17:26:10 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 911178 | 0 | of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | ) ( 1961 - 1989 | ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including | ||||
| 316671018 | 316727646 | 2009-09-28 18:15:06 | 0 days 05:29:52 | 8932218 | 0 | ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = | 20th | 21st | anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " | |||
| 316789672 | 317189857 | 2009-10-01 00:23:54 | 2 days 00:14:35 | 1002650 | 1 | ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = | 21st | 20th | anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " | |||
| 317189857 | 317191642 | 2009-10-01 00:35:46 | 0 days 00:11:52 | 8932218 | 1 | ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = | 20th | 21st | anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " | |||
| 317191642 | 317216464 | 2009-10-01 03:30:12 | 0 days 02:54:26 | 911178 | 1 | ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = | 21st | 20th | anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " | |||
| 320837584 | 320937531 | 2009-10-20 03:24:05 | 0 days 09:19:20 | 0|203.189.4.118 | 0 | wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} * | {{ | [ | http : / / hss . kennesaw . edu / about / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / }} | |||
| 325413509 | 325413552 | 2009-11-12 10:08:44 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 8023653 | 0 | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * | [[ | childs , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman [ http : / / | ||||
| 1 | = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * childs | ]] | , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman [ http : / / www | |||||||||
| 325479502 | 325479643 | 2009-11-12 18:59:16 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 7455639 | 0 | berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | , although frequently referred to simply as " die mauer " | ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating | ||||
| 325480912 | 325481087 | 2009-11-12 19:07:45 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 8214624 | 0 | berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | , although frequently referred to simply as " die mauer " | ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating | ||||
| 328227127 | 328272267 | 2009-11-27 21:55:57 | 0 days 05:30:49 | 0|91.34.110.26 | 0 | | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} * luftbildatlas | . | entlang der berliner mauer 1961 bis heute . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) . berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - | ||||
| 338517464 | 338591345 | 2010-01-18 18:23:43 | 0 days 10:38:40 | 0|92.3.231.154 | 1 | | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] | | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin | ||||
| 338591345 | 338591701 | 2010-01-18 18:25:53 | 0 days 00:02:10 | 10141256 | 1 | | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] | | - < nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ | ||||
| 340122205 | 340369904 | 2010-01-27 17:59:47 | 1 days 05:32:21 | 205121 | 2 | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ | harvard reference | citation | | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | |||
| 3 | alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ | harvard reference | citation | | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = | ||||||||
| 4 | | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} * {{ | harvard reference | citation | | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = | ||||||||
| 5 | / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} * {{ | harvard reference | | citation | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | | ||||||||
| 6 | save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 }} * {{ | harvard reference | citation | | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european | ||||||||
| 7 | geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ | harvard reference | citation | | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 | ||||||||
| 9 | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * {{ | harvard reference | citation | | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | ||||||||
| 10 | henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 }} * {{ | harvard reference | citation | | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = | ||||||||
| 349560284 | 350071952 | 2010-03-15 20:41:20 | 2 days 15:03:45 | 0|81.141.47.51 | 0 | | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | and fell on people < sup > superscript text < / sup > | | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin | ||||
| 350105530 | 350161715 | 2010-03-16 07:25:50 | 0 days 07:33:00 | 6971250 | 0 | | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | and fell on people < sup > superscript text < / sup > | | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin | ||||
| 351392982 | 351434071 | 2010-03-22 20:59:04 | 0 days 03:34:50 | 0|74.114.84.174 | 0 | | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | uytg7t | | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin | ||||
| 351434071 | 351434157 | 2010-03-22 20:59:26 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 5499713 | 0 | | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | uytg7t | | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin | ||||
| 361546217 | 361637044 | 2010-05-12 07:27:00 | 0 days 10:37:06 | 6971250 | 0 | | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | | - | [[ history of the berlin wall ]] | | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints | ||||
| 361637044 | 361645413 | 2010-05-12 08:56:43 | 0 days 01:29:43 | 9540157 | 0 | = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ | cite book | citation | | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin | |||
| 1 | hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ | cite book | citation | | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = | ||||||||
| 2 | the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ | cite book | citation | | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west | ||||||||
| 3 | john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ | cite book | citation | | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} | ||||||||
| 4 | = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ | cite book | citation | | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = | ||||||||
| 5 | pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ | cite book | citation | | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year | ||||||||
| 6 | thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} * {{ | cite book | citation | | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location | ||||||||
| 376102866 | 376154207 | 2010-07-29 21:06:22 | 0 days 05:43:39 | 9540157 | 2 | = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ | cite book | | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = | ||||
| 4 | hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ | cite document | | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year | |||||||||
| 8 | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ | cite book | | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = | |||||||||
| 10 | alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ | cite book | | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west | |||||||||
| 12 | | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} * {{ | cite book | * {{ citation | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year | |||||||||
| 14 | the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ | cite document | }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . | |||||||||
| 16 | john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ | cite document | * {{ citation | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year | |||||||||
| 19 | / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} * {{ | cite book | | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = | |||||||||
| 21 | = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ | cite document | * {{ citation | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas | |||||||||
| 23 | , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ | cite book | }} * {{ citation | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the | |||||||||
| 25 | save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 }} * {{ | cite document | }} * {{ citation | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | |||||||||
| 27 | geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de démographie | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ | cite book | }} * {{ citation | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = | |||||||||
| 29 | pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ | cite document | }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ citation | last = thackeray | first = frank | |||||||||
| 33 | thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} * {{ | citation | cite book | | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location | ||||||||
| 35 | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * {{ | citation | cite book | | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | ||||||||
| 37 | henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 }} * {{ | citation | cite book | | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = | ||||||||
| 40 | = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ | citation | | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin | |||||||||
| 42 | hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ | citation | | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = | |||||||||
| 45 | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ | citation | | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | |||||||||
| 47 | alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ | citation | | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = | |||||||||
| 49 | | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} * {{ | citation | | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = | |||||||||
| 50 | the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ | citation | | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west | |||||||||
| 51 | john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ | citation | | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} | |||||||||
| 52 | / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} * {{ | citation | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | | |||||||||
| 53 | = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ | citation | | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = | |||||||||
| 54 | , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ | citation | | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m | |||||||||
| 55 | save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 }} * {{ | citation | | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european | |||||||||
| 56 | geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de démographie | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ | citation | | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 | |||||||||
| 57 | pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ | citation | | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year | |||||||||
| 399051464 | 399052561 | 2010-11-27 00:55:57 | 0 days 00:08:05 | 16710 | 2 | — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * [[ | david | childs ]] , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman , [ http : | ||||
| 3 | 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * [[ childs | ]] | ( academic ) | childs | , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman , [ http : / / | ||||||||
| 400927696 | 401092919 | 2010-12-07 18:20:02 | 0 days 20:44:36 | 0|87.153.237.156 | 0 | jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | { | | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints | ||||
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 34 | > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = {{ lang | de | 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = | 9 april | 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > the | ||||
| 485297583 | 489424180 | 2012-04-27 04:49:49 | 23 days 21:13:49 | 14405583 | 4 | ' s website . {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | | location _ country = {{ flag | germany }} , {{ flag | east germany }} | latitude = | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display | ||||
| 633021579 | 633040519 | 2014-11-09 02:15:56 | 0 days 02:47:56 | 10340692 | 22 | 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ external links | date = november 2014 }} * [ | http | : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www | ||||
| 633168677 | 633169245 | 2014-11-10 01:17:22 | 0 days 00:04:27 | 10340692 | 0 | the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = | notes | references | = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | |||
| 634890619 | 635210295 | 2014-11-24 07:57:43 | 2 days 09:30:19 | 194203 | 0 | the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = | references | notes | = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | |||
| 734407317 | 734407445 | 2016-08-14 03:27:40 | 0 days 00:01:45 | 4977632 | 0 | ( newsreel archives ) | publisher = [[ british pathe ]] | format = [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) | work = multimedia }} * | ohter | other | resources : * * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ | |||
| 785430280 | 787359385 | 2017-06-24 23:16:25 | 11 days 09:09:04 | 244263 | 0 | rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = forum | pages = 170 – 171 | isbn = 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 }} {{ refend }} | = = further reading = = {{ refbegin }} * {{ cite book | last1 = hockenos | first1 = paul | title = berlin calling : a story of anarchy , music , the wall , and the birth of the new berlin | date = 2017 | isbn = 978 - 1 - 62097 - 195 - 6 | publisher = the new press | location = new york | df = mdy - all | oclc = 959535547 }} {{ refend }} | = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ wiktionary | berlin wall }} ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany | ; its | , even more so since the border basically was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for citizens of west germany or west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the | construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from | |
| 4 | ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction | of the wall | had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering | |||||||||
| 197799039 | 197872871 | 2008-03-13 02:03:44 | 0 days 05:41:57 | 3554446 | 2 | germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , many west germans wanted to move to east germany . | and some east germans wanted to move to west germany . | the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = | ||||
| 198362532 | 198983944 | 2008-03-17 23:54:50 | 2 days 17:32:57 | 0|76.205.75.132 | 10 | east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany | . | and escape the bad conditions , or to continue their jobs | and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed | |||
| 198983944 | 198984976 | 2008-03-17 23:59:41 | 0 days 00:04:51 | 911178 | 10 | east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany | . | and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed | ||||
| 22 | east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany | and escape the bad conditions , or to continue their jobs | on thw west . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , | |||||||||
| 199037463 | 199057868 | 2008-03-18 11:00:56 | 0 days 03:50:41 | 686868 | 1 | {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in cammel laojfdhf south west of germany in | = = headline text = = | 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall | ||||
| 199351875 | 199352031 | 2008-03-19 14:59:54 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 0|65.43.197.150 | 0 | " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany | fuck you niggers | became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall | ||||
| 199352031 | 199352072 | 2008-03-19 15:00:04 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 2372780 | 0 | " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany | fuck you niggers | became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall | ||||
| 201675458 | 201679092 | 2008-03-28 21:58:53 | 0 days 00:16:47 | 0|212.139.105.213 | 0 | germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . | the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = | ||||
| 203166960 | 203167170 | 2008-04-03 23:30:56 | 0 days 00:01:00 | 0|74.75.94.117 | 0 | west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce | davey clark sucks | a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr | |||
| 203167170 | 203167190 | 2008-04-03 23:30:59 | 0 days 00:00:03 | 642191 | 0 | west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . | davey clark sucks | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce | a lota cock . . . . he is so small and loves to get his ribs removed to suck on his tiny winky = = construction begins , 1961 = | |||
| 204484909 | 204485065 | 2008-04-09 16:48:20 | 0 days 00:00:48 | 137113 | 1 | / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west | . | another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die | ||||
| 204485312 | 204485514 | 2008-04-09 16:50:31 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 137113 | 2 | most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east | goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > | . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism | ||||
| 211222812 | 211222847 | 2008-05-09 09:25:16 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 686868 | 1 | artists , lorry drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of ' ' other east european countries | ' | ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) | ||||
| 214991201 | 215551281 | 2008-05-28 18:27:39 | 2 days 12:19:20 | 355538 | 17 | = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split and east berliners | were | cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led | ||||
| 227057942 | 227630794 | 2008-07-24 14:11:59 | 2 days 18:22:51 | 6285568 | 1 | , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany | ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , | developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic | ||||
| 3 | a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany | ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , | established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the | |||||||||
| 233916986 | 234024060 | 2008-08-24 23:20:03 | 0 days 11:33:33 | 0|71.223.119.62 | 0 | formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany | as of february 21 , 1947 . | rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including | the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet | |||
| 234024129 | 234024267 | 2008-08-24 23:21:19 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 0|71.223.119.62 | 0 | formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany | as of february 21 , 1947 . | rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including | the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet | |||
| 234024308 | 234024639 | 2008-08-24 23:23:29 | 0 days 00:01:55 | 0|71.223.119.62 | 0 | formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany | as of february 21 , 1947 . | rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including | the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet | |||
| 236298450 | 236302681 | 2008-09-04 19:55:48 | 0 days 00:22:04 | 5177550 | 0 | west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from west to east | to west | berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / | ||||
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 10 | , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany | together inside the 1947 | within its postwar | borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin | |||
| 13 | named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany | became rich | ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved | , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers | ||||||||
| 30 | the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners | employed in the west were | cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led | |||||||||
| 55 | east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted | in | a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with | |||||||||
| 239163147 | 239319359 | 2008-09-18 16:33:40 | 0 days 14:49:37 | 736477 | 1 | when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by western allied military personnel assigned to the military liaison missions accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany | ' ' ' | , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west | ||||
| 239453915 | 239456329 | 2008-09-19 03:25:00 | 0 days 00:12:32 | 736477 | 10 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | = = = erection of | the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , | ||||
| 31 | excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany | ]] | , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' | |||||||||
| 242557548 | 242755000 | 2008-10-03 14:42:47 | 0 days 19:46:38 | 7991946 | 9 | germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and | [[ west germany ]] . both borders | when it | came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years | |||
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 61 | souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . | please | . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall | ||||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 61 | souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . | please | . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall | ||||
| 245106530 | 245336502 | 2008-10-15 00:17:29 | 1 days 00:48:02 | 0|69.121.156.182 | 0 | border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] | and it was a terrible time | . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in | ||||
| 245336502 | 245336831 | 2008-10-15 00:19:04 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 5177550 | 0 | border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] | and it was a terrible time | . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in | ||||
| 248095268 | 248099439 | 2008-10-28 00:43:56 | 0 days 00:22:55 | 0|76.16.149.66 | 1 | . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = | = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure | capital | of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , | |||
| 248612893 | 248617031 | 2008-10-30 14:17:25 | 0 days 00:25:35 | 0|209.174.67.217 | 2 | borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for | 28 years and 1 day | 6 days | , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron | |||
| 248619037 | 248638203 | 2008-10-30 16:20:12 | 0 days 01:50:37 | 352579 | 2 | borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for | 6 days | 28 years and 1 day | , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron | |||
| 252652021 | 252652526 | 2008-11-18 21:51:49 | 0 days 00:02:36 | 6892131 | 0 | german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself | which began in october 1989 | . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , | ||||
| 1 | authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . | see | [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ | |||||||||
| 2 | on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] | began in october 1989 | . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a | |||||||||
| 252652526 | 252652689 | 2008-11-18 21:52:43 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 6892131 | 0 | german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself | which began in october 1989 | . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker | ||||
| 252652689 | 252747077 | 2008-11-19 08:55:37 | 0 days 11:02:54 | 3131841 | 1 | the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] | began in october 1989 | . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a | ||||
| 252776451 | 253365461 | 2008-11-22 10:00:59 | 2 days 20:12:06 | 6892131 | 3 | september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] | began in october 1989 | . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a | ||||
| 255192882 | 255210778 | 2008-12-01 15:04:41 | 0 days 02:27:24 | 0|70.91.241.121 | 3 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from | west germany | westitaly | for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be | |||
| 4 | borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for | 28 | 40 | years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime | ||||||||
| 255210981 | 255259280 | 2008-12-01 19:38:59 | 0 days 04:33:01 | 0|137.118.202.208 | 1 | both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany | ' ' ' | for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be | ||||
| 255870439 | 256069695 | 2008-12-05 17:07:07 | 0 days 23:43:28 | 0|68.72.100.17 | 0 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from | ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from | the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . | ||||
| 265792339 | 265792794 | 2009-01-22 22:13:11 | 0 days 00:02:03 | 0|38.116.202.94 | 1 | defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . | connor mason will die tommorrow ! | = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer | ||||
| 265792794 | 265793157 | 2009-01-22 22:14:51 | 0 days 00:01:40 | 0|38.116.202.94 | 0 | encroach on westadditionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . | connor mason will die tommorrow ! | = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer | ||||
| 267776477 | 267777243 | 2009-02-01 05:59:00 | 0 days 00:06:41 | 214542 | 2 | authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . | ( ' ' | see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] | ||||
| 3 | the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] | ' ' | . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a | |||||||||
| 4 | way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . | ) | the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few | |||||||||
| 12 | that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany | ]] . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] | |||||||||
| 269767784 | 269853148 | 2009-02-10 21:25:40 | 0 days 07:23:39 | 0|76.118.246.211 | 3 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from | west germany | gelanovichville | for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . | |||
| 272521062 | 272589769 | 2009-02-22 22:26:12 | 0 days 05:44:56 | 0|81.224.67.23 | 0 | border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] | and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] | . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was | ||||
| 273461189 | 273493375 | 2009-02-26 20:30:19 | 0 days 02:32:41 | 0|67.34.191.77 | 0 | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for | more | suck my zinger | than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref | |||
| 273493375 | 273493422 | 2009-02-26 20:30:34 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 1469567 | 0 | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for | suck my zinger | more | than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref | |||
| 273493422 | 273493595 | 2009-02-26 20:31:21 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 0|67.34.191.77 | 0 | | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany | suck my zinger | for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . | ||||
| 273493595 | 273493616 | 2009-02-26 20:31:31 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 1469567 | 0 | | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany | suck my zinger | for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . | ||||
| 274460739 | 274475784 | 2009-03-02 17:50:25 | 0 days 01:02:42 | 0|170.177.47.11 | 1 | western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from | west germany for | his catfor | more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < | |||
| 276265321 | 276265514 | 2009-03-10 13:29:47 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 7 | ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . | both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] | . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was | ||||
| 276546159 | 276546334 | 2009-03-11 17:12:52 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 0 | [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany | the david | from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] | ||||
| 276546334 | 276546378 | 2009-03-11 17:13:01 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 118722 | 0 | [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany | the david | from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] | ||||
| 276546378 | 276584305 | 2009-03-11 20:14:59 | 0 days 03:01:58 | 0|68.81.17.165 | 0 | ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . | in 2003 , the head of the construction team , mitch freeman , died . | both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and | ||||
| 276584305 | 276584955 | 2009-03-11 20:17:54 | 0 days 00:02:55 | 3061573 | 0 | ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . | in 2003 , the head of the construction team , mitch freeman , died . | both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and | ||||
| 277678292 | 277678607 | 2009-03-16 17:18:47 | 0 days 00:01:42 | 0|150.155.15.230 | 0 | europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated northern germany from southern | koria | korea | for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . | |||
| 277908940 | 277909503 | 2009-03-17 17:47:21 | 0 days 00:02:21 | 6984319 | 1 | demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern | europe | bloc | ]] and , ultimately , between the western [[ allies of wwii ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than | |||
| 277909503 | 277910067 | 2009-03-17 17:50:00 | 0 days 00:02:39 | 6984319 | 1 | longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | | western | ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] and , ultimately , between the western european [[ allies of world war ii ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall | ||||
| 278027755 | 278109644 | 2009-03-18 14:29:11 | 0 days 10:56:07 | 3505251 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > before 1950 , over 15 million immigrants emigrated from soviet - occupied eastern european countries to the west in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of this route , the number of eastern europeans applying for political asylum in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet | ||||
| 278110418 | 278128071 | 2009-03-18 16:00:43 | 0 days 01:27:07 | 6984319 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > before 1950 , over 15 million people moved westward from soviet - occupied eastern european countries in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of this route , the number of eastern europeans applying for political asylum in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in the just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet | ||||
| 278131212 | 278138099 | 2009-03-18 16:52:35 | 0 days 00:35:23 | 6984319 | 2 | | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern europeans moving westward in west germany | was | totaled | 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref name = " loescher60 " | |||
| 278705102 | 278746206 | 2009-03-21 15:19:56 | 0 days 06:04:55 | 6984319 | 1 | | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled | 197 | 244 | , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / | |||
| 2 | = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , | 000 | 283 | in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . | ||||||||
| 279058833 | 279124770 | 2009-03-23 10:55:07 | 0 days 09:35:13 | 3505251 | 1 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled | 244 | 197 | , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / | |||
| 2 | 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , | 283 | 000 | in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . | ||||||||
| 279124770 | 279160858 | 2009-03-23 15:09:45 | 0 days 04:14:38 | 6984319 | 1 | | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled | 197 | 244 | , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / | |||
| 2 | = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , | 000 | 283 | in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . | ||||||||
| 279160858 | 279162751 | 2009-03-23 15:21:43 | 0 days 00:11:58 | 3505251 | 1 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled | 244 | 197 | , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / | |||
| 2 | 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , | 283 | 000 | in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . | ||||||||
| 289234676 | 289238128 | 2009-05-11 11:58:11 | 0 days 00:31:11 | 0|87.38.134.94 | 1 | germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from | west germany | my mam | for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref | |||
| 290358801 | 291348574 | 2009-05-21 06:55:29 | 4 days 12:21:50 | 9632848 | 0 | f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] | [[ category : paradigm shifts ]] | {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ | ||||
| 292153819 | 293109349 | 2009-05-29 15:18:32 | 4 days 11:24:17 | 197953 | 0 | f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] | [[ category : paradigm shifts ]] | {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ | ||||
| 299857477 | 299857557 | 2009-07-02 09:36:51 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 0|222.154.103.86 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | ghdfukl ; zu gurios ; z trieoshv gudiruhgf furi fjruf rueoemf | = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet | |||
| 299857557 | 299857601 | 2009-07-02 09:37:25 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 1879566 | 0 | style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | ghdfukl ; zu gurios ; z trieoshv gudiruhgf furi fjruf rueoemf | = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet | |||
| 304771896 | 304807664 | 2009-07-29 03:46:57 | 0 days 04:27:09 | 6984319 | 1 | a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) | completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany | , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the | ||||
| 304807664 | 304813427 | 2009-07-29 04:28:07 | 0 days 00:41:10 | 6984319 | 8 | allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany | self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france the united state and the benelux countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position | within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( | ||||
| 9 | control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within | the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of | its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and | |||||||||
| 10 | council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its | postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british | own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property | and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german | ||||||||
| 38 | zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany | , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' | ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft | |||||||||
| 306539582 | 306540083 | 2009-08-07 04:46:29 | 0 days 00:04:37 | 6984319 | 0 | were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany | travelling | traveling | to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / | |||
| 310493613 | 310513985 | 2009-08-28 09:10:54 | 0 days 04:10:29 | 0|207.38.193.188 | 2 | in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again | cut off | separated | by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | | |||
| 310513985 | 310535257 | 2009-08-28 12:43:20 | 0 days 03:32:26 | 6971250 | 0 | ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east berlin and west | berlin were | should be separated | again separated by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = | |||
| 310535257 | 310542124 | 2009-08-28 13:41:55 | 0 days 00:58:35 | 0|150.199.203.189 | 1 | west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped most such emigration and separated east germany | from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall | froml | , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the | |||
| 310542124 | 310542185 | 2009-08-28 13:42:23 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 7746361 | 1 | west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped most such emigration and separated east germany | froml | from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall | , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the | |||
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 154 | online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ | , whether | [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 | ||||
| 174 | = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany | like | [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 | |||||||||
| 316592493 | 316592574 | 2009-09-28 00:27:44 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 0|64.18.36.165 | 0 | border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . | ' ' ' | prior to andy russell ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into | ||||
| 316592574 | 316594007 | 2009-09-28 00:36:35 | 0 days 00:08:51 | 5177550 | 1 | border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . | ' ' ' | prior to andy russell ' s erection ' ' ' , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] | ||||
| 317995805 | 318035713 | 2009-10-05 12:56:56 | 0 days 06:17:59 | 8245893 | 0 | : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] | [[ category : inner german border ]] | {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ | ||||
| 318091580 | 318274763 | 2009-10-06 16:40:43 | 0 days 22:27:51 | 1476858 | 11 | ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries | ' ' ' | were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' | ||||
| 19 | special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany | ' ' ' | , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west | |||||||||
| 319914673 | 320139365 | 2009-10-16 02:25:06 | 1 days 02:44:15 | 10688538 | 2 | on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto | and | proxy - connection : keep - alive cache - control : max - age = 0 proxy - connection : keep - alive cache - control : max - age = 0 | crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by | |||
| 320139365 | 320144857 | 2009-10-16 03:10:47 | 0 days 00:45:41 | 506179 | 0 | on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto | proxy - connection : keep - alive cache - control : max - age = 0 proxy - connection : keep - alive cache - control : max - age = 0 | and | crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by | |||
| 323358471 | 323393153 | 2009-11-02 01:53:39 | 0 days 03:22:26 | 10834630 | 5 | superpower ]] s - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian access in berlin to east germany , | which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while | passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < | ||||
| 323786711 | 323839905 | 2009-11-04 04:57:08 | 0 days 05:54:45 | 0|210.3.39.29 | 5 | ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany | ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] | was built into a brick | , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ | |||
| 9 | mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany | , including [[ east berlin ]] | . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron | |||||||||
| 324203689 | 324244003 | 2009-11-06 08:52:13 | 0 days 06:20:34 | 6971250 | 1 | sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 | % | percent | of east germans wished that east and west should be separated again by a " wall " . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = | |||
| 324422544 | 324469466 | 2009-11-07 15:15:06 | 0 days 07:49:57 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 1 | berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) | that | completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated | ||||
| 324735970 | 324762845 | 2009-11-09 02:09:24 | 0 days 02:37:38 | 10972407 | 4 | eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and | west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones | watch meatspin | ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ | |||
| 324804014 | 324808994 | 2009-11-09 08:55:14 | 0 days 00:57:05 | 6971250 | 1 | whether [[ november 9 | november 9 in german history ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany | like | such as | [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 | |||
| 324941032 | 324941378 | 2009-11-09 23:50:15 | 0 days 00:01:51 | 0|75.186.53.125 | 3 | " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | = = = emigration westward in | the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii | ||||
| 324941378 | 324942089 | 2009-11-09 23:53:57 | 0 days 00:03:42 | 8214624 | 0 | " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . | = = = emigration westward in | the berlin during the 1961 period it had so many homosexuals having sex on it = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | ||||
| 324957326 | 324962097 | 2009-11-10 01:47:08 | 0 days 00:27:56 | 9109115 | 0 | stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] | * [[ iron curtain ]] | * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent | ||||
| 325185447 | 325190185 | 2009-11-11 05:02:52 | 0 days 00:42:42 | 0|210.3.39.29 | 9 | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany | the german | ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed | ||||
| 325190637 | 325218548 | 2009-11-11 09:49:27 | 0 days 04:42:15 | 13531 | 1 | in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany | ) | . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position | ||||
| 325413552 | 325422616 | 2009-11-12 11:45:39 | 0 days 01:36:55 | 0|91.34.105.72 | 0 | defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . | mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . | = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer | ||||
| 325422616 | 325423791 | 2009-11-12 11:58:43 | 0 days 00:13:04 | 6971250 | 0 | defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . | mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . | = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer | ||||
| 325423791 | 325424993 | 2009-11-12 12:13:45 | 0 days 00:15:02 | 0|91.34.105.72 | 0 | defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . | mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . | = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer | ||||
| 325526737 | 325552397 | 2009-11-13 02:23:02 | 0 days 02:58:07 | 0|63.248.139.15 | 3 | = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ | oder - neisse line | the right pussy flap | ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war | |||
| 325552397 | 325552663 | 2009-11-13 02:25:05 | 0 days 00:02:03 | 8214624 | 2 | post - war germany = = = after the [[ the end of gay porn ]] , what remained of [[ skankey nasty ass hary pussy ]] west of the [[ | the right pussy flap | oder - neisse line | ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [ ( i ; love pussy ! ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ | |||
| 330959637 | 330960317 | 2009-12-10 22:40:34 | 0 days 00:02:45 | 0|142.29.101.33 | 1 | | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled | 975 , 206 , | 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | ||||
| 330960317 | 330960458 | 2009-12-10 22:41:07 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 7821268 | 1 | | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled | 975 , 206 , | 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | ||||
| 342377279 | 342523707 | 2010-02-07 18:24:32 | 0 days 19:12:24 | 0|76.125.156.121 | 1 | channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " east germany | " | has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans | ||||
| 343773805 | 343774672 | 2010-02-13 17:52:53 | 0 days 00:04:12 | 5326371 | 2 | oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany | , while | . it had the unintended result of | drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " | |||
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 2 | leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin | . there | and by sunday morning , august 13 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border | ||||
| 57 | was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , | even more so since | most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east | |||||||||
| 343784334 | 343784856 | 2010-02-13 18:48:35 | 0 days 00:03:09 | 5326371 | 10 | wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . palestinians in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , west bank | ]] | pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] , in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > [ | ||||
| 343784856 | 343787074 | 2010-02-13 18:58:31 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 5326371 | 1 | metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters | , | half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the | ||||
| 347167732 | 347168405 | 2010-03-01 21:33:00 | 0 days 00:03:10 | 0|71.28.105.141 | 0 | ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . | both borders | bothborders | came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million | |||
| 347168405 | 347169208 | 2010-03-01 21:36:30 | 0 days 00:03:30 | 262550 | 0 | ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . | bothborders | both borders | came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million | |||
| 349066774 | 349189337 | 2010-03-11 09:56:34 | 0 days 13:36:58 | 6971250 | 0 | was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany | into | through | east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements — arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units | |||
| 362026715 | 362031754 | 2010-05-14 04:36:58 | 0 days 00:41:39 | 0|65.100.196.54 | 2 | berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany | ]] ) | escaping into west germany , | that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along | |||
| 362054246 | 362093204 | 2010-05-14 13:54:49 | 0 days 05:35:16 | 0|208.108.154.247 | 2 | ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . | both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . | the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist | ||||
| 363041154 | 363069140 | 2010-05-19 20:21:44 | 0 days 02:43:23 | 0|24.129.90.137 | 0 | | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled | 197 | 187 | , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | |||
| 363210288 | 363268461 | 2010-05-20 21:00:57 | 0 days 05:46:52 | 0|173.69.9.231 | 2 | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany | ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) | because hitler loved them | . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - | |||
| 363922912 | 364011539 | 2010-05-24 22:54:04 | 0 days 09:03:26 | 591174 | 1 | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) | , in 1961 , | that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete | ||||
| 4 | the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] | nations | . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from | |||||||||
| 364239018 | 364254931 | 2010-05-26 06:42:44 | 0 days 02:53:43 | 6971250 | 0 | defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . | mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 , an english - language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) | don ' t fence me in ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} | = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel | ||||
| 365327115 | 365688274 | 2010-06-02 19:02:08 | 1 days 18:42:40 | 0|198.237.49.215 | 0 | the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector | ♭the bad part about this is that it was fucking gay hahhahahahah | boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the | ||||
| 365688274 | 365688428 | 2010-06-02 19:03:08 | 0 days 00:01:00 | 4459901 | 0 | the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector | ♭the bad part about this is that it was fucking gay hahhahahahah | boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the | ||||
| 365688428 | 365688576 | 2010-06-02 19:04:03 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 0|198.237.49.215 | 0 | defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . | = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany | amoz hickmen is a gay fagit | . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . | |||
| 365768478 | 365795613 | 2010-06-03 08:50:04 | 0 days 04:36:54 | 6971250 | 0 | [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * | some | films about the berlin wall : " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . | ||||
| 366509890 | 366512975 | 2010-06-07 07:12:08 | 0 days 00:32:42 | 6971250 | 0 | berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , | in 1961 | starting | august 13 , completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the | |||
| 368159388 | 368177016 | 2010-06-15 13:56:04 | 0 days 02:01:59 | 89179 | 3 | city of berlin , separating west berlin from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] | was | officially claimed | that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist | |||
| 10 | beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] | . | that | both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] nations . before the wall ' s erection , 3 | ||||||||
| 23 | ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) | , | starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of berlin , separating west berlin from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official | |||||||||
| 26 | the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] | nations | . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from | |||||||||
| 29 | crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . | during its existence | between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > | |||||||||
| 368181715 | 368895969 | 2010-06-19 00:15:29 | 3 days 09:47:46 | 36352 | 0 | ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] | [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] | [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : allied occupation | ||||
| 372272401 | 373492661 | 2010-07-14 19:18:40 | 6 days 22:52:10 | 0|87.234.23.202 | 0 | its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany | , | . | however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc | |||
| 384586437 | 384845640 | 2010-09-14 19:30:09 | 1 days 05:14:46 | 0|86.9.7.240 | 0 | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting | august 13 | november 27th | , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete | |||
| 384845640 | 384846153 | 2010-09-14 19:33:20 | 0 days 00:03:11 | 262550 | 0 | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting | november 27th | august 13 | , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete | |||
| 389132750 | 389329152 | 2010-10-07 14:59:01 | 0 days 21:54:30 | 0|141.43.69.1 | 10 | platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] | ; and | . | a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and | |||
| 389330154 | 389349828 | 2010-10-07 16:55:20 | 0 days 01:50:48 | 3308922 | 7 | long stretch of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] | . | ; and | a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at | |||
| 397878708 | 398109369 | 2010-11-21 20:00:14 | 1 days 04:13:56 | 653042 | 2 | attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany | proper | . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer | ||||
| 400135808 | 400152873 | 2010-12-02 17:05:45 | 0 days 01:38:16 | 0|76.79.232.194 | 1 | population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . | however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . | the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities | ||||
| 400251431 | 400293690 | 2010-12-03 10:55:24 | 0 days 07:39:00 | 6971250 | 1 | population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . | however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . | the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) , implying that | ||||
| 405917577 | 405919914 | 2011-01-04 17:27:00 | 0 days 00:12:39 | 0|72.10.120.200 | 0 | " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] | officially claimed | happy birthday | that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | |||
| 405919914 | 405923818 | 2011-01-04 17:52:56 | 0 days 00:25:56 | 9801177 | 0 | " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] | happy birthday | officially claimed | that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | |||
| 406434088 | 407086611 | 2011-01-10 15:55:55 | 3 days 10:26:31 | 0|74.93.241.241 | 0 | press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . | lalalala lalalala | it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < | ||||
| 407086611 | 407086637 | 2011-01-10 15:56:06 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 13286072 | 0 | press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . | lalalala lalalala | it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < | ||||
| 409807529 | 409894092 | 2011-01-25 02:57:27 | 0 days 07:58:13 | 0|99.254.100.33 | 2 | = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ | oder | b - 0 | - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of | |||
| 409894092 | 409905421 | 2011-01-25 04:13:27 | 0 days 01:16:00 | 5204750 | 2 | = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii on mars ]] , what remained of fun land germany west of the [[ | b - 0 | oder | - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four hundered occupying [[ allies | |||
| 411650923 | 411812536 | 2011-02-03 17:27:40 | 0 days 20:16:32 | 0|206.63.82.92 | 0 | press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . | prounounced f - u - c - k - y - o - | it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < | ||||
| 411812536 | 411812580 | 2011-02-03 17:27:52 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 13286072 | 0 | press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . | prounounced f - u - c - k - y - o - | it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < | ||||
| 418752147 | 419497837 | 2011-03-18 18:18:18 | 4 days 09:24:38 | 9109115 | 2 | attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] | political changes occurred | , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | | ||||
| 422503582 | 422616275 | 2011-04-06 01:10:16 | 0 days 12:20:52 | 1100608 | 0 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] | * [[ inner german border ]] | * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom | ||||
| 424543101 | 424745141 | 2011-04-18 20:43:03 | 1 days 04:19:38 | 14063214 | 0 | to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields and other obstacles were installed along the length of east germany ' s western border with west germany proper . | a huge no man ' s land was cleared to provide a clear line of fire at fleeing refugees . [ http : / / www . upi . com / audio / year _ in _ review / events - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in - berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / ] | = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel | ||||
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 69 | qt = hot _ author worldcat . org ] * {{ cite book | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 | - | – | 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 0714654086 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ | |||
| 79 | ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe | ]] | and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration | |||||||||
| 108 | cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to freedom in west germany on august | 24 , | 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . < ref > {{ cite book | last | |||||||||
| 438816969 | 439163215 | 2011-07-12 22:11:43 | 1 days 23:24:49 | 42558 | 21 | citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners | jumped on top of the wall , and | were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . = = = demolition = = = [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | | ||||
| 22 | in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon | greeted | joined | by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . = = = demolition = = = [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | ||||||||
| 439740747 | 440540857 | 2011-07-20 20:34:29 | 4 days 14:08:06 | 1469567 | 13 | they were ordered to find the " more aggressive " people gathered at the gates and stamp their passports with a special stamp that barred them from returning to east germany | - - | — | in effect , revoking their citizenship . however , this still left thousands of people demanding to be let through " as schabowski said we can . " < ref name | |||
| 443416955 | 443420038 | 2011-08-06 22:56:21 | 0 days 00:23:24 | 16710 | 1 | by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany | ]] | and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / | ||||
| 3 | {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] | ) | was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the | |||||||||
| 443420038 | 444182652 | 2011-08-11 02:29:24 | 4 days 03:33:03 | 292168 | 1 | the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] | during the [[ cold war ]] | . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 & nbsp ; million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and | ||||
| 445097289 | 445112728 | 2011-08-16 07:20:53 | 0 days 02:52:17 | 6971250 | 2 | = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = on august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning | 13 | erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit | ||||
| 11 | . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = on august 13 , 2011 , germany | and the world | marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german | |||||||||
| 446625722 | 448621897 | 2011-09-05 18:48:00 | 11 days 09:31:04 | 723354 | 2 | " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] | officially | claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state | ||||
| 3 | erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . | however , | in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the | |||||||||
| 484827186 | 485297583 | 2012-04-03 07:36:00 | 2 days 21:10:00 | 6971250 | 1 | dowty122 " / > an important reason the west berlin border was not closed earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . | construction of | a new railway around west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , was started to be built 1951 and when finished in 1961 , it was more practical to | ||||
| 489425101 | 489433249 | 2012-04-27 06:46:08 | 0 days 01:45:46 | 6971250 | 0 | _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag | east germany }} , | < br > | {{ flag | west germany }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , | ||||
| 492808782 | 494695297 | 2012-05-27 23:22:34 | 11 days 19:43:47 | 452348 | 1 | train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] | ' ' | . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later | ||||
| 505248510 | 505389397 | 2012-08-02 07:46:43 | 0 days 19:46:28 | 1473712 | 1 | = = who could cross = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general visit east germany | . usually this involved application of | , often after applying for | a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the | |||
| 511923272 | 511924022 | 2012-09-11 22:38:44 | 0 days 00:05:48 | 13799985 | 0 | with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] [[ file : west and east berlin . svg | thumb | 350px | < center > west and east berlin | border after berlin wall was built in 1961 | borders with today road map as background | {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _ and _ east _ berlin interactive map ] ) }} ]] the ' ' | |||
| 522515322 | 525466527 | 2012-11-29 01:24:45 | 17 days 06:25:07 | 5282662 | 0 | the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] [[ file : west and east berlin . svg | thumb | 350px | < center > west and east berlin borders | with today | overlaying a current | road map as background {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _ and _ east _ berlin interactive map ] ) }} | |||
| 538062628 | 538916225 | 2013-02-18 19:08:38 | 5 days 03:00:19 | 10728040 | 29 | 1989 . [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | upright | west germans | curiously | peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , | ||||
| 552035196 | 552035344 | 2013-04-24 23:15:35 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 205121 | 0 | germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] | [[ category : 1961 establishments in west germany ]] | {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ | ||||
| 552035344 | 552093309 | 2013-04-25 09:13:07 | 0 days 09:57:32 | 6971250 | 0 | germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] | [[ category : 1961 establishments in west germany ]] | {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ | ||||
| 569120812 | 570849977 | 2013-08-30 19:27:20 | 11 days 23:50:38 | 203786 | 0 | germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] | [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] | {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ | ||||
| 570849977 | 570854872 | 2013-08-30 20:10:15 | 0 days 00:42:55 | 4919722 | 0 | buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks in germany ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] | [[ category : history of berlin ]] | [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : | ||||
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 1 | of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , | both borders | it | came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " that separated western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] during the [[ cold war ]] . before the wall ' | |||
| 27 | zone _ of _ occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin | , which | . these | allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries | ||||||||
| 30 | for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all | . | - | all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits | ||||||||
| 51 | > whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany | , | such as [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 | |||||||||
| 590849769 | 590964946 | 2014-01-16 13:37:35 | 0 days 19:20:34 | 736651 | 19 | / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the german democratic republic ( [[ east germany | ]] | ) was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . | ||||
| 24 | . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( | [[ | poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , denmark ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were | |||||||||
| 32 | high point of the [[ new frontier ]] . it was a great morale boost for west berliners , who lived in an [[ exclave ]] deep inside [[ east germany | ]] | and feared a possible east german occupation . in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > | |||||||||
| 40 | and in public spaces around the world . = = = 50th anniversary commemoration = = = on 13 august 2011 , germany marked the 50th anniversary of [[ east germany | ]] | beginning the erection of the berlin wall . chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with president [[ christian wulff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] at the [[ bernauer | |||||||||
| 590964946 | 593520854 | 2014-02-02 02:00:13 | 16 days 12:22:38 | 14347385 | 2 | . on 9 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders between east | - | and west - berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to close the border | ||||
| 3 | august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders between east - and west | - | berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to close the border . " < | |||||||||
| 632216051 | 632340179 | 2014-11-03 22:29:03 | 0 days 21:49:26 | 19296352 | 0 | 1963 ]] with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . | berlin soon went from being the easiest place to make an unauthorized crossing between east and west germany to being the most difficult . < ref > keeling , drew ( 2014 ) , business - of - migration . com [ http : / / www . business - of - migration . com / migration - processes / other - regions / berlin - wall - and - migration / " berlin wall and migration , " ' ' migration as a travel business ' ' ] < / ref > | many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated [[ exclave ]] in a hostile land | ||||
| 633074293 | 633082368 | 2014-11-09 12:29:03 | 0 days 02:03:34 | 21488686 | 1 | anti - fascist ]] protection rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] | had not been fully | in particular were " | [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout | |||
| 640243071 | 641499497 | 2015-01-08 00:05:29 | 8 days 09:29:01 | 2705932 | 6 | they use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | | mass demonstrations | ]] . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days | ||||
| 7 | use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] | . ) the longtime leader of | within | east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january | ||||||||
| 8 | the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] . ) the longtime leader of east germany | , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later | itself | . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the | ||||||||
| 13 | for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west | had increased and had found its | kept increasing . by early november refugees were finding their | way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . | ||||||||
| 15 | transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia | ( | , | or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the | ||||||||
| 20 | to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including | between east and | west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . [[ | |||||||||
| 37 | triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany | on the way | . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ | |||||||||
| 667487850 | 667488103 | 2015-06-18 13:30:06 | 0 days 00:02:31 | 24555049 | 0 | | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) | , | starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] | ||||
| 699459845 | 699459916 | 2016-01-12 13:18:35 | 0 days 00:00:51 | 19338611 | 0 | = the local - germany ' s news in english | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its | [[ free german youth | | fdj youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped that by letting springsteen in , they could improve their sentiment among east germans . however , | ||||
| 707245740 | 708550214 | 2016-03-06 06:01:17 | 7 days 11:17:02 | 27686184 | 1 | . html }} < / ref > the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return to east germany . | < ref > mary elise sarotte , ' ' collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall ' ' , new york : basic books , 2014 < / ref > | this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . this time , however , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by train through east | ||||
| 733515231 | 734284492 | 2016-08-13 08:26:57 | 4 days 22:04:07 | 80913 | 2 | for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all | - | – | all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits | |||
| 774994359 | 774996064 | 2017-04-11 23:54:04 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 204692 | 10 | communist tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . | {{ fact }} | = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east berlin death strip seen from axel springer building 1984 . | ||||
| 781994310 | 782699210 | 2017-05-28 16:31:48 | 4 days 05:59:04 | 2884580 | 6 | of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , [[ president of the united states | u . s . president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visited west | - | berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of 450 , 000 he declared in his [[ ich bin ein berliner | ||||
| 798241666 | 800698581 | 2017-09-15 03:51:19 | 14 days 08:23:33 | 10031342 | 2 | " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the [[ eastern bloc ]] | claimed that | portrayed | the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in | |||
| 9 | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in particular | were considered | ) | equal to [[ fascism | fascists ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " , a term coined by | ||||||||
| 12 | restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin ; from which they could then travel to west germany and | to | other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / | |||||||||
| 825795679 | 825799159 | 2018-02-15 14:02:55 | 0 days 00:30:54 | 5946478 | 8 | press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . | < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > | it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < | ||||
| 10 | and east berlin . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the date of 13 august became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . | < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > | the barrier was built inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . generally , the wall was only | |||||||||
| 825837597 | 825877017 | 2018-02-15 23:14:11 | 0 days 04:37:00 | 2003421 | 1 | 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the border became a more practical proposition . < ref > [[ history of rail transport in germany ]] | . ) | = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in east | ||||
| 847207228 | 847210589 | 2018-06-23 17:51:16 | 0 days 00:24:58 | 363486 | 0 | population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . | in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . < ref name = " cnn . com " > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > | gdr authorities officially referred to the berlin wall as the anti - fascist protection rampart ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) . the west berlin city government | ||||
| 854965000 | 855994232 | 2018-08-22 05:55:57 | 7 days 05:35:25 | 817684 | 2 | | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . this meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany | as well | ]] , the news was broadcast there simultaneously | . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman [[ hanns joachim friedrichs ]] proclaimed , " this 9 november is a | |||
| 855995255 | 856004544 | 2018-08-22 07:35:04 | 0 days 01:30:19 | 817684 | 1 | s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . as ard and zdf broadcast to [[ tal der ahnungslosen | nearly all of east germany ]] | since the late 1950s and had become accepted by the east german authorities | , the news was broadcast there as well simultaneously . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman [[ hanns joachim friedrichs |
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| 97004 | 102788 | 2002-06-17 01:57:46 | 10 days 12:21:18 | 0|217.168.172.202 | 0 | it was regularly improved up the fourth generation wall , built from 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 | seperate | separate | 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . there was also mesh fencing , signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches as | |||
| 1012031 | 1092751 | 2003-06-08 12:37:20 | 31 days 17:34:08 | 9244 | 20 | removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in | november | the fall of | 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ | |||
| 1596496 | 1604480 | 2003-10-20 16:37:14 | 0 days 00:09:48 | 26248 | 2 | with the the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . roger waters performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz | in | on on [[ 21 july ]] | [[ 1990 ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 | |||
| 2661588 | 2729115 | 2004-03-07 04:57:41 | 12 days 12:44:58 | 49486 | 3 | to freely move between all the sectors , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in 1952 | and the attractiveness of the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased | . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . to stop the migration , construction of a wall around the three western sectors | ||||
| 2729186 | 2953568 | 2004-03-12 04:22:04 | 0 days 00:09:26 | 50926 | 0 | german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers | , making the berlin wall on completetion reach 96 miles | . 27 of this went through berlin , 23 went through residential zones at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the | ||||
| 3800134 | 3800736 | 2004-05-31 10:22:36 | 0 days 18:49:48 | 3808 | 11 | to freely move between all the sectors , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in 1952 | ]] | . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 | ||||
| 5178672 | 5180399 | 2004-08-13 07:38:57 | 0 days 05:29:34 | 24744 | 4 | ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 | ]] | [[ 1962 ]] . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] | ||||
| 7274837 | 7275003 | 2004-11-09 22:14:41 | 0 days 00:02:37 | 0|84.57.81.84 | 1 | between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in [[ 1952 ]] | , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being | . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad | ||||
| 2 | the border between east and west germany was closed in [[ 1952 ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] | ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin | . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps to | |||||||||
| 7466688 | 7466704 | 2004-11-14 23:25:26 | 2 days 17:29:23 | 0|69.47.128.99 | 0 | , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead | ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before the german democratic republic could celebrate a 41st ' ' birthday , ' ' on october 7 , 1990 ) | . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ | ||||
| 9483896 | 9518516 | 2005-01-19 17:10:34 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 91656 | 2 | . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ | [ | 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs | ||||
| 9658614 | 9762535 | 2005-01-26 01:42:57 | 0 days 06:03:58 | 26468 | 5 | | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . | png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] < / td > < / tr > < / table > | . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers | ||||
| 15 | people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , | each | 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border | |||||||||
| 31 | | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . | after the initial construction , it was regularly improved | . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers | |||||||||
| 33 | were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and | constructed out of 45 , 000 separate | 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal | |||||||||
| 34 | " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost | of | 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] | |||||||||
| 10084995 | 10087212 | 2005-02-09 02:20:03 | 0 days 00:06:45 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 23 | , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system | ]] | ) . = = how the wall worked = = < table align = right > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | ||||
| 10087212 | 10087443 | 2005-02-09 03:43:17 | 0 days 01:23:14 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 13 | on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and | ||||
| 10091995 | 10144491 | 2005-02-09 07:09:31 | 0 days 03:18:09 | 28107 | 69 | additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see gdr border system | ]] | ) . = = how the wall worked = = < table align = right > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | ||||
| 10364793 | 10365915 | 2005-02-17 19:36:26 | 2 days 06:46:47 | 0|199.43.172.254 | 0 | ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until | november 9 , | [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors | ||||
| 12498340 | 12585093 | 2005-04-19 00:04:06 | 4 days 04:22:38 | 157530 | 7 | for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on october 7 | , | ]] [[ | 1990 ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ | |||
| 12869650 | 12901447 | 2005-04-27 04:43:24 | 0 days 00:26:06 | 84553 | 2 | the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . for additional information , got o the | link below www | rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany | . hl2 - cheats . tk = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ | |||
| 13370301 | 13372525 | 2005-05-07 04:46:25 | 1 days 11:17:55 | 85887 | 0 | of the city . besides , america had been caught off - balance , it being a sunday morning . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a | speech - see | [ http : / / | www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm - on july 25 1961 that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to | |||
| 14015916 | 14016061 | 2005-05-21 09:38:46 | 2 days 17:36:54 | 0|216.27.183.43 | 5 | [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open | for the time being | . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the | ||||
| 14016194 | 14016219 | 2005-05-21 09:51:45 | 0 days 00:00:37 | 0|216.27.183.43 | 0 | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . the creation of the wall had important implications for both | the | germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall | ||||
| 15054564 | 15054752 | 2005-06-12 05:48:45 | 0 days 04:11:01 | 5016 | 18 | west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig | ]] | defected ) . this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' | ||||
| 15054752 | 15055113 | 2005-06-12 05:54:52 | 0 days 00:06:07 | 5016 | 0 | developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . | the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . | around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of | ||||
| 21712367 | 21742465 | 2005-08-24 18:24:13 | 0 days 10:00:10 | 28107 | 1 | numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] | , although not in the location of the original wall | . = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the | ||||
| 26467857 | 26918322 | 2005-10-30 22:25:26 | 5 days 02:16:53 | 0|205.188.116.204 | 44 | west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for | example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected | details | ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west | |||
| 26918322 | 26918978 | 2005-10-30 22:32:59 | 0 days 00:07:33 | 67107 | 35 | rosenberg ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book in 2004 , an execution in the family : one son ' s journey . in 1990 , robert founded the | rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are left - wing activists involved in court cases | decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] | . [ edit ] in fiction the book of daniel , a 1971 novel by e . l . doctorow , is loosely based on the rosenberg case , while robert | |||
| 50 | עברית polski svenska 中文 this page was last modified 13 : 04 , 24 october 2005 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license ( | see copyrights | for details ) . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers ţ = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | | |||||||||
| 34277669 | 34278893 | 2006-01-07 20:51:48 | 0 days 00:11:30 | 0|213.5.30.173 | 0 | [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ | the | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was | ||||
| 34278893 | 34282387 | 2006-01-07 21:23:43 | 0 days 00:31:55 | 460581 | 0 | [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ | the | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was | ||||
| 40378504 | 40459448 | 2006-02-20 18:39:58 | 0 days 14:44:59 | 386031 | 9 | east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . | around | it was finally reopened in [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently destroyed . from [[ 1949 ]] - [[ 1961 ]] | 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional | |||
| 40814212 | 40814314 | 2006-02-23 04:38:46 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 386031 | 55 | ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] | - like system a around | systemaround | 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] | |||
| 40915337 | 40944082 | 2006-02-24 01:02:35 | 0 days 03:27:05 | 304316 | 9 | on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men , divided into five march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at | 0634 | 06 : 34 | . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . | |||
| 32 | wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train ]] | systemaround | system around | 1 . 6 km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used | ||||||||
| 40946642 | 40949144 | 2006-02-24 01:42:58 | 0 days 00:21:46 | 304316 | 15 | kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organisation , at [[ | gatow airport | | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ | ||||
| 41618954 | 41619461 | 2006-02-28 15:43:40 | 0 days 00:04:54 | 0|65.241.105.4 | 1 | s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and | the soviet union | me | . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet | |||
| 41619461 | 41619542 | 2006-02-28 15:44:33 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 800894 | 3 | s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and | me | the soviet union | . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet | |||
| 41746791 | 41761508 | 2006-03-01 15:37:50 | 0 days 02:21:39 | 24373 | 8 | references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * | [[ | {{ cite book | authorlink = | william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and | |||
| 13 | . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] | , | | year = | [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of | ||||||||
| 21 | of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] | : | | publisher = | m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' | ||||||||
| 22 | ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans | , | | year = | [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin | ||||||||
| 41 | 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] | , | | year = | [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org | ||||||||
| 41761508 | 41791823 | 2006-03-01 19:59:28 | 0 days 04:21:38 | 769378 | 0 | west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased | illegal | emigration from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ | ||||
| 1 | berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration | ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) | from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite | |||||||||
| 42982893 | 43080078 | 2006-03-10 03:49:02 | 0 days 11:48:42 | 51235 | 1 | | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june | [[ | 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially | ||||
| 11 | illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and | [[ | 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin | |||||||||
| 27 | [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december | [[ | 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment | |||||||||
| 43080078 | 43116053 | 2006-03-10 10:22:16 | 0 days 06:33:14 | 13040 | 27 | [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december | [[ | 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of | ||||
| 44369012 | 44386223 | 2006-03-18 18:34:30 | 0 days 02:26:05 | 0|84.141.20.24 | 4 | [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ( english band ) | | the | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular | ||||
| 45389421 | 45793467 | 2006-03-28 02:09:11 | 2 days 18:23:42 | 363976 | 0 | was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without certificates of authenticity are a staple on [[ ebay ]] as well of german souvenier shops | and are found on mantelpieces and desktops throughout the world | . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close | ||||
| 51589662 | 51848718 | 2006-05-06 16:49:23 | 1 days 18:26:01 | 0|72.228.114.173 | 5 | the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was | responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union | no holocaust | . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet | |||
| 51987616 | 51996698 | 2006-05-07 16:20:15 | 0 days 01:14:54 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 4 | attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations | ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) | . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west | ||||
| 51997271 | 51997348 | 2006-05-07 16:25:49 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 223113 | 4 | attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations | ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) | . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west | ||||
| 51998163 | 51999522 | 2006-05-07 16:44:07 | 0 days 00:11:36 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 46 | august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin | ||||
| 51999522 | 51999602 | 2006-05-07 16:44:48 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 223113 | 46 | view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , | [[ | 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall | ||||
| 52083549 | 52169001 | 2006-05-08 17:26:58 | 0 days 14:10:33 | 0|204.14.67.138 | 0 | , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same | year | berlin wall rocks | . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and | |||
| 52169542 | 52169681 | 2006-05-08 17:31:13 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 393959 | 0 | , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same | berlin wall rocks | year | . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and | |||
| 53511545 | 53511584 | 2006-05-16 14:41:38 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 89179 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | where not gunna take it no we aint gunna take it we aint gunna take it anymore | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government | . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of | |||
| 56634891 | 56635024 | 2006-06-03 08:21:42 | 0 days 00:01:45 | 0|207.176.159.90 | 0 | krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he was wrong by | more than | 99 . 94 years . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east | ||||
| 61679517 | 61913575 | 2006-07-03 21:31:57 | 1 days 09:06:51 | 82835 | 1 | | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june | [[ | 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic | ||||
| 9 | ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and | [[ | 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin | |||||||||
| 26 | [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december | [[ | 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment | |||||||||
| 83835783 | 83837476 | 2006-10-26 13:23:30 | 0 days 00:13:08 | 686868 | 5 | " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany | including west berlin | . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and | ||||
| 84732512 | 84732536 | 2006-10-31 00:15:12 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 1574574 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . | la la la la la | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en | . . . la la la la soccer = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west | |||
| 1 | to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . la la la la la . | jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long | . . la la la la soccer = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners | |||||||||
| 91359911 | 91362108 | 2006-12-01 12:08:57 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 9 | ingenuities , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only | with the | by | impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at the back . the wall meant : system , that the communists had built , attracted no - one . | |||
| 14 | obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at the back . the wall meant : system , that the communists had built , attracted no - one . it | pushed away | repelled them | . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte | ||||||||
| 91362108 | 91363226 | 2006-12-01 12:19:23 | 0 days 00:10:26 | 579524 | 3 | barbed wire , dogs and by shooting them in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built appealed to no - one . it repelled | them | . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte | ||||
| 91363226 | 91363294 | 2006-12-01 12:19:56 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 579524 | 0 | a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted | no - one | . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ | ||||
| 92398419 | 92401874 | 2006-12-06 05:44:52 | 0 days 00:26:56 | 1983029 | 0 | prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two | germanys | germaniess | . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of | |||
| 93510408 | 93602012 | 2006-12-11 16:45:29 | 0 days 13:14:19 | 0|148.81.137.2 | 1 | s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving | ' ' | and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history | ||||
| 93876815 | 93876848 | 2006-12-12 19:37:43 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 1574574 | 8 | august 2006 . ]] < / div > pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted to keep th east out of the west . this is because the east | had worse economical situations and hated jews | german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www | . [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks | |||
| 98199588 | 98226397 | 2007-01-03 18:47:23 | 0 days 02:19:08 | 873891 | 2 | , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and | the | [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just | ||||
| 98226397 | 98227262 | 2007-01-03 18:51:51 | 0 days 00:04:28 | 873891 | 13 | a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . also at a turn in the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the | corner | western side | . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close | |||
| 99129270 | 99129501 | 2007-01-07 17:51:00 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 82835 | 0 | between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . | [[ | 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the wall was | ||||
| 107566613 | 107613173 | 2007-02-12 18:31:00 | 0 days 03:41:34 | 0|87.64.82.114 | 0 | prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two | germaniess | germanies | . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder | |||
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 44 | rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed | the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] | , [[ 1931 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent | ||||
| 55 | in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built | attracted no - one | . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ | |||||||||
| 61 | germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ | november 10 | ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision | |||||||||
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 51 | rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the | death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too | proposal to include private travel | . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de | |||
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 44 | rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed | the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] | , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent | ||||
| 55 | in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built | attracted no - one | . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ | |||||||||
| 61 | germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ | november 10 | ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision | |||||||||
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 51 | rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the | death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too | proposal to include private travel | . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de | |||
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 44 | rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed | the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] | , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent | ||||
| 55 | in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built | attracted no - one | . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ | |||||||||
| 61 | germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ | november 10 | ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision | |||||||||
| 116319486 | 116324361 | 2007-03-19 19:05:50 | 0 days 00:21:22 | 0|151.9.99.11 | 0 | non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further | exodus | exods | . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet | |||
| 116324361 | 116345998 | 2007-03-19 20:30:30 | 0 days 01:24:40 | 911178 | 0 | non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further | exods | exodus | . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet | |||
| 116565253 | 116565409 | 2007-03-20 17:15:49 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 0|63.172.4.6 | 0 | - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus | leviticus and such | . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet | ||||
| 116565409 | 116565581 | 2007-03-20 17:16:33 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 331742 | 1 | - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus | leviticus and such | . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet | ||||
| 118635394 | 118639947 | 2007-03-28 23:11:07 | 0 days 00:19:40 | 0|65.24.114.248 | 13 | non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further | exodus | shananagans | . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet | |||
| 118654236 | 118657778 | 2007-03-29 00:33:26 | 0 days 00:17:42 | 911178 | 12 | non - democratic countries via northern berlin led to germany destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further | shananagans | exodus | . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet | |||
| 118657778 | 119194198 | 2007-03-31 03:19:34 | 2 days 02:46:08 | 0|69.236.50.115 | 15 | by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ | soviet union | spencer smith | | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . | |||
| 119982132 | 119982806 | 2007-04-03 14:51:12 | 0 days 00:03:22 | 2400553 | 1 | established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most j black is the | bast holla at me at dont worry about it | eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity | . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet | |||
| 121253825 | 121573640 | 2007-04-10 01:23:04 | 1 days 05:10:35 | 0|137.149.162.10 | 0 | and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ | november 9 | january 19 | ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold | |||
| 121573640 | 121573836 | 2007-04-10 01:23:59 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 3269692 | 0 | and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ | january 19 | november 9 | ]] , [[ 1647 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold | |||
| 123951114 | 124129045 | 2007-04-19 17:12:29 | 0 days 17:13:20 | 0|72.243.172.178 | 4 | the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . | although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year | . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( | ||||
| 124129045 | 124129084 | 2007-04-19 17:12:39 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 2092344 | 0 | " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . | hello | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 | . . . . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two | |||
| 1 | the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . | png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] | . . . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months | |||||||||
| 2 | east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . | the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union | . . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before | |||||||||
| 3 | german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . . | although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year | . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the | |||||||||
| 6 | convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . . . . . | my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe | across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] | . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ | ||||||||
| 7 | german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . . . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . | while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity | . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter | |||||||||
| 129555699 | 129555771 | 2007-05-09 16:41:06 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 2073927 | 6 | user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ | user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | democracy | | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | |||
| 8 | 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] | 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 | parliamentary government | . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - = = = proposed | ||||||||
| 131437128 | 131437212 | 2007-05-17 01:15:13 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 302522 | 2 | [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . it was | really gay and full of nazi skinheads who are stupid mutherfuckers 4real | the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used | . . niggaz rule = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin | |||
| 3 | east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . it was really gay and full of nazi skinheads who are stupid mutherfuckers 4real . | construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin | . niggaz rule = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | |||||||||
| 131538175 | 131538407 | 2007-05-17 14:00:45 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|203.109.89.18 | 0 | was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . though some people argue that the above is true others take this as thrash . preetham | the best archeologist and surveyer cinsiders | a student of timpany has proven | this false . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at | |||
| 1 | february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . though some people argue that the above is true others take this as thrash . preetham the best archeologist and surveyer cinsiders this | false | wronf but many were left unsatisfied | . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg | ||||||||
| 132298254 | 132298502 | 2007-05-20 21:19:46 | 0 days 00:01:22 | 2092344 | 3 | respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . | fgkl | [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans | ; d ; m challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer | |||
| 133074927 | 133075428 | 2007-05-24 01:35:04 | 0 days 00:03:00 | 715870 | 3 | considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely | seen as being the truth | accepted | . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of | |||
| 133939781 | 133939978 | 2007-05-27 21:58:27 | 0 days 00:01:06 | 0|216.208.52.171 | 1 | = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the the stupidest war | ever in history | , blah , blah what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of | ||||
| 146124404 | 146184219 | 2007-07-21 20:19:25 | 0 days 06:20:57 | 4915202 | 0 | excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year | , and noone likes you | . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( | ||||
| 146184219 | 146184328 | 2007-07-21 20:20:01 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 4915202 | 0 | excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year | , and noone likes you | . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( | ||||
| 147035336 | 147037349 | 2007-07-25 17:57:00 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 13978 | 0 | of unification or born after the event , usually make no difference between people from east and west , so this situation will most probably disappear completely in the next decades | {{ or }} | . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about | ||||
| 151301269 | 151309170 | 2007-08-15 02:49:08 | 0 days 00:52:00 | 6661 | 0 | by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted | as being the truth | . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of | ||||
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 53 | who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations | ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) | . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west | ||||
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 71 | mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} ( a bilingual photo - | study tracing the line of the wall ) = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www | deductible nonprofit charity | . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . | |||
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 2 | {st@rt} this article is about biological sexes : male , | female , etc | [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] | . . for alternate uses , such as sexual intercourse , see sex ( disambiguation ) . sexuality portal sex refers to the male and female duality of biology and reproduction | |||
| 52 | quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and media from commons news stories from wikinews learning resources from wikiversity francoeur , robert t . ( ed . ) , the | international encyclopedia of sexuality [ full text ] janssen , d | east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances | . f . , growing up sexually . volume i . world reference atlas [ full text ] raymond j . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog | ||||||||
| 160533642 | 160539804 | 2007-09-26 20:03:06 | 0 days 00:28:49 | 0|68.210.32.120 | 0 | of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was | a part ) to prevent any further exodus | 906 miles long | . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet | |||
| 165005884 | 165222233 | 2007-10-17 17:39:09 | 0 days 22:58:30 | 0|67.132.117.2 | 5 | nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . | accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august | 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and | ||||
| 165222233 | 165222438 | 2007-10-17 17:40:08 | 0 days 00:00:59 | 1285073 | 4 | nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . | accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august | 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and | ||||
| 9 | the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and | most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 | 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http | |||||||||
| 166163043 | 166165378 | 2007-10-21 23:47:46 | 0 days 00:12:04 | 605084 | 28 | of the articles that doesn ' t have a translation and do it - i ' ll gladly put your translation up here on my site , with credits and all | of which hindered spontaneous visits | . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer | ||||
| 32 | , just pick one of the articles that doesn ' t have a translation and do it - i ' ll gladly put your translation up here on my site , | with credits and | all . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede | |||||||||
| 166728962 | 166736883 | 2007-10-24 13:07:54 | 0 days 00:58:13 | 50001 | 1 | prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two | germanies | german states | . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder | |||
| 171393635 | 171606006 | 2007-11-15 05:34:34 | 0 days 21:01:58 | 0|70.190.181.31 | 0 | formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) | the same | . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale | ||||
| 181090431 | 181090540 | 2007-12-31 00:31:22 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 2306142 | 5 | > became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and | < font size = 300 > | economic prosperity . < / font > the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german | ||||
| 183109949 | 183110157 | 2008-01-09 04:03:46 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 162210 | 1 | the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ francesca ' s ]] [[ | gay | 1990 | ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , | |||
| 184559745 | 184582342 | 2008-01-15 22:16:01 | 0 days 01:32:50 | 6091975 | 0 | - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus | < ref > [ http : / / www | . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] | ||||
| 184759898 | 185099808 | 2008-01-18 00:13:46 | 1 days 07:34:28 | 0|12.214.202.72 | 1 | . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between | east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one | [[ media : [[ media : example | . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison | |||
| 2 | telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . | ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example | . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , | |||||||||
| 10 | < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] | , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire | ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht | |||||||||
| 185099808 | 185099823 | 2008-01-18 00:13:49 | 0 days 00:00:03 | 1879647 | 0 | . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between | [[ media : [[ media : example | east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one | . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . | |||
| 1 | demarcation line between [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . | ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example | the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line | . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = < br / > headline text = = | ||||||||
| 9 | intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between [[ media : [[ media : example . | ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example | . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . | |||||||||
| 10 | up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . | ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example | . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = | |||||||||
| 188146519 | 188146702 | 2008-01-31 13:49:35 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|208.108.155.72 | 2 | jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international | notoriety | notoetwwetertretdsfgsdfgdsfgsfgetyjedfxgnjdtyjriety | , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | |||
| 188146702 | 188146718 | 2008-01-31 13:49:39 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 1879647 | 0 | jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international | notoetwwetertretdsfgsdfgdsfgsfgetyjedfxgnjdtyjriety | notoriety | , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | |||
| 188248620 | 188267466 | 2008-01-31 23:53:31 | 0 days 01:29:28 | 0|96.236.160.187 | 0 | - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice | president | boob | [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city | |||
| 188267848 | 188267882 | 2008-01-31 23:55:40 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 191149 | 0 | - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice | boob | president | [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city | |||
| 189423593 | 189482624 | 2008-02-06 12:20:05 | 0 days 08:41:54 | 0|201.240.182.230 | 1 | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall | of the wall | . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | | ||||
| 189482624 | 189482685 | 2008-02-06 12:20:46 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 1792859 | 1 | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after its fall | of the wall | . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | | ||||
| 191709609 | 191709855 | 2008-02-15 20:08:39 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 4430968 | 1 | of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . brendon urie is the | hottestmanontheplanet | publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert | . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped | |||
| 191980053 | 192008390 | 2008-02-17 05:56:54 | 0 days 03:29:06 | 0|67.108.30.163 | 0 | as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] | and has been indirectly attributed to snack - ajak , a character in the cult tv sitcom of the same name | . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in | ||||
| 192008390 | 192015086 | 2008-02-17 06:53:06 | 0 days 00:56:12 | 686868 | 0 | as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] | and has been indirectly attributed to snack - ajak , a character in the cult tv sitcom of the same name | . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in | ||||
| 196946956 | 197071265 | 2008-03-09 20:31:11 | 0 days 14:27:18 | 0|98.17.134.249 | 6 | to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to | the west ( pg . 361 ) | cross into east germany | . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] | |||
| 197073715 | 197075558 | 2008-03-09 20:51:04 | 0 days 00:08:24 | 0|98.17.134.249 | 4 | s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect | . however , several west germans defected to the east during this time . some wanted to be with family , while others favored east germany to west germany | . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and | ||||
| 197077024 | 197077031 | 2008-03-09 20:57:59 | 0 days 00:00:02 | 3622922 | 7 | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere | , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well - financed federal republic | . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of | ||||
| 25 | city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , east german soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect | . however , several west germans defected to the east during this time . some wanted to be with family , while others favored east germany to west germany | . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and | |||||||||
| 199097858 | 199098110 | 2008-03-18 15:13:29 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 0|208.27.127.62 | 0 | - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | = = construction begins | this page is empty you shouldn ' t be here | , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ | |||
| 199098110 | 199098162 | 2008-03-18 15:13:44 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 1879647 | 0 | [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | tgykrtljy ; tiljoyeipjp ; tyijryoirt ; yjiortjyiotr ; yeiet i love cheese cake | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] | . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale | |||
| 203166960 | 203167170 | 2008-04-03 23:30:56 | 0 days 00:01:00 | 0|74.75.94.117 | 1 | soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a | system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one | lota cock | . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall | |||
| 203167170 | 203167190 | 2008-04-03 23:30:59 | 0 days 00:00:03 | 642191 | 1 | east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . davey clark sucks a | lota cock | system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one | . . . . he is so small and loves to get his ribs removed to suck on his tiny winky = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image | |||
| 214991201 | 215551281 | 2008-05-28 18:27:39 | 2 days 12:19:20 | 355538 | 1 | mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at | a government guesthouse in | [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east | ||||
| 223245034 | 225294558 | 2008-07-12 22:58:09 | 9 days 16:48:10 | 521374 | 0 | wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] | {{ listen | filename = eisenhower farewell address . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} | [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners | ||||
| 225294558 | 225295527 | 2008-07-12 23:06:05 | 0 days 00:07:56 | 521374 | 1 | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = eisenhower farewell address | high | . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june | ||||
| 229217140 | 229650556 | 2008-08-03 21:25:53 | 2 days 08:34:27 | 577301 | 80 | august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] | ||||
| 81 | ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his | |||||||||
| 119 | states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , | [[ | 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east | |||||||||
| 131 | were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , | [[ | 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] | |||||||||
| 132 | standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 | ]] | . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s | |||||||||
| 230237099 | 230237292 | 2008-08-06 17:54:14 | 0 days 00:00:59 | 1626379 | 1 | the dimension of the barrier system . [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1986 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , | 1982 | 1986 | . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ | |||
| 237957752 | 238154941 | 2008-09-13 14:51:51 | 0 days 22:37:25 | 0|70.127.127.212 | 1 | vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ | lucius d | casey b | . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s | |||
| 239050940 | 239141721 | 2008-09-17 23:56:00 | 0 days 07:40:53 | 736477 | 27 | west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december | 17 , | 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements | ||||
| 239163147 | 239319359 | 2008-09-18 16:33:40 | 0 days 14:49:37 | 736477 | 9 | the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , mostly to prevent inadvertent violation of allied policy governing the four - power status of berlin | as a whole | . = = = escape attempts = = = ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people | had big bloody periods | were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures | . . . ouch . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm | |
| 4 | , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people had big bloody periods . | however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin | . . ouch . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / | |||||||||
| 272929480 | 272950002 | 2009-02-24 12:43:21 | 0 days 03:09:58 | 0|12.164.48.18 | 0 | a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | the berlin wall was 10 feet high . | | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks | ||||
| 273103201 | 273103350 | 2009-02-25 02:27:17 | 0 days 00:01:04 | 1469567 | 1 | {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see hitler . | ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer | . . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating | ||||
| 274046676 | 274161969 | 2009-03-01 15:47:13 | 0 days 12:21:03 | 96897 | 0 | a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | the berlin wall was 10 feet high . | | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks | ||||
| 275903809 | 275903826 | 2009-03-08 22:29:17 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 2416136 | 1 | {st@rt} hi world . | ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer | . . i < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ! ! | ||||
| 2 | {st@rt} hi world . . | jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall | . i < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ! ! | |||||||||
| 276265321 | 276265514 | 2009-03-10 13:29:47 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 9 | for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . | < ref > [ http : / / www | . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < | ||||
| 276265514 | 276265541 | 2009-03-10 13:29:58 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 634828 | 0 | {st@rt} : | dalton | ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] | . . . . . . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co | |||
| 1 | {st@rt} : dalton . | ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer | . . . . . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . | |||||||||
| 2 | {st@rt} : dalton . . | jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall | . . . . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk | |||||||||
| 3 | {st@rt} : dalton . . . | jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] | . . . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / | |||||||||
| 4 | {st@rt} : dalton . . . . | the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] | . . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 | |||||||||
| 5 | {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . | both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] | . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / | |||||||||
| 6 | {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . | the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 | . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi | |||||||||
| 7 | {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . | < ref > [ http : / / www | . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / | |||||||||
| 8 | {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . | time | . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world | |||||||||
| 9 | {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . . | com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 | . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / | |||||||||
| 10 | {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . . . | html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures | . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe | |||||||||
| 11 | {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . . . . | however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin | . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / | |||||||||
| 12 | {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . . . . . | < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www | . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 | |||||||||
| 276397704 | 276398047 | 2009-03-10 23:50:41 | 0 days 00:01:38 | 0|68.81.17.165 | 3 | killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . | de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one | . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall | ||||
| 281608811 | 281686628 | 2009-04-04 12:14:06 | 0 days 11:20:47 | 15708 | 8 | to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october | 3 , | 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 | ||||
| 300484953 | 300485855 | 2009-07-05 22:25:18 | 0 days 00:05:57 | 145194 | 6 | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , | [[ | 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | | ||||
| 306465427 | 306538732 | 2009-08-07 04:34:49 | 0 days 08:18:22 | 6984319 | 4 | east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ | bed of nails | ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . | ||||
| 21 | more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | | 9 november | ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . | |||||||||
| 308269713 | 308484644 | 2009-08-17 14:32:43 | 1 days 05:32:24 | 0|99.141.146.176 | 0 | germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november | 10 | 17 , 1989 | . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had | |||
| 310493352 | 310493478 | 2009-08-28 04:58:53 | 0 days 00:01:22 | 0|24.4.124.83 | 1 | to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 | october | , | 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 | |||
| 311192075 | 311278175 | 2009-09-01 14:03:37 | 0 days 12:33:20 | 6971250 | 8 | kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , | which is being displayed outside of the social science building | at universities and government buildings | . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about | |||
| 311620727 | 311806027 | 2009-09-04 09:31:28 | 1 days 01:04:00 | 0|217.34.202.189 | 1 | was later used to remove almost the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on | october 3 , | october 3 , | 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 | |||
| 312586456 | 312587103 | 2009-09-08 13:44:31 | 0 days 00:05:25 | 0|194.202.122.223 | 0 | a reason . in the 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of | only | 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' | ||||
| 312587321 | 312588680 | 2009-09-08 13:57:31 | 0 days 00:10:56 | 0|194.202.122.223 | 8 | a reason . in the 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of | only | 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' | ||||
| 313610213 | 313669540 | 2009-09-13 22:22:26 | 0 days 04:23:37 | 0|65.188.151.195 | 4 | including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , | 1989 | 1988 | . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had | |||
| 313669540 | 313670259 | 2009-09-13 22:26:13 | 0 days 00:03:47 | 142444 | 4 | including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , | 1988 | 1989 | . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had | |||
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 9 | used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 | , | ]] , [[ | 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained | |||
| 28 | 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 | ]] | , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | | |||||||||
| 84 | : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , | [[ | 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] | |||||||||
| 104 | including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , | [[ | 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and | |||||||||
| 105 | west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 | ]] | . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had | |||||||||
| 137 | of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , | [[ | 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the | |||||||||
| 138 | berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 | ]] | . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end | |||||||||
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 0 | to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 | ]] , [[ | , | 1990 ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what | |||
| 50 | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , | [[ | 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity | |||||||||
| 104 | perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan | |||||||||
| 124 | berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 17 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision | |||||||||
| 125 | on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 17 ]] , [[ 1989 | ]] | . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had | |||||||||
| 157 | wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , | [[ | 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a | |||||||||
| 158 | potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 | ]] | . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in | |||||||||
| 315895948 | 315936287 | 2009-09-24 15:46:09 | 0 days 03:44:10 | 0|200.123.7.30 | 0 | germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s | erection | growth | , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border | |||
| 315936287 | 315937033 | 2009-09-24 15:49:47 | 0 days 00:03:38 | 911178 | 0 | germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s | growth | erection | , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border | |||
| 316592493 | 316592574 | 2009-09-28 00:27:44 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 0|64.18.36.165 | 1 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to andy russell ' s erection | ' ' ' | , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border | ||||
| 316592574 | 316594007 | 2009-09-28 00:36:35 | 0 days 00:08:51 | 5177550 | 2 | borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . ' ' ' prior to andy russell ' s erection | ' ' ' | , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border | ||||
| 318295676 | 318864606 | 2009-10-09 13:29:12 | 2 days 18:49:36 | 0|66.203.21.94 | 1 | and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the | wall ' s | matt gallimores | erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the | |||
| 318868236 | 318870568 | 2009-10-09 14:12:19 | 0 days 00:16:08 | 0|82.151.243.166 | 1 | and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the | matt gallimores | wall ' s | erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the | |||
| 322000370 | 322274629 | 2009-10-27 03:17:35 | 1 days 06:39:48 | 82982 | 46 | 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " | {{ lang | de | | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < | ||||
| 324471890 | 324478288 | 2009-11-07 16:19:25 | 0 days 00:44:58 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 1 | --> ] < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between | around | 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , | ||||
| 324735970 | 324762845 | 2009-11-09 02:09:24 | 0 days 02:37:38 | 10972407 | 2 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection | ( hard on ) | , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border | ||||
| 6 | of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( | per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / | www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember | |||||||||
| 324762845 | 324762884 | 2009-11-09 02:09:39 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 4928500 | 2 | erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . get drunk and | watch meatspin | west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones | ( www . meatspin . com ) | |||
| 3 | 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . get drunk and watch meatspin ( | per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / | www . meatspin . com ) | |||||||||
| 8 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection | ( hard on ) | , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border | |||||||||
| 324839194 | 324841966 | 2009-11-09 14:19:53 | 0 days 00:21:57 | 0|129.2.175.106 | 0 | {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about | $ | 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / | ||||
| 324841966 | 324842902 | 2009-11-09 14:26:49 | 0 days 00:06:56 | 6971250 | 0 | {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about | $ | 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / | ||||
| 324899230 | 324902376 | 2009-11-09 20:26:10 | 0 days 00:16:57 | 0|68.211.97.75 | 6 | : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : | กำแพงเบอร์ลิน | กำแพjgyงเบอร์ลิน | ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường | |||
| 324902376 | 324902901 | 2009-11-09 20:28:59 | 0 days 00:02:49 | 118722 | 6 | : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : | กำแพjgyงเบอร์ลิน | กำแพงเบอร์ลิน | ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường | |||
| 324911705 | 324911771 | 2009-11-09 21:14:34 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 0|216.239.87.133 | 11 | in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june | 26 | 26th . | , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / | |||
| 13 | . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june | 26 | 26th . | , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector | ||||||||
| 324997562 | 324997704 | 2009-11-10 05:51:23 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 0|207.81.48.108 | 2 | refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . | < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] | . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ | ||||
| 324997704 | 324997757 | 2009-11-10 05:51:49 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 440983 | 0 | name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the | natzi rules | soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets | . . . jews drool = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii | |||
| 1 | miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the natzi rules . | < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] | . . jews drool = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , | |||||||||
| 325016705 | 325016969 | 2009-11-10 09:22:03 | 0 days 00:03:04 | 0|87.42.135.2 | 0 | germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection | ( ha ha ha penis ) | , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border | ||||
| 325016969 | 325017008 | 2009-11-10 09:22:21 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 6513930 | 1 | germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection | ( ha ha ha penis ) | , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border | ||||
| 325045421 | 325048424 | 2009-11-10 14:21:14 | 0 days 00:21:08 | 10984567 | 1 | west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s | big | erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the | ||||
| 2 | germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection | over the female wall ha ha | , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border | |||||||||
| 325048424 | 325048650 | 2009-11-10 14:22:47 | 0 days 00:01:33 | 3308922 | 2 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s big erection | over the female wall ha ha | , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border | ||||
| 325413116 | 325413366 | 2009-11-12 10:06:37 | 0 days 00:02:38 | 8023653 | 1 | — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity | ' ' | , longman [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 | ||||
| 5 | s german ally , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * the fall of the gdr | ' ' | , longman , 2001 . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp | |||||||||
| 8 | ally , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * the fall of the gdr , longman | , 2001 | . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 ] * | |||||||||
| 325413366 | 325413509 | 2009-11-12 10:08:14 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 8023653 | 3 | - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition , 1991 . isbn 0 713467959 * east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? | ' ' | , [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s ] the economist intelligence unit , 1987 . | ||||
| 4 | = all ~ content = t732627883 ] * germany in the twentieth century , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition | , 1991 | . isbn 0 713467959 * east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? , [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ | |||||||||
| 5 | resist glasnost ? , [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s ] the economist intelligence unit | , 1987 | . isbn 0850582458 , 9780850582451 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % | |||||||||
| 325814566 | 325940817 | 2009-11-15 07:25:15 | 0 days 15:05:38 | 433328 | 16 | htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = | sep | september | 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} after the fall of the berlin wall , [[ french president ]] [[ | |||
| 326888943 | 327026868 | 2009-11-21 00:36:06 | 0 days 17:16:30 | 5680520 | 0 | construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november | 20th . | 20 | , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | |||
| 2 | in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june | 26th . | 26 | , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com | ||||||||
| 4 | . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june | 26th . | 26 | , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector | ||||||||
| 330019766 | 330331803 | 2009-12-07 22:49:51 | 1 days 15:59:29 | 0|71.50.18.192 | 1 | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . | ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f | and , i love you | . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources | |||
| 2 | berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . | kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 | i hope you know that | : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from | ||||||||
| 333120077 | 333200585 | 2009-12-22 05:32:46 | 0 days 08:46:35 | 0|64.41.2.99 | 1 | what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers | ] [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / junker ] | , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w | ||||
| 333200585 | 333200951 | 2009-12-22 05:35:55 | 0 days 00:03:09 | 96897 | 1 | our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [ junkers | ] [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / junker ] | ]] | , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w | |||
| 342982613 | 342987182 | 2010-02-09 19:16:14 | 0 days 00:21:50 | 0|207.35.35.11 | 1 | west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s | erection | ejaculation | , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over | |||
| 342987182 | 342987356 | 2010-02-09 19:17:12 | 0 days 00:00:58 | 3150196 | 1 | west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s | ejaculation | erection | , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over | |||
| 343779333 | 343779602 | 2010-02-13 18:17:40 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 5326371 | 0 | [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 in the same year , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . | < ref > | wiegrefe , klaus . < ref > [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ | ||||
| 343780168 | 343781933 | 2010-02-13 18:30:31 | 0 days 00:10:12 | 5326371 | 15 | wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . chicago tribune | . | ' ' , | chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out by wolfgang engels | |||
| 343782709 | 343784334 | 2010-02-13 18:45:26 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 5326371 | 3 | however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of | the nazis in | 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued the euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history | ||||
| 343784856 | 343787074 | 2010-02-13 18:58:31 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 5326371 | 13 | institutions around the world since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings | , including the [[ pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] | . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand | ||||
| 346490813 | 346769100 | 2010-02-27 23:01:03 | 1 days 09:04:54 | 0|68.57.126.209 | 0 | west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s | erection | recreation | , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over | |||
| 346769100 | 346776955 | 2010-02-27 23:47:20 | 0 days 00:46:17 | 3308922 | 0 | west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s | recreation | erection | , 3 . 5 million east germans had tried to dance [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the fbi , many by | |||
| 347678343 | 347835777 | 2010-03-05 02:53:23 | 0 days 17:37:06 | 0|98.246.155.212 | 0 | in 1965 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers | , musicians | etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could | ||||
| 347835777 | 347835864 | 2010-03-05 02:54:04 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 0|98.246.155.212 | 0 | * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians | , writers | etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could | ||||
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 3 | history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints | ]] | . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked | ||||
| 11 | of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel | ]] | , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored | |||||||||
| 15 | that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel | ' ' | , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to | |||||||||
| 47 | ' s road to unity ' ' , longman [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 | pearsoned . co . uk | ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second | |||||||||
| 49 | soviet communism since 1945 ' ' , routledge . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp / title ~ db = all ~ content = t732627883 | informaworld . com | ] * childs , david , ( 1991 ) ' ' germany in the twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) | |||||||||
| 70 | s road to unity ' ' , longman [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] | , | 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 | |||||||||
| 352705693 | 352725514 | 2010-03-29 12:47:49 | 0 days 03:01:17 | 0|165.230.1.133 | 0 | / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt = hot _ author | wordlcat | worldcat | . org ] * {{ citation | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | |||
| 364011539 | 364139509 | 2010-05-25 16:46:08 | 0 days 17:52:04 | 0|216.226.127.160 | 0 | of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were | initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | peniswettig | | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " | |||
| 364146556 | 364160963 | 2010-05-25 18:59:41 | 0 days 01:31:12 | 3190155 | 0 | of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were | peniswettig | initiatives of its own . | | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " | |||
| 368159388 | 368177016 | 2010-06-15 13:56:04 | 0 days 02:01:59 | 89179 | 31 | 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between | around | 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} | ||||
| 381576652 | 383513705 | 2010-09-07 20:13:40 | 9 days 21:55:10 | 1219174 | 3 | clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes | sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations | links to other sources | . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin | |||
| 389329152 | 389330154 | 2010-10-07 15:04:32 | 0 days 00:05:31 | 0|141.43.69.1 | 0 | a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at | http : / / | www . berlin - wall - map . com fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of | ||||
| 390478077 | 391228576 | 2010-10-17 12:46:44 | 4 days 01:24:36 | 9021902 | 5 | , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn | 0043540295 | 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 | , 9780043540299 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www | |||
| 7 | ' , [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s ] the economist intelligence unit . isbn | 0850582458 | 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 | , 9780850582451 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 | ||||||||
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 19 | status of west berlin . clay and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august | 1961 . | 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us | ||||
| 63 | used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october | 3 , | 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained | |||||||||
| 75 | ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june | 26 , | 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off | |||||||||
| 93 | germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november | 17 , | 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson for the politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the discussions about the | |||||||||
| 108 | of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october | 3 , | 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , | |||||||||
| 398858085 | 399051464 | 2010-11-27 00:47:52 | 1 days 03:59:26 | 16710 | 11 | , [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . | isbn13 | isbn | : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition | |||
| 405687338 | 405915858 | 2011-01-04 17:05:21 | 1 days 02:50:13 | 0|72.10.120.200 | 0 | and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before | the wall ' s | my | erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over | |||
| 405917459 | 405917577 | 2011-01-04 17:14:21 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 260144 | 0 | and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before | my | the wall ' s | erection , 3 . 5 weed smokers million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by | |||
| 409992456 | 409993256 | 2011-01-25 16:45:49 | 0 days 00:04:54 | 6971250 | 1 | around the world . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the | [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] | world | . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] * [[ brandenburg gate | |||
| 418362137 | 418362289 | 2011-03-11 22:02:40 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 14143658 | 0 | on 4 november when half a million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub | . | ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or | ||||
| 423927349 | 424543101 | 2011-04-17 16:23:25 | 3 days 18:48:46 | 12030910 | 1 | of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers | etc | and so on | . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange | |||
| 429104564 | 429636376 | 2011-05-17 22:46:18 | 3 days 05:51:37 | 207712 | 14 | / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 | - | – | usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june | |||
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 2 | germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , | 20 | nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 | ||||
| 3 | other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . | 1989 | url = | 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | |||||||||
| 107 | , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes " ; north sports final edition associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : jun | 23 , | 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall : she died after she jumped | |||||||||
| 109 | attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death , in full view of the western media , on august | 17 , | 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care | |||||||||
| 148 | - flee - east - germany . html ' more than 1 , 000 died ' trying to flee east germany ] . [[ the daily telegraph ]] , [[ august | 13 ]] , [[ | 2003 ]] . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - | |||||||||
| 149 | germany . html ' more than 1 , 000 died ' trying to flee east germany ] . [[ the daily telegraph ]] , [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 2003 | ]] | . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / | |||||||||
| 438816969 | 439163215 | 2011-07-12 22:11:43 | 1 days 23:24:49 | 42558 | 0 | and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect | on 17 november 1989 | the next day | . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson for the politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the discussions about the new | |||
| 23 | of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by | west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere | east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom | . = = = demolition = = = [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a | ||||||||
| 444619121 | 444827910 | 2011-08-14 17:10:20 | 1 days 04:20:43 | 10289486 | 0 | concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost | [[ east german mark | ddm ]] | 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 us $ . < ref > {{ cite web | | ||||
| 1 | {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about | us $ | 3 , 638 , 000 us $ . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com | |||||||||
| 445092140 | 445097289 | 2011-08-16 04:28:36 | 0 days 00:53:53 | 9243491 | 3 | february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = [ august 13 , 2011 , event ( 50 years ago , construction | began ) | | publisher = history . com | date = 2011 - 08 - 11 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germanworldonline . com / index . php / 50 - years - berlin - wall - 1961 - 1989 / | title = 50 years berlin wall 1961 – 1989 [ video clips | ] . . . . . . . ( adding text and refs . ) = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in | |||
| 445097289 | 445112728 | 2011-08-16 07:20:53 | 0 days 02:52:17 | 6971250 | 16 | memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again " | , | entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom ” , proclaimed | ||||
| 466218868 | 466656797 | 2011-12-19 08:25:36 | 2 days 11:01:04 | 6971250 | 1 | = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , days before they began to tear it | was torn | down . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file | ||||
| 478048968 | 479597706 | 2012-03-01 04:49:52 | 8 days 18:24:43 | 508734 | 2 | , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes " ; north sports final edition associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : 23 | jun | june | 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall : she died after she jumped | |||
| 490948661 | 492197810 | 2012-05-12 13:18:30 | 6 days 05:07:09 | 14216826 | 7 | s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , | 9780043540299 | isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 | . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 [ http | |||
| 505389397 | 505389806 | 2012-08-02 07:51:13 | 0 days 00:04:30 | 1473712 | 0 | visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers | and so on | , etc | . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange | |||
| 505389806 | 505558329 | 2012-08-03 10:30:56 | 1 days 02:39:43 | 339081 | 8 | tom fedora , as performed by [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes | ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes | ]] . * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist [[ stephan elsner | elsner ]] created about 500 artworks along | ||||
| 507301035 | 508690466 | 2012-08-22 22:16:31 | 8 days 21:06:49 | 7661756 | 34 | watch towers : 302 * number of bunkers : 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = | august | 13 , 1961 | building _ type = [[ separation barrier ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | satellite image | ||||
| 508885202 | 509937268 | 2012-08-30 13:52:02 | 6 days 08:34:46 | 15261832 | 1 | / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / m . fleischmann & | w . | wolfgang | strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start | |||
| 529700077 | 529724987 | 2012-12-25 15:36:49 | 0 days 06:28:33 | 10434788 | 2 | [[ file : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | 250px | | memorial to the victims of the wall , with | [[ | graffiti , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air | ||||
| 3 | file : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | 250px | | memorial to the victims of the wall , with graffiti | ]] | , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon | |||||||||
| 531845407 | 534109278 | 2013-01-21 04:04:38 | 13 days 06:42:10 | 16284871 | 1 | 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll | varying between 100 and 200 | of over 600 | . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization | |||
| 574664891 | 574665859 | 2013-09-26 22:30:37 | 0 days 00:08:36 | 16715243 | 0 | the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached not [[ u . s . | presidentjohn | president [[ john | f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the kennedy home [[ hyannis port ]] . while kennedy was angry | |||
| 1 | in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached not | [[ | u . s . presidentjohn f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the kennedy home [[ hyannis port ]] | |||||||||
| 576167532 | 576702592 | 2013-10-11 10:21:27 | 3 days 16:47:06 | 243750 | 0 | 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll of over | 600 | 200 < ref name = " chronik " / > , although that claim is disputed < ref name = " contemporary research " / > | . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization | |||
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 10 | a new railway bypassing west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , it was more practical | to close the border | position | . = = = brain drain = = = {{ further | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to | |||
| 14 | = = the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency which was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem | , | i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on august 9 , 1961 the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party | |||||||||
| 61 | gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on june | 26 , | 1963 , u . s . president john f . kennedy visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an | |||||||||
| 590849769 | 590964946 | 2014-01-16 13:37:35 | 0 days 19:20:34 | 736651 | 30 | june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , june 26 , 1963 | . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( " i am a | ||||
| 595829584 | 596246381 | 2014-02-19 21:59:11 | 2 days 17:09:16 | 1728614 | 1 | in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached not | reach | u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on 13 august 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the [[ kennedy compound ]] in | ||||
| 640243071 | 641499497 | 2015-01-08 00:05:29 | 8 days 09:29:01 | 2705932 | 0 | + m517a9d5ff09 . 0 . html }} < / ref > the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return | to east germany | . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited | ||||
| 702891453 | 702891834 | 2016-02-02 06:51:07 | 0 days 00:04:31 | 13816079 | 0 | = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , retired general | , | [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the military governor of | ||||
| 2 | parading through the streets of berlin in front of a large crowd . at 04 : 00 on 21 august , lyndon johnson left west berlin in the hands of gen | . | frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion | |||||||||
| 702891954 | 702892130 | 2016-02-02 06:54:16 | 0 days 00:01:51 | 13816079 | 0 | wall ]] the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency that was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem | , i | . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on 9 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the [[ socialist unity party of | ||||
| 724165325 | 724233530 | 2016-06-07 23:40:06 | 0 days 08:53:06 | 11795905 | 3 | dailysoft . com | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | | author | author1 | = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . | |||
| 5 | }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet | ; | | author3 = | s . lelarge | url = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = | ||||||||
| 735630692 | 735645810 | 2016-08-22 04:13:51 | 0 days 02:27:50 | 21305328 | 1 | under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * * ' ' in the 2015 film [[ bridge of spies ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] | ' ' | , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east berlin ]] just as the berlin wall is being built . he | ||||
| 750161040 | 750685196 | 2016-11-21 07:09:13 | 3 days 03:38:31 | 27446209 | 4 | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ allied occupation of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | | longitude = | 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin | ||||
| 773210166 | 773369188 | 2017-04-02 00:32:08 | 0 days 23:55:16 | 3820778 | 0 | bypassing west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the border became a more practical | position | proposition | . = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in | |||
| 776886357 | 779016763 | 2017-05-06 14:40:43 | 12 days 16:04:21 | 558022 | 1 | | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} [[ file : tear down this wall | , june 12 , 1987 | . ogv | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage | ||||
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 32 | ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . | in | 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of | ||||
| 36 | series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and | the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and | [[ hungary ]] . < ref name = " referencea " > mary elise sarotte , ' ' collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall ' ' , new | |||||||||
| 787409030 | 787409131 | 2017-06-25 06:56:40 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 31190988 | 7 | a few meters for construction work and is no longer in the original location ; there is an exhibition about the wall in the area of the potsdamer platz in planning | < ref > {{ webarchiv | url = http : / / www | . berlinwallexpo . de / _ / start . html | wayback = 20141220054134 text = web page on the border watch tower }} , accessed on 27 january 2014 . | ||||
| 787409131 | 787409166 | 2017-06-25 06:57:14 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 31190988 | 0 | in august 1961 . the memorial site , which is run by the initiative of his brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration . * the former management office | [[ | at | nieder neuendorf ]] , in the district of [[ hennigsdorf ]] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two | |||
| 791624973 | 793523187 | 2017-08-02 08:44:50 | 11 days 19:51:02 | 38455 | 3 | orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . finally , at 10 : 45 | pm | p . m . | , [[ harald jäger ]] , the commander of the [[ bornholmer straße border crossing ]] yielded , allowing for the guards to open the checkpoints and allowing people through with | |||
| 798241666 | 800698581 | 2017-09-15 03:51:19 | 14 days 08:23:33 | 10031342 | 0 | - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = 20 february 2012 }} < / ref > its demolition officially began on 13 june 1990 and | was completed | finished | in 1992 . < ref > {{ cite news | title = in photos : 25 years ago todaythe berlin wall fell | url = http : / / www . | |||
| 810009717 | 810071958 | 2017-11-13 05:36:10 | 0 days 07:44:21 | 19339494 | 6 | turned into a park , near the [[ lohmühleninsel ]] < ref > [ http : / / www . kunstfabrik . org / # lue kunstfabrik am flutgraben e . | & nbsp ; | v . ] < / ref > * the former " kieler eck " ( kieler eck ) on kieler strasse in [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , close | ||||
| 810574658 | 810575212 | 2017-11-16 03:24:34 | 0 days 00:06:16 | 6554947 | 0 | ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect , vandals were not unknown to have been pursued in the outer strip , and even arrested | , by east german soldiers | . in 1986 , defector and political activist wolfram hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden | ||||
| 812527422 | 812547586 | 2017-11-28 13:23:01 | 0 days 03:35:56 | 917354 | 28 | < / ref > excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night — at 7 : 17 | & nbsp ; | p . m . on [[ zdf ]] ' s ' ' [[ heute ]] ' ' and at 8 p . m . on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | | ||||
| 29 | orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . finally , at 10 : 45 | & nbsp ; | p . m . , [[ harald jäger ]] , the commander of the [[ bornholmer straße border crossing ]] yielded , allowing for the guards to open the checkpoints and | |||||||||
| 814617672 | 814620671 | 2017-12-09 22:52:01 | 0 days 00:24:00 | 6554947 | 0 | berlin wall in foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale | , | . the area outside the wall is < i > de jure < / i > eastern bloc territory . | 1984 . ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of the berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | |||
| 823238815 | 823239462 | 2018-01-31 01:50:53 | 0 days 00:04:27 | 32940610 | 18 | walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate | since 2005 | administration , the wall trail is divided into 14 individual sub - stages , which begin and end near railway or subway stations . if the inner - city border passes over roads , the boundary line is marked by a double row of paving stones embedded in the road surface as a reminder of the earlier border . at various points , information boards indicate the route and remind of events at the respective stations . the path is mainly paved , with both after 2000 , those newly created sections are as well as sections on which still the original covering with appropriate wear is obtained | . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' | |||
| 824097451 | 824236669 | 2018-02-06 03:32:45 | 0 days 18:46:15 | 30782622 | 0 | and throughout the city of berlin until that december 1990 . according to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1 . 7 million tonnes of building rubble | wasfall | was produced | . unofficially , the demolition of the bornholmer straße began because of construction work on the railway . this involved a total of 300 gdr border guards and - after 3 | |||
| 824236669 | 825606275 | 2018-02-14 10:16:19 | 8 days 06:43:34 | 21948199 | 9 | 1990 with painted bicycle and pedestrian pictograms . the german federal government for the environment and nature conservation proposed a continuous hiking and biking trail around the city in 1991 , | called | known as ' ' ' | berliner mauerweg . also preservationists wanted a few years later as comprehensive as possible preservation of the remaining remains of the border installations . on the other hand , local residents | |||
| 826899654 | 827316878 | 2018-02-24 01:04:34 | 2 days 08:38:31 | 508734 | 93 | commercial shipping via canals and rivers . < ref > https : / / www . thoughtco . com / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history | - 1779495 < / ref > < ref > https : / / www | . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > < | ||||
| 96 | eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | < ref > https : / / | history . howstuffworks . com / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 | |||||||||
| 838895196 | 838895411 | 2018-04-29 23:56:38 | 0 days 00:02:10 | 19082616 | 0 | history of berlin # west and east germany ( 1945 – 1991 ) | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | coordinates = {{ coord | 52 . | 516111 | 51611 | | 13 . 376944 | region : de | display = inline , title }} | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{ | |||
| 843144692 | 843537822 | 2018-05-29 19:55:32 | 2 days 14:29:27 | 30675059 | 3 | http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | | date | = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' | ||||
| 11 | 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | | others | = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' | |||||||||
| 849362847 | 851056229 | 2018-07-19 19:22:47 | 11 days 06:07:12 | 6726022 | 0 | and throughout the city of berlin until that december 1990 . according to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1 . 7 million tonnes of building rubble | wasfall | was produced by the demolition | . unofficially , the demolition of the [[ bornholmer straße ]] began because of construction work on the railway . this involved a total of 300 gdr border guards and - |
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| 732530 | 732537 | 2003-03-08 21:13:53 | 0 days 02:40:23 | 4388 | 1 | attractiveness of the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . | from [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] , | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany | |
| 774894 | 794829 | 2003-03-25 12:08:24 | 0 days 15:45:48 | 0|62.253.64.7 | 4 | / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around | 5000 | 5 , 000 | successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , 1989 , hungary removed its |
| 1012031 | 1092751 | 2003-06-08 12:37:20 | 31 days 17:34:08 | 9244 | 35 | ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the | date | republic in [[ 1918 ]] and | of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = http : / / www . wall - berlin |
| 36 | 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the | so - called | ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org | ||||||
| 43 | 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . from [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] , the | ' ' ' berlin | wall ' ' ' prevented the citizens of east germany from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic between west berlin and the | ||||||
| 1305258 | 1333052 | 2003-08-17 23:47:24 | 2 days 13:47:28 | 14772 | 0 | & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] | [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from | |
| 2144113 | 2155508 | 2004-01-13 06:48:05 | 40 days 11:39:02 | 36844 | 0 | when the wall fell . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ | ludwig van beethoven | | beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept | |
| 3156940 | 3355675 | 2004-04-12 05:26:04 | 7 days 15:02:05 | 32383 | 4 | 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] , but also of | the so - called | ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] ; thus october 3 was chosen instead . the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city | |
| 3783344 | 3800134 | 2004-05-30 15:32:48 | 7 days 00:30:05 | 4261 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ category : cold war ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] isolating | |
| 5178672 | 5180399 | 2004-08-13 07:38:57 | 0 days 05:29:34 | 24744 | 1 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on november 16 | , | ]] [[ | 1989 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall |
| 5369086 | 5520672 | 2004-08-22 15:32:46 | 6 days 21:53:05 | 75510 | 0 | which keeps ' ' out ' ' rather than ' ' in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge the [[ | deutsche demokratische republik | | ddr ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist wall of protection " rather than the western view . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial . | |
| 7241546 | 7264266 | 2004-11-09 01:33:37 | 5 days 02:28:22 | 70975 | 0 | in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] | , also called as ' ' ode to joy ' ' , | with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters | |
| 7268399 | 7274073 | 2004-11-09 19:32:09 | 0 days 01:24:50 | 113855 | 0 | , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of | the | ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , october 3 was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city | |
| 7274428 | 7274470 | 2004-11-09 22:05:43 | 0 days 00:01:56 | 0|84.57.81.84 | 5 | since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of the | infamous | ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in | |
| 7466704 | 7466728 | 2004-11-14 23:25:53 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 0|69.47.128.99 | 0 | instead ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before the german democratic republic could celebrate a 41st | ' ' | " | birthday , ' ' on october 7 , 1990 ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the |
| 9658614 | 9762535 | 2005-01-26 01:42:57 | 0 days 06:03:58 | 26468 | 1 | installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | | left | right | | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the |
| 2 | [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the | ' ' | " | death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it | |||||
| 9 | started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the | " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapers ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # | ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ | ||||||
| 11755213 | 11755223 | 2005-04-01 09:38:57 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 0|217.68.115.26 | 1 | berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] | the ' ' ' berlin | fuck ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from | |
| 11896685 | 11902442 | 2005-04-05 01:20:09 | 0 days 02:17:19 | 0|4.239.237.190 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating | |
| 11902442 | 12289902 | 2005-04-05 04:33:38 | 0 days 03:13:29 | 28107 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating | |
| 12839942 | 12841015 | 2005-04-26 15:03:20 | 2 days 15:40:17 | 0|65.164.135.142 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating | |
| 12841015 | 12869629 | 2005-04-26 15:35:49 | 0 days 00:32:29 | 26468 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating | |
| 14016176 | 14016194 | 2005-05-21 09:51:08 | 0 days 00:05:33 | 0|216.27.183.43 | 0 | in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] | , also called as | ( | ' ' ode to joy ' ' , with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( |
| 14269638 | 14269815 | 2005-05-26 16:42:04 | 0 days 00:03:13 | 0|164.68.120.3 | 1 | a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew | fixed wing | sperm into a girls face | [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to |
| 14269815 | 14329087 | 2005-05-26 16:46:05 | 0 days 00:04:01 | 157530 | 9 | a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew | sperm into a girls face | fixed wing | [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to |
| 15055113 | 15059402 | 2005-06-12 06:08:12 | 0 days 00:13:20 | 5016 | 8 | the wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the | guard | guards | ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers |
| 24151055 | 24156661 | 2005-09-27 13:29:22 | 0 days 01:47:28 | 0|205.202.36.246 | 1 | on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die | germandie | berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory |
| 21 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | = = | background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which | ||||||
| 24618114 | 24828196 | 2005-10-05 18:04:22 | 2 days 13:19:55 | 0|24.51.178.10 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) | |
| 24828196 | 24828244 | 2005-10-05 18:05:02 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 94806 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) | |
| 24828279 | 24828564 | 2005-10-05 18:10:39 | 0 days 00:05:08 | 0|24.51.178.10 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) | |
| 24828564 | 24828569 | 2005-10-05 18:10:52 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 94806 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) | |
| 26467857 | 26918322 | 2005-10-30 22:25:26 | 5 days 02:16:53 | 0|205.188.116.204 | 0 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | = = | ethel and julius rosenberg from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia . jump to : navigation , search the rosenbergsethel greenglass rosenberg ( september 28 , 1915 – june 19 , 1953 ) and julius rosenberg ( may 12 , 1918 – june 19 , 1953 ) were american communists who were thrust into the world spotlight when they were tried , convicted , and executed for spying for the soviet union . the accuracy of these charges remains controversial , though decades later , soviet communications decrypted by the venona project became publicly available and appeared to indicate that at least julius rosenberg was actively involved in espionage ( although they provided no new evidence that he performed the specific acts of espionage for which he was convicted ) . specifically , the couple were charged with conspiracy to commit espionage and were accused of passing nuclear weapons secrets to russian agents . contents [ hide ] 1 background 2 trial and conviction 3 execution 4 posthumous revelations 5 controversy 6 the rosenbergs | background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the |
| 1 | ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background | = = | children 7 in fiction 8 | ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied | |||||
| 31 | controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an | [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin | execution in the family : one son | ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ | |||||
| 28625733 | 28647179 | 2005-11-18 04:52:27 | 0 days 05:56:32 | 0|198.146.57.133 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : other . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) | |
| 28647179 | 28649151 | 2005-11-18 05:28:40 | 0 days 00:36:13 | 127734 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) | |
| 30724012 | 31040414 | 2005-12-12 12:04:16 | 2 days 19:32:41 | 0|194.81.36.9 | 0 | berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] | crazy spudmeister | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | |
| 31040414 | 31040435 | 2005-12-12 12:04:46 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 0|194.81.36.9 | 0 | berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] | crazy spudmeister | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | |
| 35373255 | 35495895 | 2006-01-17 03:54:16 | 0 days 20:31:45 | 0|208.180.17.49 | 2 | germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he | was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he | " | didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i |
| 36650338 | 36652600 | 2006-01-25 15:46:06 | 0 days 00:20:05 | 0|194.232.85.82 | 4 | leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . after he got done masturbating khrushchev agreed , but imposed | strict conditions | . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed | |
| 37559437 | 37632509 | 2006-02-01 04:44:15 | 0 days 08:49:42 | 0|63.110.9.70 | 0 | barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the | ' ' " | antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed | |
| 38580629 | 38580746 | 2006-02-07 06:12:02 | 0 days 00:01:32 | 58229 | 5 | : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on 7 june 2003 | berlin wall on [[ 7 june ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] | [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | |
| 38580746 | 38580842 | 2006-02-07 06:13:20 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 58229 | 1 | | right | remains of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] | [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | |
| 40459448 | 40459461 | 2006-02-20 18:40:06 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 478178 | 3 | berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as | jfk | kennedy | ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august |
| 40460981 | 40648652 | 2006-02-22 01:28:28 | 1 days 06:34:58 | 386031 | 7 | for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over | 300 | 116 | [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall |
| 9 | was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s , and | thirty | twenty | [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world | |||||
| 41672218 | 41672333 | 2006-02-28 23:49:11 | 0 days 00:00:50 | 0|69.15.111.135 | 0 | proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev | ]] but with conditions imposed | ] | . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed |
| 41746791 | 41761508 | 2006-03-01 15:37:50 | 0 days 02:21:39 | 24373 | 9 | font - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . | ]] | | last = buckley | first = william f | . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn |
| 17 | [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis | | last = | cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 | ||||||
| 25 | of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . | | last = | catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] | ||||||
| 36 | ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * | {{ cite book | first = | peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | ||||||
| 37 | . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter | | last = | wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | ||||||
| 44901085 | 45389421 | 2006-03-25 07:45:29 | 3 days 03:46:51 | 433328 | 3 | [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven | ]] | ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " | |
| 52431775 | 52435082 | 2006-05-10 04:15:44 | 0 days 00:28:16 | 0|71.80.187.0 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] | |
| 52435082 | 52435169 | 2006-05-10 04:16:34 | 0 days 00:00:50 | 0|71.80.187.0 | 0 | {st@rt} | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] | |
| 53424530 | 53424769 | 2006-05-16 00:55:53 | 0 days 00:01:39 | 0|66.156.78.171 | 1 | near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] it was part of the iron curtain | ]] | . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 | |
| 54612820 | 54613169 | 2006-05-22 23:26:29 | 0 days 00:02:31 | 1008387 | 0 | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] | the | ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' yo < math > insert formula here < / math > 3x ^ 3áψ conceived by the [[ east germany | east german | |
| 54613169 | 54759780 | 2006-05-23 19:21:42 | 0 days 19:55:13 | 0|68.14.92.238 | 0 | s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " | joy | jo | " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] |
| 54759780 | 54774908 | 2006-05-23 20:52:19 | 0 days 01:30:37 | 157842 | 0 | s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " | jo | joy | " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] |
| 57771532 | 57880127 | 2006-06-10 14:58:52 | 0 days 17:30:29 | 0|68.37.147.10 | 0 | " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] | concert | album | ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) |
| 65633547 | 66079192 | 2006-07-27 02:02:21 | 2 days 04:22:24 | 0|202.89.36.170 | 4 | ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 | huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name | your mum was a man = = headline text = = = = headline text = = | ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ |
| 66079192 | 66079583 | 2006-07-27 02:05:14 | 0 days 00:02:53 | 416594 | 3 | ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 | your mum was a man = = headline text = = = = headline text = = | huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name | ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ |
| 74099675 | 74109426 | 2006-09-06 10:35:39 | 0 days 01:42:32 | 1629275 | 1 | ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] | < / div > | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in | |
| 74109426 | 74109727 | 2006-09-06 10:39:12 | 0 days 00:03:33 | 1629275 | 1 | ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] | < / div > | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in | |
| 74109727 | 74109986 | 2006-09-06 10:42:17 | 0 days 00:03:05 | 1629275 | 1 | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] | < / div > | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in | |
| 85490134 | 85491034 | 2006-11-03 16:18:17 | 0 days 00:04:56 | 0|66.44.161.178 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | erin | ' ' ' eric is gay ! ! ! ! ! ' ' ' = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed | |
| 86616253 | 86685844 | 2006-11-09 10:05:22 | 0 days 08:55:11 | 0|217.227.123.50 | 0 | the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of | the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and | the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision | |
| 86685844 | 86716477 | 2006-11-09 14:29:32 | 0 days 04:24:10 | 0|210.6.194.214 | 2 | the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | | german ]] : ' ' | berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , | |
| 86978875 | 86978923 | 2006-11-10 18:18:41 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 572610 | 2 | jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at | the glienicke bridge ( ' ' | glienicker brücke ' ' ) 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin | |
| 89163919 | 89164714 | 2006-11-21 04:29:12 | 0 days 00:05:28 | 441020 | 1 | berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the berlin wall | , | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , is an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed |
| 89730172 | 90181219 | 2006-11-26 07:20:39 | 2 days 07:53:59 | 4236 | 2 | s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " | joy | naxos 2072038 | " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 8 | from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall | was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes | , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall | - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref |
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 8 | from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall | was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes | , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall | - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref |
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 8 | from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall | was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes | , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall | - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref |
| 111086584 | 111137285 | 2007-02-26 19:31:02 | 0 days 03:58:19 | 157842 | 5 | east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] | < / div > | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet | |
| 111393341 | 111404892 | 2007-02-27 20:29:24 | 0 days 00:50:05 | 0|205.126.63.15 | 0 | and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or | wikipedia rules | ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | |
| 111404892 | 111404973 | 2007-02-27 20:29:45 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 1491617 | 0 | and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or | wikipedia rules | ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | |
| 111404973 | 111405046 | 2007-02-27 20:30:09 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 0|205.126.63.15 | 0 | the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] | wikipedia : | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' {{ lang | de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ' ' | |
| 111405735 | 111405922 | 2007-02-27 20:33:49 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 2875882 | 6 | the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] | wikipedia : | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' {{ lang | de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ' ' | |
| 111406543 | 111406618 | 2007-02-27 20:36:42 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 786651 | 2 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = | = = ' ' ' hi mrs ramrsay [[ hi < nowiki > i hate cheese < / nowiki > ]] ' ' ' = = = = = = layout | |
| 111431459 | 111447681 | 2007-02-27 23:32:06 | 0 days 01:10:20 | 0|24.224.150.220 | 1 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( | ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 | |
| 111447681 | 111448485 | 2007-02-27 23:35:47 | 0 days 00:03:41 | 296765 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( | ' ' ' you suck ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ | |
| 114905537 | 114945095 | 2007-03-14 01:10:35 | 0 days 03:07:22 | 0|64.118.116.137 | 0 | east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the | pussy cunt | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | | |
| 114945095 | 114945129 | 2007-03-14 01:10:44 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 2198658 | 0 | east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the | pussy cunt | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | | |
| 117202313 | 117273341 | 2007-03-23 13:04:36 | 0 days 09:57:22 | 0|84.64.196.176 | 0 | the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] | kenny you really are a knob . | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | |
| 117273341 | 117273415 | 2007-03-23 13:05:08 | 0 days 00:00:32 | 3358912 | 0 | the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] | kenny you really are a knob . | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | |
| 117273415 | 117286154 | 2007-03-23 14:16:33 | 0 days 01:11:25 | 0|84.64.196.176 | 0 | the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] | apologies stephen . i didn ' t think of the consequences . | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | |
| 117286154 | 117292393 | 2007-03-23 14:50:25 | 0 days 00:33:52 | 911178 | 0 | the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] | apologies stephen . i didn ' t think of the consequences . | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | |
| 118145334 | 118145453 | 2007-03-27 00:43:34 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 0|24.16.228.161 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( | i | ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 |
| 122210458 | 122237550 | 2007-04-12 15:22:28 | 0 days 02:09:09 | 0|88.111.156.211 | 0 | the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] | the | there | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | |
| 122237550 | 122237677 | 2007-04-12 15:23:02 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 0|88.111.156.211 | 0 | the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] | there | the | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | |
| 124965000 | 125058452 | 2007-04-23 03:51:10 | 0 days 06:18:09 | 345374 | 2 | near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , [[ russian language | | russian ]] : ' ' | берли́нская стена́ ' ' ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , | |
| 125328975 | 125329185 | 2007-04-23 23:24:44 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 0|75.4.184.187 | 1 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany | ' ' ' iiriis iis a kock suckiin biitch ! ! ! ' ' ' developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' | |
| 126982200 | 126982667 | 2007-04-29 23:49:22 | 0 days 00:01:46 | 0|71.251.211.21 | 0 | had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [ mary was ohhhhhh soooooooooo | ' ' ' | hur ' ] this sight rox my effin ' sox ! ! ! best information yu caaan gettt ! cant deny yu love itt < 333 hahaha [[ ♥ ' ' | |
| 1 | hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [ mary was ohhhhhh soooooooooo hur | ' ' ' | ' ] this sight rox my effin ' sox ! ! ! best information yu caaan gettt ! cant deny yu love itt < 333 hahaha [[ ♥ ' ' ' | ||||||
| 126982667 | 126982862 | 2007-04-29 23:50:14 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 0|71.251.211.21 | 0 | for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [ mary was ohhhhhh soooooooooo ' ' ' hur ' ' ' ' ] this sight rox my = = | = = ' ' | effin ' ' = = = = ' sox ! ! ! best information yu caaan gettt ! cant deny yu love itt < 333 hahaha [[ ♥ ' ' ' | |
| 129474280 | 129554249 | 2007-05-09 16:35:07 | 0 days 07:19:30 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 2 | for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . | ulbricht | wood | ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . |
| 129554675 | 129554933 | 2007-05-09 16:37:49 | 0 days 00:01:02 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 4 | ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ | social market economy | user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled |
| 5 | year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] | 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 | ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a | ||||||
| 129555699 | 129555771 | 2007-05-09 16:41:06 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 2073927 | 14 | barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader mat wood approved by soviet leader bainca , but with conditions imposed . | wood | ulbricht | ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . |
| 129555771 | 129555882 | 2007-05-09 16:41:30 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 7 | ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . | < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | |
| 129555882 | 129556310 | 2007-05-09 16:43:07 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 2073927 | 6 | one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to never eat cheese on | a roller coaster again | the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons | . ' ' ' = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin |
| 7 | a very charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to never eat cheese on a roller coaster again . | < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | | ' ' ' = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | ||||||
| 133073625 | 133074114 | 2007-05-24 01:27:50 | 0 days 00:02:33 | 715870 | 4 | = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press | meeting : | conference , | ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first |
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 6 | ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " | or | ( | ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy |
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 5 | berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of | graffiti art on the wall | biology and reproduction . unlike organisms that only have the ability to reproduce asexually , sexed male and female pairs have the ability to produce offspring through meiosis and fertilization . the two sexes attract one another and communicate their readiness to procreate through differences in their biology . an organism | ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain |
| 11 | s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , | august 2006 ]] the | in many species animals try to give and get sexual stimulation with others where procreation is not the aim , and homosexual behavior has now been observed among 1 , 500 species , and in 500 of those it is well documented . there are species that have 3 , 4 or 5 sexes . for example : the clam shrimp eulimnadia texana has three sexes , that is , it is a triploid organism . [ 1 ] harvester ant genus pogonomyrmex has three sexes [ 2 ] or possibly four sexes [ 3 ] the reptile tuatara might have four sexes [ 4 ] coprinus macrorhizus ( pers . ) rea might have three or four sexes [ 5 ] coprinus lagopus has four sexes [ 6 ] fausto - sterling proposes that there are five sexes of humans [ 7 ] [ 8 ] other species have exhibited evidence of 5 sexes [ 9 ] humans human male and female - anatomical features pointed outsee human sexuality for information about sexual activities , sexual sensation , sexual gratification , and sexual intimacy between human beings in humans , " sex " is often perceived as a dichotomous state or identity for most biological and social purposes - such that a person can only be female or male . but many factors , including one | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena | |||||
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 77 | as a dichotomous state or identity for most biological and social purposes - such that a person can only be female or male . but many factors , including one ' | s biology , environment , psychology and social context , have a role in determining how a particular person , and those around them , view their sex . although the table below shows common differences between males and females , many people do not correspond to " male " or " female " with regard to every criterion . " primary " sexual characteristics are typically present at birth and directly involved in reproduction . " secondary " sexual characteristics typically develop later in life ( usually during puberty ) and are not directly involved in reproduction . differences between the sexes are known as sexual dimorphism . at the biological level these differences are usually : level characteristics female male primary sex chromosomes xx xy gametes ova spermatozoa sex organs ovaries testes predominant sex hormones estrogen and progesterone testosterone anatomy of internal genitalia clitoral crura , vagina , uterus , fallopian tubes corpora cavernosa , urethra , prostate , seminal vesicles anatomy of external genitalia glans clitoris , labia , vulva , clitoral hood , perineal urethra penis , scrotum , foreskin , fused perineum secondary skeletal structure relatively shorter , wider in hips relatively taller , wider in shoulders , bigger chest face rounded jaw bigger nose bone , brow bone , [ 10 ] squarer jaw , facial hair body fat and muscle relatively more fat relatively more muscle [ 11 ] fat distribution more in buttocks , hips and thighs more in abdomen body form development " hourglass " shape : 8 " triangular " shape : ▼ other breasts adam | ' s apple and body hair the relationship between the various levels of biological sexual differentiation is fairly well understood . many of the biological levels are said to cause , | |
| 160592013 | 160609244 | 2007-09-27 02:13:32 | 0 days 01:41:59 | 0|71.106.242.252 | 0 | to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to | kill | kkjhdfhowirhgwlqk ; ogill | ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several |
| 161422371 | 161457070 | 2007-10-01 03:09:05 | 0 days 03:13:54 | 3341545 | 0 | to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to | kkjhdfhowirhgwlqk ; ogill | kill | ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot |
| 163105476 | 163371605 | 2007-10-09 17:45:07 | 1 days 02:32:03 | 0|82.41.42.114 | 3 | the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market | economy | eco ' ' ' nomy | ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled |
| 163371605 | 163373226 | 2007-10-09 17:53:00 | 0 days 00:07:53 | 5451838 | 3 | the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market | eco ' ' ' nomy | economy | ]] ( ' ' " sozial ' ' e marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in |
| 169621066 | 169623420 | 2007-11-06 16:33:18 | 0 days 00:12:12 | 96897 | 0 | . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , | ' ' ' | graffiti ' ' ' appeared only on the western side . [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 | |
| 169819935 | 169820091 | 2007-11-07 08:19:36 | 0 days 00:01:16 | 0|220.238.206.14 | 1 | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . ' ' ' all the leaders enjoyed having sexual intercourse with their wifes who gave $ 5 headjobs . it was | veryt | very | pleasing . ' ' ' the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite |
| 2 | and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . ' ' ' all the leaders enjoyed having sexual intercourse with their wifes who gave $ 5 headjobs . it was veryt pleasing | as they all had huge titties to please the blokes | . ' ' ' the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the | ||||||
| 171330844 | 171393635 | 2007-11-14 08:32:36 | 0 days 07:37:34 | 0|213.221.119.178 | 0 | wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist | protection barrier | protective rampart | " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed |
| 173361439 | 173361573 | 2007-11-23 22:27:01 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 137113 | 0 | east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . an east german propaganda booklet published in [[ 1955 ]] outlined the seriousness of [[ | republikfluckt | republikflucht | | ' fleeing the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as |
| 173368678 | 173369211 | 2007-11-23 23:13:28 | 0 days 00:03:09 | 137113 | 0 | }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer | ' ' ' | ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east | |
| 1 | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] | ' ' ' | ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin | ||||||
| 173369211 | 173369297 | 2007-11-23 23:14:00 | 0 days 00:00:32 | 137113 | 0 | }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer | ' | ' ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . | |
| 1 | [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] | ' | ' ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ | ||||||
| 173369297 | 173369884 | 2007-11-23 23:17:45 | 0 days 00:03:45 | 137113 | 0 | }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer | ' | ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall | |
| 1 | separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] | ' | ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west | ||||||
| 183110157 | 183110726 | 2008-01-09 04:07:43 | 0 days 00:03:57 | 0|72.70.120.222 | 0 | image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | francesca ' s gay and she ' s gay like a fox . | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin | |
| 183110726 | 183110979 | 2008-01-09 04:09:45 | 0 days 00:02:02 | 4156549 | 0 | image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | francesca ' s gay and she ' s gay like a fox . | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin | |
| 183265767 | 183426225 | 2008-01-10 16:57:37 | 0 days 18:41:05 | 6163551 | 0 | image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | steve is awesome ! ! | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin | |
| 183426225 | 183428633 | 2008-01-10 17:09:35 | 0 days 00:11:58 | 400903 | 0 | image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | steve is awesome ! ! | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin | |
| 188247561 | 188248620 | 2008-01-31 22:24:03 | 0 days 00:04:52 | 911178 | 0 | refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = | ' ' ' | on ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated | |
| 188378405 | 188385502 | 2008-02-01 15:00:58 | 0 days 00:52:59 | 0|209.94.183.90 | 0 | image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | courtney own this page | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin | |
| 188385502 | 188385606 | 2008-02-01 15:01:41 | 0 days 00:00:43 | 242500 | 0 | image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | courtney own this page | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin | |
| 188385606 | 188405306 | 2008-02-01 16:54:15 | 0 days 01:52:34 | 0|71.41.129.70 | 0 | image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | the | sdsddthe | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] |
| 188405306 | 188405481 | 2008-02-01 16:55:05 | 0 days 00:00:50 | 134937 | 0 | image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | sdsddthe | the | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating chicken from [[ beef |
| 188405481 | 188406177 | 2008-02-01 16:58:49 | 0 days 00:03:44 | 0|71.41.129.70 | 0 | image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | hi | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin | |
| 188406177 | 188406265 | 2008-02-01 16:59:12 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 301395 | 0 | image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | hi | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin | |
| 188519120 | 188528780 | 2008-02-02 03:30:16 | 0 days 01:02:40 | 0|216.105.214.32 | 0 | image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | i luv you and my papa was in this | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin | |
| 188528780 | 188528811 | 2008-02-02 03:30:25 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 3042966 | 0 | image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | i luv you and my papa was in this | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin | |
| 192016546 | 192126171 | 2008-02-17 20:05:54 | 0 days 13:00:16 | 6463686 | 0 | ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | 250px | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . | ( designer : [[ istvan orosz | ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west | |
| 1 | s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | 250px | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ]] | ) ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin | ||||||
| 201679092 | 201724239 | 2008-03-29 02:06:29 | 0 days 04:07:36 | 3622922 | 0 | berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin | |
| 211222812 | 211222847 | 2008-05-09 09:25:16 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 686868 | 0 | reasons ( e . g . artists , lorry drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of | ' | ' ' other east european countries ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the | |
| 211222847 | 211225942 | 2008-05-09 09:58:16 | 0 days 00:33:00 | 686868 | 0 | reasons ( e . g . artists , lorry drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of | other | ' ' ' other east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation | |
| 211225942 | 211226287 | 2008-05-09 10:02:08 | 0 days 00:03:52 | 686868 | 2 | this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for tourist visits of east berlin were issued in a simplified procedure at the | same day | border crossing | . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ |
| 211226287 | 211226498 | 2008-05-09 10:04:29 | 0 days 00:02:21 | 686868 | 0 | an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for tourist visits restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . | however east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . | ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august | |
| 1 | , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas for east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . | east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . | ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . | ||||||
| 211226498 | 211251752 | 2008-05-09 13:24:50 | 0 days 03:20:21 | 686868 | 0 | / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] | * [[ berlin border crossings ]] | * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ | |
| 239050940 | 239141721 | 2008-09-17 23:56:00 | 0 days 07:40:53 | 736477 | 15 | country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' , officials , and ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport | check | controls | ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . |
| 239453915 | 239456329 | 2008-09-19 03:25:00 | 0 days 00:12:32 | 736477 | 8 | soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , | named | known in german as the | ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale |
| 9 | a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east | germany ]] , named | germany , known in german as the | ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' | |||||
| 20 | stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall | ! | ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday august 12 | ||||||
| 240240944 | 240242156 | 2008-09-22 15:58:49 | 0 days 00:07:42 | 736477 | 9 | [[ potsdam ]] , bordering with [[ west berlin ]] . here is reported the list of bordering municipalities , subdivided for district , starting from north and proceding to south | . | : | * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] |
| 240242156 | 240250311 | 2008-09-22 16:47:42 | 0 days 00:48:53 | 3505251 | 4 | sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated 14 municipalities of the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , from west berlin | . these municipalities , subdivided by district , are listed in order from north to south | : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn | |
| 242557548 | 242755000 | 2008-10-03 14:42:47 | 0 days 19:46:38 | 7991946 | 2 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on | the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the | and said , ' i might as well kick it ' . first class , yo this is bad drinking orange juice out of a champagne glass . is this what the people of bel - air living like ? hmmmmm this might be alright . but wait i hear there ' re prissy , wine all that is bel - air the type of place they send this cool cat ? i don | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin |
| 6 | the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer | dude who looked like a cop standing there with my name out i ain | ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ | |||||
| 242755000 | 242755785 | 2008-10-03 14:46:42 | 0 days 00:03:55 | 0|66.28.221.133 | 2 | day but she packed my suite case and send me on my way she gave me a kiss and then she gave me my ticket . i put my walkman on | and said , ' i might as well kick it ' . first class , yo this is bad drinking orange juice out of a champagne glass . is this what the people of bel - air living like ? hmmmmm this might be alright . but wait i hear there ' re prissy , wine all that is bel - air the type of place they send this cool cat ? i don | the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the | ' t think sow i ' ll see when i get there i hope they ' re prepared for the prince of bel - air well , the plane landed and |
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 17 | }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ | jon stewart | berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift | ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / |
| 18 | have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] | , how could any of america | ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index | ||||||
| 97 | has served as grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on such | sit - coms and dramas as ' ' [[ the cosby show ]] ' ' | , ' ' [[ the west wing ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the torkelsons ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the [[ music | ||||||
| 103 | ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ john denver and the muppets : a christmas together ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' the muppets go to | the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy | show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration | ||||||
| 104 | the muppets go to the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show | ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and | the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] | ||||||
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 17 | }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ | jon stewart | berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift | ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / |
| 18 | have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] | , how could any of america | ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index | ||||||
| 97 | has served as grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on such | sit - coms and dramas as ' ' [[ the cosby show ]] ' ' | , ' ' [[ the west wing ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the torkelsons ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the [[ music | ||||||
| 103 | ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ john denver and the muppets : a christmas together ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' the muppets go to | the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy | show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration | ||||||
| 104 | the muppets go to the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show | ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and | the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] | ||||||
| 248312104 | 248418059 | 2008-10-29 15:29:40 | 0 days 15:04:00 | 0|129.19.104.6 | 0 | berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | hi | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west | |
| 248418059 | 248423012 | 2008-10-29 15:58:02 | 0 days 00:28:22 | 911178 | 0 | berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | hi | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west | |
| 252776401 | 252776451 | 2008-11-19 13:48:53 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 3131841 | 0 | berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west | |
| 258133599 | 258134007 | 2008-12-15 15:47:51 | 0 days 00:02:16 | 0|71.130.177.243 | 5 | = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with | a [[ social market | asshole bitchmarket | economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s |
| 258135144 | 258137090 | 2008-12-15 16:03:25 | 0 days 00:09:50 | 1430004 | 3 | germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( ' ' ' federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western [[ capitalist country with | asshole bitchmarket | a [[ social market | economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' # redirect [[ in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting |
| 259372596 | 259408414 | 2008-12-21 21:27:55 | 0 days 03:52:52 | 0|85.179.5.244 | 0 | strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow | ( map is incorrect ) | ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ | |
| 259408414 | 259409239 | 2008-12-21 21:32:25 | 0 days 00:04:30 | 911178 | 0 | strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow | ( map is incorrect ) | ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ | |
| 262181781 | 262224380 | 2009-01-06 02:30:54 | 0 days 03:55:13 | 0|67.209.19.66 | 0 | present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : | fuck goddamn germany | * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] | |
| 262224380 | 262225961 | 2009-01-06 02:40:41 | 0 days 00:09:47 | 911178 | 0 | present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : | fuck goddamn germany | * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] | |
| 266290348 | 266290464 | 2009-01-25 10:45:41 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 119438 | 1 | {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ berlin defence | of the ruy lopez | ]] . ' ' [ http : / / www . chess . com / news / the - berlin - wall - grows - higher - in - sochi ] | |
| 271232481 | 271264503 | 2009-02-17 03:12:41 | 0 days 02:57:03 | 0|71.215.207.209 | 0 | {st@rt} | < math > fghfgh < / math > | : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view | |
| 271264503 | 271265000 | 2009-02-17 03:15:53 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.148.51.9 | 0 | {st@rt} | < math > fghfgh < / math > | : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view | |
| 272959089 | 273103201 | 2009-02-25 02:26:13 | 0 days 12:29:12 | 0|76.235.164.36 | 0 | {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see | [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] | hitler | . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " |
| 3 | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . | jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west | ||||||
| 273103201 | 273103350 | 2009-02-25 02:27:17 | 0 days 00:01:04 | 1469567 | 2 | {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see hitler . . | jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall | . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ | |
| 3 | {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see hitler . . . | jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west | ||||||
| 274475826 | 274491714 | 2009-03-02 18:58:35 | 0 days 01:07:57 | 0|206.176.120.174 | 0 | " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | ooo | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west | |
| 274520296 | 274521235 | 2009-03-02 20:56:49 | 0 days 00:03:25 | 521374 | 0 | " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | ooo | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west | |
| 275499407 | 275903809 | 2009-03-08 22:29:08 | 1 days 22:58:47 | 9166621 | 0 | {st@rt} | : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] | hi world | . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " |
| 7 | in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! | ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus | ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we | ||||||
| 276265321 | 276265514 | 2009-03-10 13:29:47 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 0 | {st@rt} : | ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] | dalton | . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " |
| 276397704 | 276398047 | 2009-03-10 23:50:41 | 0 days 00:01:38 | 0|68.81.17.165 | 0 | them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . | . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison | you know what ? fuck this | , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , |
| 278326464 | 278326603 | 2009-03-19 13:45:28 | 0 days 00:01:08 | 3505251 | 2 | . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayrisches staatsministerium für arbeit , familie und | soziales | frauen | , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ |
| 278701966 | 278705045 | 2009-03-21 09:14:18 | 0 days 00:34:14 | 0|122.107.103.201 | 0 | " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | stephanie halteh built the berlin wall | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west | |
| 278705045 | 278705102 | 2009-03-21 09:15:01 | 0 days 00:00:43 | 6984319 | 0 | " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | stephanie halteh built the berlin wall | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west | |
| 279820445 | 279835916 | 2009-03-26 17:42:54 | 0 days 01:28:32 | 0|24.106.235.42 | 1 | {st@rt} | : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] | . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " | |
| 280886598 | 280931872 | 2009-03-31 20:18:46 | 0 days 03:55:44 | 0|38.116.202.19 | 0 | {st@rt} | = = ' ' ' garbadge wed site . [[ ' ' ' garbadge wed site . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' garbadge wed site . < ref > ' ' ' garbadge wed site . < / ref > ' ' ' ' ' ]] = = | : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view | |
| 280931872 | 280931932 | 2009-03-31 20:19:03 | 0 days 00:00:17 | 1879566 | 0 | {st@rt} | = = ' ' ' garbadge wed site . [[ ' ' ' garbadge wed site . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' garbadge wed site . < ref > ' ' ' garbadge wed site . < / ref > ' ' ' ' ' ]] = = | : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view | |
| 285306573 | 285306642 | 2009-04-21 20:31:57 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 1891004 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} | : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view | |
| 288317903 | 288319667 | 2009-05-06 18:55:10 | 0 days 00:10:11 | 6999039 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} | : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view | |
| 289279325 | 289279638 | 2009-05-11 16:39:23 | 0 days 00:01:55 | 0|75.133.78.162 | 0 | {st@rt} | it went boom | : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view | |
| 289279638 | 289279765 | 2009-05-11 16:40:03 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 7167267 | 0 | {st@rt} | it went boom | : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view | |
| 289369943 | 289370073 | 2009-05-12 01:16:37 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 2853673 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ pp - vandalism | small = yes }} | : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view | |
| 292030037 | 292112571 | 2009-05-24 23:21:44 | 0 days 07:26:26 | 1322359 | 1 | soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . | * | ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and | |
| 296390210 | 296407548 | 2009-06-14 19:56:02 | 0 days 01:46:14 | 6999039 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ pp - vandalism | small = yes }} | : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view | |
| 296836155 | 296857603 | 2009-06-16 23:48:30 | 0 days 02:12:01 | 6984319 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ pp - vandalism | small = yes }} | : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view | |
| 299164112 | 299165691 | 2009-06-28 19:04:01 | 0 days 00:10:50 | 0|75.2.134.42 | 2 | east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all | of | berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit | |
| 299564195 | 299569196 | 2009-06-30 20:08:18 | 0 days 00:27:12 | 6999039 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ pp - move - indef }} | {{ pp - vandalism | small = yes }} | : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | |
| 305728347 | 305728482 | 2009-08-03 00:59:25 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|67.163.100.198 | 0 | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ harry | s . | truman ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , truman challenged | |
| 306539582 | 306540083 | 2009-08-07 04:46:29 | 0 days 00:04:37 | 6984319 | 7 | travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train | travellers | travelers | . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel |
| 308670641 | 308694705 | 2009-08-18 15:00:18 | 0 days 02:45:34 | 8902327 | 0 | . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | the | butt | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german |
| 308720606 | 308730077 | 2009-08-18 18:30:17 | 0 days 00:53:57 | 0|69.116.35.17 | 0 | . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | butt | the | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german |
| 308730077 | 308751833 | 2009-08-18 20:32:57 | 0 days 02:02:40 | 323132 | 0 | . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | the | butt | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german |
| 308756619 | 308787101 | 2009-08-19 00:06:52 | 0 days 03:07:52 | 437229 | 0 | . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | butt | the | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german |
| 311905684 | 311933749 | 2009-09-05 01:02:20 | 0 days 03:22:02 | 6877720 | 3 | . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | | - | | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the | |
| 312095287 | 312349275 | 2009-09-07 09:44:34 | 1 days 09:55:26 | 0|212.101.24.151 | 0 | eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross | ? | = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually | |
| 312349275 | 312380361 | 2009-09-07 13:26:51 | 0 days 03:42:17 | 6971250 | 0 | eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross | ? | = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually | |
| 312380361 | 312585957 | 2009-09-08 13:35:34 | 1 days 00:08:43 | 0|194.202.122.223 | 0 | to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . | in the 1980s visiting westerners had to purchase a day visa for 5 dm and also exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of 1 : 1 . | ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . | |
| 312585957 | 312586456 | 2009-09-08 13:39:06 | 0 days 00:03:32 | 0|194.202.122.223 | 0 | berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . in the 1980s | the day visa cost 5 dm . one also | ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 | |
| 312587103 | 312587321 | 2009-09-08 13:46:35 | 0 days 00:02:04 | 6971250 | 0 | military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls | ; | , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . | likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements |
| 1 | ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise | , | ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . | ||||||
| 312587321 | 312588680 | 2009-09-08 13:57:31 | 0 days 00:10:56 | 0|194.202.122.223 | 5 | german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency | out of the east but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits | . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august | |
| 6 | currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency . | tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . | ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 | ||||||
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 144 | in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] | , ' ' an die freude ' ' | ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' | |
| 149 | s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " | ) changed to ' ' freiheit | ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from | ||||||
| 171 | symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " | ' ' ( freiheit | ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the | ||||||
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 5 | s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , ' ' an die freude ' ' ( " [[ ode to joy ]] " ) | . this had | with | the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' ' ( " freedom " ) in the text sung . the orchestra |
| 165 | , ' ' an die freude ' ' ( " [[ ode to joy ]] " ) . this had the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " | ) changed to ' ' freiheit | ' ' ( " freedom " ) in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom | ||||||
| 316135766 | 316135931 | 2009-09-25 15:12:42 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 0|64.18.44.15 | 0 | east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to | the wall | andy russell | ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many |
| 316135931 | 316136300 | 2009-09-25 15:15:06 | 0 days 00:02:24 | 518872 | 1 | east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to | andy russell | the wall | ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many |
| 316487238 | 316592493 | 2009-09-28 00:27:11 | 0 days 10:50:20 | 0|64.18.36.165 | 0 | east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to | the wall | andy russell | ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many |
| 318091580 | 318274763 | 2009-10-06 16:40:43 | 0 days 22:27:51 | 1476858 | 2 | those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other | ' ' ' | western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for | |
| 4 | possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . | ' ' ' | west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december | ||||||
| 6 | to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . | ' ' ' | east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained | ||||||
| 13 | the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel | ' ' ' | and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or | ||||||
| 322000370 | 322274629 | 2009-10-27 03:17:35 | 1 days 06:39:48 | 82982 | 10 | _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , | {{ lang | de | | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - | |
| 57 | wall in 1989 ]] --> protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting | " | {{ lang | de | | ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' | |||||
| 70 | in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : | ' ' ' | * ' ' ' road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints | ||||||
| 72 | to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant | " | ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the | ||||||
| 324825240 | 324825497 | 2009-11-09 11:53:35 | 0 days 00:02:53 | 0|87.36.53.53 | 0 | of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of | s flynn is a dirty whore | the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 , < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer | |
| 324827069 | 324827399 | 2009-11-09 12:12:01 | 0 days 00:03:27 | 98320 | 0 | of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of | s flynn is a dirty whore | the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 , < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer | |
| 325190185 | 325190637 | 2009-11-11 05:07:12 | 0 days 00:04:20 | 10857892 | 7 | built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . | the | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) | |
| 8 | a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . the ' | ' ' berlin wall | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] | ||||||
| 325218548 | 325218944 | 2009-11-11 09:54:29 | 0 days 00:05:02 | 6971250 | 4 | berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel | < br / > ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > | ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall | |
| 9 | removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] | * | ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall | ||||||
| 336304502 | 336304791 | 2010-01-07 00:17:21 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 0|99.13.65.208 | 0 | {st@rt} | ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' | ' ' ' ' ' ' the berlin wall nocked down by josh farting sooo hard it just fell > . < ' ' ' ' ' ' {{ pp - | |
| 336829512 | 336831441 | 2010-01-09 17:49:45 | 0 days 00:11:53 | 10141256 | 2 | for many years after reunification , there still was talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | | ossi | ossis | ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head |
| 337514893 | 337515676 | 2010-01-13 02:02:48 | 0 days 00:05:17 | 11416782 | 0 | ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall is important | how are you | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr | |
| 337515676 | 337515845 | 2010-01-13 02:04:04 | 0 days 00:01:16 | 11416782 | 0 | polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall is important how are you | im fine | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr | |
| 337515845 | 337516047 | 2010-01-13 02:05:41 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 11416782 | 0 | ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall is important | how are you im fine | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr | |
| 343535162 | 343773536 | 2010-02-13 17:47:19 | 1 days 04:57:14 | 5326371 | 12 | {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers | , including | . these included | the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by |
| 17 | in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby | . | ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if | ||||||
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 8 | installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 an english | - | [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = because of | |
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 42 | . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / ] ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel | < br / > | * * | ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas |
| 43 | - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . | * * | ' ' [[ the lives of others ]] ' ' , award - winning german film about the east german stasi , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ the | ||||||
| 45 | thomas ]] in the leading role . ' ' [[ the lives of others ]] ' ' , award - winning german film about the east german stasi , 2006 < | references | ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ iron curtain | ||||||
| 356250524 | 356250740 | 2010-04-15 21:09:03 | 0 days 00:01:20 | 0|24.163.70.153 | 1 | {st@rt} ' ' ' [[ [[ i warn that this page could at any time be edited by the public and the information may not be valid | ]] ]] | ' ' ' {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ | |
| 356283811 | 356284386 | 2010-04-16 00:39:20 | 0 days 00:03:56 | 0|216.118.158.85 | 0 | line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } hey ryan macdonald ! | natzies man ! there freakin natzies ! ( hi dryden ! ) | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr | |
| 362093344 | 362094029 | 2010-05-14 14:00:38 | 0 days 00:04:55 | 334792 | 1 | " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . ' ' ' mariah justice is awesome and | dont use wikipedia : p because its unreliable | much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] | . ' ' ' the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} |
| 365768478 | 365795613 | 2010-06-03 08:50:04 | 0 days 04:36:54 | 6971250 | 2 | - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . | * * ' ' [[ the lives of others ]] ' ' , award - winning german film about the east german stasi , 2006 | * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ | |
| 366512975 | 366521234 | 2010-06-07 08:27:18 | 0 days 01:15:10 | 6971250 | 3 | . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . com ] < / ref > * * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about | a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel | an olympic athlete who defects . director [[ george marshall ]] | * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ |
| 366521234 | 366522148 | 2010-06-07 08:36:01 | 0 days 00:08:43 | 6971250 | 2 | for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ tunnel , the | tunnel | ]] ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , the wall . film by r . s . richter * [[ iron curtain ]] | |
| 3 | ' ' , 1981 - a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route | * | * ' ' [[ tunnel , the ]] ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , the wall . film by r . s | ||||||
| 368159388 | 368177016 | 2010-06-15 13:56:04 | 0 days 02:01:59 | 89179 | 20 | ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the | eastern | bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland | |
| 383668607 | 383689635 | 2010-09-08 18:44:09 | 0 days 02:09:52 | 0|75.60.173.231 | 0 | ' ' , 1981 - a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route | * | * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 - dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by r | |
| 386987387 | 387039407 | 2010-09-26 01:09:06 | 0 days 05:47:45 | 2991287 | 2 | ' ' , 1981 - a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route | * * ' ' [[ the innocent ( 1993 film ) | the innocent ]] ' ' , 1993 - about the joint [[ cia ]] / [[ mi6 ]] operation to build a tunnel under east berlin in the 1950s . directed by [[ john schlesinger ]] | * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 - dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by | |
| 387172021 | 387194906 | 2010-09-26 21:27:38 | 0 days 02:18:39 | 2991287 | 0 | ' ' , 1981 - a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route | * * ' ' [[ something to do with the wall ]] ' ' , 1991 - documentary shot just before and after the wall came down , by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine | * * ' ' [[ the innocent ( 1993 film ) | the innocent ]] ' ' , 1993 - about the joint [[ cia ]] / [[ mi6 ]] operation | |
| 388820175 | 388862767 | 2010-10-05 09:40:58 | 0 days 06:46:43 | 6971250 | 0 | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the what later became known as | the | ' ' the death strip ' ' . the death strip ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see | |
| 400217192 | 400251407 | 2010-12-03 03:16:12 | 0 days 04:06:05 | 0|67.11.7.6 | 2 | in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and | soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | you should arrest her because this might be illigal ! ! ! | | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( |
| 400251407 | 400251431 | 2010-12-03 03:16:24 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 13286072 | 3 | {st@rt} frances rodriguez did this editing because she is retarted and now you dont know about the berlin wall you know about my ugly nasty sister and | you should arrest her because this might be illigal ! ! ! | soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( |
| 401678973 | 401679143 | 2010-12-10 21:47:22 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 6848259 | 0 | com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002 / the - berlin - wall - rise - and - fall the berlin wall : rise and fall ] | - | – | slideshow by ' ' [[ life magazine ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display |
| 1 | - berlin - wall - my - part - in - its - fall - by - roland - pietsch - germany fall of the wall : my school trip ] | - | – | slideshow by ' ' [[ the first post ]] ' ' * [ https : / / www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in | |||||
| 404623374 | 404706835 | 2010-12-28 21:38:50 | 0 days 09:35:37 | 0|69.158.87.224 | 0 | ]] ' ' , 1965 - cold war classic set on both sides of the wall , from the book by john le carré , directed by [[ martin ritt ]] | * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 - spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] , directed by [[ guy hamilton ]] | * * ' ' [[ the wicked dreams of paula schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 - cold war spy farce about an olympic athlete who defects . director [[ george | |
| 420447970 | 422046294 | 2011-04-02 22:14:24 | 9 days 15:56:56 | 1426328 | 2 | the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 | | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f | |
| 429636376 | 430308282 | 2011-05-22 06:51:55 | 4 days 08:05:37 | 3705239 | 0 | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 – 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( | |
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 28 | places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 | - | – | 1989 ' ' , london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy |
| 472781538 | 474160201 | 2012-01-31 04:52:54 | 7 days 17:49:16 | 4973943 | 0 | communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protection | rampart | wall | ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de |
| 2 | and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist | ]] | protection rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully | ||||||
| 474160201 | 474175714 | 2012-01-31 07:52:49 | 0 days 02:59:55 | 6971250 | 1 | germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' anti - fascist | ]] | protection wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully | |
| 2 | and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' anti - fascist protection | wall | rampart | ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de | |||||
| 495094589 | 495435112 | 2012-06-01 10:19:08 | 2 days 02:01:31 | 1276024 | 0 | berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 | * * ' ' [[ the road to the wall ]] ' ' , a 1962 documentary film | * * ' ' the boy and the wall ' ' spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . | |
| 505558329 | 506362125 | 2012-08-08 08:38:19 | 4 days 22:07:23 | 9013713 | 1 | jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : " [[ tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] {{ listen | | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | thumb | | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 |
| 511602144 | 511923272 | 2012-09-11 22:32:56 | 2 days 00:15:53 | 13799985 | 0 | [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | [[ file : west and east berlin . svg | thumb | 350px | < center > west and east berlin border after berlin wall was built in 1961 {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _ and _ east _ berlin interactive map ] ) }} ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , | |
| 553106649 | 553801374 | 2013-05-06 16:29:15 | 4 days 18:39:32 | 3106684 | 0 | 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters — by most accounts , [[ | nbc | agenzia nazionale stampa associata | ansa | ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw ]] — asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day |
| 580930170 | 580957593 | 2013-11-09 22:18:25 | 0 days 03:47:52 | 400707 | 2 | film broadcast in december 1962 * * ' ' [[ the road to the wall ]] ' ' , a 1962 documentary film * * ' ' the boy and the | * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : | wall ' ' spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . | |
| 4 | ]] ' ' , 1965 – cold war classic set on both sides of the wall , from the book by john le carré , directed by [[ martin ritt ]] | ball and the hole in the | * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' ' , 1965 – | ||||||
| 5 | [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] , directed by [[ guy hamilton ]] | , | * * ' ' [[ the wicked dreams of paula schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 – cold war spy farce about an olympic athlete who defects . director [[ george | ||||||
| 6 | ' ' , 1981 – a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route | * * ' ' [[ casino royale ( 1967 film ) | casino royale ]] ' ' , 1967 – featuring a segment centred around a house apparently bisected by the wall . | * * ' ' [[ something to do with the wall ]] ' ' , 1991 – documentary shot just before and after the wall came down , by [[ ross | ||||||
| 580957593 | 580957869 | 2013-11-09 22:20:29 | 0 days 00:02:04 | 400707 | 1 | ' , 1981 – a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route . | * * ' ' [[ something to do with the wall ]] ' ' , 1991 – documentary shot just before and after the wall came down , by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine | * * ' ' [[ the innocent ( 1993 film ) | the innocent ]] ' ' , 1993 – about the joint [[ cia ]] / [[ mi6 ]] operation | |
| 590849769 | 590964946 | 2014-01-16 13:37:35 | 0 days 19:20:34 | 736651 | 14 | press archive | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > * video games related to the berlin wall * * the " first strike " downloadable content pack for | 2010 ' s | 2010s | ' ' [[ call of duty : black ops ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) = = |
| 593520854 | 594610725 | 2014-02-09 02:56:42 | 7 days 00:56:29 | 14418888 | 0 | appeared on [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . * * the music video for [[ | princess x ( musician ) | princess x | liza fox | ]] ' s song " free " ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http |
| 623943583 | 629623801 | 2014-10-14 20:43:44 | 41 days 18:59:13 | 5495886 | 2 | of east german citizens . finally , at 10 : 45 pm , the guards yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . | < ref name = spiegelonline > {{ cite news | title = the guard who opened the berlin wall : ' i gave my people the order - - raise the barrier ' | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / international / germany / the - guard - who - opened - the - berlin - wall - i - gave - my - people - the - order - raise - the - barrier - a - 660128 . html | accessdate = 14 october 2014 | publisher = [[ spiegel online ]] | date = 9 november 2014 }} < / ref > | as the ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' ' swarmed through , they were greeted by ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' waiting | |
| 633021579 | 633040519 | 2014-11-09 02:15:56 | 0 days 02:47:56 | 10340692 | 6 | / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall – official | - | ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ | |
| 25 | _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html explore the former inner german border with dw ' s animated video ] * [ | http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian | ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ | ||||||
| 653993858 | 656846739 | 2015-04-17 03:15:54 | 18 days 21:58:41 | 14348183 | 0 | [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . | * * [[ david bowie ]] ' s " [[ heroes ( david bowie song ) | heroes ]] " was inspired by the image of a couple kissing at the berlin wall ( in reality , the couple was his producer [[ tony visconti ]] and backup singer [[ antonia maaß ]] ) . the song ( which , along with the [[ heroes ( david bowie album ) | album of the same name ]] , were recorded in berlin ) , makes lyrical references to the kissing couple , and to the " wall of shame " ( " the shame was on the other side " ) . | * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }} | |
| 685909337 | 686641093 | 2015-10-20 10:56:21 | 4 days 15:31:12 | 3662182 | 0 | the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] | protection rampart | protective wall | ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in |
| 693934983 | 693973160 | 2015-12-06 06:15:07 | 0 days 06:42:01 | 30225 | 0 | ' , 1981 – a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route . | * * ' ' [[ the soldier ( film ) | the soldier ]] ' ' , 1982 - a renegade kgb team put nuclear weapons in saudi arabia to force america to make the israelis pull out of the west bank and gaza strip the saudi oil fields will make 50 % of the world ' s oil radioactive for decades . the title character of the movie has a team break into a missile silo in [[ smith center , kansas [[ to obtain independent launch capability . , then he and an israeli security agent drive an automobile from west germany ' ' over the berlin wall into east germany ' ' where he informs the kgb agents that if the nuke goes off in saudi arabia , his team in kansas will nuke moscow . | * * ' ' [[ the innocent ( 1993 film ) | the innocent ]] ' ' , 1993 – about the joint [[ cia ]] / [[ mi6 ]] operation | |
| 699461299 | 699864491 | 2016-01-14 22:53:12 | 2 days 09:20:01 | 940017 | 0 | berlin ) , makes lyrical references to the kissing couple , and to the " wall of shame " ( " the shame was on the other side " ) . | upon his death , the [[ german foreign office ]] paid homage to bowie on twitter . < ref > http : / / www . marketwatch . com / story / death - of - david - bowie - sparks - howls - of - anguish - across - social - media - 2016 - 01 - 11 < / ref > | * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }} | |
| 733515231 | 734284492 | 2016-08-13 08:26:57 | 4 days 22:04:07 | 80913 | 4 | berlin gig rock the wall ? | url = http : / / www . thelocal . de / opinion / 20130709 - 50749 . html | work = the local | - | – | germany ' s news in english | publisher = the local - germany ' s news in english | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }} |
| 5 | / www . thelocal . de / opinion / 20130709 - 50749 . html | work = the local - germany ' s news in english | publisher = the local | - | – | germany ' s news in english | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its [[ free german youth | |||||
| 738198431 | 738865701 | 2016-09-11 14:47:01 | 4 days 00:24:17 | 19921271 | 0 | raus ! " }} ' ' ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant ' ' {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben hier | ! | " }} ' ' , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution | |
| 749083438 | 749172446 | 2016-11-12 21:38:14 | 0 days 13:26:19 | 7611264 | 1 | }} < / ref > see also [[ berlin wall # david bowie . 2c 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur | | nl | }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }} , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period | |
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 0 | and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist | ]] protective wall | protection rampart | ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in |
| 25 | and defection ]] that had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the | " | ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protective wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the | ||||||
| 798241666 | 800698581 | 2017-09-15 03:51:19 | 14 days 08:23:33 | 10031342 | 5 | | emigration and defection ]] that had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to | the berlin wall | as the ' ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ | |
| 10 | {{ cite web | title = berlin wall : five things you might not know | date = 12 august 2011 | publisher = ' ' [[ telegraph media group | | ' ' | the telegraph ]] ' ' | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / 8698446 / berlin - wall - five | ||||||
| 823238815 | 823239462 | 2018-01-31 01:50:53 | 0 days 00:04:27 | 32940610 | 11 | 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , | known as ' ' ' | called | berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification |
| 845242425 | 845346007 | 2018-06-11 05:24:11 | 0 days 16:38:45 | 508734 | 3 | id / 593791 / page / 0 bundeszentrale für politische bildung : ' ' ministerium für staatssicherheit der ddr ' ' ] , siehe : ' ' statistiken + „grenzsicherung in | berlin“ | berlin " | ' ' 1989 . < / ref > ! length ( km ) ! description | - | style = " text - align : right " | 156 . 4 |
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| 732530 | 732537 | 2003-03-08 21:13:53 | 0 days 02:40:23 | 4388 | 11 | ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering [[ west germany ]] . the wall physically divided the city into | [[ | west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly | |
| 1744576 | 1744581 | 2003-11-15 23:19:05 | 0 days 00:03:05 | 2 | 0 | berlinmuren ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long wall isolating | [[ | west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . < div style = " float | |
| 3416164 | 3551635 | 2004-05-02 09:12:00 | 3 days 12:28:42 | 4388 | 1 | {st@rt} the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long wall | ]] | isolating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . | |
| 5185051 | 5185067 | 2004-08-13 16:18:57 | 0 days 06:13:43 | 56563 | 3 | 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ | wall | barrier | ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] |
| 4 | ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] | isolating | sealing | [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = | |||||
| 5185067 | 5185087 | 2004-08-13 16:19:44 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 56563 | 1 | ' ' [[ berlin ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ barrier | ]] | sealing [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . | |
| 5185087 | 5185152 | 2004-08-13 16:21:24 | 0 days 00:01:40 | 56563 | 1 | ' ' ' [[ berlin ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long barrier | | barrier ]] | sealing [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . | |
| 5185152 | 5185184 | 2004-08-13 16:23:55 | 0 days 00:02:31 | 56563 | 0 | ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] | sealing | seperating | [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = |
| 7264285 | 7264727 | 2004-11-09 17:43:00 | 0 days 00:00:43 | 0|4.28.170.237 | 0 | ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] | seperating | separating | [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and the german |
| 12728367 | 12839942 | 2005-04-23 23:23:03 | 1 days 04:42:38 | 58229 | 0 | . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into | the french sector of | [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] | |
| 24151055 | 24156661 | 2005-09-27 13:29:22 | 0 days 01:47:28 | 0|205.202.36.246 | 6 | ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier | ]] | separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' | |
| 7 | [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating | [[ | west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer | ||||||
| 24156661 | 24156863 | 2005-09-27 13:33:41 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 340905 | 5 | {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier | ]] | separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was | |
| 6 | {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating | [[ | west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was to | ||||||
| 28350981 | 28351189 | 2005-11-15 01:33:53 | 0 days 00:02:05 | 6661 | 0 | ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into | the french sector of | [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ | |
| 38011274 | 38438231 | 2006-02-06 08:23:48 | 2 days 16:14:24 | 58229 | 0 | ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into | the french sector of | [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ | |
| 40378504 | 40459448 | 2006-02-20 18:39:58 | 0 days 14:44:59 | 386031 | 3 | west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between | [[ | east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . | |
| 40898814 | 40900018 | 2006-02-23 19:38:26 | 0 days 00:09:50 | 89179 | 4 | ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] | separating | between | [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany ' s border was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only remained open in [[ berlin ]] . the |
| 13 | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | | barrier | ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany ' s border was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only remained open in [[ berlin ]] | ||||||
| 41746791 | 41761508 | 2006-03-01 15:37:50 | 0 days 02:21:39 | 24373 | 27 | ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | ' ' . | | location = | [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / |
| 69463997 | 69483685 | 2006-08-14 00:26:30 | 0 days 02:09:12 | 0|139.80.123.40 | 0 | 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers | between | from | east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it |
| 69483685 | 69484267 | 2006-08-14 00:30:06 | 0 days 00:03:36 | 0|139.80.123.40 | 0 | part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily | between | from | east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall |
| 108864819 | 108983175 | 2007-02-18 03:18:19 | 0 days 10:18:32 | 0|124.191.185.188 | 0 | was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between | the | [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was | |
| 108983175 | 108986401 | 2007-02-18 03:35:56 | 0 days 00:17:37 | 101696 | 0 | was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between | the | [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was | |
| 117051528 | 117073720 | 2007-03-22 17:30:04 | 0 days 01:39:41 | 0|147.31.4.47 | 1 | }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a | [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east | noob | berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in |
| 128649094 | 128649435 | 2007-05-06 14:20:44 | 0 days 00:01:57 | 0|70.144.11.235 | 0 | protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ | east berlin | east | pictionary | ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following |
| 131271056 | 131295367 | 2007-05-16 14:22:39 | 0 days 02:28:41 | 0|216.162.28.202 | 0 | - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border | between | betwen | [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was |
| 162088831 | 162097147 | 2007-10-03 21:04:01 | 0 days 00:39:48 | 400903 | 0 | ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | | barrier | ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ westberlin ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische | |
| 1 | {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] | between | separating | [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ westberlin ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] | |||||
| 162484765 | 162838184 | 2007-10-07 10:15:05 | 1 days 17:35:07 | 0|58.179.236.38 | 0 | | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ | west berlin | lauren | ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin |
| 168657729 | 168861219 | 2007-11-03 01:52:40 | 0 days 22:29:04 | 0|74.69.103.29 | 0 | berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states | . oh yeah kyle is in your german class . he is cooler than you | = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and | |
| 168861219 | 168866519 | 2007-11-03 02:25:40 | 0 days 00:33:00 | 0|71.106.160.237 | 0 | ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states . | oh yeah kyle is in your german class . he is cooler than you | rick loves xtian | = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and |
| 168866519 | 168892585 | 2007-11-03 05:31:30 | 0 days 03:05:50 | 0|69.251.112.141 | 0 | ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states . | rick loves xtian | = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and | |
| 169314403 | 169317962 | 2007-11-05 05:22:53 | 0 days 00:29:42 | 0|98.203.254.150 | 0 | berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states | . | = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and | |
| 169452240 | 169482984 | 2007-11-05 23:25:36 | 0 days 02:27:51 | 0|71.235.15.37 | 0 | [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall | divided | equalized | [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was |
| 169482984 | 169607768 | 2007-11-06 15:06:22 | 0 days 15:40:46 | 200509 | 0 | [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall | equalized | divided | [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was |
| 170955559 | 171328388 | 2007-11-14 00:42:00 | 1 days 11:14:07 | 5809976 | 2 | [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall | divided | joined forces with mars and neptune | [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was |
| 171328388 | 171330844 | 2007-11-14 00:55:02 | 0 days 00:13:02 | 0|83.24.232.6 | 1 | [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ civil war of monkeies in balerina outfits eating pancakes going up the pyrimid of wakawakadoodooyeah ]] , the wall | joined forces with mars and neptune | divided | [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 97549375683254 years , from the day destructio began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was |
| 172706302 | 172709053 | 2007-11-20 15:03:04 | 0 days 00:16:10 | 0|204.82.110.88 | 1 | a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany [[ cold war ]] , the wall | divided | stretches around the same size as joey blakely . | [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was |
| 172709545 | 172765573 | 2007-11-20 20:18:04 | 0 days 05:12:37 | 0|216.138.75.50 | 0 | ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany [[ cold war ]] , | . | [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was | |
| 172765573 | 172766139 | 2007-11-20 20:20:51 | 0 days 00:02:47 | 0|216.138.75.50 | 0 | de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany | [[ cold war ]] , | ]] . the wall divided | [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was |
| 173356654 | 173359524 | 2007-11-23 22:14:51 | 0 days 00:16:48 | 137113 | 0 | day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross across the wall | to | into | west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 |
| 181439442 | 181459618 | 2008-01-01 22:25:14 | 0 days 01:53:45 | 0|208.58.34.139 | 2 | ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided | ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' | [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was | |
| 181459618 | 181459680 | 2008-01-01 22:25:34 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 961280 | 2 | ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . ' ' ' the wall divided | ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' | [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was | |
| 185954766 | 186016040 | 2008-01-22 01:34:12 | 0 days 04:42:37 | 0|209.203.176.10 | 0 | the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the | wall | wall6tty | divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it |
| 186016040 | 186020848 | 2008-01-22 01:59:50 | 0 days 00:25:38 | 2537811 | 0 | the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the | wall6tty | wall | divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it |
| 186825989 | 186840019 | 2008-01-25 16:56:38 | 0 days 01:16:13 | 0|71.41.129.70 | 0 | ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided | [[ east berlin | east ]] | mrs . heller | and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this |
| 186840019 | 186840155 | 2008-01-25 16:57:27 | 0 days 00:00:49 | 0|71.41.129.70 | 0 | ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided | mrs . heller | east berlin | and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this |
| 186840155 | 186840524 | 2008-01-25 16:59:29 | 0 days 00:02:02 | 0|71.41.129.70 | 1 | ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided | east berlin | and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this | |
| 186840524 | 186840588 | 2008-01-25 16:59:53 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 0|71.41.129.70 | 0 | ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided | east berlin | and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this | |
| 188178589 | 188209668 | 2008-01-31 19:26:33 | 0 days 02:30:21 | 0|209.56.64.253 | 0 | ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . | the wall divided east berlin | lukas georgeff was a big meany head | and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this |
| 1 | the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and | was as stupid as a pencil . | [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period | ||||||
| 188209668 | 188209811 | 2008-01-31 19:27:11 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 6227797 | 1 | of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . lukas georgeff was a big meany head and | was as stupid as a pencil . | [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period | |
| 188385606 | 188405306 | 2008-02-01 16:54:15 | 0 days 01:52:34 | 0|71.41.129.70 | 1 | strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating | [[ west berlin ]] | chicken | from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the |
| 199160653 | 199166041 | 2008-03-18 20:20:56 | 0 days 00:21:31 | 0|24.92.144.174 | 0 | ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall | divided | brought = = | east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . |
| 1 | ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east | = = | berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during | ||||||
| 199166041 | 199176300 | 2008-03-18 21:01:00 | 0 days 00:40:04 | 0|84.92.120.196 | 0 | ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall | brought = = | separated | east = = berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in |
| 200564084 | 200566963 | 2008-03-24 16:26:09 | 0 days 00:13:55 | 0|168.216.92.2 | 0 | ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall | separated | gave birth by sex in | east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . |
| 200566963 | 200567003 | 2008-03-24 16:26:18 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 5617557 | 0 | ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall | gave birth by sex in | separated | east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . |
| 201458661 | 201463684 | 2008-03-28 00:47:59 | 0 days 00:25:03 | 0|63.246.171.206 | 0 | ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall | separated | connected | east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . |
| 201463684 | 201487322 | 2008-03-28 02:51:58 | 0 days 02:03:59 | 911178 | 0 | ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall | connected | separated | east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . |
| 203049740 | 203050010 | 2008-04-03 14:35:23 | 0 days 00:01:29 | 0|208.108.155.10 | 0 | ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated | east berlin and | butt cheeks | [[ north east berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this |
| 203050010 | 203050208 | 2008-04-03 14:36:30 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 2775239 | 0 | ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated | butt cheeks | east berlin and | [[ north east berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this |
| 210264591 | 210264687 | 2008-05-05 06:05:12 | 0 days 00:00:49 | 911178 | 0 | ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated | [[ | east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . | |
| 1 | demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east berlin | ]] | and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this | ||||||
| 235494793 | 235622940 | 2008-09-01 16:56:31 | 0 days 15:23:31 | 0|71.226.131.21 | 0 | ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall | separated | diverted | [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989 , and |
| 235622940 | 235623131 | 2008-09-01 16:57:32 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 5887992 | 0 | ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall | diverted | separated | [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989 , and |
| 239453915 | 239456329 | 2008-09-19 03:25:00 | 0 days 00:12:32 | 736477 | 12 | , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = barrier between | consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] | between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin | |
| 240527995 | 240571674 | 2008-09-24 00:23:26 | 0 days 03:27:09 | 0|67.191.11.141 | 1 | " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | | barrier | barr * * * * * * shalalala * * * * * * * ier | ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' |
| 240571674 | 240572171 | 2008-09-24 00:25:45 | 0 days 00:02:19 | 911178 | 1 | death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a hello kitty [[ separation barrier | | barr * * * * * * shalalala * * * * * * * ier | barrier | ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' |
| 256882622 | 257062680 | 2008-12-10 15:13:21 | 0 days 20:07:35 | 0|168.184.223.107 | 0 | in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] | for all my single ladies | separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german | |
| 257062680 | 257065090 | 2008-12-10 15:28:16 | 0 days 00:14:55 | 1870582 | 0 | in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] | for all my single ladies | separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german | |
| 257283841 | 257284183 | 2008-12-11 15:16:00 | 0 days 00:02:26 | 0|168.184.255.133 | 0 | yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating | people like lilwayne from tyra and | [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border | |
| 257284183 | 257291690 | 2008-12-11 16:06:25 | 0 days 00:50:25 | 0|71.130.177.243 | 4 | freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into | ' ' ' | west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin | |
| 257291690 | 257299643 | 2008-12-11 16:51:58 | 0 days 00:45:33 | 352579 | 13 | yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating | people like stalin from tyra and | [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border | |
| 258174101 | 258203997 | 2008-12-15 21:27:47 | 0 days 02:21:00 | 0|76.217.13.119 | 0 | with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] | piece of shit | separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german |
| 258206239 | 258209070 | 2008-12-15 21:49:42 | 0 days 00:12:46 | 5177550 | 1 | with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin shit ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | piece of shit | physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] | separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german |
| 268961174 | 269234820 | 2009-02-08 00:55:12 | 1 days 06:33:13 | 0|68.94.13.35 | 1 | location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | | barrier | aid | ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner |
| 269234820 | 269234850 | 2009-02-08 00:55:24 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 981424 | 1 | location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation aid | | aid | barrier | ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east persia ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner |
| 289216105 | 289227657 | 2009-05-11 10:18:48 | 0 days 01:59:47 | 1301909 | 0 | in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] | separating | completely encircling | [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border |
| 296778899 | 296786653 | 2009-06-16 16:56:05 | 0 days 00:46:56 | 0|71.187.249.58 | 0 | east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall | separated | separating | east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ |
| 301746617 | 303049212 | 2009-07-20 01:29:07 | 7 days 04:58:14 | 0|203.97.254.115 | 0 | | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including | [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron | |
| 303049212 | 303065140 | 2009-07-20 03:35:51 | 0 days 02:06:44 | 1812810 | 0 | | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including | [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron | |
| 304807664 | 304813427 | 2009-07-29 04:28:07 | 0 days 00:41:10 | 6984319 | 22 | in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german | states | state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name | = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed |
| 315937033 | 316135766 | 2009-09-25 15:11:35 | 0 days 23:21:48 | 0|64.18.44.15 | 0 | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by | the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) | andy russel | completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east |
| 316135931 | 316136300 | 2009-09-25 15:15:06 | 0 days 00:02:24 | 518872 | 0 | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by | andy russel | the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) | completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east |
| 324422544 | 324469466 | 2009-11-07 15:15:06 | 0 days 07:49:57 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 2 | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely | encircling | encircled the city of | [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border |
| 324923280 | 324923860 | 2009-11-09 22:20:11 | 0 days 00:02:41 | 0|67.71.41.102 | 1 | lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the | city | country | of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed |
| 325101666 | 325109373 | 2009-11-10 20:21:24 | 0 days 00:40:22 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 1 | , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border | between | from | east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a |
| 350238859 | 350239234 | 2010-03-16 17:42:05 | 0 days 00:02:12 | 11648302 | 0 | lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city | of | oyeah hahahaf | [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a |
| 350241903 | 350242185 | 2010-03-16 17:58:35 | 0 days 00:01:32 | 0|209.183.152.194 | 0 | lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city | oyeah hahahaf | of | [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a |
| 362923271 | 363041154 | 2010-05-19 17:38:21 | 0 days 16:20:49 | 0|71.111.55.161 | 0 | ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of | [[ | west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a | |
| 508731872 | 508885202 | 2012-08-24 05:17:16 | 1 days 00:04:08 | 13940542 | 0 | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off | ( by land ) | [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east [[ germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video | |
| 514816402 | 515867543 | 2012-10-03 22:20:21 | 6 days 06:52:08 | 609725 | 9 | = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border | distance | around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | | |
| 610971867 | 610979419 | 2014-05-31 20:49:32 | 0 days 01:00:26 | 3308922 | 2 | . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > or suggesting that [[ capitalism ]] was somehow related to [[ fascism ]] . the | [[ | west berlin ]] city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning | |
| 615295062 | 618841270 | 2014-07-28 16:55:14 | 26 days 03:09:29 | 114091 | 7 | = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * length | of border | around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | |
| 752045266 | 760657011 | 2017-01-18 08:28:16 | 50 days 03:00:30 | 29937011 | 8 | map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier | ]] | that divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www | |
| 760740289 | 761201385 | 2017-01-21 15:51:57 | 2 days 19:27:40 | 96897 | 8 | ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( in [[ separation barrier | german ]] , berlin mauer ) was a barrier that divided [[ | east germany | germany ]] and separated [[ east | berlin ]] < nowiki / > from [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) of 13 august 1961 to 9 | |
| 771798170 | 772547948 | 2017-03-27 22:54:22 | 4 days 07:02:04 | 25744646 | 1 | ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that | physically and ideologically | divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . | |
| 810365760 | 810394251 | 2017-11-15 00:08:21 | 0 days 03:27:26 | 6554947 | 3 | have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping foreigners off the outer strip ; even | the | sidewalks of west berlin streets ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id | |
| 810990194 | 811107061 | 2017-11-19 15:29:48 | 0 days 18:45:36 | 6554947 | 2 | east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and | from | [[ east berlin ]] until government officials opened it in november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 | |
| 814621118 | 814764354 | 2017-12-10 20:15:35 | 0 days 21:20:10 | 6554947 | 3 | to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip ; | even | sidewalks of west berlin streets ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id |
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| 24151055 | 24156661 | 2005-09-27 13:29:22 | 0 days 01:47:28 | 0|205.202.36.246 | 36 | control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the | [[ | cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade | |
| 26467857 | 26918322 | 2005-10-30 22:25:26 | 5 days 02:16:53 | 0|205.188.116.204 | 49 | the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the | early phases of the [[ | cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade | |
| 26918322 | 26918978 | 2005-10-30 22:32:59 | 0 days 00:07:33 | 67107 | 38 | . project venona messages . rosenberg fbi files ( summary only ) heir to an execution — an hbo documentary by ivy meeropol , the grandaughter of ethel and julius . | a statement by the rosenberg ' s sons in support of their exoneration an interview with robert meeropol about the adoption mujeres riot : ethel rosenberg ( in spanish , includes numerous photos ) retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / ethel _ and _ julius _ rosenberg " categories : 1915 births | 1953 deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | | however , as the [[ | cold war spies | u . s . history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit this pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main |
| 40013833 | 40238138 | 2006-02-19 04:08:07 | 1 days 13:42:05 | 0|68.84.34.145 | 0 | * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s | * [ http : / / www . webpundit . net / pages / pundits / cp / columns / newberlinwall . htm the new berlin wall ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category | |
| 40238670 | 40238750 | 2006-02-19 04:14:24 | 0 days 00:00:51 | 69412 | 0 | * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s | * [ http : / / www . webpundit . net / pages / pundits / cp / columns / newberlinwall . htm the new berlin wall ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category | |
| 40460981 | 40648652 | 2006-02-22 01:28:28 | 1 days 06:34:58 | 386031 | 23 | the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] | : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s | {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category | |
| 42744056 | 42815657 | 2006-03-08 15:04:26 | 0 days 12:35:00 | 0|212.205.252.185 | 0 | com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany | |
| 42815657 | 42842651 | 2006-03-08 18:40:06 | 0 days 03:35:40 | 292494 | 0 | com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany | |
| 54072062 | 54072738 | 2006-05-19 18:58:27 | 0 days 00:04:45 | 0|158.59.209.88 | 0 | an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . abdul . com / playboy / anime / dell / shift / mouse / robertbillgates . html ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany | |
| 54072738 | 54072783 | 2006-05-19 18:58:44 | 0 days 00:00:17 | 175037 | 0 | an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . abdul . com / playboy / anime / dell / shift / mouse / robertbillgates . html ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany | |
| 64680479 | 64680926 | 2006-07-19 15:58:49 | 0 days 00:02:53 | 674991 | 0 | an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany | |
| 64680926 | 64681039 | 2006-07-19 15:59:34 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 674991 | 0 | an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany | |
| 64681039 | 64681069 | 2006-07-19 15:59:46 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 674991 | 0 | an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany | |
| 64681432 | 64682237 | 2006-07-19 16:07:06 | 0 days 00:04:50 | 157842 | 22 | personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp | dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany | |
| 64901261 | 65187878 | 2006-07-22 10:08:54 | 1 days 14:57:18 | 0|86.141.127.26 | 0 | an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / video . google . com / videoplay ? docid = - 7428851501542847413 berliner trance - a documentary suggesting that the fall of the berlin wall was the genesis for the world ' s biggest explosion in the popularity of dance music ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany | |
| 65187878 | 65187919 | 2006-07-22 10:09:18 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 0|86.141.127.26 | 0 | an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / video . google . com / videoplay ? docid = - 7428851501542847413 berliner trance - a documentary suggesting that the fall of the berlin wall was the genesis for the world ' s biggest explosion in the popularity of dance music ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany | |
| 65187919 | 65187954 | 2006-07-22 10:09:47 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 0|86.141.127.26 | 0 | an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / video . google . com / videoplay ? docid = - 7428851501542847413 berliner trance ] a documentary suggesting that the fall of the berlin wall was the genesis for the world ' s biggest explosion in the popularity of dance music ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany | |
| 65187954 | 65187980 | 2006-07-22 10:10:10 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 0|86.141.127.26 | 0 | an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / video . google . com / videoplay ? docid = - 7428851501542847413 berliner trance ] a documentary suggesting that the fall of the berlin wall was the genesis for the world ' s biggest explosion in the popularity of dance music ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany | |
| 69352457 | 69360399 | 2006-08-13 09:16:53 | 0 days 01:33:23 | 0|202.141.68.141 | 2 | - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany | |
| 69360399 | 69360441 | 2006-08-13 09:17:22 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 303874 | 2 | {st@rt} e a majorof the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany | |
| 74981139 | 75288754 | 2006-09-12 13:38:34 | 1 days 15:39:20 | 1114786 | 0 | an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall | {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany | |
| 76707176 | 76707285 | 2006-09-20 01:49:10 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 0|60.241.22.223 | 0 | wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall | www . fuckme . com | {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany | |
| 76707285 | 76707482 | 2006-09-20 01:50:22 | 0 days 00:01:12 | 57658 | 1 | wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall | www . fuckme . com | {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany | |
| 82214449 | 82286839 | 2006-10-18 21:13:20 | 0 days 06:41:04 | 0|216.164.60.172 | 0 | wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall | * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category | |
| 86978923 | 86988216 | 2006-11-10 19:08:05 | 0 days 00:49:24 | 0|168.254.226.29 | 0 | | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had | been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of | beenpoooooooooooooooop | [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west |
| 86988216 | 86988970 | 2006-11-10 19:12:25 | 0 days 00:04:20 | 572610 | 0 | | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had | beenpoooooooooooooooop | been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of | [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west |
| 104916475 | 104917460 | 2007-02-01 20:30:42 | 0 days 00:04:25 | 911178 | 1 | / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] | * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / a large number of colelcted images in the flickr berlin wall group ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category | |
| 105154508 | 105175281 | 2007-02-02 20:43:43 | 0 days 01:30:19 | 911178 | 2 | * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / a large number of colelcted images in the flickr berlin wall group ] | - - - - | {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category | |
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 77 | * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] | - - - - | {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category | |
| 161590174 | 161591955 | 2007-10-01 16:48:51 | 0 days 00:08:55 | 0|142.25.180.27 | 0 | * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] | a monkey is any member of either the new world monkeys or old world monkeys , two of the three groupings of simian primates , the third group being the apes . the new world monkeys are classified within the parvorder platyrrhini , whereas the old world monkeys ( superfamily cercopithecoidea ) form part of the parvorder catarrhini , which also includes the apes . thus , scientifically speaking , monkeys do not form a " natural group " , in that the old world monkeys are actually more closely related to the apes than they are to the new world species . there are 264 known extant species of monkey . because of their similarity to monkeys , apes such as chimpanzees and gibbons are often called monkeys in informal usage , though biologists do not consider them to be monkeys . conversely , due to its size ( up to 1 m ) the mandrill is often thought to be an ape , but it is actually an old world monkey . also , a few monkey species have the word " ape " in their common name . because they are not a single coherent group , monkeys do not have any particular traits that they all share and are not shared with the remaining group of simians , the apes . | {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category | |
| 161591955 | 161592987 | 2007-10-01 16:53:37 | 0 days 00:04:46 | 5451838 | 0 | * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] | a monkey is any member of either the new world monkeys or old world monkeys , two of the three groupings of simian primates , the third group being the apes . the new world monkeys are classified within the parvorder platyrrhini , whereas the old world monkeys ( superfamily cercopithecoidea ) form part of the parvorder catarrhini , which also includes the apes . thus , scientifically speaking , monkeys do not form a " natural group " , in that the old world monkeys are actually more closely related to the apes than they are to the new world species . there are 264 known extant species of monkey . because of their similarity to monkeys , apes such as chimpanzees and gibbons are often called monkeys in informal usage , though biologists do not consider them to be monkeys . conversely , due to its size ( up to 1 m ) the mandrill is often thought to be an ape , but it is actually an old world monkey . also , a few monkey species have the word " ape " in their common name . because they are not a single coherent group , monkeys do not have any particular traits that they all share and are not shared with the remaining group of simians , the apes . | {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category | |
| 172704334 | 172704821 | 2007-11-20 14:38:38 | 0 days 00:02:44 | 0|204.82.110.113 | 0 | mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as | an iconic symbol of the | nick flieger likes men | [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august |
| 172704821 | 172706114 | 2007-11-20 14:45:48 | 0 days 00:07:10 | 0|204.82.110.75 | 1 | was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as nick flieger likes | men | little boys | [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august |
| 172706114 | 172706302 | 2007-11-20 14:46:54 | 0 days 00:01:06 | 0|204.82.110.75 | 0 | de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany | as terry - lynch likes little boys | [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august | |
| 190370753 | 190525831 | 2008-02-11 02:22:08 | 0 days 14:44:45 | 0|64.215.123.218 | 0 | a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ | cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in | whats up | the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category |
| 191966360 | 191969270 | 2008-02-17 01:18:40 | 0 days 00:15:59 | 4237501 | 0 | * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] | photographer and artist a . m . hanson ' s series made during collapse of the berlin wall including * [ http : / / www . amhanson - photoworks . org / 148 . html " landscape in serial shadow " ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism | |
| 191969270 | 191980053 | 2008-02-17 02:27:48 | 0 days 01:09:08 | 1272154 | 0 | * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] | photographer and artist a . m . hanson ' s series made during collapse of the berlin wall including * [ http : / / www . amhanson - photoworks . org / 148 . html " landscape in serial shadow " ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism | |
| 194114628 | 194427756 | 2008-02-27 15:29:53 | 1 days 09:26:13 | 0|142.227.123.193 | 0 | * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] | hi | {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism | |
| 194427756 | 194429501 | 2008-02-27 15:39:29 | 0 days 00:09:36 | 137113 | 0 | * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] | hi | {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism | |
| 258133599 | 258134007 | 2008-12-15 15:47:51 | 0 days 00:02:16 | 0|71.130.177.243 | 2 | subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent | of | ofsshitt fuuuuucccccccccccccccck ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding |
| 258135144 | 258137090 | 2008-12-15 16:03:25 | 0 days 00:09:50 | 1430004 | 2 | subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent | ofsshitt fuuuuucccccccccccccccck ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | of | [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding |
| 299536269 | 299551518 | 2009-06-30 18:30:07 | 0 days 01:29:17 | 0|171.66.240.162 | 1 | * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] | = = = artistic expressions = = = * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for the 20th anniversary | {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : | |
| 299551518 | 299552541 | 2009-06-30 18:36:20 | 0 days 00:06:13 | 0|171.66.240.162 | 5 | = artistic expressions = = = * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for the 20th anniversary | since the berlin wall fell | {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : | |
| 299552541 | 299564195 | 2009-06-30 19:41:06 | 0 days 01:04:46 | 3308922 | 1 | * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] | = = = artistic expressions = = = * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin is a multimedia dance performance created for the 20th anniversary since the berlin wall fell | {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : | |
| 305113464 | 305129017 | 2009-07-30 19:09:17 | 0 days 01:31:41 | 0|130.218.10.1 | 1 | * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] | * [ http : / / hss . kennesaw . edu / about / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / ] | {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : | |
| 318041815 | 318091580 | 2009-10-05 18:12:52 | 0 days 04:33:21 | 10610393 | 0 | * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] | {{ secret police of communist europe }} | {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | |
| 370610424 | 371187573 | 2010-07-01 11:39:37 | 2 days 20:33:34 | 1160241 | 0 | the [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] | * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] | * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * | |
| 543081696 | 543449478 | 2013-03-11 16:36:57 | 1 days 19:35:08 | 1258165 | 0 | / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . {{ berlin wall }} | {{ secret police of communist europe }} | {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : |
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| 102788 | 102790 | 2002-06-22 18:16:03 | 5 days 16:18:17 | 59 | 8 | 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering the american , british or french sectors of berlin . the wall | physically | divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over 155km long . after the initial | |
| 794829 | 794836 | 2003-04-01 13:39:02 | 7 days 01:30:38 | 0|204.218.227.5 | 0 | " float : right " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall | ( there are dead homosexuals in the wall ) | , on november 16 , 1989 . ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians | |
| 794836 | 794852 | 2003-04-01 13:43:16 | 0 days 00:04:14 | 7361 | 0 | " float : right " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall | ( there are dead homosexuals in the wall ) | , on november 16 , 1989 . ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians | |
| 1012031 | 1092751 | 2003-06-08 12:37:20 | 31 days 17:34:08 | 9244 | 10 | germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . from [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] , the ' ' ' berlin wall | physically divided the city ; as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . | from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . it first consisted of | |
| 44 | germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . from [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] , the ' ' ' berlin wall | ' ' ' prevented | the citizens of east germany from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) | ||||||
| 2953568 | 2959424 | 2004-03-28 11:28:20 | 16 days 07:06:16 | 6815 | 2 | style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' berlin wall | ( | on | november 16 , 1989 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . |
| 4067832 | 4160094 | 2004-06-13 09:23:06 | 1 days 00:12:45 | 47506 | 5 | " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' remainder of berlin wall | ( | , | june 2003 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere |
| 4372888 | 4436401 | 2004-06-30 19:04:29 | 1 days 02:30:56 | 5894 | 0 | [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall | [[ category : berlin ]] | [[ category : cold war ]] | |
| 5178672 | 5180399 | 2004-08-13 07:38:57 | 0 days 05:29:34 | 24744 | 9 | deconstructed just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june | [[ | 2003 ]] not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near | |
| 7274103 | 7274236 | 2004-11-09 21:58:06 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 0|83.109.145.235 | 1 | = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | the fall of the berlin wall | , which | marked the symbolic end of the cold war . american poststamp commemorating the event . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its | |
| 9300388 | 9338110 | 2005-01-12 01:41:20 | 1 days 01:51:18 | 124371 | 0 | fences , walls , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . | bmp | jpg | | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 |
| 9649252 | 9658614 | 2005-01-25 19:38:59 | 1 days 06:21:33 | 26675 | 2 | | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' [[ berlin ]] [[ wall | ]] | ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin | |
| 19029093 | 19029187 | 2005-07-17 18:24:30 | 0 days 00:01:24 | 90467 | 0 | it , section by section . [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | left | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] | berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east | |
| 19029587 | 19041793 | 2005-07-17 22:11:28 | 0 days 03:37:56 | 28830 | 0 | = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] | berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east | |
| 19641332 | 19932121 | 2005-07-30 18:00:26 | 4 days 04:24:02 | 0|84.166.136.157 | 5 | . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall | , showing crossing points | and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) | ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] |
| 21210896 | 21211077 | 2005-08-17 11:45:59 | 0 days 00:05:22 | 169380 | 0 | its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | remains of the berlin wall | near [[ potsdamer platz ]] | , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section | |
| 24151055 | 24156661 | 2005-09-27 13:29:22 | 0 days 01:47:28 | 0|205.202.36.246 | 3 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall | on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ | german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ | |
| 24156661 | 24156863 | 2005-09-27 13:33:41 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 340905 | 1 | {st@rt} the berlin wall | on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ | german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities | |
| 27818117 | 27820034 | 2005-11-09 13:49:03 | 0 days 00:30:59 | 140999 | 0 | david hasselhoff ]] performed his song ' ' looking for freedom ' ' , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david | hasselhof | hasselhoff | has later ( perhaps jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to |
| 27851902 | 27852065 | 2005-11-09 20:45:02 | 0 days 00:01:48 | 140548 | 1 | is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ der tunnel ]] | ' ' | , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ | |
| 27961254 | 27961463 | 2005-11-10 21:57:48 | 0 days 00:02:13 | 0|67.38.154.248 | 1 | {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ | november 16 | octember 76 | ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' |
| 29803808 | 30122025 | 2005-12-04 16:27:45 | 3 days 02:28:25 | 0|24.61.150.223 | 0 | after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections . little is left of the wall in berlin | today | penius | . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) |
| 30122025 | 30122085 | 2005-12-04 16:28:28 | 0 days 00:00:43 | 0|24.61.150.223 | 0 | after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections . little is left of the wall in berlin | penius | . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) | |
| 31573472 | 31751925 | 2005-12-17 18:19:30 | 1 days 13:25:33 | 697368 | 0 | for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin and the wall in the early 80 ' s ] | [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures | |
| 35373255 | 35495895 | 2006-01-17 03:54:16 | 0 days 20:31:45 | 0|208.180.17.49 | 1 | . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall | . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | because | he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas |
| 35495895 | 35495922 | 2006-01-17 03:54:31 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 130135 | 1 | , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ vin diesel ]] knocked down the berlin wall | because | . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | he " didn ' t like the way it was looking at him " . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 |
| 2 | an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ vin diesel ]] knocked down the berlin wall because he | " | was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he | didn ' t like the way it was looking at him " . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ | |||||
| 35656744 | 35886672 | 2006-01-20 00:46:46 | 1 days 15:21:06 | 416830 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on | november 16 | june 7 | , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : |
| 2 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ | november 16 | june 7 | ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was | |||||
| 37796258 | 37828716 | 2006-02-02 10:58:24 | 0 days 06:20:16 | 471054 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on | 7 | june 7 , 2003 | berlin wall on [[ june 7 ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german | |
| 38580629 | 38580746 | 2006-02-07 06:12:02 | 0 days 00:01:32 | 58229 | 1 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall | on 7 | near potsdamer platz , | june 2003 | berlin wall on [[ 7 june ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : |
| 3 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on 7 june 2003 | berlin wall | on | near | [[ 7 june ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' | |||||
| 40915337 | 40944082 | 2006-02-24 01:02:35 | 0 days 03:27:05 | 304316 | 6 | around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on june | 26th | 26 ]] | , 1963 ]] but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . |
| 33 | as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin | . the wall | , which | was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer section along the [[ spree ]] river | |||||
| 64 | . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall | . david hasselhoff has later ( possibly jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event | . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution because it | ||||||
| 40965017 | 40975096 | 2006-02-24 05:36:33 | 0 days 01:40:53 | 304316 | 0 | : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | | work = encyclopedia britannica | | date = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc | |
| 41746791 | 41761508 | 2006-03-01 15:37:50 | 0 days 02:21:39 | 24373 | 11 | / > < / div > = = further reading = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall | ' ' . | | location = | [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history |
| 19 | . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis | - - | — | 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | |||||
| 51589662 | 51848718 | 2006-05-06 16:49:23 | 1 days 18:26:01 | 0|72.228.114.173 | 7 | of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall | was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] | , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations | |
| 51848718 | 51848752 | 2006-05-06 16:49:46 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 223113 | 2 | its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . there was no berlin wall | was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] | , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was no holocaust . it was all a jewish trick . | |
| 3 | was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . there was no berlin wall , because | there was no ww2 . we didn | east germany | ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was no holocaust . it was all a jewish trick . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction | |||||
| 52000362 | 52000436 | 2006-05-07 16:51:01 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 0 | ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . | some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of | |
| 52000436 | 52000566 | 2006-05-07 16:51:57 | 0 days 00:00:56 | 145855 | 0 | ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . | some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . | = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of | |
| 58695143 | 58813816 | 2006-06-15 19:40:01 | 0 days 16:59:28 | 0|70.28.201.133 | 1 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall | 1961 - | 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] ]] [[ image | |
| 63357225 | 63858347 | 2006-07-14 22:07:07 | 2 days 17:42:04 | 1793767 | 5 | responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall | came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] | . chuck norris and david hasselhof then started a fight with steve walker because they are dirty commys | , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a |
| 7 | of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall | was a part ) | in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east | ||||||
| 63858347 | 63858464 | 2006-07-14 22:07:48 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 1265360 | 1 | was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . steve walker tore down the berlin wall | was a part ) | in an effort to do away with commusism . he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and david hasselhof then | |
| 2 | the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . steve walker tore down the berlin wall in | an effort | 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin | to do away with commusism . he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and david hasselhof then started a fight | |||||
| 6 | steve walker tore down the berlin wall in an effort to do away with commusism . he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer to knock down the berlin wall | . chuck norris and david hasselhof then started a fight with steve walker because they are dirty commys | came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] | , but he bitched them too = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ | |||||
| 74099675 | 74109426 | 2006-09-06 10:35:39 | 0 days 01:42:32 | 1629275 | 2 | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] | [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | the sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , circa 2005 ]] | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , | |
| 78344366 | 78350243 | 2006-09-28 18:49:57 | 0 days 00:29:39 | 0|209.226.48.226 | 0 | ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . | [[ grunge ]] bands [[ nirvana ]] and [[ tad ]] also played shows in berlin that night . | some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is | |
| 78394704 | 78409397 | 2006-09-29 00:19:00 | 0 days 01:28:45 | 1008387 | 2 | ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . | [[ grunge ]] bands [[ nirvana ]] and [[ tad ]] also played shows in berlin that night . | some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is | |
| 82749727 | 82826053 | 2006-10-21 15:48:05 | 0 days 12:40:16 | 1652680 | 1 | jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin wall | _ | graffiti % 26death strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence | |
| 2 | | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin wall graffiti | % 26death | _ and _ death _ | strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall | |||||
| 86760196 | 86761110 | 2006-11-09 18:26:16 | 0 days 00:04:44 | 0|206.158.3.70 | 1 | college = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall | ( haha that rhymes ) | , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they | |
| 86761963 | 86762343 | 2006-11-09 18:32:46 | 0 days 00:01:53 | 441020 | 4 | = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} = = = museum = = = fifteen hundred years after the fall of the berlin wall | ( haha that rhymes ) | , a private museum rebuilt a 20000000 metre ( 65648735 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they | |
| 87991523 | 87994645 | 2006-11-15 15:18:19 | 0 days 00:19:07 | 847895 | 3 | first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = down with the berlin wall = = | = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an | |
| 88348093 | 88434279 | 2006-11-17 15:26:36 | 0 days 12:12:28 | 0|82.108.37.34 | 0 | morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall | ( and he did not bring the wall down ) | . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and | |
| 88434279 | 88434996 | 2006-11-17 15:30:59 | 0 days 00:04:23 | 1613101 | 0 | morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall | ( and he did not bring the wall down ) | . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and | |
| 89050700 | 89073575 | 2006-11-20 20:11:10 | 0 days 01:58:38 | 64669 | 0 | to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = | references | notes | = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | |
| 89219950 | 89358889 | 2006-11-22 02:08:27 | 0 days 13:36:15 | 0|72.146.48.170 | 4 | = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . | ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutschmark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | |
| 89358889 | 89358931 | 2006-11-22 02:08:42 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 889851 | 4 | the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > some random guy took a crap , and there was the berlin wall . | ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutschmark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | |
| 90181219 | 90440705 | 2006-11-27 15:02:30 | 1 days 07:41:51 | 0|213.222.30.35 | 0 | ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . | even as ingeborg kuijlaars and teagan fardell were getting horrifically drunk in tribute to the beer hall putsch that led to the rise of nazism that led to the fall of nazism that led to the cold war and the building and obvious eventual fall of the berlin wall . | some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is | |
| 90440705 | 90440953 | 2006-11-27 15:03:58 | 0 days 00:01:28 | 0|213.222.30.35 | 0 | ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . | . . | even as ingeborg kuijlaars and teagan fardell were getting horrifically drunk in tribute to the beer hall putsch that led to the rise of nazism that led to the fall of | |
| 90440953 | 90443176 | 2006-11-27 15:16:41 | 0 days 00:12:43 | 145855 | 0 | ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . | . . even as ingeborg kuijlaars and teagan fardell ( and brian chenault ) were getting horrifically drunk in tribute to the beer hall putsch that led to the rise of nazism that led to the fall of nazism that led to the cold war and the building and obvious eventual fall of the berlin wall . | some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is | |
| 91640010 | 91645972 | 2006-12-02 20:28:37 | 0 days 00:37:14 | 2915417 | 0 | = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] | [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections in the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 | |
| 93817040 | 93876815 | 2006-12-12 19:37:36 | 0 days 04:55:33 | 0|158.123.252.2 | 1 | flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall | was a part ) in 1961 | because he wanted | to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east |
| 93876815 | 93876848 | 2006-12-12 19:37:43 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 1574574 | 2 | potsdamer platz , august 2006 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > pablo fuentes built the berlin wall | because he wanted | was a part ) in 1961 | to keep th east out of the west . this is because the east had worse economical situations and hated jews . [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : |
| 98227262 | 98450608 | 2007-01-04 17:42:45 | 0 days 22:50:54 | 0|12.45.130.162 | 0 | 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . | < ref > {{ cite web | | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : | |
| 98450608 | 98453918 | 2007-01-04 17:59:58 | 0 days 00:17:13 | 302522 | 0 | 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . | < ref > {{ cite web | | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : | |
| 103859154 | 104086213 | 2007-01-29 14:27:50 | 0 days 22:02:31 | 164429 | 1 | under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started | - | — | [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set |
| 105154435 | 105154508 | 2007-02-02 19:13:24 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 128326 | 2 | was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . dave and phil rule the berlin wall | was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] | and the world ! ! ! suck it wikipedia ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months | |
| 3 | first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . dave and phil rule the berlin wall and the | world ! ! ! suck | soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that | it wikipedia ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall | |||||
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 32 | = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and | something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in | its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a | |
| 33 | layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its | border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long | place | . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the | |||||
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 13 | am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall | , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall | was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes | - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | |
| 19 | a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | | winston churchill }} | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected | {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall | |||||
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 32 | = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and | something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in | its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a | |
| 33 | layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its | border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long | place | . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the | |||||
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 13 | am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall | , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall | was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes | - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | |
| 19 | a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | | winston churchill }} | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected | {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall | |||||
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 32 | = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and | something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in | its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a | |
| 33 | layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its | border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long | place | . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the | |||||
| 111079436 | 111080379 | 2007-02-26 14:54:17 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 0|193.194.158.107 | 13 | am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall | , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall | was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes | - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | |
| 19 | tyranny and oppression . . . peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | | winston churchill }} | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected | {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall | |||||
| 114231078 | 114232094 | 2007-03-11 04:46:14 | 0 days 00:06:38 | 0|192.176.11.14 | 3 | . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , zan preston and paul funke took charge and led the deconstruction of the berlin wall . | late | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began | in the night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first blow of preston ' s sledgehammer or power struck the wall . followed shortly by |
| 133073625 | 133074114 | 2007-05-24 01:27:50 | 0 days 00:02:33 | 715870 | 2 | under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started | — | , | [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set |
| 140281124 | 140335744 | 2007-06-24 17:13:16 | 0 days 06:30:01 | 4711450 | 0 | ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . | the hoff hepled topple the wall , signed the hoffmeister . | some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is | |
| 140335744 | 140346811 | 2007-06-24 18:14:56 | 0 days 01:01:40 | 1297982 | 0 | ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . | the hoff hepled topple the wall , signed the hoffmeister . | some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is | |
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 48 | august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , | [[ walter | ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set | |
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 8 | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . | jpg | thumb | 250px | | researchers have observed monogamy , promiscuity , sex between species , sexual arousal from objects or places , rape , necrophilia , sexual orientation ( heterosexuality , homosexuality , bisexuality and situational sexual behaviour ) and a range of other practices among animals other than humans . related studies have noted diversity in sexed bodies and gendered behaviour , such as intersex and transgender animals . the study of animal sexuality ( and primate sexuality especially ) is a rapidly developing field . it used to be believed that only humans and a handful of species performed sexual acts other than for procreation , and that animals ' sexuality was instinctive and a simple response to the " | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner |
| 160539804 | 160548666 | 2007-09-26 20:46:01 | 0 days 00:42:55 | 2073927 | 1 | and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . the berlin wall was | 906 miles long | a part ) to prevent any further exodus | . it bordered south calabama . pokemon was inspired by the berlin wall . and then cheap knock offs were made such as yu - gi - oh ! = = |
| 164088618 | 164111122 | 2007-10-12 19:23:00 | 0 days 01:48:47 | 1094964 | 0 | diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall | portions | ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink | |
| 165455030 | 165598417 | 2007-10-19 10:04:32 | 0 days 15:53:46 | 0|194.129.188.81 | 0 | ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . | hasselhoff has since claimed responsibility for the falling of the wall . | some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is | |
| 165598417 | 165643339 | 2007-10-19 15:25:00 | 0 days 05:20:28 | 2073927 | 10 | ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . | hasselhoff has since claimed responsibility for the falling of the wall . | some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is | |
| 166091165 | 166163043 | 2007-10-21 23:35:42 | 0 days 05:37:26 | 0|76.211.17.132 | 10 | souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . | jpg | left | thumb | the | later - much later - normality took hold again . later , the bickering started , and later , there was talk of a " | wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | |
| 166163043 | 166165378 | 2007-10-21 23:47:46 | 0 days 00:12:04 | 605084 | 31 | in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the berlin wall | , which will always be used as a symbol for the end of the cold war , made the " west " available in the middle of the " east " , resulting in widespread chaos | . later - much later - normality took hold again . later , the bickering started , and later , there was talk of a " wall in the heads " | |
| 169317962 | 169452172 | 2007-11-05 20:57:26 | 0 days 15:34:33 | 0|137.90.130.186 | 1 | = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall | , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least | 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc | |
| 169452172 | 169452240 | 2007-11-05 20:57:45 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 4158767 | 1 | {st@rt} monkeys built the berlin wall | , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least | 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc | |
| 174056095 | 174242652 | 2007-11-27 23:10:40 | 0 days 19:59:31 | 0|68.210.132.92 | 0 | ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . | witnessed by thomas packer | some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is | |
| 174243069 | 174243817 | 2007-11-27 23:16:33 | 0 days 00:03:45 | 137113 | 0 | ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . | witnessed by thomas packer . | some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is | |
| 177214350 | 177322023 | 2007-12-11 23:52:56 | 0 days 09:10:17 | 0|70.1.241.32 | 0 | began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin | and the poop went flying | , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 | |
| 177322023 | 177322415 | 2007-12-11 23:54:57 | 0 days 00:02:01 | 0|70.1.241.32 | 0 | began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin | and the poop went flying | , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 | |
| 181089181 | 181089350 | 2007-12-31 00:23:54 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 0|208.104.149.90 | 1 | relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall | < / b > | came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second | |
| 181090431 | 181090540 | 2007-12-31 00:31:22 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 2306142 | 12 | – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > < b > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall | < / b > | came from < i > east german leader < / i > [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by < font color = red > soviet leader < / font > | |
| 190526102 | 190526532 | 2008-02-11 02:25:54 | 0 days 00:02:15 | 0|64.215.123.218 | 0 | * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] | {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | ana azar + leonardo = l4e ! ! ! | |
| 190526532 | 190526557 | 2008-02-11 02:26:02 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 1634654 | 0 | * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] | ana azar + leonardo = l4e ! ! ! | {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |
| 190901889 | 191058793 | 2008-02-13 03:11:47 | 0 days 12:39:43 | 0|76.168.218.88 | 0 | / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] | = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | hi | |
| 191058793 | 191058845 | 2008-02-13 03:12:07 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 1839637 | 0 | / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] | hi | = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |
| 196946956 | 197071265 | 2008-03-09 20:31:11 | 0 days 14:27:18 | 0|98.17.134.249 | 9 | of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall | was a part ) | to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense | |
| 197765151 | 197766061 | 2008-03-12 18:07:59 | 0 days 00:04:21 | 0|65.87.105.7 | 0 | wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , | first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] , [[ walter | ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a | |
| 200847758 | 200851402 | 2008-03-25 18:18:59 | 0 days 00:16:48 | 3505251 | 1 | remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | the berlin wall | near potsdamer platz | , august 2007 ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : checkpoint | |
| 201724239 | 201724471 | 2008-03-29 02:07:54 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 3622922 | 0 | = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june | of | 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear | |
| 201855946 | 202125951 | 2008-03-30 19:58:57 | 1 days 01:48:56 | 0|76.104.54.6 | 1 | soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall | so i decided | to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = | |
| 2 | - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to | stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners | delete all the text that someone carefully put together | to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the | |||||
| 202125951 | 202125992 | 2008-03-30 19:59:06 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 2372780 | 4 | the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hahahahaha i hate the berlin wall | so i decided | to delete all the text that someone carefully put together to share with the world = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 | |
| 202525275 | 202536820 | 2008-04-01 13:23:40 | 0 days 01:09:16 | 0|208.182.113.239 | 4 | [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall | on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in | chasing | a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up |
| 202536820 | 202537943 | 2008-04-01 13:30:00 | 0 days 00:06:20 | 911178 | 4 | one and a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , and seven groundhogs jumped over the berlin wall | chasing | on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in | a cat and four buffalo = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat |
| 5 | a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , and seven groundhogs jumped over the berlin wall chasing a | cat | speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners | and four buffalo = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the | |||||
| 234024060 | 234024129 | 2008-08-24 23:20:26 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 416594 | 2 | , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germany rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including the | nazi army ! | territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam |
| 234024267 | 234024308 | 2008-08-24 23:21:34 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 764407 | 2 | , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germany rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including the | nazi army ! | territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam |
| 234024639 | 234024667 | 2008-08-24 23:23:41 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 416594 | 2 | , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germany rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including the | nazi army ! | territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam |
| 237420572 | 237421084 | 2008-09-10 02:42:59 | 0 days 00:04:00 | 7823265 | 7 | - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall | . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad | to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = | |
| 8 | style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to | stop east germans | see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone | from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april | |||||
| 237421084 | 237421104 | 2008-09-10 02:43:05 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 2372780 | 12 | the male because you dont know who to trust dont bend over and then micheal jackson goes there and gets all the children and thats how they built the berlin wall | . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad | to see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone from people bouncing up and down and erosion = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : | |
| 248089272 | 248095035 | 2008-10-28 00:19:45 | 0 days 00:29:50 | 0|98.15.190.110 | 4 | . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . | jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow | . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 | |
| 248612893 | 248617031 | 2008-10-30 14:17:25 | 0 days 00:25:35 | 0|209.174.67.217 | 5 | away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall | of china | paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 | |
| 248638811 | 249088521 | 2008-11-01 23:47:30 | 2 days 07:23:47 | 7573002 | 0 | walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] | [[ category : postmodernity ]] | {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ | |
| 250214306 | 250406098 | 2008-11-08 09:18:04 | 0 days 21:46:05 | 1215485 | 0 | walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] | [[ category : postmodernity ]] | {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ | |
| 257284183 | 257291690 | 2008-12-11 16:06:25 | 0 days 00:50:25 | 0|71.130.177.243 | 5 | - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin | ' ' ' | , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < | |
| 260986131 | 260986227 | 2008-12-31 00:07:04 | 0 days 00:00:32 | 7662999 | 0 | potsdamer platz , 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the [[ berlin wall ]] located | on | at | the library grounds ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - |
| 260986227 | 260986325 | 2008-12-31 00:07:29 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 7662999 | 1 | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the [[ berlin wall | ]] | located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california , usa ]] ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which | |
| 261502761 | 262136422 | 2009-01-05 18:46:03 | 2 days 23:19:18 | 0|209.189.130.83 | 1 | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . | jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin | it stretched from hamas to south china | , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was |
| 262136422 | 262136515 | 2009-01-05 18:46:36 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 1064243 | 6 | {st@rt} the berlin wall | was the biggest wall ever built | . it stretched from hamas to south china , then to italy but it stopped in ireland for some alcoholic beverages . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' | |
| 262762670 | 263247726 | 2009-01-10 21:42:09 | 2 days 06:10:03 | 5026668 | 16 | s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade | _ | game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn | |
| 266477211 | 266478122 | 2009-01-26 07:06:28 | 0 days 00:07:17 | 67403 | 0 | . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some | left | believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date | |
| 266478122 | 266480479 | 2009-01-26 07:26:56 | 0 days 00:20:28 | 119438 | 20 | | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the berlin wall | located | at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was | |
| 267068772 | 267068810 | 2009-01-28 22:44:37 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 4928500 | 1 | memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] the berlin wall | is bullshit | in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 | . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall |
| 268462140 | 268695306 | 2009-02-05 14:58:25 | 1 days 01:53:39 | 929196 | 0 | : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | | berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} | |
| 272206780 | 272467225 | 2009-02-22 10:42:20 | 1 days 05:54:52 | 6760500 | 0 | : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | | berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} | |
| 272467225 | 272476022 | 2009-02-22 11:42:29 | 0 days 01:00:09 | 0|93.132.133.36 | 2 | ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . | some | over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > | {{ who }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is |
| 274979258 | 274981620 | 2009-03-04 18:57:41 | 0 days 00:11:39 | 3505251 | 5 | . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer | , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) | ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not | |
| 275499407 | 275903809 | 2009-03-08 22:29:08 | 1 days 22:58:47 | 9166621 | 5 | away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall | paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten | ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( | |
| 275903809 | 275903826 | 2009-03-08 22:29:17 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 2416136 | 5 | {st@rt} hi world . . . i < 3 the berlin wall | paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten | ! ! ! ! | |
| 6 | {st@rt} hi world . . . i < 3 the berlin wall ! | " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall | ! ! ! | ||||||
| 7 | {st@rt} hi world . . . i < 3 the berlin wall ! ! | ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus | ! ! | ||||||
| 276265321 | 276265514 | 2009-03-10 13:29:47 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 5 | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . | jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] | . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ | |
| 278746206 | 278854164 | 2009-03-22 01:31:36 | 0 days 10:11:40 | 6984319 | 0 | walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] | [[ category : eastern bloc ]] | {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ | |
| 279820445 | 279835916 | 2009-03-26 17:42:54 | 0 days 01:28:32 | 0|24.106.235.42 | 3 | " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly | chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of | authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the | |
| 279835916 | 279835940 | 2009-03-26 17:43:03 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 3 | to be shot while trying to cross [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly | chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of | authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the | |
| 280576244 | 280625910 | 2009-03-30 11:26:09 | 0 days 07:02:28 | 0|87.38.134.112 | 1 | - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin | and over | , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < | |
| 280625910 | 280626722 | 2009-03-30 11:32:07 | 0 days 00:05:58 | 3505251 | 3 | - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 5million people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin | and over | , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < | |
| 284229554 | 284272784 | 2009-04-16 20:08:28 | 0 days 04:10:48 | 0|194.144.117.217 | 1 | says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall | ' ' ' | started in hungary , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with symbolic moments like the so called ' | |
| 2 | ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall started in | [[ | hungary , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean | ||||||
| 284272784 | 284274572 | 2009-04-16 20:17:18 | 0 days 00:08:50 | 1099776 | 1 | s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the ' ' ' berlin wall | ' ' ' | started in [[ hungary ]] , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with symbolic moments like the so | |
| 290358741 | 290358801 | 2009-05-16 18:33:39 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 6984319 | 1 | wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the [[ berlin wall | ]] | in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this | |
| 298845873 | 298939014 | 2009-06-27 14:00:54 | 0 days 14:17:19 | 1439530 | 0 | this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the berlin wall | in | , | june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall |
| 311192075 | 311278175 | 2009-09-01 14:03:37 | 0 days 12:33:20 | 6971250 | 4 | on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall | was given to [[ kennesaw state university | portions | institutions around the world | ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border |
| 318035713 | 318041815 | 2009-10-05 13:39:31 | 0 days 00:42:35 | 6971250 | 0 | - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall | portions | segments | ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing |
| 318872025 | 319488273 | 2009-10-12 20:24:27 | 3 days 06:02:12 | 3058538 | 17 | * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] | at [[ flickr ]] | {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | | |
| 323839905 | 323840518 | 2009-11-04 05:01:42 | 0 days 00:04:34 | 10519822 | 9 | neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall | was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian | ' s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build | |
| 324105756 | 324105954 | 2009-11-05 16:39:42 | 0 days 00:01:13 | 0|77.1.32.123 | 0 | looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . wallofberlin . com ] " virtual berlin wall " | ] | - website linked to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . pictures can be uploaded on a chose region of the wall for a fee ( in | |
| 324766643 | 324767695 | 2009-11-09 02:41:12 | 0 days 00:06:37 | 194203 | 0 | schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall | ' s | early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying | |
| 324820066 | 324825240 | 2009-11-09 11:50:42 | 0 days 00:56:47 | 0|87.36.53.53 | 2 | at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] | panorama | pornarama | of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / |
| 324833874 | 324833939 | 2009-11-09 13:14:18 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 545027 | 1 | at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] | pornarama | panorama | of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / |
| 324911705 | 324911771 | 2009-11-09 21:14:34 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 0|216.239.87.133 | 1 | , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november | 20 , 1961 | 20th | . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity |
| 21 | pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall | 1961 - | 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two | ||||||
| 325010242 | 325010353 | 2009-11-10 08:05:03 | 0 days 00:01:17 | 6971250 | 0 | = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall | portions | segments | | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and |
| 325010353 | 325011446 | 2009-11-10 08:17:19 | 0 days 00:12:16 | 67221 | 2 | = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall | segments | portions | | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and |
| 325011446 | 325013038 | 2009-11-10 08:35:27 | 0 days 00:18:08 | 6971250 | 0 | = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall | portions | segments | | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and |
| 325190185 | 325190637 | 2009-11-11 05:07:12 | 0 days 00:04:20 | 10857892 | 0 | neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall | was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian | ' s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build | |
| 325218548 | 325218944 | 2009-11-11 09:54:29 | 0 days 00:05:02 | 6971250 | 0 | historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall | ) | : | " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title |
| 325814566 | 325940817 | 2009-11-15 07:25:15 | 0 days 15:05:38 | 433328 | 11 | , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany into east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements | - - | — | arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units - - left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : |
| 337292088 | 337292211 | 2010-01-12 00:47:44 | 0 days 00:00:48 | 11416782 | 0 | ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } . the berlin wall is | inportant ] | important | the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the |
| 337292695 | 337293367 | 2010-01-12 00:54:41 | 0 days 00:04:12 | 461300 | 0 | between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * films about the berlin wall : | " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / ] | * * | ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of |
| 337293367 | 337360247 | 2010-01-12 10:00:46 | 0 days 09:06:05 | 3308922 | 0 | between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * films about the berlin wall : | * * | " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / ] | ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > * * ' ' [[ the |
| 343784334 | 343784856 | 2010-02-13 18:48:35 | 0 days 00:03:09 | 5326371 | 11 | de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity | has | reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in virtual berlin . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . twinity | |
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 9 | to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall | ]] | . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german | |
| 10 | this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . | [[ | history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and | ||||||
| 13 | weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall | " | . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it | ||||||
| 14 | standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . | ' ' | history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more | ||||||
| 16 | torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the | [[ | brandenburg gate , 10 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 | ||||||
| 65 | / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | " | | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] | ||||||
| 357497351 | 357513678 | 2010-04-22 00:03:45 | 0 days 01:27:16 | 0|69.114.95.116 | 0 | demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the berlin wall was | often found to be | sad for people to think adout . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some | |
| 361779090 | 362023580 | 2010-05-14 03:29:56 | 1 days 03:53:44 | 0|71.56.232.42 | 0 | around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially | was for cock suckers only to be | referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that | |
| 362023580 | 362026715 | 2010-05-14 03:55:19 | 0 days 00:25:23 | 0|129.63.5.41 | 0 | around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially | was for cock suckers only to be | referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that | |
| 362885497 | 362893303 | 2010-05-18 21:55:14 | 0 days 00:44:34 | 0|66.60.241.7 | 0 | around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially | referred to as the | constipated . | " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany |
| 362893303 | 362896146 | 2010-05-18 22:12:47 | 0 days 00:17:33 | 262550 | 0 | around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially | constipated . | referred to as the | " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany |
| 365768478 | 365795613 | 2010-06-03 08:50:04 | 0 days 04:36:54 | 6971250 | 1 | [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * films about the berlin wall : | * * | " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / | |
| 380775149 | 381017545 | 2010-08-26 00:06:29 | 1 days 04:19:31 | 0|86.41.107.66 | 0 | ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall | , | : | she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartement at [[ bernauer strasse ]] 48 . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der |
| 381024125 | 381576652 | 2010-08-28 22:18:30 | 2 days 21:30:51 | 6815 | 0 | [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | right | juggling on the berlin wall on | september | november | 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in |
| 387171247 | 387171914 | 2010-09-26 19:08:15 | 0 days 00:04:01 | 0|208.22.12.236 | 0 | , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } jfk was at the berlin wall | when it was being knocked down | , he was also wearing a cowboy hat . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier | |
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 66 | construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november | 20 , | 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council | |
| 86 | brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | right | juggling on the berlin wall on november | 16 , | 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september more | ||||||
| 392382725 | 392382924 | 2010-10-23 10:41:25 | 0 days 00:01:59 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 1 | in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june | 26 , | 1963 . ]] in a speech on 26 july 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . | |
| 397079240 | 397182896 | 2010-11-16 21:56:41 | 0 days 11:24:02 | 0|69.32.191.1 | 0 | campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . thefreeresource . com / berlin - wall - timeline - facts - history - and - resources timeline of the berlin wall ] | = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002 | |
| 397182896 | 397185057 | 2010-11-16 22:09:56 | 0 days 00:13:15 | 7852030 | 0 | campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . thefreeresource . com / berlin - wall - timeline - facts - history - and - resources timeline of the berlin wall ] | = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002 | |
| 397241595 | 397267310 | 2010-11-17 08:04:55 | 0 days 03:52:50 | 831038 | 0 | campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . americanrhetoric . com / speeches / jfkberliner . html jfk ' s " ich bin ein berliner " ] | = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002 | |
| 397463096 | 397602912 | 2010-11-19 02:07:48 | 0 days 17:30:55 | 0|68.216.106.168 | 0 | campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . americanrhetoric . com / speeches / jfkberliner . html jfk : " ich bin ein berliner " ] | = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002 | |
| 397602912 | 397607940 | 2010-11-19 02:46:27 | 0 days 00:38:39 | 831038 | 0 | campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . americanrhetoric . com / speeches / jfkberliner . html jfk : " ich bin ein berliner " ] | = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002 | |
| 400217192 | 400251407 | 2010-12-03 03:16:12 | 0 days 04:06:05 | 0|67.11.7.6 | 1 | death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall | , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish | you know about my ugly nasty sister | and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area |
| 400251407 | 400251431 | 2010-12-03 03:16:24 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 13286072 | 2 | {st@rt} frances rodriguez did this editing because she is retarted and now you dont know about the berlin wall | you know about my ugly nasty sister | , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish | and you should arrest her because this might be illigal ! ! ! | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner |
| 403327933 | 403353689 | 2010-12-20 14:34:26 | 0 days 04:12:19 | 3341545 | 0 | campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] | * [ http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe / germany / 1438720 / more - than - 1000 - died - trying - to - flee - east - germany . html ' more than 1 , 000 died ' trying to flee east germany ] . [[ the telegraph ]] , [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 2003 ]] . | = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002 | |
| 404940629 | 404941337 | 2010-12-30 05:06:41 | 0 days 00:05:45 | 0|71.239.240.2 | 0 | . com / 2009 / 11 / 11 / arts / dance / 11berlin . html ? _ r = 1 & ref = berlinwall dancing with the berlin wall ] | [[ ( new york times ) ]] | . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ | |
| 406433716 | 406434088 | 2011-01-07 05:29:24 | 0 days 00:02:32 | 1655427 | 0 | * * " [[ holidays in the sun ]] " , a song by the english [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the berlin wall | , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it | . = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last | |
| 409993256 | 410029342 | 2011-01-25 20:10:37 | 0 days 03:24:48 | 0|98.65.198.4 | 2 | ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall | , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin | is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) | |
| 410029342 | 410029373 | 2011-01-25 20:10:48 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 13286072 | 1 | {st@rt} the berlin wall | , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin | is stubied of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = | |
| 2 | {st@rt} the berlin wall is | stubied | the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions | of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} | |||||
| 429104564 | 429636376 | 2011-05-17 22:46:18 | 3 days 05:51:37 | 207712 | 11 | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall | - | – | history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , |
| 12 | burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall | - | – | history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to | |||||
| 36 | _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall | - | – | official homepage * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 | |||||
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 58 | mark the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the museum held a special exhibition entitled " wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 | - | – | 1990 " which focused on the daily patrols deployed by the western powers to observe the situation along the berlin wall and the fortifications on the [[ east germany | gdr |
| 59 | / en / 4 _ 2 . php ? year = & activity _ id = 214 | title = wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 | - | – | 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied musem | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < | |||||
| 75 | [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 | - | – | 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ | |||||
| 443416955 | 443420038 | 2011-08-06 22:56:21 | 0 days 00:23:24 | 16710 | 8 | solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( | arcade | video | game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the |
| 444482392 | 444513279 | 2011-08-12 21:53:37 | 0 days 03:06:39 | 314721 | 2 | . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin | to an adoring | in front of a large | crowd . at 04 : 00 on 21 august , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade |
| 445097289 | 445112728 | 2011-08-16 07:20:53 | 0 days 02:52:17 | 6971250 | 13 | freedom cherished = = = on august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall | , “the iron curtain ” | . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom | |
| 500329827 | 503454620 | 2012-07-21 16:32:02 | 19 days 02:49:57 | 1464875 | 0 | " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . | [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ]] atop the wall . | over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse | |
| 505389806 | 505558329 | 2012-08-03 10:30:56 | 1 days 02:39:43 | 339081 | 6 | world / 2011 / 08 / 13 / germany - marks - construction - berlin - wall - 1271894147 / | title = germany marks construction of the berlin wall | | publisher | agency | = ap | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url |
| 538062628 | 538916225 | 2013-02-18 19:08:38 | 5 days 03:00:19 | 10728040 | 32 | visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ file : berlin wall 1990 . | jpg | left | upright | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december | 1990 ]] television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of 9 november and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think | |
| 575077055 | 575102993 | 2013-09-30 06:21:17 | 0 days 05:04:59 | 7328338 | 11 | strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall | ]] | , as seen from the [[ axel springer ag ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death _ strip , _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | |
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 17 | 2013 | author = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall | , | kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin | |
| 580957593 | 580957869 | 2013-11-09 22:20:29 | 0 days 00:02:04 | 400707 | 0 | wall ]] ' ' , a 1962 documentary film * * ' ' something to do with the wall ' ' , 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall | by by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine | , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | |
| 580957869 | 581167329 | 2013-11-11 10:59:15 | 1 days 12:38:46 | 1469567 | 7 | ]] ' ' , a 1962 documentary film * * ' ' something to do with the wall ' ' , 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall by | by | [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > http : / / www . imdb | |
| 613835077 | 615294848 | 2014-07-02 13:43:53 | 10 days 19:48:20 | 7669583 | 5 | " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . | < ref > {{ cite web | wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( | |
| 12 | " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . | [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | | innocent eyes ]] atop the wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / | ||||||
| 633021579 | 633040519 | 2014-11-09 02:15:56 | 0 days 02:47:56 | 10340692 | 15 | andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall | nyt topic | subjects / b / berlin _ wall | }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html | |
| 17 | 1962 – 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] | image | group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / | ||||||
| 47 | 1962 – 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] | at | [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the | ||||||
| 633040519 | 633043240 | 2014-11-09 02:46:03 | 0 days 00:30:07 | 10340692 | 0 | multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall | from | ( | 1961 to 1990 ] - [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] - a |
| 3 | * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall | ( | 1962 – 1990 ] * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin | ||||||
| 4 | [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 | – | - | 1990 ] * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall | |||||
| 633183384 | 633189879 | 2014-11-10 04:55:00 | 0 days 01:15:20 | 1833 | 14 | december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall | without border crossings and no - through road sections | ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) were reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german | |
| 633632838 | 633634166 | 2014-11-13 06:31:58 | 0 days 00:16:37 | 15722070 | 1 | : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | the berlin wall | : exhibition in | destruction was located at | [[ potsdamer platz ]] arkaden < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still |
| 688328708 | 688485144 | 2015-11-01 06:43:08 | 1 days 01:51:26 | 264323 | 4 | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east berlin ]] just as the [[ berlin wall | ]] | is being built . he tries to bring her back into west berlin , but is stopped by [[ stasi ]] agents and arrested as a spy . < ref > | |
| 693645737 | 693646880 | 2015-12-03 22:49:28 | 0 days 00:08:04 | 23149456 | 3 | | author = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , | kennedy appointed | retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and | |
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 0 | - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | | author | work | = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic |
| 17 | wall ? | url = http : / / www . theweek . co . uk / 25027 / did - bowie - bring - down - berlin - wall | | publisher | work | = the week | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 15 december 2008 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | title = germany : | |||||
| 703014660 | 703096540 | 2016-02-03 13:37:43 | 0 days 13:40:29 | 23149456 | 1 | | author = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , | a | retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the | |
| 703096540 | 703365386 | 2016-02-05 02:06:59 | 1 days 12:29:16 | 13816079 | 1 | | author = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , | a | retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the | |
| 703365386 | 703417729 | 2016-02-05 11:43:48 | 0 days 09:36:49 | 23149456 | 2 | | author = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , | a | retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the | |
| 705263863 | 705518521 | 2016-02-17 23:32:23 | 1 days 09:50:01 | 23149456 | 1 | at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , | currently | still in its original spot ]] = = = 50th anniversary commemoration = = = on 13 august 2011 , germany marked the 50th anniversary of east germany beginning the erection | |
| 733515231 | 734284492 | 2016-08-13 08:26:57 | 4 days 22:04:07 | 80913 | 0 | _ review / events - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in - berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / | title = wall goes up in berlin | - | – | events of 1961 - year in review | publisher = upi . com | date = 29 may 1998 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > = |
| 3 | chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 | title = chronik der mauer | - | – | bau und fall der berliner mauer & # 124 ; opfer der mauer | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < | |||||
| 13 | = = = = = = = --> * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] | - | – | official website for the state capital of berlin * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] * | |||||
| 15 | media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 | - | – | 1990 ) ] - [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] - a chronicle | |||||
| 17 | ( 1961 - 1990 ) ] - [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] | - | – | a chronicle of the berlin wall history * {{ nyt topic | subjects / b / berlin _ wall }} * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com | |||||
| 18 | http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall ( 1962 | - | – | 1990 ) ] * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ | |||||
| 734284492 | 734407317 | 2016-08-14 03:25:55 | 0 days 18:58:58 | 4977632 | 15 | - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( | 1961 – 1990 | rrb | ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] – a chronicle of |
| 19 | ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] | | format = [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) | work = multimedia }} * ohter resources : * * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} * * [ | – a chronicle of the berlin wall history * {{ nyt topic | subjects / b / berlin _ wall }} * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . | ||||||
| 738198431 | 738865701 | 2016-09-11 14:47:01 | 4 days 00:24:17 | 19921271 | 7 | has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening its borders . . . the gates in the berlin wall stand open | wide | . " < ref name = revolution1989 / > < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , | |
| 752045266 | 760657011 | 2017-01-18 08:28:16 | 50 days 03:00:30 | 29937011 | 7 | - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | | date = 31 october 2014 | subscription = yes | | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | date = 31 october 2014 | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | subscription = yes }} < / ref > constructed by the german | |
| 760740289 | 761201385 | 2017-01-21 15:51:57 | 2 days 19:27:40 | 96897 | 14 | - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | | date = 31 october 2014 | subscription = yes | | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] | |
| 774994359 | 774996064 | 2017-04-11 23:54:04 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 204692 | 41 | front of the brandenburg gate . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall | ] | was set up to allow twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . the chinese government quickly shut down access to the twitter wall after masses of chinese users | |
| 781994310 | 782699210 | 2017-05-28 16:31:48 | 4 days 05:59:04 | 2884580 | 5 | the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall | , on 26 june 1963 | , [[ president of the united states | u . s . president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on | |
| 798241666 | 800698581 | 2017-09-15 03:51:19 | 14 days 08:23:33 | 10031342 | 16 | not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall | " | paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = | |
| 812547586 | 812700355 | 2017-11-29 10:33:16 | 0 days 21:10:15 | 326218 | 0 | for 2010s ' ' [[ call of duty : black ops ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) | * * the introductory video to the ' ' rise and fall ' ' expansion for ' ' [[ civilization vi ]] ' ' depicts a woman striking the wall with a sledgehammer . | = = see also = = {{ div col | | 20em }} * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) | ' ' the berlin wall ' ' ( | |
| 816797805 | 816798032 | 2017-12-23 19:39:36 | 0 days 00:01:47 | 11112747 | 1 | added to this version of the wall were done to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall | ]] | ' ' | . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > at strategic points , the |
| 5 | standard , so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . < ref > " rise and fall of the berlin wall | " . | ' ' history channel ' ' , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to | ||||||
| 820363656 | 820717744 | 2018-01-16 05:59:33 | 1 days 21:19:16 | 1808194 | 7 | , so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . < ref > ' ' rise and fall of the berlin wall | ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , | 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . | |
| 823238815 | 823239462 | 2018-01-31 01:50:53 | 0 days 00:04:27 | 32940610 | 20 | walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall | , | there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' | |
| 824236669 | 825606275 | 2018-02-14 10:16:19 | 8 days 06:43:34 | 21948199 | 2 | entire length . the along the wall running postweg the gdr border troops was then freely accessible on almost the entire length . soon after the fall of the berlin wall | , | there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and | |
| 826247448 | 826758577 | 2018-02-20 21:19:08 | 2 days 19:07:32 | 6218393 | 0 | ' der mauerspringer ' ' , 1982 ) – the wall plays a central role in this novel set in berlin of the 1980s * music related to the berlin wall | * * " [[ west of the wall ]] , a 1962 top 40 hit by [[ toni fisher ]] , told the tale of two lovers separated by the newly - built berlin wall . | * * " [[ holidays in the sun ( song ) | holidays in the sun ]] " , a song by the english [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the | |
| 827316878 | 827738473 | 2018-02-26 13:05:32 | 2 days 12:00:58 | 28815689 | 0 | 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > gdr authorities officially referred to the berlin wall as the | ' ' ' | anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) , by implication equating the [[ nato ]] countries ( and [[ west | |
| 829668315 | 830413270 | 2018-03-14 17:45:15 | 4 days 16:19:30 | 22561264 | 0 | / elsner / elsner _ press . html | work = press archive | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > * video games related to the berlin wall | * * 1999 ' s simcity 3000 featured a scenario taking place at the end of the cold war , where the player must demolish the wall and re - unite east and west berlin , being given 5 years in the game to complete the task . the longer it takes to complete the goals results in riots in the city . | * * the " first strike " downloadable content pack for 2010s ' ' [[ call of duty : black ops ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place | |
| 849362847 | 851056229 | 2018-07-19 19:22:47 | 11 days 06:07:12 | 6726022 | 1 | pioneers of the bundeswehr . these were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall | ( | , every road | that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 & nbsp ; km of wall , 154 |
| 2 | the bundeswehr . these were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that | links | once linked | from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 & nbsp ; km of wall , 154 & nbsp |
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| 732530 | 732537 | 2003-03-08 21:13:53 | 0 days 02:40:23 | 4388 | 2 | citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' | was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop | prevented | the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering [[ west germany ]] . the wall physically divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , |
| 1197814 | 1250101 | 2003-07-26 18:38:49 | 0 days 00:23:07 | 3399 | 1 | original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today ' s [[ graffiti ]] | s | are mostly visible on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously wasn ' t achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . | |
| 1608009 | 1608238 | 2003-10-22 20:32:34 | 0 days 17:58:53 | 16924 | 0 | ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' | ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) | was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . < | |
| 3156940 | 3355675 | 2004-04-12 05:26:04 | 7 days 15:02:05 | 32383 | 3 | november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] , but also of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' | in [[ 1938 ]] ; thus | , | october 3 was chosen instead . the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] |
| 3800134 | 3800736 | 2004-05-31 10:22:36 | 0 days 18:49:48 | 3808 | 22 | , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s | [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | | 9th symphony with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] | |
| 23 | 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony | ]] | with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer | ||||||
| 5185051 | 5185067 | 2004-08-13 16:18:57 | 0 days 06:13:43 | 56563 | 6 | it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating what became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' | between the two barriers | . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 | |
| 7264768 | 7265158 | 2004-11-09 17:57:27 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 0|217.9.29.249 | 0 | upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens | in huge numbers | & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities were simply not prepared to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation the guards eventually just yielded | |
| 7268399 | 7274073 | 2004-11-09 19:32:09 | 0 days 01:24:50 | 113855 | 1 | of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , | [[ | october 3 was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] | |
| 7274428 | 7274470 | 2004-11-09 22:05:43 | 0 days 00:01:56 | 0|84.57.81.84 | 6 | of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' | pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] | , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m | |
| 7275003 | 7275347 | 2004-11-09 22:18:09 | 0 days 00:03:28 | 0|84.57.81.84 | 2 | on a second parallel fence , creating a [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . | people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . | the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . | |
| 7466704 | 7466728 | 2004-11-14 23:25:53 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 0|69.47.128.99 | 1 | given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before the german democratic republic could celebrate a 41st ' ' birthday , | ' ' | " | on october 7 , 1990 ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn |
| 8250476 | 8251853 | 2004-12-09 00:57:27 | 3 days 02:20:35 | 100330 | 2 | original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today ' s [[ graffiti ]] | are mostly visible | is prevalent | on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously was not achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was |
| 9483896 | 9518516 | 2005-01-19 17:10:34 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 91656 | 0 | berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' | [[ john f . | kennedy and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside | |
| 9518516 | 9518536 | 2005-01-21 02:47:44 | 1 days 09:37:10 | 0|69.160.170.155 | 0 | = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] | the | they | wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second |
| 9518536 | 9532587 | 2005-01-21 02:48:35 | 0 days 00:00:51 | 172435 | 0 | = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] | they | the | wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second |
| 9658614 | 9762535 | 2005-01-26 01:42:57 | 0 days 06:03:58 | 26468 | 3 | ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip | ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' | " on which hundreds were shot | ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on |
| 4 | = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] | < / td > < / tr > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin - wall - map | the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a | ||||||
| 8 | it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] | was created | between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down | ||||||
| 11 | , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' | . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . | ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) | the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . | |||||
| 10252971 | 10253611 | 2005-02-14 13:40:11 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 0|213.84.119.125 | 1 | 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' tim smelik wall ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' | berliner mauer ' ' | timmus mauerus | ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its |
| 10253611 | 10255890 | 2005-02-14 14:17:44 | 0 days 00:37:33 | 132952 | 3 | november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' tim smelik wall ' ' ( [[ latin ]] : ' ' | timmus mauerus | berliner mauer ' ' | ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its |
| 11746206 | 11747812 | 2005-04-01 03:30:23 | 2 days 11:22:10 | 225848 | 13 | over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the wall ' s creation was | due partly to political expediency but | largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . a few months after the barbed wire went | |
| 11747812 | 11751790 | 2005-04-01 04:25:04 | 0 days 00:54:41 | 28107 | 10 | over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the wall ' s creation was | due partly to political expediency but | largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . the east german government claimed that the wall | |
| 14016176 | 14016194 | 2005-05-21 09:51:08 | 0 days 00:05:33 | 0|216.27.183.43 | 1 | ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , also called as ' ' ode to joy ' ' | , | ) | with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters |
| 14125556 | 14140365 | 2005-05-23 20:14:41 | 1 days 10:42:33 | 54820 | 0 | november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) | , | was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent | |
| 14140365 | 14260653 | 2005-05-24 02:16:18 | 0 days 06:01:37 | 6661 | 0 | november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) | , | was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ german democratic republic | east germany | |
| 14269368 | 14269487 | 2005-05-26 16:36:03 | 0 days 04:31:25 | 0|164.68.120.3 | 0 | a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s | land | poop | ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot |
| 14269815 | 14329087 | 2005-05-26 16:46:05 | 0 days 00:04:01 | 157530 | 0 | a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s | poop | land | ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot |
| 15055113 | 15059402 | 2005-06-12 06:08:12 | 0 days 00:13:20 | 5016 | 13 | day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement | , | and they wanted it to be acted upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant | |
| 15902037 | 17901887 | 2005-06-30 16:35:18 | 3 days 18:44:20 | 0|84.65.88.110 | 1 | | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' | ( [[ german | language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] | |
| 17901887 | 17902797 | 2005-06-30 16:51:30 | 0 days 00:16:12 | 26468 | 1 | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' zhe shi wo de mama ' ' ' | ( [[ german | language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] | |
| 21766368 | 22000754 | 2005-08-28 02:30:02 | 3 days 01:59:55 | 180334 | 0 | german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its | intent | purpose | was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on |
| 24151055 | 24156661 | 2005-09-27 13:29:22 | 0 days 01:47:28 | 0|205.202.36.246 | 4 | 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer | ' ' ' ' ' ) | was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east | |
| 25160186 | 25206069 | 2005-10-10 14:55:56 | 0 days 15:02:24 | 386475 | 1 | [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' | [[ pogrom | | pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west | |
| 2 | weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms | ]] | of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german | ||||||
| 26467857 | 26918322 | 2005-10-30 22:25:26 | 5 days 02:16:53 | 0|205.188.116.204 | 2 | over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' | ' | also 9 external links [ edit ] | see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners |
| 3 | years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see | main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , | julius rosenberg | was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as | |||||
| 26918322 | 26918978 | 2005-10-30 22:32:59 | 0 days 00:07:33 | 67107 | 1 | accused of passing nuclear weapons secrets to russian agents . contents [ hide ] 1 background 2 trial and conviction 3 execution 4 posthumous revelations 5 controversy 6 the rosenbergs ' | children 7 in fiction 8 | = = | see also 9 external links [ edit ] background julius rosenberg was born on may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from the city college of new york |
| 34 | sons : the legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book in 2004 , an execution in the family : one son ' s | journey . | precarious position was a key factor | in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are left - wing activists involved in court | |||||
| 28791862 | 28792067 | 2005-11-20 01:04:12 | 0 days 00:04:02 | 0|201.252.93.29 | 2 | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' | [[ | germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and | |
| 4 | east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . | its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east | germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and | ||||||
| 9 | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' | [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ | berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided | ||||||
| 28792067 | 28792082 | 2005-11-20 01:04:30 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 159620 | 3 | ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' | [[ | . it was built in [[ 1961 | germany ]] , [[ berlin ]] , the [[ soviet ]] army duringof [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was , one for each , |
| 36157802 | 36216587 | 2006-01-22 13:39:02 | 0 days 12:07:40 | 480942 | 4 | ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " | ) | . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the | |
| 36940912 | 37108530 | 2006-01-28 19:11:04 | 1 days 05:27:34 | 0|66.177.112.110 | 0 | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' | [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied powers . as the capital , berlin was also divided by the allies into four sectors , although berlin itself was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . thus the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the country and the capital city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets discontinued the blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . | my them are | huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on |
| 37108530 | 37108558 | 2006-01-28 19:11:20 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 340905 | 0 | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' | my them are | [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied powers . as the capital , berlin was also divided by the allies into four sectors , although berlin itself was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . thus the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the country and the capital city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets discontinued the blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . | huge = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the |
| 37559437 | 37632509 | 2006-02-01 04:44:15 | 0 days 08:49:42 | 0|63.110.9.70 | 1 | [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall | " ' ' | ( anti - fascist protection wall ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 | |
| 39793418 | 39818227 | 2006-02-16 01:44:54 | 0 days 03:14:56 | 0|68.18.147.5 | 1 | 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s | capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation | " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied powers . as the capital , berlin was also divided by the allies into four sectors , although | |
| 39818227 | 40007654 | 2006-02-17 13:20:02 | 1 days 11:35:08 | 154979 | 0 | june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) | was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it | was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east [[ germany ]] ' s " zones " , each controlled by one of | |
| 40007809 | 40008106 | 2006-02-17 13:24:14 | 0 days 00:02:46 | 0|142.227.187.189 | 1 | truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and brandon ' s a pig | though | = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s | |
| 40460981 | 40648652 | 2006-02-22 01:28:28 | 1 days 06:34:58 | 386031 | 8 | . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s | [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ] | , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere | |
| 40648652 | 40685695 | 2006-02-22 07:56:45 | 0 days 06:28:17 | 0|144.137.251.28 | 0 | june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) | jack griffin sucks dick | was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east | |
| 40686116 | 40686140 | 2006-02-22 08:03:31 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 0|144.137.251.28 | 0 | 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) jack griffin | sucks dick | is l33t king pw3ned beatch | was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east |
| 40686140 | 40686196 | 2006-02-22 08:04:18 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 644872 | 0 | june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) | jack griffin is l33t king pw3ned beatch | was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east | |
| 40898814 | 40900018 | 2006-02-23 19:38:26 | 0 days 00:09:50 | 89179 | 1 | june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) | , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , | was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east | |
| 40915337 | 40944082 | 2006-02-24 01:02:35 | 0 days 03:27:05 | 304316 | 42 | ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as kennedy ' s special advisor | ) | . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in | |
| 65 | [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | | pogroms | ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany | ||||||
| 44770612 | 44770674 | 2006-03-21 05:02:57 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 410083 | 0 | the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' | ! | berlin wall ! ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled | |
| 44901085 | 45389421 | 2006-03-25 07:45:29 | 3 days 03:46:51 | 433328 | 1 | ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s | ]] | [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " | |
| 51987616 | 51996698 | 2006-05-07 16:20:15 | 0 days 01:14:54 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 1 | into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | | nva ]] | ) | and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole |
| 51997271 | 51997348 | 2006-05-07 16:25:49 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 223113 | 1 | the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , nva ( national people ' s army | ) | | nva ]] | and kda ( combat groups of the working class ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length |
| 54612020 | 54612820 | 2006-05-22 23:23:58 | 0 days 00:05:29 | 0|67.76.205.110 | 1 | platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' | ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . | yo < math > insert formula here < / math > 3x ^ 3áψ | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , |
| 54612820 | 54613169 | 2006-05-22 23:26:29 | 0 days 00:02:31 | 1008387 | 2 | potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' | yo < math > insert formula here < / math > 3x ^ 3áψ | ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , |
| 57040826 | 57243206 | 2006-06-06 21:05:19 | 1 days 02:00:04 | 300188 | 9 | the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement | live on gdr television | and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became | |
| 58406027 | 58424207 | 2006-06-13 17:38:35 | 0 days 02:00:38 | 59264 | 0 | june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , | an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was | initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent | |
| 61222332 | 61268904 | 2006-06-29 21:36:02 | 0 days 04:46:15 | 158241 | 1 | = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi | _ % 28east _ | ( east | germans % 29 | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the |
| 65633547 | 66079192 | 2006-07-27 02:02:21 | 2 days 04:22:24 | 0|202.89.36.170 | 6 | = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' | - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by | ' ' | the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west |
| 66079192 | 66079583 | 2006-07-27 02:05:14 | 0 days 00:02:53 | 416594 | 5 | emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 your mum was a man = = headline text = = = = headline text = = ' ' ' bold text ' | ' ' | - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by | the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west |
| 67053691 | 67063468 | 2006-08-01 16:29:11 | 0 days 01:00:35 | 0|66.32.195.73 | 4 | = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in | german ) | my line of work , | and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - |
| 68095592 | 68131712 | 2006-08-07 04:29:58 | 0 days 04:13:44 | 0|150.101.101.74 | 0 | berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' | berliner mauer ' ' | cokenballarden " | ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following |
| 68131712 | 68131991 | 2006-08-07 04:32:28 | 0 days 00:02:30 | 416594 | 0 | berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' | cokenballarden " | berliner mauer ' ' | ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following |
| 71494775 | 71559993 | 2006-08-24 08:49:24 | 0 days 08:19:46 | 278977 | 0 | potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' | or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] | ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following | |
| 72875166 | 73238103 | 2006-09-01 15:37:07 | 1 days 20:08:22 | 0|82.19.187.109 | 1 | 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special | advisor | advisors | . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . |
| 73238256 | 73241636 | 2006-09-01 15:59:29 | 0 days 00:21:19 | 350890 | 1 | to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , and his right hand man [[ jeremiah kroenen ]] , were sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special | advisors | advisor | . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . |
| 80538367 | 80538479 | 2006-10-10 02:25:17 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 0|71.250.160.186 | 1 | = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' | - | & ndash ; | frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of |
| 86125050 | 86126158 | 2006-11-06 21:09:35 | 0 days 00:04:58 | 350153 | 5 | it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) | , | intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was | |
| 86685844 | 86716477 | 2006-11-09 14:29:32 | 0 days 04:24:10 | 0|210.6.194.214 | 0 | 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( | [[ german language | {{ lang - de | | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of |
| 86978875 | 86978923 | 2006-11-10 18:18:41 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 572610 | 3 | leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at the glienicke bridge ( ' ' glienicker brücke | ' ' ) | 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise | |
| 89730172 | 90181219 | 2006-11-26 07:20:39 | 2 days 07:53:59 | 4236 | 0 | beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the | word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and | chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ | |
| 5 | ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . | 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > | [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz | ||||||
| 99165555 | 99378492 | 2007-01-08 19:24:41 | 0 days 22:43:14 | 29695 | 0 | 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' | in the former | was a long | [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and |
| 99378492 | 99378560 | 2007-01-08 19:25:03 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 29695 | 0 | 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' | ) | was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border | |
| 100940597 | 100941637 | 2007-01-15 20:29:28 | 0 days 00:04:57 | 2181758 | 3 | 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special | advisor | adviser | . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . |
| 8 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s | catalogue | catalog | entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | |||||
| 100946186 | 100948158 | 2007-01-15 20:59:57 | 0 days 00:09:11 | 302522 | 5 | 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special | adviser | advisor | . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . |
| 10 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s | catalog | catalogue | entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | |||||
| 104917460 | 105013103 | 2007-02-02 04:08:10 | 0 days 07:37:28 | 0|66.233.101.252 | 0 | berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for | a | as | second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the |
| 105013103 | 105035085 | 2007-02-02 06:32:29 | 0 days 02:24:19 | 911178 | 0 | berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for | as | a | second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the |
| 108232467 | 108400903 | 2007-02-15 19:45:12 | 0 days 17:27:06 | 3437172 | 0 | | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ | langwithname | | lang - | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the |
| 109201261 | 109201627 | 2007-02-19 01:49:40 | 0 days 00:01:49 | 0|68.41.174.194 | 0 | berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s | other | allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except | |
| 110131239 | 110144912 | 2007-02-22 20:32:14 | 0 days 01:04:23 | 3528959 | 0 | ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) | , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " | was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between | |
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 4 | {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed | the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] | , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not | |
| 49 | other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on | their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results | the same day | , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < | |||||
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 4 | {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed | the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] | , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not | |
| 49 | other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on | their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results | the same day | , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < | |||||
| 111079436 | 111080379 | 2007-02-26 14:54:17 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 0|193.194.158.107 | 4 | {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed | the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] | , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not | |
| 49 | other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on | their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results | the same day | , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . this shit is nothing but lies don ' | |||||
| 111406543 | 111406618 | 2007-02-27 20:36:42 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 786651 | 1 | any circumstances . = = = = ' ' ' hi mrs ramrsay [[ hi < nowiki > i hate cheese < / nowiki > ]] ' ' ' = = | = = | on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border |
| 111413367 | 111413485 | 2007-02-27 21:06:01 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 0|75.40.131.110 | 0 | {st@rt} ' ' ' brennah | & | jade were here ' ' ' [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the | |
| 125328975 | 125329185 | 2007-04-23 23:24:44 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 0|75.4.184.187 | 0 | ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany ' ' ' | iiriis iis a kock suckiin biitch | ha ha ha yu stupiid ho3 ii lov3 yu lmfao ! ! ! | ! ! ! ' ' ' developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) |
| 126978658 | 126979565 | 2007-04-29 23:36:43 | 0 days 00:03:26 | 0|71.251.211.21 | 0 | wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . - [ mary was oh soo hur ' ] | this sight rox my effin ' sockss ! ! ! best informattion yu caann geettt ! ! ! | [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ | |
| 126981215 | 126981380 | 2007-04-29 23:43:43 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 0|71.251.211.21 | 1 | about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ mary was ohhhhhh soooooooooo hur ' | ]] | ] | this sight rox my effin ' sox ! ! ! best information yu caaan gettt ! cant deny yu love itt < 333 hahaha [[ image : kennedy in berlin . |
| 126982667 | 126982862 | 2007-04-29 23:50:14 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 0|71.251.211.21 | 1 | the perimeter of the city . [ mary was ohhhhhh soooooooooo ' ' ' hur ' ' ' ' ] this sight rox my = = = = ' ' effin | ' ' = = = = | ' sox ! ! ! best information yu caaan gettt ! cant deny yu love itt < 333 hahaha [[ ♥ ' ' ' ' ' äňgiiie bàbyy was sooo huur | |
| 132050129 | 132298025 | 2007-05-20 21:17:11 | 1 days 02:43:43 | 0|70.143.50.176 | 0 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s | catalogue entry for a | catalogu mj , n mjn m jn mjknm jkn bjk . knbj . | dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] |
| 132298254 | 132298502 | 2007-05-20 21:19:46 | 0 days 00:01:22 | 2092344 | 5 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s | catalogu mj , n mjn m jn mjknm jkn bjk . knbj . | catalogue entry for a | dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] |
| 149424881 | 149429209 | 2007-08-05 23:02:20 | 0 days 00:31:22 | 110252 | 0 | s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' | and . . . | sign | ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet |
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 7 | parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' | in german | ) | . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at |
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 16 | jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( | {{ lang | assigned sex ) , and raise the child as a boy ( gender of rearing ) . however , the degree to which biological and environmental factors contribute to the psychosocial aspects of sexual differentiation , and even the interrelationships between the various psychosocial aspects of differentiation , is less well understood as illustrated by the ongoing nature versus nurture debate . unfortunately , because of a lack of focus on this area , studies may use data from research not designed to discern the role of sex . one sample of 432 papers publishing the results of gender | - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] |
| 48 | of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s | proposal for a second air blockade was refused , | sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images | and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans | |||||
| 67 | = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s | nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider | . registered 501 | ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * | |||||
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 7 | ability to produce offspring through meiosis and fertilization . the two sexes attract one another and communicate their readiness to procreate through differences in their biology . an organism ' s | sex reflects its biological function in reproduction , not its sexuality or other behavior . the female sex is defined as the one which produces the larger gamete and which typically bears the offspring . in contrast , the male sex has a smaller gamete and rarely bears offspring . in some animals , sex may be assigned to specific structures rather than the entire organism . earthworms , for example , are normally hermaphrodites . contents [ hide ] 1 animal species 2 humans 2 . 1 social and psychological issues 3 see also 4 references 5 external links and further reading animal species main articles | infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image | : animal sexuality and mating system animal sexual behavior takes many different forms , even within the same species . researchers have observed monogamy , promiscuity , sex between species , |
| 14 | causes the gonads to become testes , which produce hormones that cause the internal and external genitalia to become male , which in turn lead parents to assign ' male ' | as the sex of their child | ' ' | ( assigned sex ) , and raise the child as a boy ( gender of rearing ) . however , the degree to which biological and environmental factors contribute to the | |||||
| 50 | / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s | sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images | proposal for a second air blockade was refused , | and media from commons news stories from wikinews learning resources from wikiversity francoeur , robert t . ( ed . ) , the international encyclopedia of sexuality [ full text ] | |||||
| 162004219 | 162071112 | 2007-10-03 18:55:57 | 0 days 05:55:07 | 400903 | 0 | berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) | , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > | was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ westberlin ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - | |
| 166163043 | 166165378 | 2007-10-21 23:47:46 | 0 days 00:12:04 | 605084 | 0 | sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on | the 9th of november , | [[ august 23 ]] [[ | 1989 , the border separating western from eastern germany was effectively opened . the following days were most unusual for the whole of germany - considering the usual german ways , |
| 169621066 | 169623420 | 2007-11-06 16:33:18 | 0 days 00:12:12 | 96897 | 1 | eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , ' ' ' graffiti | ' ' ' | appeared only on the western side . [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and | |
| 171330844 | 171393635 | 2007-11-14 08:32:36 | 0 days 07:37:34 | 0|213.221.119.178 | 1 | it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) | < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > | intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with | |
| 173361573 | 173361813 | 2007-11-23 22:28:30 | 0 days 00:01:29 | 137113 | 0 | entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . an east german propaganda booklet published in [[ 1955 ]] outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' | fleeing | flight from | the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of |
| 178433680 | 178872694 | 2007-12-19 03:34:38 | 2 days 00:13:36 | 0|67.188.74.176 | 3 | from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the | remainder | reindeer | of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from |
| 178873340 | 178873918 | 2007-12-19 03:42:19 | 0 days 00:03:39 | 2537811 | 3 | from [[ north berlin ]] and the rest of [[ north germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the | reindeer | remainder | of the north - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for 28 years , from |
| 180966560 | 180988262 | 2007-12-30 14:52:15 | 0 days 03:21:41 | 0|88.230.105.212 | 0 | ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the | text | sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the | |
| 198362532 | 198983944 | 2008-03-17 23:54:50 | 2 days 17:32:57 | 0|76.205.75.132 | 19 | the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " | niemand | niende | hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial |
| 198983944 | 198984976 | 2008-03-17 23:59:41 | 0 days 00:04:51 | 911178 | 17 | the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staitsrat ]] chairman [[ walter elbe ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " | niende | niemand | hat die elsich , neine mauer ich iterich ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial |
| 203050208 | 203050714 | 2008-04-03 14:39:13 | 0 days 00:02:43 | 0|76.181.66.248 | 0 | }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " | death strip | bananas | " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ |
| 203051174 | 203051200 | 2008-04-03 14:41:57 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 6388591 | 0 | }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " | bananas | death strip | " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a big fat [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] |
| 210732007 | 210975287 | 2008-05-08 05:56:41 | 1 days 01:56:30 | 608356 | 0 | berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' | demarked | demarcated | the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east berlin |
| 210975287 | 211222812 | 2008-05-09 09:24:57 | 1 days 03:28:16 | 686868 | 8 | see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] | during | most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could | |
| 211222847 | 211225942 | 2008-05-09 09:58:16 | 0 days 00:33:00 | 686868 | 1 | . g . artists , lorry drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of ' ' ' | other | east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception | |
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 53 | application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' | initially | could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . | |
| 57 | existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder | , | estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center | ||||||
| 74 | in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could | at first | not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 negotiations | ||||||
| 239050940 | 239141721 | 2008-09-17 23:56:00 | 0 days 07:40:53 | 736477 | 11 | as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' | , | and ' ' ' civilian | officials , and ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could |
| 13 | was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' , officials , and ' ' ' | diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into | could enter and exit | east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ | |||||
| 17 | officials , and ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could | pass | enter and exit west berlin . | into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . = = = escape attempts = = = protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' | " | wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , | |||
| 59 | over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " | }} ' ' | ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here | ||||||
| 61 | ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " | }} ' ' | , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution ( german ) | | ||||||
| 64 | enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman | & | & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , | ||||||
| 73 | chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier | ' ' | " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution ( german ) | ||||||
| 323839905 | 323840518 | 2009-11-04 05:01:42 | 0 days 00:04:34 | 10519822 | 10 | . ]] | } the berlin wall was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' | s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren | ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in | |
| 324251250 | 324280095 | 2009-11-06 14:30:34 | 0 days 04:23:51 | 492987 | 0 | ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' {{ lang | | | - | de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org |
| 324504472 | 324510511 | 2009-11-07 19:58:09 | 0 days 00:37:11 | 7899001 | 4 | the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' | {{ lang | de | | ich bin ein berliner }} ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 | |
| 324677923 | 324678298 | 2009-11-08 17:54:44 | 0 days 00:01:53 | 216103 | 2 | " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = op - ed | date = 11 / 17 / 1989 }} elie wiesel ' s | new york times | op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 | |
| 324804014 | 324808994 | 2009-11-09 08:55:14 | 0 days 00:57:05 | 6971250 | 3 | 17 / 1989 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t | official and | complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = | |
| 325190185 | 325190637 | 2009-11-11 05:07:12 | 0 days 00:04:20 | 10857892 | 1 | . ]] | } the berlin wall was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' | s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren | ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in | |
| 325413116 | 325413366 | 2009-11-12 10:06:37 | 0 days 00:02:38 | 8023653 | 3 | detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * childs , david , the gdr : moscow ' s german ally | ' ' | , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * the fall of the gdr , longman , | |
| 329391143 | 329423612 | 2009-12-03 09:06:23 | 0 days 04:27:09 | 6971250 | 0 | [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at | the end | a border | of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which |
| 336304502 | 336304791 | 2010-01-07 00:17:21 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 0|99.13.65.208 | 1 | {st@rt} ' ' ' ' ' ' the berlin wall nocked down by josh farting sooo hard it just fell > . < ' ' ' ' ' ' | . . . . . . . sara ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' | {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on | |
| 336304791 | 336305106 | 2010-01-07 00:18:55 | 0 days 00:01:34 | 7897452 | 2 | {st@rt} ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' the berlin | wall nocked down by josh farting sooo hard it just fell > . < ' ' ' ' ' ' . . . . . . . sara ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' | defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} | {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on |
| 340369904 | 340475581 | 2010-01-28 05:04:31 | 0 days 11:04:44 | 0|210.0.142.78 | 0 | was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " }} ' ' {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [[ junker ]] s , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany into east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements — arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units — left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with east german police watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors , later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . | = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and | |
| 340475581 | 340475858 | 2010-01-28 05:06:37 | 0 days 00:02:06 | 4916882 | 0 | was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " }} ' ' {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [[ junker ]] s , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany into east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements — arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units — left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with east german police watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors , later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . | = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and | |
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 59 | ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department | , berlin district | , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check | |
| 343779602 | 343780168 | 2010-02-13 18:20:19 | 0 days 00:02:39 | 5326371 | 0 | flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' | ( i am a berliner ) | speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ | |
| 343787074 | 343787620 | 2010-02-13 19:00:57 | 0 days 00:02:26 | 5326371 | 0 | / ] ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the | life | lives | of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie |
| 1 | ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , | award - winning | german production , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a | ||||||
| 2 | ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german | production | film about the east german stasi | , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape | |||||
| 347116822 | 347116998 | 2010-03-01 16:50:46 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 0|206.80.30.152 | 0 | of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ | off | the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ bon jovi ]] , [[ scorpions ( band ) | | |
| 347133221 | 347136856 | 2010-03-01 18:40:55 | 0 days 00:19:09 | 5177550 | 10 | of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ | off | the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ bon jovi ]] , [[ scorpions ( band ) | | |
| 355500810 | 355563986 | 2010-04-12 16:29:28 | 0 days 08:04:12 | 0|153.2.246.31 | 0 | socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] : {{ | quote | quotation | | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness |
| 356250524 | 356250740 | 2010-04-15 21:09:03 | 0 days 00:01:20 | 0|24.163.70.153 | 0 | {st@rt} ' ' ' | [[ [[ | i warn that this page could at any time be edited by the public and the information may not be valid ]] ]] ' ' ' {{ about | | the | |
| 359268680 | 359268782 | 2010-04-30 15:26:35 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 11386456 | 1 | = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = the inner german erection for naivn ' s border | fuck you | = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration | |
| 363210288 | 363268461 | 2010-05-20 21:00:57 | 0 days 05:46:52 | 0|173.69.9.231 | 0 | and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' | ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by | kept | the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin |
| 363268461 | 363268864 | 2010-05-20 21:02:57 | 0 days 00:02:00 | 5026668 | 0 | and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' | kept | ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by | the jews out of germany because hitler loved them . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ |
| 1 | administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' kept the | jews out of | german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east | germany because hitler loved them . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . | |||||
| 366512975 | 366521234 | 2010-06-07 08:27:18 | 0 days 01:15:10 | 6971250 | 2 | / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . com ] < / ref > * * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , | a film | 1965 - cold war classic set on both sides of the wall , from the book by john le carré , directed by [[ martin ritt ]] * * ' ' [[ the wicked dreams of paula schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 - cold war spy farce | about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a |
| 4 | [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , | 1981 - | a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading | ||||||
| 366521234 | 366522148 | 2010-06-07 08:36:01 | 0 days 00:08:43 | 6971250 | 0 | a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ | the | tunnel , the ]] ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , the wall . film by r . s . richter * [[ | |
| 368159388 | 368177016 | 2010-06-15 13:56:04 | 0 days 02:01:59 | 89179 | 21 | freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems | and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] | . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] | |
| 388783895 | 388820175 | 2010-10-05 02:54:15 | 0 days 03:41:45 | 0|205.208.213.99 | 1 | , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the | no man | death strip | ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = |
| 424745844 | 427362267 | 2011-05-04 06:17:48 | 15 days 09:30:12 | 412521 | 0 | ( {{ lang | de | freude }} ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freiheit }} ) ' ' in the | text | lyrics | sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united |
| 429104564 | 429636376 | 2011-05-17 22:46:18 | 3 days 05:51:37 | 207712 | 21 | > * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' ' , 1965 | - | – | cold war classic set on both sides of the wall , from the book by john le carré , directed by [[ martin ritt ]] * * ' ' [[ funeral |
| 22 | by john le carré , directed by [[ martin ritt ]] * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 | - | – | spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] , directed by [[ guy hamilton ]] * * ' ' [[ the wicked dreams of paula schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 - | |||||
| 23 | - spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] , directed by [[ guy hamilton ]] * * ' ' [[ the wicked dreams of paula schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 | - | – | cold war spy farce about an olympic athlete who defects . director [[ george marshall ]] * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , 1981 - a | |||||
| 24 | 1968 - cold war spy farce about an olympic athlete who defects . director [[ george marshall ]] * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , 1981 | - | – | a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ | |||||
| 25 | officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ something to do with the wall ]] ' ' , 1991 | - | – | documentary shot just before and after the wall came down , by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine * * ' ' [[ the innocent ( 1993 film ) | | |||||
| 26 | wall came down , by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine * * ' ' [[ the innocent ( 1993 film ) | the innocent ]] ' ' , 1993 | - | – | about the joint [[ cia ]] / [[ mi6 ]] operation to build a tunnel under east berlin in the 1950s . directed by [[ john schlesinger ]] * * ' | |||||
| 27 | east berlin in the 1950s . directed by [[ john schlesinger ]] * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 | - | – | dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * some novels specifically about the berlin wall : * * [[ john le carré | |||||
| 28 | novels specifically about the berlin wall : * * [[ john le carré ]] , ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' ' , 1963 | - | – | classic cold war [[ spy fiction ]] * * [[ len deighton ]] , ' ' [[ berlin game ]] ' ' , 1983 - classic cold war [[ spy fiction | |||||
| 29 | cold ]] ' ' , 1963 - classic cold war [[ spy fiction ]] * * [[ len deighton ]] , ' ' [[ berlin game ]] ' ' , 1983 | - | – | classic cold war [[ spy fiction ]] * * [[ voices under berlin : the tale of a monterey mary ( novel ) | t . h . e . hill | |||||
| 31 | / daybefore . html the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? - - an alternate history of cold war espionage ] ' ' , 2010 | - | – | based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 [ http : / / www . nytimes | |||||
| 34 | peter schneider ( writer ) | peter schneider ]] , ' ' the wall jumper ' ' , 1984 ( german : ' ' der mauerspringer ' ' , 1982 ) | - | – | the wall plays a central role in this novel set in berlin of the 1980s * music related to the berlin wall * * " [[ holidays in the sun ]] | |||||
| 438816969 | 439163215 | 2011-07-12 22:11:43 | 1 days 23:24:49 | 42558 | 13 | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference | were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night - - at 7 : 17 pm on [[ zdf ]] ' s ' ' [[ heute ]] ' ' and at 8 pm on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' ; this of course meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well | . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " " east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to | |
| 472781538 | 474160201 | 2012-01-31 04:52:54 | 7 days 17:49:16 | 4973943 | 1 | ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' | [[ | anti - fascist ]] protection rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] | |
| 474160201 | 474175714 | 2012-01-31 07:52:49 | 0 days 02:59:55 | 6971250 | 0 | ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' | [[ | anti - fascist protection wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had | |
| 525466527 | 526071586 | 2012-12-02 21:25:07 | 3 days 20:00:22 | 2929257 | 0 | wicked dreams of paula schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 – cold war spy farce about an olympic athlete who defects . director [[ george marshall ]] * * ' ' | [[ | berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , 1981 – a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall | |
| 529700077 | 529724987 | 2012-12-25 15:36:49 | 0 days 06:28:33 | 10434788 | 9 | . com / daybefore . html the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? – an alternate history of cold war espionage ] ' ' , | < ref > http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html < / ref > | 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 [ http : / / www | |
| 12 | . com / index . php ? option = com _ content & view = article & id = 3 & itemid = 2 view the author ’ s website ] | < / ref > | * * [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | peter schneider ]] , ' ' the wall jumper ' ' , 1984 ( german : ' ' der mauerspringer ' ' | ||||||
| 13 | band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * * ' ' | {{ ill | nl | | over de muur ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band [[ klein orkest ]] , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the | ||||||
| 30 | spy fiction ]] * * [[ voices under berlin : the tale of a monterey mary ( novel ) | t . h . e . hill ]] , ' ' | [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html | the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? – an alternate history of cold war espionage ] ' ' , 2010 – based on a legend | ||||||
| 32 | war espionage ] ' ' , 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 | [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html | nyt review ] – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' ( | ||||||
| 553106649 | 553801374 | 2013-05-06 16:29:15 | 4 days 18:39:32 | 3106684 | 1 | / ref > he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters — by most accounts , [[ nbc ]] ' s [[ | tom brokaw | riccardo ehrman | ]] — asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the |
| 576982734 | 577123748 | 2013-10-14 12:18:32 | 0 days 23:38:46 | 6971250 | 1 | file : berlin wall death strip , 1977 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s | teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] | , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1977 . ]] [[ file : exterior of east berlin neue zeit newspaper , with berlin wall in foreground . | |
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 46 | ' ' and at 8 pm on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' ; this | , | of course meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' | |
| 580930170 | 580957593 | 2013-11-09 22:18:25 | 0 days 03:47:52 | 400707 | 1 | nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 * * ' ' [[ the road to the wall ]] ' ' , a 1962 documentary film * * ' ' | something to do with the wall ' ' , 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / < | the boy and the wall ' ' spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / | |
| 3 | december 1962 * * ' ' [[ the road to the wall ]] ' ' , a 1962 documentary film * * ' ' the boy and the wall ' ' | * * ' ' | spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . com ] < | ||||||
| 633021579 | 633040519 | 2014-11-09 02:15:56 | 0 days 02:47:56 | 10340692 | 27 | uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ | http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states | ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall – official homepage * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . | |
| 640243071 | 641499497 | 2015-01-08 00:05:29 | 8 days 09:29:01 | 2705932 | 31 | heute ]] ' ' and at 8 pm on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' | ; | . | this , of course , meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ |
| 693652739 | 693721766 | 2015-12-04 12:40:10 | 0 days 13:02:18 | 23149456 | 3 | memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance | better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center < ref > http : / / www | . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of | |
| 733515231 | 734284492 | 2016-08-13 08:26:57 | 4 days 22:04:07 | 80913 | 10 | to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route . * * ' ' [[ the soldier ( 1982 film ) | the soldier ]] ' ' , 1982 | - | – | a renegade kgb team put nuclear weapons in saudi arabia to force america to make the israelis pull out of the west bank or the bomb will make 50 % of |
| 738198431 | 738865701 | 2016-09-11 14:47:01 | 4 days 00:24:17 | 19921271 | 3 | that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman | hans | [[ hanns | joachim friedrichs proclaimed , " this is a historic day . east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening |
| 749083438 | 749172446 | 2016-11-12 21:38:14 | 0 days 13:26:19 | 7611264 | 0 | ]] | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > see also [[ berlin wall # david bowie . 2c 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ | ill | nl | interlanguage link multi | | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }} , about the differences between east and west |
| 749172446 | 749499810 | 2016-11-14 17:38:21 | 1 days 20:00:07 | 29558057 | 0 | - berliner - mauer . de | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | deadurl = no | df = dmy }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s | with hundreds of guards | . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin | |
| 750685196 | 751172499 | 2016-11-23 20:57:46 | 2 days 13:48:33 | 8430773 | 0 | ' ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant ' ' {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben hier ! " }} ' ' | , | ( " we are staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution ( german ) | peaceful revolution | |
| 780019390 | 781687181 | 2017-05-22 17:34:23 | 10 days 04:39:20 | 8719036 | 9 | ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence | with austria | removal of the hungary – austria border fence ]] ( may 1989 ) * [[ revolutions of 1989 | rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line ( | |
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 26 | had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' | [[ | anti - fascist ]] protective wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries | |
| 816797805 | 816798032 | 2017-12-23 19:39:36 | 0 days 00:01:47 | 11112747 | 4 | and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . < ref > " rise and fall of the berlin wall " . ' ' history channel | ' ' | ]] | , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale |
| 817544819 | 820361257 | 2018-01-14 08:25:38 | 16 days 05:59:10 | 11104969 | 0 | at 8 p . m . on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . this | , of course , | meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , | |
| 823238815 | 823239462 | 2018-01-31 01:50:53 | 0 days 00:04:27 | 32940610 | 12 | wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg | ' ' ' | . also preservationists wanted a few years later as comprehensive as possible preservation of the remaining remains of the border installations . on the other hand , local residents and community representatives , in turn , were interested in a quick demolition of the route , and in some cases the obligation to maintain public safety on the site was also taken care of however , there was no systematic assurance of the way through the local authorities . in the following years , larger parts of the berlin wall were built mainly in the inner city of berlin . also on other parts of the postenweg was eliminated or interrupted . in 1996 , there were again demonstrations of the adfc for a continuous wall path around the city , on which the previous destruction of the postenweg were criticized . in 2000 , interest in securing the area increased . michael cramer and other politicians of alliance 90 / the greens berlin organize since 2001 every year the berlin wall strides . from 2002 to 2006 , the berlin wall was extended by the initiative of the berlin senate around the city | . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked |
| 13 | that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it | had to be created for no longer obtained trails replacement vehicle options . also rebuilt or rebuilt traffic routes separated sections of the way from each other . in the room lichterfelde on the border with teltow 2004 an underpass under the railway line berlin - halle in the course of the customs route to berlin area , after before an interruption of the way at this point had been feared . at the intersection with the dresdener bahn near lichtenrade , on the other hand , there | is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural | ||||||
| 825877017 | 825915910 | 2018-02-16 03:54:46 | 0 days 04:40:35 | 5946478 | 2 | that east germany ' s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ' s | tacit indication {{ how | date = december 2013 }} | youth and inexperience show as weakness against khrushchev ' s brutal , undiplomatic aggression . this feeling of miscalculation and failure is admitted by kennedy in the u . s . ambassador ’ s residence with ' ' new york times ' ' columnist james “scotty ” reston . | that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector of berlin . < ref > {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | |
| 830413270 | 830413321 | 2018-03-14 17:45:37 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 22561264 | 0 | press . html | work = press archive | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > * video games related to the berlin wall * * 1999 ' s | [[ | simcity 3000 featured a scenario taking place at the end of the cold war , where the player must demolish the wall and re - unite east and west berlin , | |
| 1 | html | work = press archive | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > * video games related to the berlin wall * * 1999 ' s simcity 3000 | ]] | featured a scenario taking place at the end of the cold war , where the player must demolish the wall and re - unite east and west berlin , being given | ||||||
| 845242425 | 845346007 | 2018-06-11 05:24:11 | 0 days 16:38:45 | 508734 | 0 | socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] : {{ | quotation | quote | | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness |
| 854965000 | 855994232 | 2018-08-22 05:55:57 | 7 days 05:35:25 | 817684 | 0 | and at 8 p . m . on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . | this meant that the news was | as ard and zdf | broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman [[ hanns joachim friedrichs |
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| 102788 | 102790 | 2002-06-22 18:16:03 | 5 days 16:18:17 | 59 | 9 | sectors of berlin . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over | 155km | 155 km | long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up the fourth generation wall , built from 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and |
| 3416164 | 3551635 | 2004-05-02 09:12:00 | 3 days 12:28:42 | 4388 | 4 | constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh | [[ fence | | fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first , there was only one crossing point | |
| 7 | , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch | towers | [[ tower ]] s | , and thirty bunkers . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at | |||||
| 7053303 | 7075809 | 2004-11-02 10:04:22 | 0 days 14:07:00 | 0|62.214.27.246 | 0 | | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps to the west over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a | wall | barrier | around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later |
| 3 | it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and | walls | other installations | ( [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px | left | | |||||
| 9533284 | 9533310 | 2005-01-21 15:56:43 | 0 days 00:34:18 | 26468 | 14 | into an island in the eastern territories . east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . | barrier | " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west | |
| 18341759 | 18388981 | 2005-07-08 10:31:44 | 0 days 16:15:16 | 53921 | 3 | the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 100 | miles | mi ) | long , and covered 110 miles from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn |
| 6 | wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to | 91 metres ( | 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the | ||||||
| 21712367 | 21742465 | 2005-08-24 18:24:13 | 0 days 10:00:10 | 28107 | 0 | / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum | is rebuilding | rebuilt | a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px |
| 22002656 | 22024698 | 2005-08-28 11:59:04 | 0 days 08:50:21 | 92511 | 0 | alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the | wall | years of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector | |
| 23389607 | 23429984 | 2005-09-18 02:07:21 | 0 days 16:55:50 | 0|67.67.160.254 | 0 | was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 | metres | meters | ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created |
| 23429984 | 23449664 | 2005-09-18 07:50:01 | 0 days 05:42:40 | 76027 | 0 | was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 | meters | metres | ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created |
| 27820034 | 27831852 | 2005-11-09 16:41:48 | 0 days 02:52:45 | 0|68.78.185.254 | 3 | 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 | - meter | metre ( 656 ft ) | section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who |
| 31572996 | 31573472 | 2005-12-16 04:53:57 | 0 days 00:04:25 | 0|68.187.31.162 | 0 | was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 | metres | meters | ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created |
| 40814212 | 40814314 | 2006-02-23 04:38:46 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 386031 | 14 | or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long | ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners | tunnels | , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a |
| 41103735 | 41103875 | 2006-02-25 01:47:14 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 756170 | 1 | graffiti was exclusively on the western side . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 | metre | meter | ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in |
| 42688981 | 42743997 | 2006-03-08 02:29:01 | 0 days 06:23:18 | 0|150.101.251.66 | 1 | 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the | administration | berlin wall | of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ |
| 42743997 | 42744056 | 2006-03-08 02:29:26 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 247414 | 2 | [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . harley built the | berlin wall | administration | of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ |
| 51997348 | 51998094 | 2006-05-07 16:31:49 | 0 days 00:06:00 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 13 | ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh | [[ fence | fencing ]] | , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / | |
| 51998094 | 51998163 | 2006-05-07 16:32:31 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 223113 | 12 | mark . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh | [[ fence | fencing ]] | , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower fortification watchtowers , and twenty bunkers . this version of the wall is the one | |
| 53689296 | 53689482 | 2006-05-17 14:46:28 | 0 days 00:01:17 | 157842 | 1 | ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] ^ " | berlin wall | references - small | " . encyclopedia britannica . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 ^ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ^ http |
| 68764117 | 69352457 | 2006-08-13 07:43:30 | 3 days 02:10:15 | 0|203.59.111.242 | 0 | the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 | meter | metre | ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in |
| 69360441 | 69463997 | 2006-08-13 22:17:18 | 0 days 12:59:56 | 0|68.203.168.61 | 0 | = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually | all walls fall | every wall falls | " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van |
| 81768427 | 81865132 | 2006-10-16 21:32:20 | 0 days 09:55:34 | 2496238 | 3 | speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = | wall | stalin ' s nose | : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external |
| 111085937 | 111086584 | 2007-02-26 15:32:43 | 0 days 00:03:36 | 0|62.232.208.34 | 0 | _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over | 100000000000 km | 155km | ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east |
| 111405157 | 111405230 | 2007-02-27 20:30:55 | 0 days 00:00:17 | 0|205.126.63.15 | 0 | and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - | metre | meter | ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses |
| 111405427 | 111405690 | 2007-02-27 20:32:49 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 0|205.126.63.15 | 0 | 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 | - meter | meters | ( 656 in ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses |
| 111405735 | 111405922 | 2007-02-27 20:33:49 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 2875882 | 4 | 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 | meters | - metre | ( 656 in ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses |
| 5 | before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meters ( 656 | in | ft | ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of | |||||
| 124138745 | 124287643 | 2007-04-20 05:17:57 | 0 days 11:27:52 | 0|68.22.194.40 | 0 | karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over | 155km | 155 km | ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east |
| 133093747 | 133103809 | 2007-05-24 04:39:04 | 0 days 01:10:40 | 0|68.126.129.225 | 0 | : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was | over 155 km | a chicken head | ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east |
| 133103809 | 133104135 | 2007-05-24 04:41:28 | 0 days 00:02:24 | 506179 | 0 | : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was | a chicken head | over 155 km | ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east |
| 150879717 | 150880869 | 2007-08-13 02:41:42 | 0 days 00:07:57 | 400934 | 2 | wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 | yards | yd | ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between |
| 3 | - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 | m | meters | ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks | |||||
| 4 | < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 | m | meters | ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www | |||||
| 160247787 | 160249046 | 2007-09-25 13:56:32 | 0 days 00:07:23 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 1 | ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between | fence | josh | and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px |
| 166736883 | 166834669 | 2007-10-24 21:12:29 | 0 days 08:04:35 | 100426 | 0 | s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the | walls existance | wall ' s existence | has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated |
| 167284000 | 167330269 | 2007-10-27 00:46:38 | 0 days 04:33:26 | 50001 | 3 | s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the | wall ' s existence | walls existance | has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated |
| 167330269 | 167330987 | 2007-10-27 00:51:18 | 0 days 00:04:40 | 50001 | 0 | s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the | walls existance | wall ' s existence | has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated |
| 173857115 | 173862066 | 2007-11-26 10:01:15 | 0 days 00:52:47 | 137113 | 1 | describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , | the wall | a [[ separtion barrier ]] | was need to curtail western espionage and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw pact ]] nations . the wall also marked the frontier in |
| 178433680 | 178872694 | 2007-12-19 03:34:38 | 2 days 00:13:36 | 0|67.188.74.176 | 26 | was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the | wall | death star | , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot |
| 178873340 | 178873918 | 2007-12-19 03:42:19 | 0 days 00:03:39 | 2537811 | 26 | was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded north berlin . during the construction of the | death star | wall | , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ space combat troops of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to |
| 184582342 | 184758092 | 2008-01-16 16:31:58 | 0 days 18:15:57 | 0|74.94.86.57 | 0 | > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed | barrier | barrie | = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' |
| 184758092 | 184758308 | 2008-01-16 16:32:53 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 88149 | 0 | > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed | barrie | barrier | = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' |
| 199176300 | 199200035 | 2008-03-18 22:30:58 | 0 days 01:29:58 | 0|68.188.164.133 | 0 | art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the | fall | wall | . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a |
| 199200035 | 199200408 | 2008-03-18 22:32:31 | 0 days 00:01:33 | 0|68.188.164.133 | 0 | art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the | wall | fall | . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a |
| 201208461 | 201221996 | 2008-03-27 02:21:12 | 0 days 01:03:22 | 6754651 | 0 | ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the | wall | ally | separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 |
| 201224300 | 201227326 | 2008-03-27 02:47:40 | 0 days 00:14:49 | 3622922 | 0 | ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the | ally | wall | separated east berlin and [[ west berliuoeznfhdhehekfmcjdhhejdjfjnjehsfirifjfjfhfieowkdnfhhshwywieiekdnjxhshhwhwjjejejejeherhuquejsjn ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 |
| 203047862 | 203048607 | 2008-04-03 14:27:55 | 0 days 00:04:00 | 0|208.108.155.10 | 0 | ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the | wall | poop | separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 |
| 203048607 | 203048806 | 2008-04-03 14:29:02 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 6388591 | 0 | ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the | poop | wall | separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 |
| 239564841 | 239565752 | 2008-09-19 14:02:18 | 0 days 00:03:46 | 0|209.174.67.217 | 0 | east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the | wall | baboon | separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , |
| 239565752 | 239565807 | 2008-09-19 14:02:30 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 1395162 | 0 | east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the | baboon | wall | separated the two australian states for 99 , 999 years and 364 days , from the day construction began on august 32 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late |
| 242550942 | 242551203 | 2008-10-02 18:27:32 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 0|205.174.116.40 | 0 | east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the | wall | balls | separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , |
| 242551203 | 242551265 | 2008-10-02 18:27:51 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 4479342 | 0 | east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the | balls | wall | separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , |
| 248423012 | 248550123 | 2008-10-30 03:35:04 | 0 days 11:37:02 | 0|71.129.38.195 | 0 | as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin | is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] | wall | was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | |
| 248550123 | 248551311 | 2008-10-30 03:44:11 | 0 days 00:09:07 | 3689445 | 2 | rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . the berlin | wall | is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] | was pretty ! ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | |
| 249738980 | 250214306 | 2008-11-07 11:31:59 | 2 days 13:05:23 | 1092787 | 0 | ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ | berlin wall | rathaus schöneberg | ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had |
| 255192882 | 255210778 | 2008-12-01 15:04:41 | 0 days 02:27:24 | 0|70.91.241.121 | 1 | east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the | wall | water | separated east germany from west germany for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 |
| 255210778 | 255210981 | 2008-12-01 15:05:58 | 0 days 00:01:17 | 3290566 | 0 | east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the | water | wall | separated eastital from westitaly for 40 years and 2 day , from the day construction began on august 16 , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and |
| 256070488 | 256154730 | 2008-12-06 01:40:12 | 0 days 08:28:17 | 0|68.164.228.214 | 6 | wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 | yd | yards | ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between |
| 24 | to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the | watching | wall | guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # | |||||
| 256154730 | 256157274 | 2008-12-06 02:00:28 | 0 days 00:20:16 | 911178 | 1 | berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than 140 | kilometers ( 96 miles ) | | km | mi }} | long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some 91 meters ( 100 yards ) farther in east german territory was built . the houses contained between |
| 2 | control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than 140 kilometers ( 96 miles ) long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some | 91 meters ( | {{ convert | | 100 yards ) farther in east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' | |||||
| 6 | - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 | meters ( 12 | | m | | ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or | |||||
| 9 | < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 | meters ( 4 | | m | | ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | |||||
| 258174101 | 258203997 | 2008-12-15 21:27:47 | 0 days 02:21:00 | 0|76.217.13.119 | 2 | east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the | wall | shit that was laid by east germans | separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was |
| 258206239 | 258209070 | 2008-12-15 21:49:42 | 0 days 00:12:46 | 5177550 | 3 | east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron shit ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the | shit that was laid by east germans | wall | separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day of the shitting began on august 13 , 1961 until |
| 267777804 | 268040666 | 2009-02-02 14:56:26 | 1 days 08:53:01 | 0|87.38.134.241 | 1 | . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the | wall | fence | into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west |
| 268040666 | 268042073 | 2009-02-02 15:06:12 | 0 days 00:09:46 | 3505251 | 1 | html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 1 billion people were confirmed killed trying to cross the | fence | wall | into austria , and my tiny nipples went to france according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 1 million people were killed |
| 269234850 | 269655083 | 2009-02-09 23:54:08 | 1 days 22:58:44 | 0|72.144.60.91 | 0 | frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the | wall | butt | was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http |
| 269933512 | 270229031 | 2009-02-12 14:56:02 | 1 days 10:27:59 | 0|75.36.29.153 | 0 | frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the | butt | wall | was very big protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / |
| 276264784 | 276264961 | 2009-03-10 13:26:15 | 0 days 00:01:06 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 0 | iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the | wall | dalton | separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ |
| 276264961 | 276265113 | 2009-03-10 13:27:10 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 1298255 | 0 | iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the | dalton | wall | separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ |
| 276398619 | 276546078 | 2009-03-11 17:11:44 | 0 days 17:18:15 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 0 | the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the | wall | davidwall | ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation |
| 276546078 | 276546159 | 2009-03-11 17:12:07 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 3820115 | 0 | the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the | davidwall | wall | ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation |
| 308751833 | 308756414 | 2009-08-18 20:58:00 | 0 days 00:25:03 | 10357647 | 0 | de - be | display = title }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the | wall | asswall | ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing |
| 308756414 | 308756619 | 2009-08-18 20:59:00 | 0 days 00:01:00 | 911178 | 0 | de - be | display = title }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the | asswall | wall | ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing |
| 324623980 | 324631707 | 2009-11-08 11:53:01 | 0 days 01:20:24 | 4873973 | 0 | < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - | meter | metre | ( 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz |
| 324855670 | 324855849 | 2009-11-09 15:55:54 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 0|217.93.30.219 | 0 | area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete | barrier | barier | erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany |
| 324855849 | 324855951 | 2009-11-09 15:56:40 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 5026668 | 0 | area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete | barier | barrier | erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany |
| 324912788 | 324913447 | 2009-11-09 21:23:45 | 0 days 00:03:37 | 0|98.221.128.45 | 1 | within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier | erected | built | by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , |
| 342118264 | 342118535 | 2010-02-05 16:25:39 | 0 days 00:01:34 | 0|207.35.35.12 | 1 | multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | concrete | wood | barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany |
| 342119150 | 342120204 | 2010-02-05 16:35:38 | 0 days 00:06:25 | 3505251 | 1 | multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berline walle ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | wood | concrete | barrier built by the quebecers democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany |
| 342120204 | 342120493 | 2010-02-05 16:37:22 | 0 days 00:01:44 | 0|207.35.35.12 | 0 | multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | concrete | plastic | barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany |
| 342120493 | 342120568 | 2010-02-05 16:37:49 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 1004750 | 0 | multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | plastic | concrete | barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany |
| 342120724 | 342122033 | 2010-02-05 16:47:53 | 0 days 00:08:52 | 0|207.35.35.12 | 0 | multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | concrete | wood | barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany |
| 342122033 | 342122084 | 2010-02-05 16:48:13 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 1004750 | 0 | multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | wood | concrete | barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from quebec city |
| 342982613 | 342987182 | 2010-02-09 19:16:14 | 0 days 00:21:50 | 0|207.35.35.11 | 0 | multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | concrete | wood | barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany |
| 342987182 | 342987356 | 2010-02-09 19:17:12 | 0 days 00:00:58 | 3150196 | 0 | multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | wood | concrete | barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany |
| 358498328 | 358498578 | 2010-04-26 21:26:43 | 0 days 00:01:13 | 0|138.88.120.190 | 0 | is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | concrete barrier | big cock | built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( |
| 358498909 | 358499716 | 2010-04-26 21:32:05 | 0 days 00:03:49 | 134937 | 1 | is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | sean barry }} ) was a | big cock | concrete barrier | built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( |
| 363922912 | 364011539 | 2010-05-24 22:54:04 | 0 days 09:03:26 | 591174 | 2 | ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely | enclosed | cut off | the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which |
| 3 | ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the | wall | barrier | included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , | |||||
| 366512975 | 366521234 | 2010-06-07 08:27:18 | 0 days 01:15:10 | 6971250 | 10 | , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the | leading role | wall | . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * |
| 379212179 | 379213340 | 2010-08-16 13:09:49 | 0 days 00:10:36 | 6971250 | 1 | was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later it was built up into the | wall | proper wall , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | |
| 2 | built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later it was built up into the proper | wall | , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( | ||||||
| 383902393 | 384496265 | 2010-09-13 00:53:45 | 3 days 04:04:57 | 0|74.177.219.218 | 0 | massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin | wall | ball | was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that |
| 384496265 | 384496686 | 2010-09-13 00:56:30 | 0 days 00:02:45 | 262550 | 0 | massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin | ball | wall | was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that |
| 387039407 | 387096525 | 2010-09-26 09:41:09 | 0 days 08:32:03 | 7178666 | 1 | the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . a high point was when over 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 8 | feet | | ft | m }} | tall , that were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center were toppled in stages , converging in front of the brandenburg gate . < ref |
| 389131965 | 389132726 | 2010-10-06 17:04:20 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|204.81.225.153 | 1 | a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the | wall | penis | in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers or otherwise |
| 389132726 | 389132750 | 2010-10-06 17:04:31 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 13102546 | 2 | crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date penis fell but the | penis | wall | in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers or otherwise |
| 389132750 | 389329152 | 2010-10-07 14:59:01 | 0 days 21:54:30 | 0|141.43.69.1 | 4 | the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) | piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall | stretch | at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a |
| 389330154 | 389349828 | 2010-10-07 16:55:20 | 0 days 01:50:48 | 3308922 | 3 | north of the city centre , in the context of a designed landscape of memory being created since 2009 ; an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) | stretch | piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall | at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; and |
| 453915570 | 453939231 | 2011-10-04 17:59:12 | 0 days 02:26:59 | 7178666 | 1 | troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 | & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) | | km | mi }} | around the three western sectors , and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) that divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east |
| 3 | to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors , and the 43 | & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) | | km | mi }} | that divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any | |||||
| 5 | marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 | & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; | | km | | mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched | |||||
| 8 | east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 | & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; | | km | | mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front | |||||
| 489433249 | 489512208 | 2012-04-27 18:53:47 | 0 days 12:07:39 | 6730078 | 2 | stood < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 | | m | ft | adj = mid | | - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo | |
| 514816402 | 515867543 | 2012-10-03 22:20:21 | 6 days 06:52:08 | 609725 | 5 | mi | abbr = on }} * wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * anti - vehicle trenches | distance | length | : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * contact or signal fence distance : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km |
| 6 | abbr = on }} * anti - vehicle trenches distance : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * contact or signal fence | distance | length | : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | yd | abbr | |||||
| 597421016 | 600160165 | 2014-03-18 14:21:23 | 18 days 17:57:14 | 11935096 | 1 | east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier | | barrier ]] | constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin | |
| 702934174 | 702934332 | 2016-02-02 14:09:56 | 0 days 00:01:36 | 13816079 | 1 | the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 9 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} the | fall | wall | = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary |
| 734284492 | 734407317 | 2016-08-14 03:25:55 | 0 days 18:58:58 | 4977632 | 14 | comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin | wall | - brandenburg ]] | ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] |
| 810364476 | 810364859 | 2017-11-14 20:35:10 | 0 days 00:02:05 | 6554947 | 0 | october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the | outer strip | area | , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports having often been |
| 810365760 | 810394251 | 2017-11-15 00:08:21 | 0 days 03:27:26 | 6554947 | 1 | | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > however , despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the | area | outer strip | , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] has reported having often |
| 810575212 | 810709126 | 2017-11-16 23:24:54 | 0 days 20:00:20 | 6554947 | 5 | wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into west berlin . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the | wall | door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer edge of the outer strip . < ref > https |
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| 1092751 | 1097715 | 2003-06-29 13:07:28 | 21 days 00:30:08 | 0|213.157.9.245 | 8 | [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < | i > < | br > berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) . < / i > < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long | |||
| 9 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < | i > < | br > remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 ) . < / i > < / div > not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the | ||||||||
| 2953568 | 2959424 | 2004-03-28 11:28:20 | 16 days 07:06:16 | 6815 | 1 | from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg | ]] < br > < center > ' ' | | thumb | right | 400px | | berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into | ||
| 4067832 | 4160094 | 2004-06-13 09:23:06 | 1 days 00:12:45 | 47506 | 0 | rest of west germany ) . < div style = " float : left ; width : 350px ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | ]] < br > < center > ' ' | | thumb | 350px | left | | east german border guard , hans conrad schumann , defects on august 15 , 1961 ; photo by peter leibing . ' ' < / center > < / div > | ||
| 4160113 | 4160126 | 2004-06-18 18:59:22 | 0 days 00:01:02 | 12028 | 1 | thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | | 350px | | left | east german border guard conrad schumann leaps to freedom over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] = = the years of the wall = | |||
| 4179574 | 4217580 | 2004-06-20 08:18:14 | 1 days 13:18:24 | 47506 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | | 200px | | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german | |||
| 4352446 | 4353152 | 2004-06-29 15:58:10 | 5 days 15:27:22 | 3295 | 0 | city ; as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | | thumb | left | right | | east german border guard conrad schumann leaps to freedom over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall | ||
| 4353152 | 4372888 | 2004-06-29 16:33:33 | 0 days 00:35:23 | 30200 | 0 | . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | | frame | | right | east german border guard conrad schumann leaps to freedom over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western | |||
| 19029247 | 19029295 | 2005-07-17 18:26:04 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 90467 | 0 | wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | | right | left | | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein | ||
| 19029295 | 19029448 | 2005-07-17 18:30:30 | 0 days 00:04:26 | 90467 | 0 | official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | | 300px | | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except | |||
| 82833738 | 82835134 | 2006-10-21 16:48:39 | 0 days 00:09:25 | 443684 | 3 | , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | | 200px | 300px | | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four | ||
| 83837476 | 83915688 | 2006-10-26 20:51:52 | 0 days 07:28:22 | 651050 | 0 | ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | | 210px | | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement | |||
| 86528914 | 86589748 | 2006-11-08 22:49:12 | 0 days 04:56:44 | 128695 | 1 | the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : churchwall . jpg | | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . a portion | list of portions | of the berlin wall can be seen in the lower left . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college | ||
| 114069880 | 114078012 | 2007-03-10 16:07:11 | 0 days 00:57:18 | 3322661 | 2 | {st@rt} [[ image : flag of japan . svg | thumb | | 300px | 250px | | right | hinomaru ! ]] ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints |
| 242502444 | 242502520 | 2008-10-02 14:34:47 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 0|205.202.240.123 | 0 | ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for jeff ate the last gogurt ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | you son of a bitch | 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a | |||
| 265793157 | 265797480 | 2009-01-22 22:35:51 | 0 days 00:21:00 | 0|66.31.114.95 | 0 | wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . boo ! ! ! i scared you ! ! ! hahahahaha | no you did not ! hahahahahaha | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |||
| 265797480 | 265797534 | 2009-01-22 22:36:07 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 634828 | 0 | wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . boo ! ! ! i scared you ! ! ! hahahahaha | no you did not ! hahahahahaha | = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the | |||
| 267776477 | 267777243 | 2009-02-01 05:59:00 | 0 days 00:06:41 | 214542 | 7 | protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! | ' ' | " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) | |||
| 275499407 | 275903809 | 2009-03-08 22:29:08 | 1 days 22:58:47 | 9166621 | 6 | staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! | " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall | ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , | |||
| 8 | broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! | ' ' " ( " we want out | ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this | ||||||||
| 275903809 | 275903826 | 2009-03-08 22:29:17 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 2416136 | 8 | {st@rt} hi world . . . i < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ! | ' ' " ( " we want out | ! | |||
| 9 | {st@rt} hi world . . . i < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ! ! | " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |||||||||
| 307679806 | 307884163 | 2009-08-14 05:40:50 | 1 days 02:16:43 | 0|216.254.123.206 | 0 | | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] | {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} | {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg | |||
| 322000370 | 322274629 | 2009-10-27 03:17:35 | 1 days 06:39:48 | 82982 | 71 | broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! | ' ' | " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying | |||
| 330331803 | 330332083 | 2009-12-07 22:51:06 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 17447 | 3 | . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! : | 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech | : p an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | |||
| 7 | . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! : | p | an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed |
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| 238414 | 238415 | 2001-09-16 15:09:28 | 129 days 22:13:31 | 35 | 4 | {st@rt} built in 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . it came down on november 9 , 1989 | - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd 1990 | . see [[ berlin ]] . | |
| 238415 | 390224186 | 2001-10-17 13:27:34 | 30 days 22:18:06 | 120 | 0 | {st@rt} built in [[ berlin ]] on [[ august 13 ]] , | [[ | 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | |
| 2 | the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , | [[ | 1989 - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd 1990 . see [[ berlin ]] ; http | ||||||
| 86668 | 97004 | 2002-06-06 13:36:28 | 0 days 00:35:44 | 0|210.49.193.178 | 3 | , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany begun in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on october 18 , 1989 | ]] | . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and many immediately went to the wall where the | |
| 4 | guards opened access points and allowed them through - it was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] | rd | , [[ | 1990 . see [[ berlin ]] ; http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / | |||||
| 102788 | 102790 | 2002-06-22 18:16:03 | 5 days 16:18:17 | 59 | 20 | there were around 5000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin , 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , 1989 | , | hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany | |
| 1012031 | 1092751 | 2003-06-08 12:37:20 | 31 days 17:34:08 | 9244 | 5 | [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall , on november 16 , 1989 | ]] | . ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french | |
| 1092751 | 1097715 | 2003-06-29 13:07:28 | 21 days 00:30:08 | 0|213.157.9.245 | 5 | around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , 1989 | ]] | , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany | |
| 2953568 | 2959424 | 2004-03-28 11:28:20 | 16 days 07:06:16 | 6815 | 3 | right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 | ) ' ' < / center > < / div > | | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] | after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the soviet union , the usa , the united kingdom and france each had a |
| 4067832 | 4160094 | 2004-06-13 09:23:06 | 1 days 00:12:45 | 47506 | 2 | [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' east german border guard , hans conrad schumann , defects on august 15 , 1961 | ; photo by peter leibing . ' ' < / center > < / div > | ]] | = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . the " fourth generation |
| 5178672 | 5180399 | 2004-08-13 07:38:57 | 0 days 05:29:34 | 24744 | 2 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | ]] | ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] | |
| 8 | points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 | ]] | [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 | ||||||
| 10 | months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june 2003 ]] | ]] | not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer | ||||||
| 7268399 | 7274073 | 2004-11-09 19:32:09 | 0 days 01:24:50 | 113855 | 2 | declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , october 3 | ]] | was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a | |
| 7274470 | 7274559 | 2004-11-09 22:06:43 | 0 days 00:01:00 | 0|84.57.81.84 | 0 | _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] | as its track area was desperately needed for a new east - west connections | . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] not much is left of the wall in | |
| 8251853 | 9112175 | 2004-12-09 01:50:11 | 0 days 00:52:44 | 28107 | 1 | ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] | date | was chosen instead ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before the german democratic republic could celebrate | |
| 9112175 | 9112336 | 2005-01-05 02:38:45 | 27 days 00:48:34 | 0|67.164.50.76 | 2 | all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no | |
| 9112487 | 9156541 | 2005-01-05 02:49:50 | 0 days 00:04:52 | 615 | 9 | the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december 25 , 1989 | ]] | [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 | |
| 10084995 | 10087212 | 2005-02-09 02:20:03 | 0 days 00:06:45 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 8 | germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , | [[ | 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german | |
| 10087443 | 10091995 | 2005-02-09 03:51:22 | 0 days 00:08:05 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 14 | east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted | |
| 20 | egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned | ||||||
| 10091995 | 10144491 | 2005-02-09 07:09:31 | 0 days 03:18:09 | 28107 | 55 | east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on august 13 , 1961 | ]] | in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to | |
| 84 | full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 | ]] | . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . | ||||||
| 106 | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on august 23 , 1989 | ]] | , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany | ||||||
| 118 | demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic , erich honecker , resigned on october 18 , 1989 | ]] | . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new | ||||||
| 124 | successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on november 9 , 1989 | ]] | . after a misunderstanding , günter schabowski announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news | ||||||
| 12498340 | 12585093 | 2005-04-19 00:04:06 | 4 days 04:22:38 | 157530 | 8 | october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on october 7 , 1990 | ]] | ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic | |
| 14016176 | 14016194 | 2005-05-21 09:51:08 | 0 days 00:05:33 | 0|216.27.183.43 | 2 | [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] | , | which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november | |
| 15881315 | 15902037 | 2005-06-26 21:50:58 | 0 days 18:23:00 | 44454 | 26 | powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 | ]] | and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out | |
| 30 | the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 | ]] | , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited | ||||||
| 34 | | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 | ]] | ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around | ||||||
| 19111126 | 19261911 | 2005-07-20 22:42:15 | 2 days 00:00:08 | 0|195.4.0.21 | 1 | krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin on [[ november 9 ]] | , | in | [[ 1989 ]] . due to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv that all travel restrictions had been |
| 24151055 | 24156661 | 2005-09-27 13:29:22 | 0 days 01:47:28 | 0|205.202.36.246 | 19 | west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , | |
| 59 | border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising | ]] | . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority | ||||||
| 67 | death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 | ]] | work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . | ||||||
| 24156661 | 24156863 | 2005-09-27 13:33:41 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 340905 | 19 | restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on november 9 , 1989 | ]] | and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the soviet army | |
| 58 | the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising | ]] | . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority | ||||||
| 66 | because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km 96 miles long . in june 1962 | ]] | work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty | ||||||
| 27961254 | 27961463 | 2005-11-10 21:57:48 | 0 days 00:02:13 | 0|67.38.154.248 | 2 | {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ | 1989 | 89311 | ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' |
| 32939747 | 33017235 | 2005-12-28 18:00:48 | 0 days 16:33:05 | 0|67.110.176.98 | 0 | conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] | l , ; kfffffffffffff | , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying | |
| 33017235 | 33019543 | 2005-12-28 18:25:07 | 0 days 00:24:19 | 246113 | 0 | conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] | l , ; kfffffffffffff | , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying | |
| 35656744 | 35886672 | 2006-01-20 00:46:46 | 1 days 15:21:06 | 416830 | 3 | [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ | 1989 | 2003 | ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ |
| 38580629 | 38580746 | 2006-02-07 06:12:02 | 0 days 00:01:32 | 58229 | 2 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on 7 june 2003 | | remains of the | berlin wall on [[ 7 june ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die | |
| 38896088 | 38974751 | 2006-02-09 21:59:58 | 0 days 12:40:41 | 293907 | 0 | 350px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] | . | ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation | |
| 40378504 | 40459448 | 2006-02-20 18:39:58 | 0 days 14:44:59 | 386031 | 8 | between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] | and permananently closed in [[ 1961 ]] | . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers | |
| 40814212 | 40814314 | 2006-02-23 04:38:46 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 386031 | 49 | [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] | , which | would have made a suitable german national holiday both because it | marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 |
| 90 | ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 | ]] | is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was | ||||||
| 92 | 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] | date | was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a | ||||||
| 40915337 | 40944082 | 2006-02-24 01:02:35 | 0 days 03:27:05 | 304316 | 54 | ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] | in | [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but no further instructions on how to | |
| 42982893 | 43080078 | 2006-03-10 03:49:02 | 0 days 11:48:42 | 51235 | 2 | | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 | ]] | . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in | |
| 18 | at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 | ]] | work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . | ||||||
| 30 | maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 | ]] | as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin | ||||||
| 43080078 | 43116053 | 2006-03-10 10:22:16 | 0 days 06:33:14 | 13040 | 0 | | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june | [[ | 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed | |
| 1 | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 | ]] | . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in | ||||||
| 18 | shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 | ]] | work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . | ||||||
| 43529923 | 43550317 | 2006-03-13 05:59:50 | 0 days 02:55:50 | 635781 | 2 | however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 | | october 3 | ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 | |
| 47569698 | 47686586 | 2006-04-09 11:25:46 | 0 days 18:40:55 | 86816 | 0 | mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , | [[ | 1989 , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed | |
| 2 | the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , | [[ | 1963 ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . | ||||||
| 51998163 | 51999522 | 2006-05-07 16:44:07 | 0 days 00:11:36 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 15 | war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , | [[ | 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit | |
| 19 | were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , | [[ | 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin | ||||||
| 51999522 | 51999602 | 2006-05-07 16:44:48 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 223113 | 16 | the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 | ]] | and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out | |
| 20 | powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 | ]] | , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited | ||||||
| 47 | of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 | ]] | . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . | ||||||
| 52670596 | 52734504 | 2006-05-11 22:10:56 | 0 days 06:44:33 | 0|168.212.165.131 | 1 | ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 | ]] | ] | would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration |
| 53314730 | 53320980 | 2006-05-15 14:40:50 | 0 days 00:45:56 | 204661 | 1 | ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [ november 9 | ] | ]] | would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration |
| 54465933 | 54483047 | 2006-05-22 05:56:45 | 0 days 02:29:17 | 1072488 | 1 | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ august 13 , | [[ | 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was | |
| 58221342 | 58406027 | 2006-06-13 15:37:57 | 0 days 23:50:02 | 0|198.187.154.33 | 0 | the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 | , | ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated | |
| 61679517 | 61913575 | 2006-07-03 21:31:57 | 1 days 09:06:51 | 82835 | 2 | | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 | ]] | . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of | |
| 21 | time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 | ]] | . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was | ||||||
| 29 | maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 | ]] | as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin | ||||||
| 63319257 | 63357225 | 2006-07-12 04:25:03 | 0 days 04:45:06 | 0|66.36.138.108 | 0 | the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 | ]] | , ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants | |
| 1 | berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 , | ]] | work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . | ||||||
| 79606749 | 79608608 | 2006-10-05 06:59:52 | 0 days 00:18:35 | 21887 | 0 | of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] | , | [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on | |
| 1 | of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] | , | [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and | ||||||
| 2 | one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] | , | [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks | ||||||
| 6 | exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 | ]] | , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity | ||||||
| 9 | these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] | , | [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east | ||||||
| 11 | ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 | ]] | is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead | ||||||
| 12 | was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] | , | [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of | ||||||
| 82212056 | 82214449 | 2006-10-18 14:32:16 | 0 days 00:13:43 | 21887 | 1 | failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] | , | [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | |
| 98077276 | 98151344 | 2007-01-03 10:49:19 | 0 days 08:46:57 | 2001738 | 3 | from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , august 2006 | | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz | ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' | |
| 99124607 | 99128386 | 2007-01-07 17:45:03 | 0 days 00:18:28 | 82835 | 0 | new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] | [[ | 1989 to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the | |
| 1 | krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 | ]] | to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal | ||||||
| 99129270 | 99129501 | 2007-01-07 17:51:00 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 82835 | 8 | policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 | ]] | , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world | |
| 99129501 | 99129756 | 2007-01-07 17:52:18 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 82835 | 1 | the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 | ]] | , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated | |
| 100887174 | 100916417 | 2007-01-15 18:33:14 | 0 days 02:34:19 | 2810123 | 13 | . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . | buddha . | they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups | |
| 100916417 | 100920432 | 2007-01-15 18:53:45 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 13 | . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . | buddha . | they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups | |
| 104426285 | 104427508 | 2007-01-30 22:07:57 | 0 days 00:05:34 | 63451 | 0 | berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] | the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . | an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in | |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 39 | west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] | wal★mart | wall★mart | ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision | |
| 58 | new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] | [[ | 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified | ||||||
| 62 | west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] | . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east | german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before | ||||||
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 46 | tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] | [[ | 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished | |
| 47 | and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 | ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany | , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the | ||||||
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 39 | west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] | wal★mart | wall★mart | ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision | |
| 58 | new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] | [[ | 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified | ||||||
| 62 | west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] | . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east | german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before | ||||||
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 46 | tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] | [[ | 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished | |
| 47 | and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 | ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany | , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the | ||||||
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 39 | west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] | wal★mart | wall★mart | ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision | |
| 58 | new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] | [[ | 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified | ||||||
| 62 | west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] | . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east | german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before | ||||||
| 111079436 | 111080379 | 2007-02-26 14:54:17 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 0|193.194.158.107 | 46 | tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] | [[ | 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished | |
| 47 | and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 | ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany | , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the | ||||||
| 117077906 | 117078008 | 2007-03-22 17:49:26 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 492858 | 0 | the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] | kenny is | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was | a noob adn has nothin for the project but this which i just screwed up for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a |
| 117902707 | 117903581 | 2007-03-26 02:45:29 | 0 days 00:04:39 | 1804716 | 2 | what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 | , | the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly | |
| 3 | east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 the | protestors | protests | had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not | |||||
| 125918809 | 126161056 | 2007-04-26 15:46:00 | 0 days 20:15:33 | 0|69.242.142.221 | 0 | the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ | 1961 | 1901 | ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht |
| 126161056 | 126164082 | 2007-04-26 16:01:35 | 0 days 00:15:35 | 686868 | 0 | the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ | 1901 | 1961 | ]] — twenty years before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht |
| 132545593 | 132623467 | 2007-05-22 06:33:14 | 0 days 07:59:39 | 715870 | 2 | . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially | , | they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier | |
| 13 | germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 | ]] | , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the | ||||||
| 21 | east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] | , | [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped | ||||||
| 23 | of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] | , | [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on | ||||||
| 132997348 | 133070307 | 2007-05-24 01:07:06 | 0 days 05:44:33 | 129409 | 24 | ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , | [[ | 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of | |
| 27 | 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | ||||||
| 133070307 | 133071645 | 2007-05-24 01:14:15 | 0 days 00:07:09 | 441020 | 2 | years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 | & mdash ; | , | after several weeks of civil unrest & mdash ; that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west |
| 133071645 | 133072963 | 2007-05-24 01:21:37 | 0 days 00:07:22 | 715870 | 3 | war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 | , | ]] | until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would |
| 6 | years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 | ]] | , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans | ||||||
| 8 | to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] | , | [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | ||||||
| 133074114 | 133074678 | 2007-05-24 01:30:42 | 0 days 00:02:52 | 715870 | 5 | in this context . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] | , | [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , | |
| 7 | the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] | , | [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope | ||||||
| 9 | kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] | , | [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in | ||||||
| 133539930 | 133704950 | 2007-05-26 20:17:06 | 0 days 19:22:00 | 0|75.24.38.209 | 0 | perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ | 1963 ]] ]] | 1899 | [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners |
| 133704950 | 133705235 | 2007-05-26 20:18:29 | 0 days 00:01:23 | 302522 | 0 | perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ | 1899 | 1963 ]] ]] | [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners |
| 142504621 | 142514453 | 2007-07-04 19:20:38 | 0 days 00:50:04 | 715870 | 2 | . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of august 12 , 1961 | ]] | , the leaders of [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] — formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . | |
| 148099732 | 148145763 | 2007-07-30 22:38:39 | 0 days 03:51:02 | 226573 | 0 | berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] | [[ image : cuwall _ 115 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | piece of the wall that has now been relocated to [[ chapman university | chapman university ' s ]] campus . shown illuminated at night . ]] | the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 | |
| 150831974 | 150832838 | 2007-08-12 21:28:09 | 0 days 00:05:10 | 0|83.31.88.33 | 1 | berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] | [[ image : cuwall _ 115 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | piece of the wall that has now been relocated to [[ chapman university | chapman university ' s ]] campus . shown illuminated at night . ]] | little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft | |
| 152803494 | 152803602 | 2007-08-21 23:57:33 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 2407049 | 0 | the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , | oranges | work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down | and apples please over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) |
| 152805818 | 152815830 | 2007-08-22 01:05:10 | 0 days 00:55:23 | 715870 | 1 | wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 17th 1990 ]] | . ]] | the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz | |
| 159458827 | 159701939 | 2007-09-23 00:16:22 | 1 days 04:22:17 | 0|75.70.6.81 | 0 | and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , | even | though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . | |
| 160019557 | 160020132 | 2007-09-24 14:28:55 | 0 days 00:02:30 | 236591 | 3 | and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , | even | though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . | |
| 160020132 | 160020633 | 2007-09-24 14:31:13 | 0 days 00:02:18 | 236591 | 0 | and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , | even | though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . | |
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 53 | . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august | 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ gdr border system | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ]] " speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the wall . ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] | 2003 | , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the |
| 166163043 | 166165378 | 2007-10-21 23:47:46 | 0 days 00:12:04 | 605084 | 1 | gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on the 9th of november , 1989 | ]] | , the border separating western from eastern germany was effectively opened . the following days were most unusual for the whole of germany - considering the usual german ways , one | |
| 167930832 | 167931253 | 2007-10-29 21:19:08 | 0 days 00:01:49 | 0|156.108.140.131 | 0 | berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] | little | bill cosbey | is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) |
| 168012407 | 168029950 | 2007-10-30 06:57:41 | 0 days 02:39:56 | 0|141.217.226.66 | 0 | berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] | bill cosbey | little | is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) |
| 177450455 | 177479351 | 2007-12-12 18:38:09 | 0 days 02:20:54 | 0|136.235.12.7 | 0 | a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ | 1961 | 2077 | ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer |
| 177479351 | 177489316 | 2007-12-12 19:23:52 | 0 days 00:45:43 | 911178 | 0 | a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ | 2077 | 1961 | ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer |
| 182793062 | 183023326 | 2008-01-08 20:42:04 | 1 days 00:45:43 | 0|206.123.212.68 | 1 | states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ | 1961 | 1945 | ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref |
| 183023326 | 183023808 | 2008-01-08 20:44:31 | 0 days 00:02:27 | 0|206.123.212.68 | 1 | states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 44 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ | 1945 | 1961 | ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref |
| 183023808 | 183108189 | 2008-01-09 03:50:28 | 0 days 07:05:57 | 0|72.70.120.222 | 1 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ | 1990 | 1988 | ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , |
| 183108189 | 183108939 | 2008-01-09 03:55:28 | 0 days 00:05:00 | 0|71.232.128.61 | 2 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ march 15 ]] [[ | 1988 | 1990 | ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , |
| 183108939 | 183109311 | 2008-01-09 03:58:10 | 0 days 00:02:42 | 0|72.70.120.222 | 1 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ | 1990 | 1965 | ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , |
| 183109311 | 183109422 | 2008-01-09 03:58:53 | 0 days 00:00:43 | 0|72.70.120.222 | 0 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ january 9 ]] [[ | 1965 | 1955 | ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , |
| 183109422 | 183109767 | 2008-01-09 04:01:15 | 0 days 00:02:22 | 162210 | 1 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ january 9 ]] [[ | 1955 | 1990 | ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , |
| 183109767 | 183109949 | 2008-01-09 04:02:27 | 0 days 00:01:12 | 0|72.70.120.222 | 1 | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ | 1990 | gay | ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , |
| 188528811 | 188588109 | 2008-02-02 12:52:44 | 0 days 09:22:19 | 4469495 | 0 | of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] | [[ | 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < | |
| 188588109 | 188588563 | 2008-02-02 12:56:53 | 0 days 00:04:09 | 4469495 | 0 | of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] | [[ | 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref | |
| 1 | the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] 1961 | ]] | until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > | ||||||
| 189776407 | 189875397 | 2008-02-08 02:38:25 | 0 days 08:07:51 | 0|68.200.116.164 | 1 | stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ | 1989 | 1991 | ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west |
| 189875397 | 189947296 | 2008-02-08 12:59:57 | 0 days 10:21:32 | 0|86.70.143.59 | 0 | stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ | 1991 | 1989 | ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west |
| 198362532 | 198983944 | 2008-03-17 23:54:50 | 2 days 17:32:57 | 0|76.205.75.132 | 2 | the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ | 1961 | 1963 | ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures |
| 14 | , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , | 1952 | 1951 | , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the | |||||
| 16 | . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ | 1961 | 1963 | ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | |||||
| 198983944 | 198984976 | 2008-03-17 23:59:41 | 0 days 00:04:51 | 911178 | 2 | the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 27 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 11 ]] [[ | 1963 | 1961 | ]] until it was dismantled in 1984 . during this period at least 143 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures |
| 12 | , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 3 april ]] , | 1951 | 1952 | , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav halctav ]] proposed that the | |||||
| 14 | . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ | 1963 | 1961 | ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staitsrat | |||||
| 221468000 | 221692421 | 2008-06-25 17:30:21 | 1 days 00:24:36 | 214926 | 0 | , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , | [[ | 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that | |
| 1 | east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 | ]] | , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the | ||||||
| 221970072 | 223245034 | 2008-07-03 06:09:59 | 6 days 07:29:21 | 3622922 | 5 | this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] | [[ 1990 ]] ]] | on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east | |
| 229217140 | 229650556 | 2008-08-03 21:25:53 | 2 days 08:34:27 | 577301 | 4 | ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday [[ august 12 | ]] [[ | , | 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin |
| 5 | erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday [[ august 13 | ]] [[ | , | 1961 ]] the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to | |||||
| 12 | generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 | ]] [[ | , | 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} | |||||
| 30 | , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , | [[ | 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed | ||||||
| 34 | = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] | [[ | 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity | ||||||
| 53 | special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 | ]] | . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle | ||||||
| 62 | west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , | [[ | 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " | ||||||
| 66 | visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , | [[ | 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were | ||||||
| 76 | of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , | [[ | 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = | ||||||
| 90 | government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a | ||||||
| 102 | allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 | ]] | is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , | ||||||
| 105 | was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east | ||||||
| 109 | [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and | ||||||
| 114 | | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 | ]] | , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former [[ united states | ||||||
| 122 | leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 | ]] | , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " | ||||||
| 125 | gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , | [[ | 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany | ||||||
| 139 | in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 | ]] | , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ | ||||||
| 141 | ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 | ]] | would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration | ||||||
| 143 | s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 | ]] | is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore | ||||||
| 145 | of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 | ]] | was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] | ||||||
| 148 | chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , | [[ | 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all | ||||||
| 232939337 | 233217061 | 2008-08-21 00:02:09 | 1 days 06:44:51 | 203434 | 0 | = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] | [[ | 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | | |
| 1 | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 | ]] | . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist | ||||||
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 19 | a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 | , | the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles | |
| 239453915 | 239456329 | 2008-09-19 03:25:00 | 0 days 00:12:32 | 736477 | 37 | close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august | 13 , | 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most | |
| 242552191 | 242552576 | 2008-10-02 18:33:52 | 0 days 00:01:47 | 0|205.174.116.40 | 0 | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , | 1961 | 124 bc | until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www |
| 242552576 | 242552610 | 2008-10-02 18:34:00 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 4479342 | 0 | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , | 124 bc | 1961 | until it was dismantled beginning in late 122 bc , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / |
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 4 | {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = july | 2008 | during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name | | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | right | |
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 4 | {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = july | 2008 | during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name | | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | right | |
| 242809822 | 243012592 | 2008-10-04 19:19:47 | 0 days 23:53:45 | 7178666 | 0 | = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] | [[ | 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | | |
| 249088521 | 249352359 | 2008-11-03 06:37:04 | 1 days 06:49:34 | 911178 | 1 | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 | . | ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party | |
| 4 | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 | . | ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to | ||||||
| 249352359 | 249738980 | 2008-11-04 22:26:36 | 1 days 15:49:32 | 162210 | 2 | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 | . | ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to | |
| 256070488 | 256154730 | 2008-12-06 01:40:12 | 0 days 08:28:17 | 0|68.164.228.214 | 29 | the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , | work started on | a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . | |
| 266478122 | 266480479 | 2009-01-26 07:26:56 | 0 days 00:20:28 | 119438 | 14 | near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 | ]] [[ | image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting | |
| 267776477 | 267777243 | 2009-02-01 05:59:00 | 0 days 00:06:41 | 214542 | 13 | we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 | , 1989 | , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile | |
| 14 | by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , | 1989 , | to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal | ||||||
| 271265000 | 271489755 | 2009-02-18 02:49:35 | 0 days 23:33:42 | 0|98.217.163.171 | 2 | [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] | [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving ' sign at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] | technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair | |
| 278326603 | 278656434 | 2009-03-21 02:07:52 | 1 days 12:22:24 | 0|24.218.250.183 | 0 | the the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent august 28 , 1958 | , | letter to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ | |
| 280036083 | 280246291 | 2009-03-28 17:28:40 | 1 days 00:42:22 | 957447 | 0 | = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] | , [[ | 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity | |
| 281352826 | 281352956 | 2009-04-02 19:55:38 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 0|149.169.138.39 | 0 | was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 | . . | {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | |
| 281608811 | 281686628 | 2009-04-04 12:14:06 | 0 days 11:20:47 | 15708 | 6 | from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] | , | 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | |
| 283525851 | 283525990 | 2009-04-13 08:36:55 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 0|194.144.117.217 | 2 | ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austro - hungarian gevernamental meeting ( [[ august 23 ]] ) . on [[ september 11 ]] | thousends | thousands | of [[ gdr | east germans ]] started to cross the austro - hungarian border to emigrate to [[ west germany ]] . that event caused popular demonstration and a unreversible |
| 300484953 | 300485855 | 2009-07-05 22:25:18 | 0 days 00:05:57 | 145194 | 2 | | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november | 9th in german history | | 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of | |
| 3 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 | november | ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the | ||||||
| 306465427 | 306538732 | 2009-08-07 04:34:49 | 0 days 08:18:22 | 6984319 | 7 | a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 . | after its erection | , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that | |
| 22 | quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] | 1989 | . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom | ||||||
| 306954476 | 307001452 | 2009-08-09 17:09:23 | 0 days 06:40:39 | 6984319 | 3 | , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] | , | 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall | |
| 308150074 | 308260646 | 2009-08-16 07:14:29 | 0 days 14:05:13 | 957447 | 1 | figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government [[ november 9th in german history | announced on 9 november ]] , 1989 | ]] | , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , | |
| 308484644 | 308602478 | 2009-08-18 02:36:12 | 0 days 12:03:29 | 6984319 | 4 | figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government [[ november 9th in german history | announced on 9 november ]] [[ 1989 | ]] | , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , | |
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 2 | location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , | [[ | 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within | |
| 3 | marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 | ]] | . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the | ||||||
| 7 | between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 | ]] | , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , | ||||||
| 10 | remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 | ]] | . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of | ||||||
| 14 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 | ]] | , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and | ||||||
| 18 | most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 | ]] | , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east | ||||||
| 22 | 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 | ]] | that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by | ||||||
| 26 | [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 | ]] | , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ | ||||||
| 30 | = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 | ]] | . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity | ||||||
| 37 | mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 | ]] | , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages | ||||||
| 40 | article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 | ]] | , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time | ||||||
| 42 | the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august | ]] [[ | 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most | ||||||
| 43 | border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 | ]] | , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles | ||||||
| 49 | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 | ]] | . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > | ||||||
| 60 | special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , | [[ | 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd | ||||||
| 61 | advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 | ]] | . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle | ||||||
| 69 | episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 | ]] | , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from | ||||||
| 76 | west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december | ]] [[ | 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung ' ' ) . | ||||||
| 81 | authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 , 1961 | ]] | , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , | ||||||
| 85 | harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 | ]] | . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at | ||||||
| 89 | wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 | ]] | . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{ | ||||||
| 93 | | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 | ]] | , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref | ||||||
| 97 | ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 | ]] | , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred | ||||||
| 109 | bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november | ]] [[ | 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . | ||||||
| 110 | 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 | ]] | ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the | ||||||
| 116 | part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 | ]] | ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer | ||||||
| 120 | merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 | ]] | . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that | ||||||
| 126 | [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 | ]] | , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections | ||||||
| 132 | . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 | ]] | , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , | ||||||
| 142 | toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 | ]] | , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . | ||||||
| 164 | anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 | ]] | was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate | ||||||
| 168 | therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 | ]] | , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles | ||||||
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 24 | in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of [[ february 21 ]] , | [[ | 1947 ]] . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area | |
| 28 | 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the | ||||||
| 34 | = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on [[ october 7 ]] , | [[ | 1949 ]] , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation | ||||||
| 38 | places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on [[ april 1 ]] , | [[ | 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that | ||||||
| 42 | – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on [[ december 11 ]] , | [[ | 1957 ]] that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 | ||||||
| 46 | communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on [[ august 28 ]] , | [[ | 1958 ]] , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " | ||||||
| 54 | | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 | ]] | , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | | ||||||
| 57 | ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on [[ august 1 ]] , | [[ | 1961 ]] , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / | ||||||
| 60 | article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , [[ 12 august | ]] [[ | 1961 ]] , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at | ||||||
| 61 | - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , [[ 12 august ]] [[ 1961 | ]] | , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time | ||||||
| 63 | border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , [[ 13 august | ]] [[ | 1961 ]] , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to | ||||||
| 64 | a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , [[ 13 august ]] [[ 1961 | ]] | , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles | ||||||
| 69 | = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , [[ june 26 ]] , | [[ | 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] , [[ | ||||||
| 76 | / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , [[ august 14 ]] , | [[ | 1961 ]] ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a | ||||||
| 80 | . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] , | [[ | 1961 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and | ||||||
| 94 | west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ 26 august ]] [[ 1961 | ]] | and [[ 17 december ]] [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( | ||||||
| 96 | initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ 26 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] and [[ 17 december | ]] [[ | 1963 ]] . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung ' ' ) | ||||||
| 97 | visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ 26 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] and [[ 17 december ]] [[ 1963 | ]] | . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung ' ' ) . similar | ||||||
| 108 | }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on [[ june 12 ]] , | [[ | 1987 ]] . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying | ||||||
| 116 | see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a | ||||||
| 119 | | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > by [[ november 4 | ]] | , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of | ||||||
| 129 | 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , [[ 10 november | ]] [[ | 1989 ]] ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin | ||||||
| 130 | - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , [[ 10 november ]] [[ 1989 | ]] | ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the | ||||||
| 132 | allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 | ]] | is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy | ||||||
| 135 | of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 21 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( | ||||||
| 139 | the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , | [[ | 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin | ||||||
| 142 | including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 | ]] | . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange | ||||||
| 146 | | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 | ]] | , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections | ||||||
| 148 | | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 | ]] | , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " | ||||||
| 151 | gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , | [[ | 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the | ||||||
| 168 | | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 | ]] | , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ | ||||||
| 171 | - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > , whether [[ november 9 ]] | would have made a suitable german national holiday . because , that date is also known as the ' ' [[ schicksalstag ]] ' ' ( fateful day ) , when several important events have taken place in german history - and some of them are infamous | . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ 9 november ]] is also the date of the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in | ||||||
| 175 | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . so , therefore , [[ october 3 | ]] | was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] | ||||||
| 323548201 | 323548634 | 2009-11-02 21:32:57 | 0 days 00:01:48 | 6340927 | 0 | 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved november 2 , 2009 | - 11 - 02 | . < / ref > the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the | |
| 323548634 | 323553877 | 2009-11-02 21:57:58 | 0 days 00:25:01 | 6340927 | 0 | - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] | tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . | soon afterwards , | a west german television channel , ard , reporting incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference helped accelerate the flood . < ref > sarotte , mary elise ( nov |
| 324105954 | 324119733 | 2009-11-05 18:01:53 | 0 days 01:22:11 | 0|12.165.250.13 | 3 | wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 | . while commemorating | , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then | the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{ quote | we |
| 324911705 | 324911771 | 2009-11-09 21:14:34 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 0|216.239.87.133 | 6 | / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august | 12th . , | 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north | |
| 7 | the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august | 13th . , | 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most | ||||||
| 325100875 | 325101619 | 2009-11-10 19:40:49 | 0 days 00:03:43 | 0|198.59.155.211 | 0 | [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate , 09 november , 1989 ]] | on august 23 , 1989 | your moms birthday bitch | , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref |
| 325101619 | 325101666 | 2009-11-10 19:41:02 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 6358019 | 0 | [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate , 09 november , 1989 ]] | your moms birthday bitch | on august 23 , 1989 | , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref |
| 326393226 | 326442219 | 2009-11-18 00:11:51 | 0 days 04:50:24 | 5680520 | 3 | | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ november 9th in german history | november 9 | ]] | is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the abdication of kaiser [[ | |
| 326442219 | 326773006 | 2009-11-19 18:33:39 | 1 days 18:21:48 | 3415874 | 1 | close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august | 13 . , | 13 , | 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most |
| 326773006 | 326888943 | 2009-11-20 07:19:36 | 0 days 12:45:57 | 6971250 | 2 | close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august | 13 , | 13 . , | 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most |
| 326888943 | 327026868 | 2009-11-21 00:36:06 | 0 days 17:16:30 | 5680520 | 7 | the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13 | . , 1961 | , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles | |
| 338786950 | 339044413 | 2010-01-20 22:47:01 | 1 days 05:12:50 | 10593201 | 5 | around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 | , after several weeks of civil unrest , | that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side | |
| 343535162 | 343773536 | 2010-02-13 17:47:19 | 1 days 04:57:14 | 5326371 | 22 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 | . by a secret treaty | , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of | |
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 7 | obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 | , | language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date | |
| 38 | wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 | , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started | , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in | ||||||
| 343782709 | 343784334 | 2010-02-13 18:45:26 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 5326371 | 11 | ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; | therefore , october 3 | that day | was chosen instead as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of |
| 12 | in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was | finally | chosen instead as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the | ||||||
| 346183823 | 346309252 | 2010-02-25 15:48:21 | 0 days 16:39:59 | 150129 | 5 | image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically | , | the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some | |
| 348460083 | 348494021 | 2010-03-08 08:03:06 | 0 days 04:30:35 | 6971250 | 1 | science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > on december 11 , 1957 | , | east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving | |
| 353314156 | 353439052 | 2010-04-01 22:48:47 | 0 days 14:16:07 | 4576738 | 0 | ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november | , | 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in | |
| 362899410 | 362923202 | 2010-05-19 01:16:57 | 0 days 02:42:55 | 0|24.4.7.149 | 0 | the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] | kldfmsdklmfsdkfmsdf ksl tee hee | on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped | |
| 362923202 | 362923271 | 2010-05-19 01:17:32 | 0 days 00:00:35 | 1594127 | 0 | the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] | kldfmsdklmfsdkfmsdf ksl tee hee | on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped | |
| 366509890 | 366512975 | 2010-06-07 07:12:08 | 0 days 00:32:42 | 6971250 | 1 | ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1961 august 13 , | 1961 , that | completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated | |
| 368038978 | 368159388 | 2010-06-15 11:54:05 | 0 days 15:12:00 | 6971250 | 0 | the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] | on august 23 , 1989 | after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer | , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defenses with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref |
| 378954266 | 378954496 | 2010-08-14 23:33:43 | 0 days 00:02:03 | 0|72.224.163.217 | 1 | - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , | 1961 | 2014 | , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < |
| 378954496 | 378954602 | 2010-08-14 23:34:40 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 1064243 | 1 | ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by bruno ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , | 2014 | 1961 | , that completely cut off [[ lesbian ]] from surrounding gays and from [[ homos ]] . the barrier included dildos placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " |
| 380623738 | 380775149 | 2010-08-24 19:46:58 | 0 days 17:20:04 | 6815 | 0 | the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] | [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | right | juggling on the berlin wall on september 16 , 1989 ]] | after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september more than 13 | |
| 383560948 | 383668607 | 2010-09-08 16:34:17 | 0 days 15:07:40 | 0|131.107.0.73 | 0 | brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 | , 1989 | is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that | |
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 61 | ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august | 13 , | 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls | |
| 77 | of west berlin . clay and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 | , 1961 . | they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( | ||||||
| 83 | ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 | , 1987 | | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < | ||||||
| 88 | wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 | , | and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles | ||||||
| 90 | ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 | , | and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more | ||||||
| 98 | wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november | 9 , | 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks | ||||||
| 103 | 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december | 23 | , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of | ||||||
| 394543666 | 394786086 | 2010-11-04 13:56:42 | 1 days 05:26:03 | 0|173.11.40.209 | 0 | to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power | chocolate cows are taking | over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | |
| 394786086 | 394786114 | 2010-11-04 13:56:55 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 10902791 | 0 | to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . | chocolate cows are taking | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power | over = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet |
| 395663125 | 395750266 | 2010-11-09 14:58:42 | 0 days 12:40:54 | 1849785 | 3 | location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 | ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) | . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the | |
| 397878286 | 397878708 | 2010-11-20 15:46:18 | 0 days 00:02:42 | 0|79.74.81.116 | 0 | part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] | the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been | 9 november 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days | |
| 1 | brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] 9 november 1989 | is considered the date the wall fell , | but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with | ||||||
| 400927362 | 400927652 | 2010-12-06 21:35:14 | 0 days 00:01:36 | 0|99.145.15.171 | 0 | , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] | after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 | they had suuuuupeeerrrr huge ball sacks | and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / |
| 1 | berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and | , | covered girls | in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles | |||||
| 400927652 | 400927696 | 2010-12-06 21:35:26 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 12666844 | 0 | , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] | they had suuuuupeeerrrr huge ball sacks | after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 | and covered girls in jizz from head to toe . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave |
| 420447970 | 422046294 | 2011-04-02 22:14:24 | 9 days 15:56:56 | 1426328 | 3 | ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , 26 june 1963 . | | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech ( audio ) | description2 = audio - only version ( | duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west | |
| 429104564 | 429636376 | 2011-05-17 22:46:18 | 3 days 05:51:37 | 207712 | 8 | thus they concluded that the possibility of a soviet military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 | - | – | 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ |
| 35 | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 | - | – | 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ cite book | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood | |||||
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 120 | | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september | 15 , | 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11 " > {{ cite news | | |
| 122 | news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september | 11 , | 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a united germany . | ||||||
| 124 | / europe / article6828556 . ece | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september | 10 , | 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 , | ||||||
| 435751856 | 435754285 | 2011-06-23 04:17:02 | 0 days 00:23:42 | 736651 | 0 | . = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september 1989 , | [[ | british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that she wanted the | |
| 438816969 | 439163215 | 2011-07-12 22:11:43 | 1 days 23:24:49 | 42558 | 12 | - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | upright | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] | soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information | excerpts | from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " " east germany has announced that , starting immediately |
| 439164131 | 439740747 | 2011-07-16 06:26:23 | 3 days 08:08:40 | 5241237 | 0 | , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] | [[ file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | thumb | upright | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) ]] | after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 | |
| 444182652 | 444482392 | 2011-08-12 18:46:58 | 1 days 16:17:34 | 2989394 | 3 | , 1961 = = [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 | . | ]] on 15 june 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ | |
| 463351419 | 463995141 | 2011-12-04 09:44:14 | 3 days 13:23:45 | 6331042 | 1 | , tear down this wall . " = = [[ file : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : | “ | " | [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear |
| 499177879 | 499193849 | 2012-06-24 21:54:57 | 0 days 02:14:37 | 4905985 | 0 | 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 7 september 2004 | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | | author | first | = jörg aberger | work = der spiegel }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the |
| 504102528 | 505248510 | 2012-08-01 12:00:15 | 6 days 23:47:00 | 17222084 | 3 | wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 | . | ]] on 15 june 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ | |
| 507301035 | 508690466 | 2012-08-22 22:16:31 | 8 days 21:06:49 | 7661756 | 1 | : 302 * number of bunkers : 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = august 13 | , | august | 1961 | building _ type = [[ separation barrier ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | satellite image of berlin |
| 49 | . " = = [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june | 12 , | 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref | ||||||
| 508690466 | 508731872 | 2012-08-23 05:13:08 | 0 days 06:56:37 | 16138351 | 1 | . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on 13 june 1990 , | the official | dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' | |
| 513559303 | 513767223 | 2012-09-20 20:14:51 | 1 days 03:24:16 | 609725 | 0 | . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on 13 june 1990 , | the official | dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency - the " su | |
| 529700077 | 529724987 | 2012-12-25 15:36:49 | 0 days 06:28:33 | 10434788 | 0 | . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 | . | . | ]] on 15 june 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ |
| 538062628 | 538916225 | 2013-02-18 19:08:38 | 5 days 03:00:19 | 10728040 | 2 | the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] [[ file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | thumb | upright | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) | stand | on top of the wall in the days before it was torn down . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at | |
| 7 | file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | upright | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 | 5 january | 1990 ]] television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of 9 november and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think | ||||||
| 8 | at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . | file : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall < / gallery > | = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september 1989 , british | ||||||
| 18 | the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] [[ file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | thumb | upright | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) | ]] | after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 | ||||||
| 33 | file : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | upright | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 | ]] | television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of 9 november and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall | ||||||
| 36 | file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | upright | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 | ]] | the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in some | ||||||
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 16 | east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on august 9 , 1961 | , | the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders between east - and west - berlin completely | |
| 48 | ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 | , | but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers | ||||||
| 58 | | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall - bruce springsteen visit = = july | 19 , | 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin , which was attended | ||||||
| 580857229 | 580930170 | 2013-11-09 18:30:33 | 0 days 12:13:30 | 4783993 | 0 | 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , | [[ | u . s . president john f . kennedy visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of | |
| 3 | – usatoday . com | accessdate = 19 february 2008 | work = usa today | date = 12 june 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , | [[ u . s . president ]] | [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union ]] , to tear down the wall as | ||||||
| 600160165 | 601584324 | 2014-03-28 00:27:17 | 9 days 10:05:54 | 18779361 | 3 | wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 | . | ]] on 15 june 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ | |
| 633124700 | 633132744 | 2014-11-09 20:10:48 | 0 days 00:59:02 | 2012100 | 25 | the opening of the bornholmer straße border crossing . = = = demolition = = = the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 | , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening | and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and | |
| 633183384 | 633189879 | 2014-11-10 04:55:00 | 0 days 01:15:20 | 1833 | 13 | gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 | by various military units | . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) were reconstructed | |
| 633205042 | 633571151 | 2014-11-12 20:27:44 | 2 days 11:39:07 | 14428234 | 0 | ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning did not reach u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on 13 august 1961 , | who | while he | was vacationing in his yacht off the [[ kennedy compound ]] in [[ hyannis port , massachusetts ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he |
| 656846739 | 659612103 | 2015-04-28 03:39:31 | 11 days 00:23:37 | 24802543 | 0 | wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 | . | ]] on 15 june 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ | |
| 12 | june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , [[ | president of the united states | | u . s . president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for | ||||||
| 667114924 | 667487850 | 2015-06-18 13:27:35 | 2 days 14:34:05 | 24555049 | 1 | | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , | that | the wall | completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until it was opened in november 1989 . |
| 699459916 | 699461131 | 2016-01-12 13:31:42 | 0 days 00:13:07 | 23149456 | 0 | / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | website = vox | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january | 11 | 12 | , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last = fisher | first = max |
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 31 | - i - gave - my - people - the - order - raise - the - barrier - a - 660128 . html | accessdate = 14 october 2014 | | publisher | work | = [[ spiegel online ]] | date = 9 november 2014 }} < / ref > as the ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' ' |
| 35 | 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | | author | first1 | = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . | |||||
| 46 | years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ citation | title = new york times | date = 17 november 1989 | }} – | | first = | elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until 3 october , | |||||
| 59 | 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | | work = chicagotribune . com | | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , | ||||||
| 714997403 | 722498372 | 2016-05-28 14:48:32 | 45 days 12:07:39 | 27823944 | 0 | web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 | }} {{ dead link | | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110920132624 / http : / / homepage . univie . ac . | |
| 1 | | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 | | deadurl | date | = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110920132624 / http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / | |||||
| 724165325 | 724233530 | 2016-06-07 23:40:06 | 0 days 08:53:06 | 11795905 | 0 | / nsaebb / nsaebb441 / | publisher = the national security archive at the george washington university in washington , d . c . | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | | author | author1 | = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired |
| 760740289 | 761201385 | 2017-01-21 15:51:57 | 2 days 19:27:40 | 96897 | 11 | east berlin ]] < nowiki / > from [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) of 13 august 1961 to | 9 november | 1989 . this wall is the most famous symbol of the cold war . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . abc . | |
| 774994359 | 774996064 | 2017-04-11 23:54:04 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 204692 | 33 | 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . | {{ fact }} | on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border | |
| 779016763 | 779442748 | 2017-05-08 23:18:55 | 2 days 08:38:12 | 19339494 | 12 | david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | work = [[ vox ( website ) | vox ]] | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january | 12 , | 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last = fisher | first = max }} | |
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 24 | ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and | then | , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / | |
| 820361257 | 820363656 | 2018-01-14 08:40:17 | 0 days 00:14:39 | 11104969 | 0 | bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 | . | file : west and east germans at the brandenburg gate in 1989 . jpg | germans stand on top of the wall in the days before it was torn down . | |
| 825795679 | 825799159 | 2018-02-15 14:02:55 | 0 days 00:30:54 | 5946478 | 11 | . clay and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday , 19 august 1961 . | < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > | they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces | |
| 825819301 | 825820281 | 2018-02-15 16:36:38 | 0 days 00:06:43 | 5946478 | 4 | " border crossing through the holes . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . | new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > | until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance and obligatory exchange of |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| 2389072 | 2389084 | 2004-02-14 11:13:46 | 9 days 14:52:40 | 0|62.101.126.211 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin | ]] [[ it : muro di berlino | ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl | |
| 2497657 | 2661588 | 2004-02-23 16:12:43 | 4 days 11:44:46 | 25261 | 1 | {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino | ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur | ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl | |
| 3551635 | 3668312 | 2004-05-12 17:54:55 | 10 days 08:42:55 | 62689 | 0 | de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] | [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] | [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ sv : | |
| 13420474 | 13476703 | 2005-05-08 10:34:32 | 1 days 00:37:15 | 42254 | 0 | & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] | [[ id : tembok berlin ]] | [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : | |
| 69484267 | 69872409 | 2006-08-15 19:57:34 | 1 days 19:27:28 | 0|62.168.181.251 | 0 | ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] | [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] | [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : | |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 67 | ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] | [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] | [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : | |
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 60 | also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] | [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] | [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] | |
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 67 | ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] | [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] | [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : | |
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 60 | also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] | [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] | [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] | |
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 67 | ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] | [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] | [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : | |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 86 | mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : | berlijnse muur | muppets | ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro |
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 85 | muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : | muppets | berlijnse muur | ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : |
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 86 | mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : | berlijnse muur | muppets | ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro |
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 85 | muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : | muppets | berlijnse muur | ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : |
| left_string | del_string | ins_string | right_string | ||||||
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| from revision id | to revision id | timestamp | timegap | editor | |||||
| 11109328 | 11181776 | 2005-03-13 23:12:10 | 0 days 18:44:02 | 86545 | 4 | > < td > [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] | < / td > < / tr > < / table > | | } | the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , |
| 12289902 | 12310883 | 2005-04-14 07:47:30 | 9 days 03:13:52 | 0|213.236.117.2 | 2 | ]] | - | [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] | | } | the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , | |
| 41746791 | 41761508 | 2006-03-01 15:37:50 | 0 days 02:21:39 | 24373 | 15 | ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 | . | }} | ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - |
| 23 | . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] | . | }} | * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag | |||||
| 30 | catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] | . | }} | * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden | |||||
| 35 | [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech | ] | }} | * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 | |||||
| 42 | peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | . | }} | = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http | |||||
| 50882966 | 51140372 | 2006-05-02 01:33:50 | 1 days 12:45:20 | 767514 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ sprotected }} | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between | |
| 51216413 | 51216465 | 2006-05-02 15:39:22 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 207227 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ sprotected }} | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between | |
| 70704241 | 70719276 | 2006-08-20 06:07:41 | 0 days 02:09:20 | 157842 | 0 | ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere , and the bars near the wall spontaneously gave out [[ free beer ]] | < sup > ' ' [ citation needed ] ' ' < / sup > | {{ fact }} | . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to |
| 80957838 | 81653516 | 2006-10-15 20:10:03 | 3 days 14:36:36 | 931920 | 0 | on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . | {{ cn }} | as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay | |
| 81741555 | 81768193 | 2006-10-16 11:34:13 | 0 days 05:05:36 | 686868 | 1 | on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . | {{ cn }} | gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / index2 . html < / ref > . | as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay |
| 86685844 | 86716477 | 2006-11-09 14:29:32 | 0 days 04:24:10 | 0|210.6.194.214 | 1 | ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer | ' ' | }} | or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting |
| 99128386 | 99129270 | 2007-01-07 17:49:39 | 0 days 00:04:36 | 82835 | 0 | months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = | {{ celar }} | [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall , which | |
| 99968989 | 99969068 | 2007-01-11 11:07:15 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 3190289 | 0 | months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = | {{ celar }} | [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall , which | |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 3 | ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev | ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | }} {{ q | | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from |
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 7 | {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev | }} {{ q | ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} |
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 3 | ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev | ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | }} {{ q | | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from |
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 7 | {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev | }} {{ q | ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} |
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 3 | ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev | ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | }} {{ q | | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from |
| 111079436 | 111080379 | 2007-02-26 14:54:17 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 0|193.194.158.107 | 7 | {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev | }} {{ q | ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} |
| 111086584 | 111137285 | 2007-02-26 19:31:02 | 0 days 03:58:19 | 157842 | 2 | , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall | }} | ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and | |
| 124965000 | 125058452 | 2007-04-23 03:51:10 | 0 days 06:18:09 | 345374 | 1 | ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , [[ russian language | russian ]] : ' ' берли́нская стена́ | ' ' | }} | ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ |
| 150865465 | 150865545 | 2007-08-13 00:57:58 | 0 days 00:00:37 | 158051 | 0 | [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = | < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > | {{ reflist | 2 }} | = = bibliography = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr |
| 155853769 | 156050532 | 2007-09-06 13:50:20 | 0 days 22:20:57 | 0|69.246.212.189 | 2 | [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = | {{ reflist | 2 }} | = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr | |
| 158483005 | 158483110 | 2007-09-17 12:40:23 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 0|86.148.90.145 | 1 | / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] ( lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] | ) | }} | and [[ east germany ]] ( lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] ) . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ |
| 3 | [[ west germany | west ]] ( lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] ) and [[ east germany ]] ( lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] | ) | }} | . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the | |||||
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 17 | | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - | de | berliner mauer }} | related genetics found that only 66 . 6 % of them had set out to deal with the subject before conducting any research and 87 . 3 % used unsound statistics . [ 12 ] social and psychological issues main article : gender gender discordance see also : transgender and third gender discordance is the term used to describe the extent to which people differ from the usual biological and psychosocial types described above . some discordances are biological | , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic |
| 19 | wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - | ru | берли́нская стена́ }} | polar terms | , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - | |||||
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 16 | focus on this area , studies may use data from research not designed to discern the role of sex . one sample of 432 papers publishing the results of gender - | related genetics found that only 66 . 6 % of them had set out to deal with the subject before conducting any research and 87 . 3 % used unsound statistics . [ 12 ] social and psychological issues main article : gender gender discordance see also : transgender and third gender discordance is the term used to describe the extent to which people differ from the usual biological and psychosocial types described above . some discordances are biological | de | berliner mauer }} | , such as when the sex of the chromosomes ( genetic sex ) does not match the sex of the external genitalia ( anatomic sex ) – this is known as |
| 18 | of different genders ; and that people should follow roles determined by their gender . instead , some people have sought to define their sexuality and sexual identity in non - | polar terms | ru | берли́нская стена́ }} | , in the belief that the simple division of all humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent of this movement | |||||
| 168029950 | 168158740 | 2007-10-30 20:48:21 | 0 days 13:50:40 | 5388617 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ refimprove }} | [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 | |
| 173176822 | 173256912 | 2007-11-23 10:11:49 | 0 days 11:42:45 | 2537811 | 0 | com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " | {{ cn }} | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | |
| 239876509 | 239903193 | 2008-09-21 01:15:43 | 0 days 02:37:31 | 3623436 | 2 | had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = : ' ' see also main article [[ berlin border crossings | ]] ' ' | }} | there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well |
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 67 | : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ | http : / / www | {{ commons }} | . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite |
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 67 | : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ | http : / / www | {{ commons }} | . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite |
| 256154730 | 256157274 | 2008-12-06 02:00:28 | 0 days 00:20:16 | 911178 | 7 | / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft | ) | }} | high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 |
| 10 | it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft | ) | }} | wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united | |||||
| 277228598 | 277228770 | 2009-03-14 18:32:46 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 6984319 | 0 | and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | } | | | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | |
| 300317419 | 300484953 | 2009-07-05 22:19:21 | 0 days 22:43:52 | 145194 | 2 | {st@rt} {{ pp - move - indef }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence | ]] . ' ' | }} | {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - |
| 311933749 | 311933846 | 2009-09-05 01:03:18 | 0 days 00:00:58 | 6877720 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ wrapper | ) ) | }} | | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti |
| 320837584 | 320937531 | 2009-10-20 03:24:05 | 0 days 09:19:20 | 0|203.189.4.118 | 1 | {{ http : / / hss . kennesaw . edu / about / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / | }} | ] | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & |
| 322000370 | 322274629 | 2009-10-27 03:17:35 | 1 days 06:39:48 | 82982 | 1 | of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " | }} | ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | | |
| 3 | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " | }} | ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = | ||||||
| 5 | bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] | }} | , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} | ||||||
| 7 | | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " | }} | ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) | ||||||
| 9 | mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer | }} | ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 , | ||||||
| 11 | _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' | }} | , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . | ||||||
| 13 | of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee | }} | , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , | ||||||
| 15 | the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht | }} | signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by | ||||||
| 25 | were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister | }} | ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees | ||||||
| 27 | " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner | }} | ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format | ||||||
| 29 | . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " | }} | ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : | ||||||
| 31 | einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " | }} | ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird | ||||||
| 33 | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] | }} | < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , | ||||||
| 35 | / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin | }} | , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall | ||||||
| 37 | www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " | }} | ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published | ||||||
| 39 | republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators | }} | ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref | ||||||
| 45 | four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 | }} | ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( | ||||||
| 47 | grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 | }} | " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : | ||||||
| 49 | cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe | }} | , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those | ||||||
| 51 | passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße | }} | , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = west germans and citizens | ||||||
| 53 | 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung | }} | ' ' ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements | ||||||
| 63 | mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh | }} | }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin | ||||||
| 322274629 | 322275480 | 2009-10-27 03:24:07 | 0 days 00:06:32 | 82982 | 1 | . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | }} | | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / | |
| 4 | no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude | }} | ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west | ||||||
| 6 | ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit | }} | ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the | ||||||
| 324504472 | 324510511 | 2009-11-07 19:58:09 | 0 days 00:37:11 | 7899001 | 5 | nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' {{ lang | de | ich bin ein berliner | }} | ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format | |
| 6 | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | }} | john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - | ||||||
| 325445402 | 325445769 | 2009-11-12 15:15:38 | 0 days 00:02:35 | 6971250 | 1 | an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . [ citation needed | ] | }} | = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer |
| 339044413 | 339045107 | 2010-01-20 22:50:54 | 0 days 00:03:53 | 10593201 | 3 | authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] | , | {{ ndash }} | a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war |
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 61 | . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin | }} | , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was | |
| 361293877 | 361362049 | 2010-05-10 22:29:37 | 0 days 06:24:42 | 0|74.236.23.134 | 0 | the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of the berlin wall | }} | | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints | |
| 376102866 | 376154207 | 2010-07-29 21:06:22 | 0 days 05:43:39 | 9540157 | 18 | resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 | }} | }} * {{ citation | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = | |
| 41 | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 | }} | * {{ citation | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | ||||||
| 399051464 | 399052561 | 2010-11-27 00:55:57 | 0 days 00:08:05 | 16710 | 1 | wall plays a central role in this novel set in berlin of the 1980s = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = | < references / > | {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} | * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | |
| 7 | wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 | ref = harv | }} | * {{ cite document | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | | ||||||
| 405923818 | 405959835 | 2011-01-04 21:09:52 | 0 days 03:16:56 | 0|72.28.10.78 | 0 | approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade | }} | } | following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] |
| 405959835 | 405959866 | 2011-01-04 21:10:03 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 13286072 | 0 | approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade | } | }} | following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] |
| 429104564 | 429636376 | 2011-05-17 22:46:18 | 3 days 05:51:37 | 207712 | 2 | {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " | {{ ndash }} | — | a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and |
| 3 | > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] | {{ ndash }} | — | while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated | |||||
| 453915570 | 453939231 | 2011-10-04 17:59:12 | 0 days 02:26:59 | 7178666 | 6 | ]] on the west german / east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi | ) | }} | long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside |
| 9 | . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi | ) | }} | from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the | |||||
| 454720816 | 455256380 | 2011-10-12 19:41:34 | 3 days 04:05:00 | 13791031 | 2 | - | [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | | } | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , | |
| 479597706 | 479685255 | 2012-03-01 17:59:02 | 0 days 13:09:10 | 404531 | 2 | karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend | }} | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall | |
| 489433249 | 489512208 | 2012-04-27 18:53:47 | 0 days 12:07:39 | 6730078 | 3 | < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - | metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) | long }} | piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie |
| 529700077 | 529724987 | 2012-12-25 15:36:49 | 0 days 06:28:33 | 10434788 | 14 | sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * * ' ' over de muur | }} | ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band [[ klein orkest ]] , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . | |
| 16 | ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * * ' ' over de muur ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band [[ klein orkest | ]] | }} | , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www | |||||
| 551472710 | 551472920 | 2013-04-21 15:53:19 | 0 days 00:01:26 | 1108424 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ leadtoolong }} | {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ use dmy dates | | |
| 552093309 | 552345669 | 2013-04-26 23:24:06 | 1 days 14:10:59 | 9755426 | 2 | " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = {{ lang | de | 20 jahre mauerfall | }} | | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > | |
| 602473473 | 602872991 | 2014-04-05 15:12:03 | 2 days 17:59:28 | 88026 | 3 | www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin | }} | escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . | |
| 7 | / web / 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection | }} | jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . berlin1969 . com / " berlin 1969 " includes links to other sources . ] | ||||||
| 11 | flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history | }} | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at youtube * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the | ||||||
| 618841270 | 619750670 | 2014-08-04 01:20:28 | 6 days 08:25:14 | 14405583 | 13 | track length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * number of watch towers : 302 * number of bunkers : 20 | }} | | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = wall }} | |
| 633858023 | 634823844 | 2014-11-21 12:27:24 | 6 days 15:18:49 | 10289486 | 1 | | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh | }} | }} {{ de icon }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november , when half a million | |
| 634823844 | 634890619 | 2014-11-21 22:27:24 | 0 days 10:00:00 | 20483999 | 0 | www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh | }} {{ | | language = | de icon }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november , when half a million people gathered |
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 49 | {{ citation | title = new york times | date = 17 november 1989 }} – elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall | " | }} | < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until 3 october , that day was finally chosen as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th |
| 706975021 | 707177225 | 2016-02-27 07:39:45 | 0 days 22:24:26 | 16283967 | 2 | [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 | }} < | 13 june | / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor |
| 714997403 | 722498372 | 2016-05-28 14:48:32 | 45 days 12:07:39 | 27823944 | 4 | / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = | https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110920132624 / http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | medic }} {{ cbignore | | archivedate = 20 september 2011 }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame |
| 734284492 | 734407317 | 2016-08-14 03:25:55 | 0 days 18:58:58 | 4977632 | 16 | information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 – 1990 ) | ] – [[ rundfunk | }} | berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] – a chronicle of the berlin wall history * |
| 735821858 | 736676388 | 2016-08-29 03:36:10 | 5 days 18:00:42 | 27823944 | 4 | | last1 = kellerhof | first2 = alan | last2 = posener | year = 2007 | work = [[ die welt ]] online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = | https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | medic }} {{ cbignore | | archivedate = 25 june 2009 }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday |
| 748208128 | 748537843 | 2016-11-08 18:55:46 | 1 days 18:26:11 | 274535 | 2 | ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ allied occupation of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) | }} | | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = | |
| 750161040 | 750685196 | 2016-11-21 07:09:13 | 3 days 03:38:31 | 27446209 | 3 | of berlin ]] ) }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | }} | | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | border length | |
| 774994359 | 774996064 | 2017-04-11 23:54:04 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 204692 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ refimprove }} | {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence | berlin defence ]] }} {{ pp - | |
| 782699210 | 782774870 | 2017-05-29 02:55:58 | 0 days 10:24:10 | 30707369 | 2 | henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 | }} | , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and ( for persons outside public attention ) punishment would ensue , | |
| 5 | , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 | }} | , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis | ||||||
| 8 | ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 | }} | , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ | ||||||
| 11 | , brian ( 1999 ) . the rise and fall of the soviet empire . forum . p . 170 - 171 . isbn 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 | }} | . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin , | ||||||
| 14 | ' ' the berlin wall : monument of the cold war ' ' . ch . links verlag , p . 72 . isbn 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 | }} | < / ref > [[ file : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | | memorial to the victims of the wall | ||||||
| 17 | co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 | }} | , isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 | ||||||
| 20 | ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 | }} | * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin | ||||||
| 23 | ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 | }} | , isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman | ||||||
| 26 | , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 | }} | . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 [ http | ||||||
| 32 | twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition . isbn 0 - 7134 - 6795 - 9 | }} | * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ | ||||||
| 35 | _ the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 | }} | , isbn 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % | ||||||
| 38 | resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , isbn 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 | }} | . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt | ||||||
| 41 | mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 | }} | * sarotte , mary elise , collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall , new york : basic books , 2014 * sarotte , mary elise , 1989 : | ||||||
| 791624973 | 793523187 | 2017-08-02 08:44:50 | 11 days 19:51:02 | 38455 | 11 | ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | | 20em }} | * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) }} = | |
| 825807680 | 825810334 | 2018-02-15 15:29:53 | 0 days 00:18:34 | 5946478 | 3 | german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . {{ citation needed | date = | april 2017 }} | after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last = goodman | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728 | < / ref > | = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float - right " | + the wall |
| 825819301 | 825820281 | 2018-02-15 16:36:38 | 0 days 00:06:43 | 5946478 | 6 | spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . {{ citation needed | date = | april 2017 }} | new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > | on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through |
| 8 | was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . {{ citation needed | date = | april 2017 }} | new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > | on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border |
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| 13553729 | 13625838 | 2005-05-11 12:12:18 | 0 days 14:49:30 | 224194 | 0 | # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] | [[ th : & # 3585 ; & # 3635 ; & # 3649 ; & # 3614 ; & # 3591 ; & # 3648 ; & # 3610 ; & # 3629 ; & # 3619 ; & # 3660 ; & # 3621 ; & # 3636 ; & # 3609 ; ]] | [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]] | |
| 18607525 | 18615057 | 2005-07-11 18:24:45 | 0 days 02:00:04 | 116385 | 12 | # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] | [[ th : & # 3585 ; & # 3635 ; & # 3649 ; & # 3614 ; & # 3591 ; & # 3648 ; & # 3610 ; & # 3629 ; & # 3619 ; & # 3660 ; & # 3621 ; & # 3636 ; & # 3609 ; | ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]] | |
| 33943074 | 34051471 | 2006-01-06 01:33:23 | 0 days 19:04:47 | 271058 | 0 | zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] | [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] | [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |
| 34258191 | 34277669 | 2006-01-07 20:40:18 | 0 days 03:07:10 | 55328 | 0 | zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] | [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] | [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |
| 151366024 | 151601404 | 2007-08-16 13:39:49 | 1 days 02:24:34 | 1225654 | 0 | múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] | [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] | [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ | |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 92 | : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : | berlinmuren | mupparna | ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] |
| 119 | múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] | [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |||||||
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 91 | ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : | mupparna | berlinmuren | ]] |
| 92 | ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]] | [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |||||||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 92 | : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : | berlinmuren | mupparna | ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] |
| 119 | múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] | [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |||||||
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 91 | ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : | mupparna | berlinmuren | ]] |
| 92 | ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]] | [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |||||||
| 311083982 | 311127689 | 2009-08-31 18:52:44 | 0 days 04:33:02 | 3171782 | 0 | múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] | [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] | [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur |
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| from revision id | to revision id | timestamp | timegap | editor | |||||
| 102788 | 102790 | 2002-06-22 18:16:03 | 5 days 16:18:17 | 59 | 1 | {st@rt} after [[ ww ii ]] | , [[ | berlin was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by | |
| 4744244 | 4779998 | 2004-07-20 11:49:23 | 0 days 19:32:13 | 82928 | 0 | org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] | [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] | [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] | |
| 5201964 | 5203633 | 2004-08-14 13:55:09 | 0 days 13:19:36 | 1689 | 0 | org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] | [[ category : walls ]] | [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; | |
| 5222965 | 5223008 | 2004-08-15 17:36:52 | 1 days 01:00:12 | 76027 | 0 | org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] | [[ category : separation barriers ]] | [[ category : walls ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 | |
| 7274103 | 7274236 | 2004-11-09 21:58:06 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 0|83.109.145.235 | 2 | - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | the fall of the berlin wall marked the symbolic end of the cold war | . american poststamp commemorating | and | the event . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than |
| 7828097 | 7944053 | 2004-11-24 23:25:19 | 1 days 02:40:23 | 69801 | 0 | - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war | and the soviet empire | . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , | |
| 9112336 | 9112364 | 2005-01-05 02:44:12 | 0 days 00:05:27 | 0|67.164.50.76 | 0 | - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] | monkeys took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east | |
| 9112487 | 9156541 | 2005-01-05 02:49:50 | 0 days 00:04:52 | 615 | 10 | - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] | monkeys took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee | on the wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on | |
| 9338110 | 9340902 | 2005-01-13 15:39:41 | 1 days 13:58:21 | 0|198.20.32.180 | 1 | to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii | ]] | , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . | |
| 2 | access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , | [[ | berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ | ||||||
| 9340902 | 9400082 | 2005-01-13 19:37:16 | 0 days 03:57:35 | 28107 | 1 | was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii | ]] | , berlin , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet | |
| 2 | to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii , | [[ | berlin , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union | ||||||
| 3 | restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii , berlin | ]] | , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union , | ||||||
| 10084795 | 10084850 | 2005-02-09 02:10:57 | 6 days 17:18:03 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 1 | to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii | ]] | , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . | |
| 10084850 | 10084995 | 2005-02-09 02:13:18 | 0 days 00:02:21 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 0 | to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii , | [[ | berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ | |
| 39 | ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war | ]] | developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being | ||||||
| 10091995 | 10144491 | 2005-02-09 07:09:31 | 0 days 03:18:09 | 28107 | 1 | was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii | ]] | , berlin , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet | |
| 2 | to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii , | [[ | berlin , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union | ||||||
| 3 | restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii , berlin | ]] | , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union , | ||||||
| 41 | west germany that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the cold war | ]] | developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in 1952 , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around | ||||||
| 11746206 | 11747812 | 2005-04-01 03:30:23 | 2 days 11:22:10 | 225848 | 30 | the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on october 7 , 1990 ) . = = aftermath = = | the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] | not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer | |
| 11747812 | 11751790 | 2005-04-01 04:25:04 | 0 days 00:54:41 | 28107 | 24 | jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = aftermath = = | [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] | = = aftermath = = not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section | |
| 12869629 | 12869650 | 2005-04-27 04:17:18 | 0 days 12:41:29 | 0|210.11.188.18 | 1 | opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , | [[ berlin ]] , like | got o | the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , |
| 15054564 | 15054752 | 2005-06-12 05:48:45 | 0 days 04:11:01 | 5016 | 1 | was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] | , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was | . as the capital , the city was specially | divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , |
| 15 | west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed | , | movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . around 2 | ||||||
| 21322221 | 21572534 | 2005-08-22 14:08:28 | 3 days 15:32:21 | 193733 | 0 | government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = | [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] | the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting | |
| 24151055 | 24156661 | 2005-09-27 13:29:22 | 0 days 01:47:28 | 0|205.202.36.246 | 28 | berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii | ]] | . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the | |
| 37 | city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war | ]] | unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the | ||||||
| 24156661 | 24156863 | 2005-09-27 13:33:41 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 340905 | 27 | ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the soviet army during the closing months of world war ii | ]] | . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the | |
| 36 | the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the cold war | ]] | unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a currency reform in 1948 prompted the berlin blockade by the soviet union and led to the | ||||||
| 24618114 | 24828196 | 2005-10-05 18:04:22 | 2 days 13:19:55 | 0|24.51.178.10 | 7 | government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = | [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] | the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting | |
| 24828196 | 24828244 | 2005-10-05 18:05:02 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 94806 | 7 | government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = | [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] | the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting | |
| 24828279 | 24828564 | 2005-10-05 18:10:39 | 0 days 00:05:08 | 0|24.51.178.10 | 9 | government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = | [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] | the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting | |
| 24828564 | 24828569 | 2005-10-05 18:10:52 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 94806 | 9 | government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = | [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] | the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting | |
| 26467857 | 26918322 | 2005-10-30 22:25:26 | 5 days 02:16:53 | 0|205.188.116.204 | 7 | berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii | ]] | , the ussr and the usa were allies in war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions | . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the |
| 18 | governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , | tensions between the soviets and | judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help | the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ | |||||
| 38 | to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war | ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | spies | | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via | |||||
| 50 | city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war | ]] unfolded | , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet | ||||||
| 26918322 | 26918978 | 2005-10-30 22:32:59 | 0 days 00:07:33 | 67107 | 7 | company . she became involved in labor disputes and joined the young communist league , where she first met julius . the rosenbergs had two sons . during world war ii | , the ussr and the usa were allies in war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions | ]] | . as such , the americans did not share information or seek assistance from the soviet union for the manhattan project . the soviets were aware of the project as a |
| 21 | in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their espionage in the context of the cold war | ]] unfolded | , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian program ? recent scholarship has suggested that greenglass and | ||||||
| 22 | 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their espionage in the context of the cold war , | judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help | tensions between the soviets and | the russian program ? recent scholarship has suggested that greenglass and the rosenbergs actually knew very little about the workings of the atomic weapons aside from basic concepts that the russians | |||||
| 39 | wikipedia . org / wiki / ethel _ and _ julius _ rosenberg " categories : 1915 births | 1953 deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | cold war | spies | ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | | u . s . history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit this pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main pagecommunity portalcurrent eventsrecent | |||||
| 40 | org / wiki / ethel _ and _ julius _ rosenberg " categories : 1915 births | 1953 deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | cold war spies | | u | june 17 uprising ]] | . s . history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit this pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main pagecommunity portalcurrent eventsrecent changesrandom articlehelpcontact | |||||
| 28791862 | 28792067 | 2005-11-20 01:04:12 | 0 days 00:04:02 | 0|201.252.93.29 | 15 | was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] | unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over | a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies | |
| 28792067 | 28792082 | 2005-11-20 01:04:30 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 159620 | 14 | [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under . the city the [[ cold war ]] | unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over | a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] after [[ 1949 ]] | |
| 31042058 | 31084094 | 2005-12-12 19:26:03 | 0 days 06:57:07 | 549849 | 0 | ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . | thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied powers . | as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet | |
| 42688981 | 42743997 | 2006-03-08 02:29:01 | 0 days 06:23:18 | 0|150.101.251.66 | 0 | 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | conceived of by | harley built | the administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] |
| 42743997 | 42744056 | 2006-03-08 02:29:26 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 247414 | 1 | 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | harley built | conceived of by | the berlin wall of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin |
| 52170759 | 52171344 | 2006-05-08 17:41:36 | 0 days 00:03:34 | 0|204.14.67.138 | 0 | 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | go to www . willauerschool / pingotter . com to see my call the 6th grade willauer students get the grove on . does your child have add well then get some help for your child . go to www . add / getsomehelpforyourkids . comi am not sorry for your child to bad they get it from u . is your child on the street that is a bumd and a hoboe and has no place or friends to go to well to darn bad get adhd for your child . don ' t have a good day | conceived of by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] | |
| 52171344 | 52173297 | 2006-05-08 17:54:31 | 0 days 00:12:55 | 0|70.36.27.151 | 0 | 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | go to www . willauerschool / pingotter . com to see my call the 6th grade willauer students get the grove on . does your child have add well then get some help for your child . go to www . add / getsomehelpforyourkids . comi am not sorry for your child to bad they get it from u . is your child on the street that is a bumd and a hoboe and has no place or friends to go to well to darn bad get adhd for your child . don ' t have a good day | conceived of by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] | |
| 53249626 | 53249664 | 2006-05-15 02:38:29 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 0|202.37.230.29 | 0 | 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | yuvi is sexy | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 53249664 | 53249668 | 2006-05-15 02:38:31 | 0 days 00:00:02 | 153365 | 1 | 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | yuvi is sexy | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 53424769 | 53463809 | 2006-05-16 06:42:36 | 0 days 05:46:43 | 157842 | 0 | 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 53463809 | 53469237 | 2006-05-16 07:50:01 | 0 days 01:07:25 | 686868 | 0 | 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 60921964 | 61222332 | 2006-06-29 16:49:47 | 1 days 17:52:01 | 1215485 | 0 | and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} | [[ category : articles containing fair use images ]] | [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : | |
| 79274618 | 79275073 | 2006-10-03 16:52:17 | 0 days 00:02:38 | 0|64.251.50.130 | 0 | = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] | < br > | , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ | |
| 79275073 | 79283264 | 2006-10-03 17:34:32 | 0 days 00:42:15 | 0|198.49.81.33 | 0 | = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] | < br > | , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ | |
| 80538479 | 80957838 | 2006-10-12 05:33:27 | 2 days 03:08:10 | 1258165 | 0 | http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall {{ cold war }} | [[ category : anti - communism ]] | [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : | |
| 92781222 | 92859051 | 2006-12-08 04:13:42 | 0 days 06:52:56 | 20855 | 0 | info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] {{ cold war }} | [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] | [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and | |
| 97683569 | 98028769 | 2007-01-02 22:07:58 | 1 days 15:08:26 | 0|69.61.146.31 | 0 | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war | ii | iii | in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one |
| 1 | background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in | europe | australia | ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by | |||||
| 98028769 | 98028942 | 2007-01-02 22:08:44 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 2691489 | 0 | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war | iii | ii | in australia ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one |
| 1 | background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war iii in | australia | europe | ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by | |||||
| 98453918 | 98470052 | 2007-01-04 19:21:16 | 0 days 01:21:18 | 873891 | 0 | | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , | was initially constructed starting | began to be built | on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the |
| 99165555 | 99378492 | 2007-01-08 19:24:41 | 0 days 22:43:14 | 29695 | 3 | de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] | , began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of | |
| 100887174 | 100916417 | 2007-01-15 18:33:14 | 0 days 02:34:19 | 2810123 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | jesus . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] < | |
| 100916417 | 100920432 | 2007-01-15 18:53:45 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | jesus . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] < | |
| 108231602 | 108231997 | 2007-02-15 02:15:41 | 0 days 00:02:04 | 3563780 | 1 | ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold | war | shrivelled penis | ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev |
| 108231997 | 108232467 | 2007-02-15 02:18:06 | 0 days 00:02:25 | 506179 | 0 | ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold | shrivelled penis | war | ]] . conceived by the holy spirit [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ |
| 113462887 | 113463175 | 2007-03-08 01:25:24 | 0 days 00:03:28 | 0|134.161.72.166 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | zan ' s a homo | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 113463175 | 113463422 | 2007-03-08 01:26:47 | 0 days 00:01:23 | 0|134.161.77.27 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | zan ' s a homo | paul funke is the gayest thing to hit the earth . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , |
| 113463422 | 113463588 | 2007-03-08 01:27:44 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 0|134.161.72.166 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | paul funke is the gayest thing to hit the earth . | i cant believe were having a argument via wikipedia | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , |
| 113463588 | 113463755 | 2007-03-08 01:28:31 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 0|134.161.77.27 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | i cant believe were having a argument via wikipedia | paul . . . . sucks . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , |
| 113463755 | 113463896 | 2007-03-08 01:29:04 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 0|72.185.3.52 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | paul . . . . sucks . | who is this ? | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , |
| 113463896 | 113463966 | 2007-03-08 01:29:22 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 3715895 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | who is this ? | paul . . . . sucks . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , |
| 113463966 | 113464054 | 2007-03-08 01:29:46 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 0|72.185.3.52 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | paul . . . . sucks . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 113464054 | 113464427 | 2007-03-08 01:31:20 | 0 days 00:01:34 | 3335058 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | paul . . . . sucks . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 113464427 | 113464478 | 2007-03-08 01:31:34 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 3335058 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | paul . . . . sucks . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 113464478 | 113475444 | 2007-03-08 02:24:08 | 0 days 00:52:34 | 0|68.18.0.87 | 3 | = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe | ]] | , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied | |
| 113770907 | 113776625 | 2007-03-09 06:31:20 | 0 days 00:41:51 | 0|76.174.14.31 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | the fall of the berlin wall was correctly predicted by adam zych . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 113776625 | 113776830 | 2007-03-09 06:32:48 | 0 days 00:01:28 | 1257855 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | the fall of the berlin wall was correctly predicted by adam zych . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 113776830 | 113832100 | 2007-03-09 14:15:51 | 0 days 07:43:03 | 0|68.249.64.18 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | by enno | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 113832100 | 113832228 | 2007-03-09 14:16:44 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 0|68.249.64.18 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | by enno | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 121573836 | 121815930 | 2007-04-10 23:58:00 | 0 days 22:34:01 | 0|71.251.78.138 | 3 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | conceived by | jauan is a dumbass fuck | the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref |
| 121815930 | 121816065 | 2007-04-10 23:58:38 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 1587622 | 4 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | jauan is a dumbass fuck | conceived by | the berlin wall asshole > > > = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] |
| 121859674 | 122017633 | 2007-04-11 19:09:19 | 0 days 15:17:36 | 0|75.144.36.132 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | conceived | conceivpoop is something i love . ed | by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < |
| 122017633 | 122018387 | 2007-04-11 19:12:17 | 0 days 00:02:58 | 0|75.144.36.132 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | conceivpoop | bobby whitaker | is something i love . ed by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader |
| 122019226 | 122019579 | 2007-04-11 19:16:53 | 0 days 00:01:20 | 0|75.144.36.132 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | bobby whitaker | max hommeyer | loves men is something i love . ed by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet |
| 122019579 | 122020022 | 2007-04-11 19:18:50 | 0 days 00:01:57 | 0|75.144.36.132 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | max hommeyer loves men | is something i love . ed by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader | |
| 122020022 | 122020287 | 2007-04-11 19:19:51 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 1091232 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | is something i love . ed | conceived | by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < |
| 126164082 | 126239439 | 2007-04-26 21:24:13 | 0 days 05:22:38 | 944562 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | at its peak , the berlin wall was 43 km in length . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 126239439 | 126272805 | 2007-04-27 00:04:59 | 0 days 02:40:46 | 911178 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | at its peak , the berlin wall was 43 km in length . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 126710288 | 126721023 | 2007-04-28 22:10:09 | 0 days 00:49:57 | 0|68.56.239.233 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | penis fuck | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 126721023 | 126721282 | 2007-04-28 22:11:27 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 506179 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | penis fuck | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 127992744 | 128043670 | 2007-05-03 20:30:16 | 0 days 03:40:39 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 5 | [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war | ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per | the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | | |
| 128056612 | 128074342 | 2007-05-03 22:35:16 | 0 days 01:16:18 | 0|68.94.76.252 | 0 | {{ fact }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] | monkey | . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] | |
| 128074342 | 128079965 | 2007-05-03 23:03:25 | 0 days 00:28:09 | 302522 | 0 | {{ fact }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] | monkey | . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] | |
| 129078733 | 129078870 | 2007-05-07 22:44:04 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 0|68.229.104.166 | 0 | 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | it looks like a giant dildo . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 129078870 | 129087847 | 2007-05-07 23:16:20 | 0 days 00:32:16 | 0|71.96.164.122 | 0 | 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | it looks like a giant dildo . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 129087847 | 129129192 | 2007-05-08 02:16:35 | 0 days 03:00:15 | 0|68.229.104.166 | 0 | 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | it looked like a giant dildo . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 129129192 | 129132550 | 2007-05-08 02:34:43 | 0 days 00:18:08 | 0|71.108.29.93 | 0 | 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | it looked like a giant dildo . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 129222453 | 129352059 | 2007-05-08 21:20:43 | 0 days 08:34:02 | 0|71.220.96.241 | 0 | 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | < p > < img src = " http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / en / f / f1 / tiger _ mountain . jpg " border = " 0 " / > < / p > < div style = " width : 150px ; height : 24px ; background - color : # 000000 ; border - width : 1px solid # ff0000 ; font - family : arial black ; padding : 3px " > < / span > < / a > < / div > | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 129352059 | 129352259 | 2007-05-08 21:21:34 | 0 days 00:00:51 | 0|71.220.96.241 | 0 | 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | < p > < | [[ image : | img src = " http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / en / f / f1 / tiger _ mountain . jpg " border = " |
| 129352259 | 129354253 | 2007-05-08 21:30:14 | 0 days 00:08:40 | 302522 | 0 | 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | [[ image : img _ 0104 . jpg ]] | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 129586982 | 129587257 | 2007-05-09 18:30:46 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 0|65.18.54.220 | 0 | 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | alot of times people write graphiti on the wall it is fyunny like the time someone wrote ill rape your mother and eat her out then stab her in the head with a candy cane | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 129587257 | 129588538 | 2007-05-09 18:35:24 | 0 days 00:04:38 | 3252781 | 0 | 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | alot of times people write graphiti on the wall it is fyunny like the time someone wrote ill rape your mother and eat her out then stab her in the head with a candy cane | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 131079788 | 131079886 | 2007-05-15 17:43:19 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 0|69.74.130.15 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | yo mama likes eggs . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 131079886 | 131080240 | 2007-05-15 17:44:41 | 0 days 00:01:22 | 1999318 | 3 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | yo mama likes eggs . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 132824014 | 132825974 | 2007-05-23 01:07:03 | 0 days 00:11:15 | 0|24.216.71.167 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | the cold war was just a trick . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 132825974 | 132829765 | 2007-05-23 01:29:00 | 0 days 00:21:57 | 0|72.137.57.81 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | the cold war was just a trick . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 133705235 | 133939781 | 2007-05-27 21:57:21 | 1 days 01:38:52 | 0|216.208.52.171 | 1 | = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war | ii | ever | in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of |
| 2 | [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in | europe ]] | history | , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying | |||||
| 133979794 | 133979980 | 2007-05-28 01:38:20 | 0 days 00:01:06 | 1718065 | 1 | = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the second world war | ii in europe ]] | , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying | |
| 157631167 | 157769734 | 2007-09-14 03:03:30 | 0 days 11:19:41 | 0|76.185.185.116 | 0 | < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , | abc | the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] | |
| 157769734 | 157770272 | 2007-09-14 03:07:02 | 0 days 00:03:32 | 82432 | 0 | < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , | abc | the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] | |
| 170955559 | 171328388 | 2007-11-14 00:42:00 | 1 days 11:14:07 | 5809976 | 1 | | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war | of monkeies in balerina outfits eating pancakes going up the pyrimid of wakawakadoodooyeah | ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ | |
| 171328388 | 171330844 | 2007-11-14 00:55:02 | 0 days 00:13:02 | 0|83.24.232.6 | 4 | | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ civil war | of monkeies in balerina outfits eating pancakes going up the pyrimid of wakawakadoodooyeah | ]] , the wall joined forces with mars and neptune [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 97549375683254 years , from the day destructio began on | |
| 172709053 | 172709545 | 2007-11-20 15:05:27 | 0 days 00:02:23 | 0|204.82.110.88 | 0 | ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany [[ cold war ]] , | the berlin wall stretches around the same size as joey blakely | . [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it | |
| 189355039 | 189371036 | 2008-02-05 23:08:09 | 0 days 01:07:42 | 0|24.196.143.194 | 0 | = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 250px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war | ii | viii | in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by |
| 189371036 | 189371518 | 2008-02-05 23:10:34 | 0 days 00:02:25 | 1141531 | 0 | = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 250px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war | viii | ii | in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by |
| 189423593 | 189482624 | 2008-02-06 12:20:05 | 0 days 08:41:54 | 0|201.240.182.230 | 0 | solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after | the | its | fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley |
| 189482624 | 189482685 | 2008-02-06 12:20:46 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 1792859 | 0 | solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after | its | the | fall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . |
| 201581932 | 201602143 | 2008-03-28 16:15:47 | 0 days 01:40:24 | 0|166.109.0.203 | 0 | . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war | ii | i3i | in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by |
| 201602143 | 201602326 | 2008-03-28 16:16:48 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 4174864 | 0 | . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war | i3i | ii | in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by |
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 11 | the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] | tension | tensions | caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which |
| 241768925 | 241808635 | 2008-09-29 17:14:44 | 0 days 03:21:55 | 7966459 | 0 | the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? | the berlin wall | is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created | |
| 245370107 | 245417666 | 2008-10-15 10:41:25 | 0 days 07:04:30 | 0|98.181.39.113 | 3 | , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii | in europe | ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] | |
| 245417666 | 245418082 | 2008-10-15 10:45:36 | 0 days 00:04:11 | 0|98.181.39.113 | 0 | , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii | in europe | ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was sectioned into four military zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] | |
| 266290464 | 266355258 | 2009-01-25 18:30:17 | 0 days 07:44:36 | 0|64.180.72.150 | 0 | ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war | ii | i | in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam |
| 266355258 | 266356606 | 2009-01-25 18:36:50 | 0 days 00:06:33 | 118722 | 0 | ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war | i | ii | in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam |
| 277002786 | 277119282 | 2009-03-14 04:23:16 | 0 days 11:27:08 | 6984319 | 0 | of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} | {{ eastern bloc defection }} | {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - | |
| 324836927 | 324836988 | 2009-11-09 13:39:07 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 0|208.108.91.156 | 0 | . = = background = = = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war | ii | i | , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland |
| 324836988 | 324838020 | 2009-11-09 13:48:18 | 0 days 00:09:11 | 0|213.93.238.72 | 0 | . = = background = = = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war | i | ii | , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland |
| 325368306 | 325399652 | 2009-11-12 07:44:53 | 0 days 04:54:38 | 0|60.242.26.79 | 1 | a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war | ii in europe ]] | 2 | , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] |
| 325399652 | 325399702 | 2009-11-12 07:45:26 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 6193373 | 1 | by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the my penis got bigger it was world war | 2 | ii in europe ]] | , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] |
| 326099578 | 326127754 | 2009-11-16 08:11:30 | 0 days 04:37:23 | 6971250 | 0 | . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = | {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} | not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall segments | | |
| 328471283 | 328918832 | 2009-12-01 00:17:26 | 2 days 00:55:52 | 0|70.48.126.154 | 0 | a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war | ii | 15 | in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ |
| 328918832 | 328919797 | 2009-12-01 00:22:23 | 0 days 00:04:57 | 10141256 | 0 | a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war | 15 | ii | in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ |
| 343787074 | 343787620 | 2010-02-13 19:00:57 | 0 days 00:02:26 | 5326371 | 3 | walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war | after the fall of the wall . | * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] | |
| 356044092 | 356217661 | 2010-04-15 18:08:26 | 0 days 20:55:59 | 0|98.175.3.162 | 0 | was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war | ii | i | in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam |
| 356217661 | 356218025 | 2010-04-15 18:10:26 | 0 days 00:02:00 | 0|98.175.3.162 | 0 | was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war | i | iii | in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam |
| 356218025 | 356218953 | 2010-04-15 18:15:37 | 0 days 00:05:11 | 3308922 | 0 | was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war | iii | ii | in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam |
| 395570204 | 395601663 | 2010-11-08 20:05:29 | 0 days 03:02:13 | 0|88.107.151.166 | 1 | prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . | if you were staying on the east side of germany , and lived in the west then there was no way back . you were stuck there . people tried escaping but it was no use - they where trapped untill the wall was knocked down ( date unknown ) . there ya go , a full history lesson on the berlin wall . | the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities | |
| 395601663 | 395608167 | 2010-11-08 20:42:26 | 0 days 00:36:57 | 3308922 | 1 | prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . | if you were staying on the east side of germany , and lived in the west then there was no way back . you were stuck there . people tried escaping but it was no use - they where trapped untill the wall was knocked down ( date unknown ) . there ya go , a full history lesson on the berlin wall . | the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities | |
| 409807529 | 409894092 | 2011-01-25 02:57:27 | 0 days 07:58:13 | 0|99.254.100.33 | 0 | was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii | in europe | on mars | ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] |
| 409894092 | 409905421 | 2011-01-25 04:13:27 | 0 days 01:16:00 | 5204750 | 0 | was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii | on mars | in europe | ]] , what remained of fun land germany west of the [[ b - 0 - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement |
| 410141159 | 410170917 | 2011-01-26 14:22:10 | 0 days 04:20:38 | 253448 | 0 | * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ | collapse | dissolution | of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] |
| 529700077 | 529724987 | 2012-12-25 15:36:49 | 0 days 06:28:33 | 10434788 | 31 | : / / voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? – an alternate history of cold war espionage | ] | ' ' , 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 [ http : | |
| 581987398 | 582077499 | 2013-11-17 17:57:59 | 0 days 17:13:24 | 20103706 | 0 | walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war | * [[ paradigm shift ]] * [[ postmodernity ]] | * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a | |
| 677815158 | 678905413 | 2015-09-01 10:18:50 | 6 days 16:10:12 | 5288432 | 0 | a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , soviet military patrols could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ | allied control council | | four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not | |
| 692779504 | 693600550 | 2015-12-03 16:51:13 | 5 days 09:39:21 | 23149456 | 0 | prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period | , until prevented | . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protective wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | | |
| 694124545 | 694466316 | 2015-12-09 12:48:38 | 2 days 05:54:29 | 9505858 | 1 | prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period | , until prevented | . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protective wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | | |
| 770060658 | 771798170 | 2017-03-23 15:52:18 | 10 days 09:54:57 | 18837626 | 0 | 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | first = dmitry | last = solovyov }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = | [[ file : trozo del muro de berlín en fátima ( 4592089636 ) . jpg | thumb | segment of the berlin wall in the [[ sanctuary of fátima ]] , [[ portugal ]] . ]] | {{ main article | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been | |
| 798241666 | 800698581 | 2017-09-15 03:51:19 | 14 days 08:23:33 | 10031342 | 4 | massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . | the berlin wall was | gdr authorities | officially referred to as the ' ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying |
| 806256977 | 807562970 | 2017-10-28 19:24:55 | 7 days 23:35:46 | 29980587 | 0 | bloc sidebar }} [[ file : sfp 186 - brandenburger tor . ogv | thumb | right | 220px | brandenburg gate in 1945 , after the end of world war | 2 | ii | ]] following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] headed a group of nations on his western border , the eastern bloc , that then included poland , |
| 825795679 | 825799159 | 2018-02-15 14:02:55 | 0 days 00:30:54 | 5946478 | 0 | massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . | < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < | gdr authorities officially referred to the berlin wall as the ' ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) | |
| 1 | ]] , it came to symbolize physically the " [[ iron curtain ]] " that separated western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] during the [[ cold war ]] . | ref > | before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 & nbsp ; million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected | ||||||
| 847210589 | 847250702 | 2018-06-23 23:42:01 | 0 days 05:50:45 | 7611264 | 0 | ]] , it came to symbolize physically the " [[ iron curtain ]] " that separated western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] during the [[ cold war ]] . | < ref name = " cnn . com " / > | < ref name = " cnn . com " > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > | before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 & nbsp ; million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected |
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| 10252938 | 10252971 | 2005-02-14 13:38:52 | 0 days 00:04:00 | 0|213.84.119.125 | 0 | . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' | ' berlin | tim smelik | wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west |
| 10252971 | 10253611 | 2005-02-14 13:40:11 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 0|213.84.119.125 | 0 | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' tim smelik wall ' ' ( [[ | german language | german | latin | ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding |
| 10253611 | 10255890 | 2005-02-14 14:17:44 | 0 days 00:37:33 | 132952 | 0 | . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' | tim smelik | ' berlin | wall ' ' ( [[ latin ]] : ' ' timmus mauerus ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin |
| 2 | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' tim smelik wall ' ' ( [[ | latin | german | ]] : ' ' timmus mauerus ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of | |||||
| 13036963 | 13195082 | 2005-04-30 17:31:03 | 2 days 15:33:16 | 82835 | 0 | . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' | ' berlin | ' berlin | wall ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from |
| 2 | | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ | german | german language | german | ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding | |||||
| 15902037 | 17901887 | 2005-06-30 16:35:18 | 3 days 18:44:20 | 0|84.65.88.110 | 0 | jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' | berlin wall | zhe shi wo de mama | ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin |
| 17901887 | 17902797 | 2005-06-30 16:51:30 | 0 days 00:16:12 | 26468 | 0 | jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' | zhe shi wo de mama | berlin wall | ' ' ' language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ |
| 17902797 | 18119157 | 2005-07-04 08:34:54 | 3 days 15:43:24 | 0|62.171.194.11 | 0 | jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' | berlin | bumming | wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west |
| 18119489 | 18119581 | 2005-07-04 08:49:33 | 0 days 00:03:19 | 7580 | 0 | jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' | bumming | berlin | wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west |
| 28791862 | 28792067 | 2005-11-20 01:04:12 | 0 days 00:04:02 | 0|201.252.93.29 | 0 | jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' | berlin | nigger | wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation |
| 28792067 | 28792082 | 2005-11-20 01:04:30 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 159620 | 0 | jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' | nigger | berlin | wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die niggerner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation |
| 28792082 | 28792147 | 2005-11-20 01:05:46 | 0 days 00:01:16 | 0|201.252.93.29 | 0 | jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' | berlin | nigger | wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation |
| 28792147 | 28792173 | 2005-11-20 01:06:17 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 234192 | 0 | jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' | nigger | berlin | wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die niggerner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation |
| 28895315 | 28895370 | 2005-11-21 09:44:02 | 0 days 00:01:26 | 0|212.132.0.10 | 0 | unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of | berlin | derlin | ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii |
| 28895372 | 28895434 | 2005-11-21 09:45:36 | 0 days 00:01:31 | 44020 | 0 | unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of | derlin | berlin | ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii |
| 54612020 | 54612820 | 2006-05-22 23:23:58 | 0 days 00:05:29 | 0|67.76.205.110 | 0 | the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' | berlin wall | bold text | ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] |
| 54612820 | 54613169 | 2006-05-22 23:26:29 | 0 days 00:02:31 | 1008387 | 1 | of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] ' ' ' | bold text | berlin wall | ' ' ' yo < math > insert formula here < / math > 3x ^ 3áψ conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter |
| 57484319 | 57663965 | 2006-06-09 06:58:07 | 1 days 01:49:03 | 0|203.51.41.247 | 1 | the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' | berlin | marielle | wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 |
| 57663965 | 57664095 | 2006-06-09 06:59:35 | 0 days 00:01:28 | 416594 | 0 | the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' | marielle | berlin | wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 |
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 14 | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' | berlin wall | male | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known |
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 13 | y chromosome causes the gonads to become testes , which produce hormones that cause the internal and external genitalia to become male , which in turn lead parents to assign ' | male | berlin wall | ' as the sex of their child ( assigned sex ) , and raise the child as a boy ( gender of rearing ) . however , the degree to which |
| 164038519 | 164088618 | 2007-10-12 17:34:13 | 0 days 04:17:56 | 0|142.25.180.57 | 0 | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' | berlin | joshua crawford | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was |
| 164111122 | 164137420 | 2007-10-12 21:29:31 | 0 days 02:06:31 | 20318 | 0 | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' | joshua crawford | berlin | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was |
| 185252986 | 185253082 | 2008-01-18 18:49:29 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 0|205.119.39.14 | 0 | jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' | berlin | american | wall ' ' ' was awesome . ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from |
| 185253082 | 185253236 | 2008-01-18 18:50:11 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 4059252 | 0 | jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' | american | berlin | wall ' ' ' was awesome . ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from |
| 200485900 | 200486190 | 2008-03-24 07:15:01 | 0 days 00:02:23 | 1030541 | 0 | berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' | berlin wall | anti - fascist protective rampart | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] |
| 200509042 | 200509383 | 2008-03-24 10:53:10 | 0 days 00:02:33 | 2427421 | 0 | berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' | anti - fascist protective rampart | berlin wall | ' ' ' or as it was known to the west , the berlin wall ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | |
| 200634168 | 200634727 | 2008-03-24 21:12:48 | 0 days 00:02:19 | 1030541 | 0 | berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' | berlin wall | anti - fascist protective rampart | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] |
| 200634727 | 200635681 | 2008-03-24 21:16:41 | 0 days 00:03:53 | 266416 | 0 | berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' | anti - fascist protective rampart | berlin wall | ' ' ' , or as the western world refered to it the berlin wall , ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier |
| 276783143 | 276783264 | 2009-03-12 17:22:27 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 0 | : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' | berlin wall | mitch | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic |
| 276783264 | 276783338 | 2009-03-12 17:22:49 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 2844657 | 0 | : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' | mitch | berlin wall | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic |
| 281894614 | 282235355 | 2009-04-07 00:31:21 | 1 days 10:38:02 | 0|74.72.241.68 | 0 | : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' | berlin | gay | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german |
| 282235865 | 282235916 | 2009-04-07 00:34:12 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 0|203.38.204.162 | 0 | : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' | gay | ellory memorial | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german |
| 282235916 | 282235944 | 2009-04-07 00:34:20 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 118722 | 0 | : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' | ellory memorial | gay | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german |
| 282236132 | 282236196 | 2009-04-07 00:35:43 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 3080493 | 0 | : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' | gay | berlin | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german |
| 282236196 | 282236589 | 2009-04-07 00:37:44 | 0 days 00:02:01 | 9398415 | 0 | : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' | berlin | great | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german |
| 282236589 | 282236727 | 2009-04-07 00:38:26 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 1304569 | 0 | : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' | great | berlin | wall of china ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from |
| 282236727 | 282237003 | 2009-04-07 00:39:51 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 9398415 | 0 | : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' | berlin | cosgrove ellory | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german |
| 282237003 | 282237083 | 2009-04-07 00:40:17 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 1304569 | 0 | : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' | cosgrove ellory | berlin | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german |
| 283243378 | 283243474 | 2009-04-11 21:04:28 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 7992897 | 0 | berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin | wall | walls | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic |
| 283243474 | 283243810 | 2009-04-11 21:06:20 | 0 days 00:01:52 | 4156654 | 1 | berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin | walls | wall | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic |
| 284527500 | 284528364 | 2009-04-18 00:18:32 | 0 days 00:05:54 | 0|122.110.183.192 | 7 | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' | deutsche demokratische republik | cock suckers | ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its |
| 284528364 | 284529573 | 2009-04-18 00:27:25 | 0 days 00:08:53 | 6984319 | 6 | | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - scrotum incision east germany , known in germany as the ' ' | cock suckers | deutsche demokratische republik | ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its |
| 317287236 | 317310341 | 2009-10-01 17:09:47 | 0 days 02:18:31 | 0|160.7.93.225 | 0 | line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' | berlin | seth | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr |
| 317310341 | 317310493 | 2009-10-01 17:10:46 | 0 days 00:00:59 | 8932218 | 0 | line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' | seth | berlin | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr |
| 324855951 | 324865451 | 2009-11-09 16:55:53 | 0 days 00:59:13 | 0|68.89.94.230 | 0 | ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin | wall | tall | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] |
| 324865451 | 324865655 | 2009-11-09 16:57:18 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 5519174 | 0 | ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin | tall | wall | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] |
| 324920832 | 324923118 | 2009-11-09 22:16:41 | 0 days 00:12:46 | 0|67.71.41.102 | 0 | neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' | ' berlin | yugoslavian | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany |
| 324923118 | 324923280 | 2009-11-09 22:17:30 | 0 days 00:00:49 | 1477111 | 0 | neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' | yugoslavian | ' berlin | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany |
| 324923280 | 324923860 | 2009-11-09 22:20:11 | 0 days 00:02:41 | 0|67.71.41.102 | 0 | line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' | berlin | yugoslavian | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany |
| 324923860 | 324923936 | 2009-11-09 22:20:37 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 6774658 | 0 | line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' | yugoslavian | berlin | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany |
| 325045421 | 325048424 | 2009-11-10 14:21:14 | 0 days 00:21:08 | 10984567 | 0 | line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' | berlin | berlslingerin | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany |
| 325048424 | 325048650 | 2009-11-10 14:22:47 | 0 days 00:01:33 | 3308922 | 0 | line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' | berlslingerin | berlin | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany |
| 325363892 | 325364899 | 2009-11-12 02:24:44 | 0 days 00:07:00 | 0|202.158.12.194 | 1 | line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' | berlin wall | nazi germany | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] |
| 325364899 | 325364978 | 2009-11-12 02:25:22 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 10122993 | 1 | neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } ' ' ' | nazi germany | berlin wall | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by roger jr republic ( gdr ) ( [[ tekken ]] ) that |
| 342118264 | 342118535 | 2010-02-05 16:25:39 | 0 days 00:01:34 | 0|207.35.35.12 | 0 | line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' | berlin wall | berline walle | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) |
| 342119150 | 342120204 | 2010-02-05 16:35:38 | 0 days 00:06:25 | 3505251 | 0 | line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' | berline walle | berlin wall | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a wood barrier built by the quebecers democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) |
| 357049269 | 357049473 | 2010-04-19 19:25:52 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 0|131.122.46.127 | 1 | line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' | berlin | francis | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] |
| 357049703 | 357055327 | 2010-04-19 19:57:39 | 0 days 00:30:33 | 3308922 | 2 | line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' | francis | berlin | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] |
| 366512975 | 366521234 | 2010-06-07 08:27:18 | 0 days 01:15:10 | 6971250 | 1 | < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . com ] < / ref > * * ' ' [[ | der tunnel | the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | the spy who came in from the cold | ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - |
| 387913331 | 387913500 | 2010-09-30 13:39:18 | 0 days 00:01:14 | 0|72.21.110.176 | 0 | line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' | berlin | hamsterjelly | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) |
| 387913500 | 387913690 | 2010-09-30 13:40:43 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 0|72.21.110.176 | 1 | line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' | hamsterjelly | berlin | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) |
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| 1012031 | 1092751 | 2003-06-08 12:37:20 | 31 days 17:34:08 | 9244 | 4 | " float : right " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall | , on november 16 , | ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ | 1989 . ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and |
| 1534932 | 1546609 | 2003-10-07 11:17:44 | 32 days 10:18:41 | 8624 | 0 | & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] | [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from | |
| 1864185 | 1864344 | 2003-12-03 16:19:59 | 1 days 01:30:59 | 11907 | 2 | & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] | [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long wall isolating [[ west | |
| 4016817 | 4016827 | 2004-06-10 12:42:58 | 0 days 00:01:23 | 0|151.188.16.51 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ category : cold war ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall | and the rick james | ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ | |
| 4016827 | 4016839 | 2004-06-10 12:44:19 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 0|151.188.16.51 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ category : cold war ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall | and the rick james | ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ | |
| 5185051 | 5185067 | 2004-08-13 16:18:57 | 0 days 06:13:43 | 56563 | 0 | jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' | [[ | berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]] | |
| 1 | | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin | ]] [[ | wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]] from | ||||||
| 2 | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall | ]] | ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ | ||||||
| 5193152 | 5201964 | 2004-08-14 00:35:33 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 7129 | 0 | ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( | freunde | freude | ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] |
| 9649252 | 9658614 | 2005-01-25 19:38:59 | 1 days 06:21:33 | 26675 | 1 | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' [[ berlin | ]] [[ | wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ | |
| 9658614 | 9762535 | 2005-01-26 01:42:57 | 0 days 06:03:58 | 26468 | 10 | a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' | death strip | grenzmauer 75 | ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was |
| 9765302 | 9797902 | 2005-01-29 15:37:34 | 0 days 02:41:22 | 124324 | 0 | was exclusively on the western side . for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' | ossis | [[ ossi ]] s | ' ' and ' ' wessis ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that one quarter |
| 1 | . for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' ossis ' ' and ' ' | wessis | [[ wessi ]] s | ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that one quarter of west germans and 12 % | |||||
| 10252938 | 10252971 | 2005-02-14 13:38:52 | 0 days 00:04:00 | 0|213.84.119.125 | 1 | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall | ' | ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] | |
| 10253611 | 10255890 | 2005-02-14 14:17:44 | 0 days 00:37:33 | 132952 | 1 | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' tim smelik wall | ' | ' ' ( [[ latin ]] : ' ' timmus mauerus ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] | |
| 11755198 | 11755213 | 2005-04-01 09:38:11 | 0 days 02:49:11 | 0|217.68.115.26 | 0 | | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin | wall | fuck | ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ |
| 13036963 | 13195082 | 2005-04-30 17:31:03 | 2 days 15:33:16 | 82835 | 1 | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall | ' | ' | ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east |
| 18119315 | 18119377 | 2005-07-04 08:41:57 | 0 days 00:02:09 | 0|62.171.194.11 | 0 | jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' | bumming | zhe shi wo de mama | wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west |
| 18119377 | 18119489 | 2005-07-04 08:46:14 | 0 days 00:04:17 | 7580 | 0 | jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' | zhe shi wo de mama | bumming | wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west |
| 18909779 | 18969500 | 2005-07-16 18:43:09 | 0 days 23:05:13 | 54820 | 1 | wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer | ' ' ' | ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] | |
| 20669087 | 20890077 | 2005-08-13 00:15:44 | 2 days 20:27:38 | 0|68.160.191.71 | 0 | on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' | die | berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory | |
| 24828569 | 25160186 | 2005-10-09 23:53:32 | 4 days 05:42:40 | 309296 | 0 | the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' | [[ | ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) | |
| 1 | the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy | ]] | ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . | ||||||
| 25656383 | 25689796 | 2005-10-16 22:20:06 | 0 days 09:50:06 | 0|12.221.139.214 | 0 | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' | [[ | germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing | |
| 1 | 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany | ]] | ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months | ||||||
| 28351189 | 28475786 | 2005-11-16 04:50:18 | 1 days 03:16:25 | 0|164.107.92.199 | 0 | [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die | berliner | berline | mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of |
| 28475786 | 28483115 | 2005-11-16 06:58:29 | 0 days 02:08:11 | 246113 | 0 | [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die | berline | berliner | mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of |
| 28791862 | 28792067 | 2005-11-20 01:04:12 | 0 days 00:04:02 | 0|201.252.93.29 | 1 | [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die | berliner | niggerner | mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of |
| 28792067 | 28792082 | 2005-11-20 01:04:30 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 159620 | 1 | [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' nigger wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die | niggerner | berliner | mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of |
| 28792082 | 28792147 | 2005-11-20 01:05:46 | 0 days 00:01:16 | 0|201.252.93.29 | 1 | [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die | berliner | niggerner | mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of |
| 28792147 | 28792173 | 2005-11-20 01:06:17 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 234192 | 1 | [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' nigger wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die | niggerner | berliner | mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of |
| 30122085 | 30233828 | 2005-12-05 16:40:11 | 1 days 00:11:43 | 276745 | 0 | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' | ' ' ' “antifaschistischer | " antifaschistischer | schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany |
| 1 | berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall | ” ' ' ' ' ' | " | ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 | |||||
| 3 | 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer | ' ' ' | ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] | ||||||
| 30233828 | 30616964 | 2005-12-08 18:38:02 | 3 days 01:57:51 | 0|209.32.68.66 | 0 | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' | ack ack ack | [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as | |
| 30616964 | 30617126 | 2005-12-08 18:39:38 | 0 days 00:01:36 | 0|209.32.68.66 | 0 | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' | ack ack ack | [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as | |
| 34282387 | 34775887 | 2006-01-11 17:31:21 | 3 days 20:07:38 | 0|164.83.99.83 | 0 | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' | [[ | [ fuckfuckfuckv [ | germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , |
| 34775887 | 34778137 | 2006-01-11 17:49:33 | 0 days 00:18:12 | 0|158.123.138.252 | 0 | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' | [ fuckfuckfuckv [ | germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , | |
| 34778137 | 34778424 | 2006-01-11 17:52:02 | 0 days 00:02:29 | 21397 | 0 | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' | [[ | germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany | |
| 1 | 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany | ]] | ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as | ||||||
| 36645214 | 36646145 | 2006-01-25 14:46:14 | 0 days 00:09:12 | 0|216.235.137.59 | 0 | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' | ' ' [[ [[ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' merdock rocks ! ! ! ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ]] ]] ' ' | [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter | |
| 36646475 | 36646630 | 2006-01-25 14:50:35 | 0 days 00:01:34 | 0|216.235.137.59 | 0 | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' | ' ' [[ [[ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' merdock rocks ! ! ! ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ]] ]] ' ' | [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter | |
| 36874178 | 36940507 | 2006-01-27 13:39:26 | 0 days 12:42:50 | 0|216.235.137.59 | 0 | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' | hail hitla man ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter | |
| 36940507 | 36940912 | 2006-01-27 13:43:30 | 0 days 00:04:04 | 643099 | 0 | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' | hail hitla man ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter | |
| 44770428 | 44770612 | 2006-03-21 05:02:30 | 0 days 00:01:49 | 0|68.154.38.227 | 0 | the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' | ! | berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in | |
| 1 | wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall | ! | ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks | ||||||
| 44770612 | 44770674 | 2006-03-21 05:02:57 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 410083 | 1 | near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' ! berlin wall | ! | ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks | |
| 45793588 | 45807050 | 2006-03-28 04:07:24 | 0 days 01:57:14 | 145855 | 0 | near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' | die | berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent | |
| 59083873 | 59248468 | 2006-06-18 08:59:56 | 0 days 23:47:21 | 537264 | 0 | = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ | ossi _ % 28east _ germans % 29 | | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head | |
| 65633547 | 66079192 | 2006-07-27 02:02:21 | 2 days 04:22:24 | 0|202.89.36.170 | 12 | = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' | " grenzgänger " | ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the | |
| 66079192 | 66079583 | 2006-07-27 02:05:14 | 0 days 00:02:53 | 416594 | 4 | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 your mum was a man = = headline text = = = = headline text = = ' ' | " grenzgänger " | ' bold text ' ' ' the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} | |
| 11 | = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 your mum was a man = = headline text = = = = headline text = = ' ' ' | bold text | ' ' ' the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore | ||||||
| 71157100 | 71159092 | 2006-08-22 12:48:33 | 0 days 00:15:37 | 0|203.173.25.108 | 0 | of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin | poo | wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was | |
| 71159092 | 71159208 | 2006-08-22 12:49:25 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 1424804 | 0 | of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin | poo | wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was | |
| 79140455 | 79272904 | 2006-10-03 16:39:13 | 0 days 17:22:04 | 0|64.251.50.130 | 0 | potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall | ( it ' s ugly ) | ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic | |
| 79272904 | 79273734 | 2006-10-03 16:44:25 | 0 days 00:05:12 | 0|64.251.50.130 | 0 | platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ( | it ' s ugly | hi chris | ) ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic |
| 79273734 | 79274090 | 2006-10-03 16:46:24 | 0 days 00:01:59 | 0|64.251.50.130 | 0 | platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ( | hi chris | i hate you | ) ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic |
| 79274090 | 79274417 | 2006-10-03 16:48:27 | 0 days 00:02:03 | 0|64.251.50.130 | 0 | platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ( | i hate you | u will die , watch ur head : ) | ) ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic |
| 79274417 | 79274618 | 2006-10-03 16:49:39 | 0 days 00:01:12 | 0|64.251.50.130 | 0 | potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall | ( u will die , watch ur head : ) ) | ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic | |
| 89150881 | 89163919 | 2006-11-21 04:23:44 | 0 days 01:23:24 | 0|67.81.36.17 | 0 | potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | , | or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting |
| 89730172 | 90181219 | 2006-11-26 07:20:39 | 2 days 07:53:59 | 4236 | 6 | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to | " | freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' | |
| 95295871 | 95295938 | 2006-12-19 12:34:57 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 111299 | 0 | [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' | " | wirtschaftswunder ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] | |
| 1 | democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' wirtschaftswunder | " | ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . | ||||||
| 99731391 | 99737979 | 2007-01-10 10:20:29 | 0 days 01:13:09 | 0|130.194.13.105 | 0 | " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer | schutzwall | schutzwand | " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus |
| 103018378 | 103399344 | 2007-01-26 16:15:22 | 1 days 16:44:54 | 0|84.148.227.154 | 0 | " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer | schutzwand | schutzwall | " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus |
| 108230538 | 108230972 | 2007-02-15 02:10:21 | 0 days 00:02:12 | 3563780 | 0 | , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' | antifaschistischer schutzwall | oooorshhhhfssseargshhh | ' ' ) was a giant penis [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , |
| 108230972 | 108231602 | 2007-02-15 02:13:37 | 0 days 00:03:16 | 506179 | 0 | , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' | oooorshhhhfssseargshhh | antifaschistischer schutzwall | ' ' ) was a giant penis [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , |
| 111086584 | 111137285 | 2007-02-26 19:31:02 | 0 days 03:58:19 | 157842 | 1 | in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' | {{ lang | de | | antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin | |
| 111412985 | 111413367 | 2007-02-27 21:05:30 | 0 days 00:01:33 | 0|75.40.131.110 | 0 | {st@rt} ' ' ' brennah | was | jade were | here ' ' ' [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall |
| 111431459 | 111447681 | 2007-02-27 23:32:06 | 0 days 01:10:20 | 0|24.224.150.220 | 0 | = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' | " soziale marktwirtschaft " | ' you suck | ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | |
| 2 | = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' | in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or | ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | ||||||
| 111447681 | 111448485 | 2007-02-27 23:35:47 | 0 days 00:03:41 | 296765 | 1 | soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ' ' | ' you suck | " soziale marktwirtschaft " | ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved |
| 2 | zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ' ' ' you suck ' ' | in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or | ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet | ||||||
| 113721501 | 113770907 | 2007-03-09 05:49:29 | 0 days 04:33:38 | 3511275 | 0 | | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " | [[ | republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall | |
| 1 | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht | ]] | " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . | ||||||
| 114231078 | 114232094 | 2007-03-11 04:46:14 | 0 days 00:06:38 | 0|192.176.11.14 | 8 | | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " | [[ | republikflucht ]] " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin | |
| 9 | ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " [[ republikflucht | ]] | " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . | ||||||
| 129555771 | 129555882 | 2007-05-09 16:41:30 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 8 | in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' | the shadow of the victory | ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of | |
| 131079741 | 131079788 | 2007-05-15 17:42:56 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 0|69.74.130.15 | 0 | image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin | wall | dildo | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the |
| 131079886 | 131080240 | 2007-05-15 17:44:41 | 0 days 00:01:22 | 1999318 | 0 | image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin | dildo | wall | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the |
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 12 | " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' | s biology , environment , psychology and social context , have a role in determining how a particular person , and those around them , view their sex . although the table below shows common differences between males and females , many people do not correspond to " male " or " female " with regard to every criterion . " primary " sexual characteristics are typically present at birth and directly involved in reproduction . " secondary " sexual characteristics typically develop later in life ( usually during puberty ) and are not directly involved in reproduction . differences between the sexes are known as sexual dimorphism . at the biological level these differences are usually : level characteristics female male primary sex chromosomes xx xy gametes ova spermatozoa sex organs ovaries testes predominant sex hormones estrogen and progesterone testosterone anatomy of internal genitalia clitoral crura , vagina , uterus , fallopian tubes corpora cavernosa , urethra , prostate , seminal vesicles anatomy of external genitalia glans clitoris , labia , vulva , clitoral hood , perineal urethra penis , scrotum , foreskin , fused perineum secondary skeletal structure relatively shorter , wider in hips relatively taller , wider in shoulders , bigger chest face rounded jaw bigger nose bone , brow bone , [ 10 ] squarer jaw , facial hair body fat and muscle relatively more fat relatively more muscle [ 11 ] fat distribution more in buttocks , hips and thighs more in abdomen body form development " hourglass " shape : 8 " triangular " shape : ▼ other breasts adam | ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' | |
| 13 | ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' | s apple and body hair the relationship between the various levels of biological sexual differentiation is fairly well understood . many of the biological levels are said to cause , or at least shape , the next level . for example , in most people , the presence of a y chromosome causes the gonads to become testes , which produce hormones that cause the internal and external genitalia to become male , which in turn lead parents to assign | ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' | ||||||
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 78 | fat distribution more in buttocks , hips and thighs more in abdomen body form development " hourglass " shape : 8 " triangular " shape : ▼ other breasts adam ' | s apple and body hair the relationship between the various levels of biological sexual differentiation is fairly well understood . many of the biological levels are said to cause , or at least shape , the next level . for example , in most people , the presence of a y chromosome causes the gonads to become testes , which produce hormones that cause the internal and external genitalia to become male , which in turn lead parents to assign | ' male ' as the sex of their child ( assigned sex ) , and raise the child as a boy ( gender of rearing ) . however , the degree | |
| 163105476 | 163371605 | 2007-10-09 17:45:07 | 1 days 02:32:03 | 0|82.41.42.114 | 4 | = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " | soziale | sozial ' ' e | marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ |
| 163371605 | 163373226 | 2007-10-09 17:53:00 | 0 days 00:07:53 | 5451838 | 4 | states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market eco ' ' ' nomy ]] ( ' ' " | sozial ' ' e | soziale | marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ |
| 184510617 | 184510896 | 2008-01-15 16:29:44 | 0 days 00:02:14 | 0|76.5.89.22 | 0 | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall | was hot | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] | |
| 184510896 | 184511027 | 2008-01-15 16:30:45 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 2646772 | 0 | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall | was hot | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] | |
| 188831750 | 189293337 | 2008-02-05 17:22:49 | 2 days 00:13:36 | 0|190.40.211.238 | 11 | the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] | west side graffiti ; | " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary | |
| 194684124 | 194684430 | 2008-02-28 16:52:46 | 0 days 00:01:16 | 0|68.119.97.2 | 0 | image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | 250px | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] | they all fucked each other | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin | |
| 194684430 | 194684439 | 2008-02-28 16:52:49 | 0 days 00:00:03 | 1086908 | 0 | image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | 250px | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] | they all fucked each other | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin | |
| 201581807 | 201581901 | 2008-03-28 14:35:15 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 0|205.235.34.66 | 0 | ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] | jadd is a worker at it and he is awesome | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin | |
| 201581901 | 201581932 | 2008-03-28 14:35:23 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 301395 | 2 | ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] | jadd is a worker at it and he is awesome | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin | |
| 237758626 | 237870717 | 2008-09-12 04:52:17 | 0 days 10:40:51 | 0|69.143.253.120 | 1 | westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' | western | eastern | countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day |
| 237870717 | 237881567 | 2008-09-12 06:22:52 | 0 days 01:30:35 | 5177550 | 1 | westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' | eastern | western | countries ' ' ' could in general visit west germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an west german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day |
| 239050940 | 239141721 | 2008-09-17 23:56:00 | 0 days 07:40:53 | 736477 | 12 | germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' , officials | , and | of the allied forces | ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into west |
| 16 | personnel ' ' ' , officials , and ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet | military | patrols ' ' ' could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . = = = escape attempts = | ||||||
| 242557548 | 242755000 | 2008-10-03 14:42:47 | 0 days 19:46:38 | 7991946 | 4 | | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' | ll see when i get there i hope they | ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from | |
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 19 | interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] ' s | run | other allies rely | on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? |
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 19 | interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] ' s | run | other allies rely | on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? |
| 258203997 | 258204890 | 2008-12-15 21:31:40 | 0 days 00:03:53 | 0|76.217.13.119 | 0 | berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin | wall | shit | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a piece of shit separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) |
| 258206239 | 258209070 | 2008-12-15 21:49:42 | 0 days 00:12:46 | 5177550 | 0 | berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin | shit | wall | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a piece of shit separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) |
| 260029692 | 260620165 | 2008-12-29 05:09:55 | 3 days 19:24:26 | 736477 | 1 | were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' | * | * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied | |
| 2 | manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' | * | * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , | ||||||
| 265316852 | 265327769 | 2009-01-20 18:39:34 | 0 days 00:59:40 | 0|207.170.247.18 | 0 | borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' | west | crap | germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 |
| 276189319 | 276192479 | 2009-03-10 03:52:47 | 0 days 00:22:09 | 0|203.24.163.5 | 0 | westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' | western | westerny | countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day |
| 276192479 | 276192508 | 2009-03-10 03:52:57 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 5989171 | 0 | westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' | westerny | western | countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day |
| 281109932 | 281153208 | 2009-04-01 21:01:15 | 0 days 03:48:57 | 6984319 | 0 | . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or " ' ' | gdr | frg | ' ' l republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale |
| 281686628 | 281875067 | 2009-04-05 10:54:13 | 0 days 22:40:07 | 0|82.75.216.212 | 0 | east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or | " | ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( | |
| 282235355 | 282235614 | 2009-04-07 00:32:41 | 0 days 00:01:20 | 0|203.38.204.162 | 0 | : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' | gay | forbes | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german |
| 282235614 | 282235707 | 2009-04-07 00:33:08 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 118722 | 0 | : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' | forbes | gay | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german |
| 282235944 | 282236089 | 2009-04-07 00:35:12 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 0|203.38.204.162 | 0 | satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' gay wall | ( that has no windows and is in eastern bathurst ) | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic | |
| 282236089 | 282236132 | 2009-04-07 00:35:23 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 118722 | 0 | satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' gay wall | ( that has no windows and is in eastern bathurst ) | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic | |
| 282236196 | 282236589 | 2009-04-07 00:37:44 | 0 days 00:02:01 | 9398415 | 1 | satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall | of china | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic | |
| 282236589 | 282236727 | 2009-04-07 00:38:26 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 1304569 | 1 | satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' great wall | of china | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic | |
| 284527500 | 284528364 | 2009-04-18 00:18:32 | 0 days 00:05:54 | 0|122.110.183.192 | 4 | democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' | bundesrepublik | bumface | deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social |
| 5 | ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' | frg | faggots rg | ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " | |||||
| 284528364 | 284529573 | 2009-04-18 00:27:25 | 0 days 00:08:53 | 6984319 | 3 | democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' | bumface | bundesrepublik | deutschland ' ' or ' ' faggots rg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ |
| 4 | ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bumface deutschland ' ' or ' ' | faggots rg | frg | ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " | |||||
| 285016585 | 285227007 | 2009-04-21 13:18:44 | 0 days 23:06:40 | 0|168.170.196.30 | 0 | democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' | bundesrepublik | bundesrepubic | deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social |
| 285227007 | 285229373 | 2009-04-21 13:35:28 | 0 days 00:16:44 | 1099776 | 0 | democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' | bundesrepubic | bundesrepublik | deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social |
| 292030037 | 292112571 | 2009-05-24 23:21:44 | 0 days 07:26:26 | 1322359 | 0 | ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' | * | ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints | |
| 2 | personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' | * | road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel | ||||||
| 3 | manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' | * | rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due | ||||||
| 316592574 | 316594007 | 2009-09-28 00:36:35 | 0 days 00:08:51 | 5177550 | 0 | west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . ' ' ' prior to | andy russell | the wall | ' s erection ' ' ' , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west |
| 318091580 | 318274763 | 2009-10-06 16:40:43 | 0 days 22:27:51 | 1476858 | 7 | east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners | ' ' ' | and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the | |
| 8 | comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and | ' ' ' | east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall | ||||||
| 321444047 | 321882716 | 2009-10-25 04:24:27 | 2 days 08:11:47 | 0|70.29.23.160 | 0 | federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale | marktwirtschaft | marktwirtschafhbvjkbbgt | " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder |
| 321882716 | 321882756 | 2009-10-25 04:24:46 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 10101378 | 0 | federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale | marktwirtschafhbvjkbbgt | marktwirtschaft | " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder |
| 322000370 | 322274629 | 2009-10-27 03:17:35 | 1 days 06:39:48 | 82982 | 8 | eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' | {{ lang | de | | mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 | |
| 38 | die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' | {{ lang | de | | notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . | ||||||
| 44 | evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' | {{ lang | de | | grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 | ||||||
| 48 | were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' | {{ lang | de | | geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for | ||||||
| 52 | august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' | {{ lang | de | | passierscheinregelung ' ' ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , | ||||||
| 60 | the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' | {{ lang | de | " | wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ | ||||||
| 322274629 | 322275480 | 2009-10-27 03:24:07 | 0 days 00:06:32 | 82982 | 3 | symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( | {{ lang | de | | freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and | |
| 5 | ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( | {{ lang | de | | freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , | ||||||
| 322959932 | 323262651 | 2009-11-01 11:50:25 | 1 days 17:53:01 | 0|89.240.74.46 | 0 | , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall | = = fart = = | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling | |
| 323262651 | 323263727 | 2009-11-01 12:02:04 | 0 days 00:11:39 | 5812172 | 1 | , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall | = = fart = = | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling | |
| 323786711 | 323839905 | 2009-11-04 04:57:08 | 0 days 05:54:45 | 0|210.3.39.29 | 0 | , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall | was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling | |
| 1 | under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' | s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren | ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ | ||||||
| 325016705 | 325016969 | 2009-11-10 09:22:03 | 0 days 00:03:04 | 0|87.42.135.2 | 2 | www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember | 2007 | 2056 | ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | |
| 325016969 | 325017008 | 2009-11-10 09:22:21 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 6513930 | 0 | www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember | 2056 | 2007 | ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | |
| 325185447 | 325190185 | 2009-11-11 05:02:52 | 0 days 00:42:42 | 0|210.3.39.29 | 0 | - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' | was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) | |
| 1 | , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall | s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren | ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( | ||||||
| 2 | under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' | t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] | ||||||
| 3 | polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' | people . | ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) | ||||||
| 336829512 | 336831441 | 2010-01-09 17:49:45 | 0 days 00:11:53 | 10141256 | 6 | years after reunification , there still was talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] | s | ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . | |
| 357297916 | 357496729 | 2010-04-21 22:33:18 | 0 days 23:37:31 | 0|71.111.55.161 | 3 | neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' | ' | berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany | |
| 4 | , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall | ' | ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that | ||||||
| 361645413 | 361665081 | 2010-05-12 12:09:39 | 0 days 03:12:56 | 118799 | 0 | neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' | ' | berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] | |
| 1 | ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall | ' | ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that | ||||||
| 366521234 | 366522148 | 2010-06-07 08:36:01 | 0 days 00:08:43 | 6971250 | 1 | made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ tunnel | , | ( 2001 film ) | | the ]] ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , the wall . film by r . s . richter * [[ iron curtain |
| 387194906 | 387329929 | 2010-09-27 15:13:09 | 0 days 17:45:31 | 0|150.160.252.26 | 0 | , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall | wears pink fuzzy slippers | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting | |
| 387329929 | 387331317 | 2010-09-27 15:21:03 | 0 days 00:07:54 | 0|128.36.97.118 | 0 | , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall | wears pink fuzzy slippers | ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting | |
| 388820175 | 388862767 | 2010-10-05 09:40:58 | 0 days 06:46:43 | 6971250 | 4 | farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the what later became known as ' ' | the | death strip ' ' . the death strip ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had | |
| 399051464 | 399052561 | 2010-11-27 00:55:57 | 0 days 00:08:05 | 16710 | 5 | , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition . isbn 0713467959 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' | [ | ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s east germany to | |
| 429104564 | 429636376 | 2011-05-17 22:46:18 | 3 days 05:51:37 | 207712 | 13 | [[ in europa ( series ) ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 | - | – | ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the |
| 443413503 | 443414712 | 2011-08-06 22:15:25 | 0 days 00:09:33 | 16710 | 1 | , at 10 : 45 pm , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . as the ' ' [[ | ossi | new states of germany # culture | ossis | ]] s ' ' swarmed through , they were greeted by ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' waiting with flowers and champagne amid wild rejoicing . soon afterward , |
| 3 | 10 : 45 pm , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . as the ' ' [[ ossi ]] | s | ' ' swarmed through , they were greeted by ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' waiting with flowers and champagne amid wild rejoicing . soon afterward , a crowd | ||||||
| 505389806 | 505558329 | 2012-08-03 10:30:56 | 1 days 02:39:43 | 339081 | 4 | , at 10 : 45 pm , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . as the ' ' [[ | new states of germany # culture | ossi ( east germans ) | | ossis ]] ' ' swarmed through , they were greeted by ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' waiting with flowers and champagne amid wild rejoicing . soon afterward |
| 509937268 | 510865718 | 2012-09-05 04:28:13 | 5 days 14:36:11 | 16138351 | 0 | were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' | {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , | su gyaw | ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a |
| 510865718 | 510912533 | 2012-09-05 13:15:18 | 0 days 08:47:05 | 6971250 | 0 | were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' | su gyaw | {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , | ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a |
| 586845170 | 588262665 | 2013-12-29 20:56:28 | 9 days 23:34:01 | 7254364 | 0 | ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ | havelland ( district ) | | havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' | |
| 816797805 | 816798032 | 2017-12-23 19:39:36 | 0 days 00:01:47 | 11112747 | 3 | east german and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . < ref > " rise and fall of the berlin wall " . ' ' | . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel | | history channel ' ' , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it | |
| 845242425 | 845346007 | 2018-06-11 05:24:11 | 0 days 16:38:45 | 508734 | 2 | detail / id / 593791 / page / 0 bundeszentrale für politische bildung : ' ' ministerium für staatssicherheit der ddr ' ' ] , siehe : ' ' statistiken + | „grenzsicherung | " grenzsicherung | in berlin“ ' ' 1989 . < / ref > ! length ( km ) ! description | - | style = " text - align : right " | 156 |
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| 102788 | 102790 | 2002-06-22 18:16:03 | 5 days 16:18:17 | 59 | 14 | out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . there was also mesh fencing , signal fencing | and | , | anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners at friedrichstrasse , |
| 15 | separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . there was also mesh fencing , signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches | as well as | , | barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners at friedrichstrasse , the western powers opened two further checkpoints | |||||
| 23 | by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and many immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through | - it | . this | was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . see [[ berlin ]] ; | |||||
| 206317 | 206507 | 2002-09-09 14:31:02 | 78 days 20:14:21 | 188 | 0 | government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and many people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . | this | on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] did a concert in berlin celebrating the the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall | was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . see [[ berlin ]] ; |
| 732530 | 732537 | 2003-03-08 21:13:53 | 0 days 02:40:23 | 4388 | 5 | trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners , at friedrichstrasse ; the western powers | opened | had | two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the country border and dreilinden in berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie |
| 1012031 | 1092751 | 2003-06-08 12:37:20 | 31 days 17:34:08 | 9244 | 17 | aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up to the fourth generation wall , begun in 1975 | . this wall | , | was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german |
| 24 | october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and | many | tens of thousands of | people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave | |||||
| 33 | [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany | concerning | . previously , graffitis were exclusively on the western side . many believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also | the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external | |||||
| 1197737 | 1197814 | 2003-07-26 18:15:42 | 3 days 05:46:34 | 3399 | 0 | east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . it was clear from the beginning that this justification served | to delude from | as a cover for | the fact that the citizens of east germany should be prevented from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin |
| 2440574 | 2497657 | 2004-02-19 04:27:57 | 4 days 17:12:26 | 35188 | 7 | . some believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] | and | , but also | of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] , thus giving a good profile of the good and evil in german history . |
| 4050087 | 4067832 | 2004-06-12 09:10:21 | 1 days 20:24:14 | 0|66.91.48.218 | 0 | visible on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously was not achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti | were | was | exclusively on the western side . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = external links = = * [ |
| 5180399 | 5185051 | 2004-08-13 10:05:14 | 0 days 02:26:17 | 0|24.222.23.117 | 0 | of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that it was created to prevent the citizens of east germany , especially the professionally skilled workers | who were | , | the majority of whom were leaving , from entering west berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west |
| 1 | avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that it was created to prevent the citizens of east germany , especially the professionally skilled workers who were the majority of | whom | who | were leaving , from entering west berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . during | |||||
| 5185051 | 5185067 | 2004-08-13 16:18:57 | 0 days 06:13:43 | 56563 | 5 | km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating | what | a [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers | became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' between the two barriers . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced |
| 5637810 | 5637884 | 2004-09-03 21:35:33 | 0 days 00:03:51 | 49471 | 2 | island in the eastern territories . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that | it | the wall | was created to prevent the citizens of east germany , especially the professionally skilled workers , the majority of who were leaving , from entering west berlin and thereby west germany |
| 4 | people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . | also | additionally , | the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls ( [[ ddr border system ]] ) . = = the years | |||||
| 7264727 | 7264768 | 2004-11-09 17:56:20 | 0 days 00:13:20 | 0|217.9.29.249 | 2 | [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where the border guards | opened | . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement and they expected it to be acted upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities were simply not prepared to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation the guards eventually just yielded , opening the | access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 |
| 3 | announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where the border guards opened access points and | allowed them | allowing people | through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | |||||
| 7265158 | 7268399 | 2004-11-09 18:07:19 | 0 days 00:09:52 | 0|217.9.29.249 | 0 | force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities were simply not | prepared | willing | to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal |
| 7274428 | 7274470 | 2004-11-09 22:05:43 | 0 days 00:01:56 | 0|84.57.81.84 | 1 | , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 | is | was | also the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht |
| 4 | made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because | it | november 9 | is also the anniversary of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the | |||||
| 7274734 | 7274837 | 2004-11-09 22:12:04 | 0 days 00:01:44 | 0|84.57.81.84 | 0 | by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally | independent | still under allied souvereignity | , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all |
| 7275003 | 7275347 | 2004-11-09 22:18:09 | 0 days 00:03:28 | 0|84.57.81.84 | 0 | km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating | a | an empty , easily observable | [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . the " fourth generation wall " , begun |
| 7503798 | 7583874 | 2004-11-15 22:48:26 | 0 days 23:21:52 | 0|213.191.80.129 | 0 | . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with | guest | guests | including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . ( in fact , the wall ' s imagery is of a wall which |
| 8108812 | 8127109 | 2004-12-04 07:52:50 | 0 days 19:09:40 | 69801 | 0 | regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement and they | expected | wanted | it to be acted upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country |
| 8250476 | 8251853 | 2004-12-09 00:57:27 | 3 days 02:20:35 | 100330 | 1 | , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left no longer | entirely | accurately | represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today |
| 3 | to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today ' s [[ graffiti ]] are mostly visible on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously | was | would | not achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . a september 2004 poll found | |||||
| 9112336 | 9112364 | 2005-01-05 02:44:12 | 0 days 00:05:27 | 0|67.164.50.76 | 1 | the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the | major crossing points | wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkey - land | . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for |
| 2 | telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that | there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty | is why germans look like monkeys | . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement and they wanted it | |||||
| 9112487 | 9156541 | 2005-01-05 02:49:50 | 0 days 00:04:52 | 615 | 4 | took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee on the wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that | is why germans look like monkeys | there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty | . = = celebrations = = on december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van |
| 9611121 | 9614078 | 2005-01-24 09:48:46 | 0 days 03:53:43 | 44020 | 0 | due partly to political expediency but largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . a few | month | months | after the barbed wire went up , the us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge |
| 9614078 | 9649252 | 2005-01-24 13:17:26 | 0 days 03:28:40 | 55217 | 0 | fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively | turned | turning | the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse |
| 9658614 | 9762535 | 2005-01-26 01:42:57 | 0 days 06:03:58 | 26468 | 7 | 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , | creating | with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . | an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people |
| 16 | " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m | sections at a | wide , and | cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ | |||||
| 24 | , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at | first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the | dreilinden in south - | western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] | |||||
| 25 | [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western | powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] | berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt | on the border between east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic | |||||
| 11639454 | 11652451 | 2005-03-29 06:12:33 | 0 days 00:03:21 | 0|24.42.224.161 | 2 | | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . the construction of the | wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies | city | . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a |
| 11652451 | 11746206 | 2005-03-29 16:08:13 | 0 days 09:55:40 | 28107 | 0 | of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for | it ' s | its | location was around the perimeter of the city . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france |
| 11747812 | 11751790 | 2005-04-01 04:25:04 | 0 days 00:54:41 | 28107 | 26 | . = = aftermath = = not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one | section | on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . ( in fact , the wall ' s imagery is of a wall which keeps ' ' out ' ' rather than ' ' in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge [[ east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist protection barrier " rather than the western view that the wall was essentially meant to turn the east into a giant prison . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial . ) the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that november 9 was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on october 7 , 1990 ) . | of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] the so - called [[ east side gallery |
| 12869650 | 12901447 | 2005-04-27 04:43:24 | 0 days 00:26:06 | 84553 | 0 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | for additional information | = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] | , got o the link below www . hl2 - cheats . tk = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | |
| 13207767 | 13207835 | 2005-05-04 04:55:42 | 0 days 01:03:36 | 0|129.67.43.240 | 3 | defect . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . | although | besides , america had been caught off - balance , it being a sunday morning . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech - see www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm - on july 25 1961 that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests , at length , via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though | it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over |
| 4 | ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . | the west ' s implicit acceptance of the wall ' s creation was due partly to political expediency but largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . | indeed , | a few months after the barbed wire went up , the us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and | |||||
| 13855830 | 13855862 | 2005-05-17 23:05:26 | 0 days 06:37:33 | 6661 | 0 | surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the capital of west germany in preference to | the former imperial capital | either west berlin or [[ frankfurt - an - der - main ]] | . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border |
| 14015916 | 14016061 | 2005-05-21 09:38:46 | 2 days 17:36:54 | 0|216.27.183.43 | 0 | to make [[ bonn ]] the capital of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely | between | among | all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] |
| 3 | as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border | remained | remain | open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by | |||||
| 14269487 | 14269638 | 2005-05-26 16:38:51 | 0 days 00:02:48 | 0|164.68.120.3 | 2 | people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the | line . | germans then tared and feathered them | these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 |
| 14269815 | 14329087 | 2005-05-26 16:46:05 | 0 days 00:04:01 | 157530 | 8 | ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously torched . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire the | germans then tared and feathered them | line . | these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 |
| 15055113 | 15059402 | 2005-06-12 06:08:12 | 0 days 00:13:20 | 5016 | 9 | and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was | little | no | way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could |
| 10 | with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back | these | the | huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to | |||||
| 17 | points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in | an all - out | a celebratory , | party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 300px | left | | |||||
| 15066593 | 15077566 | 2005-06-12 13:50:16 | 0 days 04:48:31 | 156968 | 0 | , 18th infantry ( commanded by col glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers | containing | carrying | 1500 men , divided into 5 march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to helmstadt on the west german |
| 15881315 | 15902037 | 2005-06-26 21:50:58 | 0 days 18:23:00 | 44454 | 5 | ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the | us | u . s . | government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . but it was clear |
| 19067310 | 19067556 | 2005-07-18 08:10:52 | 0 days 00:07:46 | 0|82.110.149.173 | 0 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | = = background = = | of course amman is a khoosrah | germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing |
| 19067556 | 19067568 | 2005-07-18 08:11:26 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 7580 | 0 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | of course amman is a khoosrah | = = background = = | germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing |
| 19111126 | 19261911 | 2005-07-20 22:42:15 | 2 days 00:00:08 | 0|195.4.0.21 | 4 | . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . due to | a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv that all travel restrictions | cross the border with proper permission . when asked who this would apply to etc . he couldn ' t answer because he really didn ' t know ( he | had been abandoned . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control |
| 5 | [[ 1989 ]] . due to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv that all travel restrictions had been | abandoned | on vacation as previously noted ) | . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the | |||||
| 19261911 | 19262021 | 2005-07-20 22:44:33 | 0 days 00:02:18 | 0|195.4.0.21 | 0 | previously noted ) . and at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when this would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just | said " today " | assumed it would be the same day | . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the |
| 20913067 | 21195696 | 2005-08-17 04:59:00 | 3 days 19:42:20 | 0|69.156.163.80 | 0 | during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin | here | there | . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to |
| 24173132 | 24173461 | 2005-09-27 18:15:40 | 0 days 00:03:48 | 0|204.86.170.127 | 1 | ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . then micheal jackson rented a | house next | trained tranquilzer shooter and was draaged | to a little boy named timmy . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px |
| 2 | communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . then micheal jackson rented a house next to a | little boy named timmy | cag of gorrilas | . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the | |||||
| 25690446 | 25742985 | 2005-10-17 14:51:36 | 0 days 16:22:19 | 0|64.223.182.186 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under | any | and | circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east |
| 25742985 | 25743080 | 2005-10-17 14:52:59 | 0 days 00:01:23 | 0|64.223.182.186 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under | and | totally | circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east |
| 25743080 | 25804571 | 2005-10-18 05:37:19 | 0 days 14:44:20 | 28107 | 0 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under | totally | any | circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east |
| 26467857 | 26918322 | 2005-10-30 22:25:26 | 5 days 02:16:53 | 0|205.188.116.204 | 8 | was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as | the capital | such | , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany |
| 15 | sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of | the city under | 1950 — is one of special contention , as some critics ( the rosenbergs ' sons , in particular ) have argued that the rosenbergs were not trying to undermine the united states when they gave the ussr classified information , but rather trying to help the ussr fight against a greater enemy , nazi germany . in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw | their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of | |||||
| 16 | the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their | control . | espionage in | the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold | |||||
| 17 | union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the | city was initially governed jointly by a commission | context | of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and | |||||
| 26 | to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by | the united states , britain | project leader lavrenty beria . this , of course , is a question not necessarily related to their guilt or sentencing . [ edit ] the rosenbergs ' children the rosenbergs ' two sons , robert and michael , were orphaned by the execution , and no relatives dared adopt them for fear of ostracism or worse . they were finally adopted by the songwriters ann | and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany | |||||
| 30 | three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in | effect | 2004 , | an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make | |||||
| 34 | were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the | decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] | rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are left - wing activists involved in court cases | . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the | |||||
| 36 | to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to | move freely among all the sectors | an execution — an hbo documentary by ivy meeropol , the grandaughter of ethel and julius | . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and | |||||
| 37 | of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . | however , as the [[ | a statement by the rosenberg ' s sons in support of their exoneration an interview with robert meeropol about the adoption mujeres riot : ethel rosenberg ( in spanish , includes numerous photos ) retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / ethel _ and _ julius _ rosenberg " categories : 1915 births | 1953 deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | | cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border | |||||
| 42 | 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this | happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east | pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main pagecommunity portalcurrent eventsrecent changesrandom articlehelpcontact usdonations search toolbox what links here related changes upload file special pages printable version permanent link in other languages deutsch español français עברית polski svenska 中文 this page was last modified 13 : 04 , 24 october 2005 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license | ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to | |||||
| 26918322 | 26918978 | 2005-10-30 22:32:59 | 0 days 00:07:33 | 67107 | 2 | to russian agents . contents [ hide ] 1 background 2 trial and conviction 3 execution 4 posthumous revelations 5 controversy 6 the rosenbergs ' children 7 in fiction 8 see | also 9 external links [ edit ] | ' | background julius rosenberg was born on may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from the city college of new york with a degree in electrical engineering in 1939 |
| 4 | trial and conviction 3 execution 4 posthumous revelations 5 controversy 6 the rosenbergs ' children 7 in fiction 8 see also 9 external links [ edit ] background julius rosenberg was | born on may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from | deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by | the city college of new york with a degree in electrical engineering in 1939 and in 1940 joined the army signal corps where he worked on radar equipment . he became | |||||
| 8 | sons . during world war ii , the ussr and the usa were allies in war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions . as | such | the capital | , the americans did not share information or seek assistance from the soviet union for the manhattan project . the soviets were aware of the project as a result of espionage | |||||
| 12 | information or seek assistance from the soviet union for the manhattan project . the soviets were aware of the project as a result of espionage penetration of the us government , | however , and had made a number of attempts to infiltrate its operations at the university of california , berkeley . a number of project members — some high - profile , others lower in rank — did voluntarily give secret information to russian agents , many because they were sympathetic to communism ( or the soviet union ' s role in the war ) and did not feel that the usa should have a monopoly on atomic weapons . after the war , the us resisted efforts to share nuclear secrets , but the soviet union was able to produce its own atomic weapons by 1949 . their first nuclear test , " joe 1 " , shocked the west in the speed it was produced . it was discovered in january 1950 that klaus fuchs , a german refugee theoretical physicist working for the british mission in the manhattan project , had given key documents to the russians throughout the war . through fuchs ' confession , us and uk intelligence agents were able to find his " courier " , harry gold , who was arrested on may 23 , 1950 . a former machinist at the top - secret los alamos laboratory , sgt . david greenglass , confessed to having passed secret information on to the ussr through gold as well . he testified that his sister , ethel rosenberg , and her husband , julius , had also passed secrets . another accused conspirator , morton sobell , fled to mexico city , but was later deported to the | the [[ | united states for trial . [ edit ] trial and conviction the case against the rosenbergs , and sobell , began on march 6 , 1951 . the prosecution ' s | |||||
| 14 | morton sobell , fled to mexico city , but was later deported to the united states for trial . [ edit ] trial and conviction the case against the rosenbergs , | and sobell , began on march 6 , 1951 . the prosecution ' s primary witness , david greenglass , stated that his sister ethel , working as a " probationer " ( in soviet parlance ) , had typed notes containing us nuclear secrets , and these were later turned over to harry gold , who would then turn them over to anatoly a . yakovlev of the kgb x - line in new york city . from the beginning , the trial attracted a high amount of media attention , and like the trial of alger hiss , generated a largely polarized response from observers , some of whom believed the rosenbergs to be clearly guilty , and others who asserted their innocence . as the notes typed by ethel apparently contained little that was new to the soviets , supporters felt that a capital charge of espionage was not only far too severe , but scarcely could be considered evidence of wrong - doing at all ; but for the prosecution this was sufficient evidence to convict ethel rosenberg . it is believed that part of the reason ethel was indicted in addition to julius was so that the prosecution could use her as a ' lever ' to pressure julius into giving up the names of others who were involved . if that was the case , it didn ' t work . on the witness stand julius asserted his right under the fifth amendment to not incriminate himself whenever asked about his involvement in the communist party or with its members . ethel did similarly . neither defendant was viewed sympathetically by the jury . investigations into the couple ' s history revealed conflicting evidence that julius rosenberg may have had some dealings with an nkvd agent . since the end of the cold war , the russian government has released documentation that shows julius rosenberg was providing information to the nkvd . julius rosenberg ' s main contact was alexander feklisov , who met julius on over 50 occasions over a three year period beginning in 1943 . mr . feklisov said that , though julius had provided military secrets , he was never able to provide any information of substance concerning the atomic bomb . mr . feklisov also asserted that ethel rosenberg was not involved in any spying . before he died , theodore hall , who moved to the uk from the us partly because of an fbi investigation of him in the 1950s , claimed that it was he , a scientist working at los alamos , who gave atomic information to the ussr , not anyone else such as ethel rosenberg , a housewife living in a poor ( the lower east side ) new york neighborhood . the role played by assistant united states attorney roy cohn , the prosecutor in the case , is controversial , since cohn stated in his autobiography that he influenced the selection of the judge , and pushed him to impose the death penalty on both ethel and julius rosenberg . [ edit ] execution the rosenbergs were convicted on march 29 , 1951 and sentenced to death under section 2 of the espionage act , 50 u . s . code 32 ( now 18 u . s . code 794 ) , which prohibits transmitting or attempting to transmit to a foreign government information " relating to the national defense " , by judge irving kaufman on april 5 . the conviction helped to fuel senator joseph mccarthy ' s anti - communist crusade against " anti - american activities " by us citizens . while their devotion to the communist cause was well documented , they denied the spying charges even as they faced the electric chair . their defenders said they never stood the chance of a fair trial given the anti - communist red scare that pervaded the united states in the 1950s . the couple were the only two american civilians to be executed for espionage - related activity during the cold war . in imposing the death penalty , judge kaufman noted that he held them responsible not only for espionage but also for the deaths of the korean war : i believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the russians the a - bomb [ . . . ] has already caused , in my opinion , the communist aggression in korea , with the resultant casualties exceeding 50 , 000 and who knows but that millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason . their case has been at the center of the controversy over communism in the united states ever since , with supporters steadfastly maintaining that their conviction was an egregious example of persecution typical of the " hysteria " of those times ( see red scare , mccarthyism ) and likening it to the witch hunts that marred salem and medieval europe ( a comparison that provided the inspiration for arthur miller ' s critically acclaimed play , the crucible ) . to the very end , the couple denied all charges and insisted they were innocent , but they were executed at new york ' s sing sing correctional facility in 1953 , despite protests in the united states and abroad . the rosenbergs were convicted under the espionage act of 1917 of " conspiring to commit espionage in wartime " and sentenced to death , despite the fact that the us was not at war with the soviet union at the time their ring was supposedly active . [ 1 ] at the time , some americans believed both rosenbergs were innocent or received too harsh a punishment , and a grass - roots campaign was started to try to stop the couple ' s execution . other americans felt that the couple got what they deserved . pope pius xii appealed to president dwight d . eisenhower to spare the couple , but he refused on february 11 , 1953 and all other appeals were also unsuccessful . the couple were executed by the electric chair on june 19 , 1953 . reports of the execution state that julius died after the first application of electricity , but ethel did not succumb immediately and was subjected to two more electrical charges before being pronounced dead . the chair was designed for a man , and ethel rosenberg was a petite woman ; this discrepancy resulted , it is claimed , in the electrodes fitting poorly . [ edit ] posthumous revelations in 1995 , the national security agency publicly released documents from the venona project , an effort to decrypt intercepted communications between soviet agents and the nkvd / kgb . a 1944 cable from new york to moscow makes it clear that julius rosenberg was engaged in espionage , though the importance of their effort is not clear , particularly considering that the soviets were receiving information on the atomic bomb from klaus fuchs and donald maclean . ethel ' s involvement is not clear from the venona transcripts . a document from november 27 , 1944 [ 2 ] specifically about ethel lists her as a " fellowcountryman " and claims that she was aware of julius ' work , and asks for advice in whether she should be " used " or not . ethel was apparently never assigned a code name — julius was always referred to as " antenna " or " liberal " — which has cast doubt onto her significance and involvement . in his posthumous memoirs , published in 1990 , nikita khrushchev praised the pair for their " very significant help in accelerating the production of our atomic bomb . " whether this was in fact the case , however , has been disputed . [ 3 ] the quality of the information given to the soviets , as reported by greenglass , was also quite poor in comparison to the information given by fuchs , who had a much more intimate understanding of the research being done , as revealed by records of fuchs ' detailed transmissions in the now - opened soviet archives . david greenglass was spared execution in exchange for his testimony . he spent 10 years in prison and was released in 1960 , and has lived under an assumed name since his release . decades later , in late 2000 , greenglass claimed that he had committed perjury and falsely implicated his sister ethel . greenglass said he chose to turn in his sister in order to protect his wife and children . [ edit ] controversy from the beginning of their trial through the present , the rosenberg case has been a controversial issue , with individual opinions falling roughly among ideological lines . in learned circles , there are a number of points of contention which still hold , even after the revelation of many hundreds of pages of previously secret evidence . to what extent was ethel involved ? as noted above , there seem to be reasons to believe that while julius was likely involved in some form of espionage , his wife ethel may have not been , or not to the extent to which she was convicted . the venona transcripts are ambiguous as to ethel ' s involvement , and the government case against her seems to have rested only on the testimony of her brother , david greenglass , who later apparently told reporters that he had perjured himself in order to lessen his own sentence and to help his wife avoid jail time . [ 4 ] were they given a fair trial ? there are many critics who have alleged that the political climate of the time , and the seemingly a priori conviction by judge kaufman of the pair ' s guilt , would have made it impossible for the rosenbergs to have had a fair trial by an impartial jury . the rosenberg lawyer , emanuel bloch , also made a number of massive legal blunders ( such as not cross - examining harry gold , who in later trials was found to be highly unreliable ) suggesting either his incompetence or inability to cope with such a high - profile trial . was their sentence fair ? the imposition of the death sentence upon the rosenbergs has been the most controversial aspect of the case , as they were sentenced far more harshly than any other " atomic spies , " primarily because they refused to confess to their alleged crimes . klaus fuchs , who spied for many more years than the rosenbergs were alleged to and gave far more sensitive information to the soviet union , was only sentenced to 14 years in jail by comparison , in part because he cooperated with authorities and because the soviet union was an ally of the united states and the | the [[ | united kingdom at the time he passed on information . this latter point — whether the alleged rosenberg espionage in 1945 should be held to the international politics of 1950 — | |||||
| 15 | to 14 years in jail by comparison , in part because he cooperated with authorities and because the soviet union was an ally of the united states and the united kingdom | at the time he passed on information . this latter point — whether the alleged rosenberg espionage in 1945 should be held to the international politics | ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion | of 1950 — is one of special contention , as some critics ( the rosenbergs ' sons , in particular ) have argued that the rosenbergs were not trying to undermine | |||||
| 16 | and the united kingdom at the time he passed on information . this latter point — whether the alleged rosenberg espionage in 1945 should be held to the international politics of | 1950 — is one of special contention , as some critics ( the rosenbergs ' sons , in particular ) have argued that the rosenbergs were not trying to undermine the united states when they gave the ussr classified information , but rather trying to help the ussr fight against a greater enemy , nazi germany . in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw | the city under | their espionage in the context of the cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian | |||||
| 17 | against a greater enemy , nazi germany . in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their | espionage in | control . | the context of the cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian program ? recent | |||||
| 18 | enemy , nazi germany . in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their espionage in the | context | city was initially governed jointly by a commission | of the cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian program ? recent scholarship has | |||||
| 23 | saw their espionage in the context of the cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the | russian program ? recent scholarship has suggested that greenglass and the rosenbergs actually knew very little about the workings of the atomic weapons aside from basic concepts that the russians had already acquired through other espionage sources anyway ( or would have likely figured out fairly quickly on their own once their atomic bomb project was put into full production ) , and compared to the information given | western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] | by fuchs and theodore hall , it is unlikely that the rosenberg / greenglass data would have significantly aided the soviet project . even the detailed information given by fuchs and | |||||
| 27 | / greenglass data would have significantly aided the soviet project . even the detailed information given by fuchs and hall seems to have only marginally sped up the soviet project , | as it was heavily distrusted | the three sectors controlled | by project leader lavrenty beria . this , of course , is a question not necessarily related to their guilt or sentencing . [ edit ] the rosenbergs ' children the | |||||
| 28 | aided the soviet project . even the detailed information given by fuchs and hall seems to have only marginally sped up the soviet project , as it was heavily distrusted by | project leader lavrenty beria . this , of course , is a question not necessarily related to their guilt or sentencing . [ edit ] the rosenbergs ' children the rosenbergs ' two sons , robert and michael , were orphaned by the execution , and no relatives dared adopt them for fear of ostracism or worse . they were finally adopted by the songwriters ann | the united states , britain | and abel meeropol . abel meeropol wrote the classic anti - lynching anthem " strange fruit , " made famous by singer billie holiday . robert and michael co - wrote | |||||
| 32 | co - wrote a book about the experience , we are your sons : the legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book in | 2004 , | effect | an execution in the family : one son ' s journey . in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support | |||||
| 33 | a book about the experience , we are your sons : the legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book in 2004 , an | execution in the family : one son | [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin | ' s journey . in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are left - wing | |||||
| 36 | , robert founded the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are left - wing activists involved in court cases . | [ edit ] in fiction the book of daniel , a 1971 novel by e . l . doctorow , is loosely based on the rosenberg case , while robert coover ' s 1977 novel the public burning is a parodic reconstruction of their execution . tony kushner ' s 1992 play angels in america features a fictionalized version of ethel rosenberg , played by meryl streep in the hbo version . [ edit ] see also soviet atomic bomb project . the case is thought to have spurred lee harvey oswald ' s interest in marxism . [ 5 ] [ edit ] external links timeline of events relating to the rosenberg trial . ethel ' s brother says he trumped up evidence . project venona messages . rosenberg fbi files ( summary only ) heir | initially the citizens of berlin were allowed | to an execution — an hbo documentary by ivy meeropol , the grandaughter of ethel and julius . a statement by the rosenberg ' s sons in support of their exoneration | |||||
| 37 | of events relating to the rosenberg trial . ethel ' s brother says he trumped up evidence . project venona messages . rosenberg fbi files ( summary only ) heir to | an execution — an hbo documentary by ivy meeropol , the grandaughter of ethel and julius | move freely among all the sectors | . a statement by the rosenberg ' s sons in support of their exoneration an interview with robert meeropol about the adoption mujeres riot : ethel rosenberg ( in spanish , | |||||
| 43 | deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | cold war spies | u . s . history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit this | pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main pagecommunity portalcurrent eventsrecent changesrandom articlehelpcontact usdonations search toolbox what links here related changes upload file special pages printable version permanent link in other languages deutsch español français עברית polski svenska 中文 this page was last modified 13 : 04 , 24 october 2005 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license | happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east | ( see copyrights for details ) . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers ţ = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en | |||||
| 44 | 中文 this page was last modified 13 : 04 , 24 october 2005 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license ( see copyrights for | details | example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected | ) . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers ţ = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | | |||||
| 45 | was last modified 13 : 04 , 24 october 2005 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license ( see copyrights for details ) . | privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers ţ | furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . | = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin | |||||
| 27042249 | 27080524 | 2005-11-01 16:01:19 | 0 days 11:13:12 | 0|64.9.53.34 | 1 | = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which | allied war planners expected | the penis was planning | to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the |
| 27080524 | 27085773 | 2005-11-01 17:19:14 | 0 days 01:17:55 | 0|24.165.111.223 | 1 | . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ clit ]] , was | deep within | captured by | the area which the penis was planning to hump it expect it was a asshole instead of a clit so he licked his brothers asshole [[ soviet ]] army during the |
| 27817179 | 27817381 | 2005-11-09 13:06:39 | 0 days 00:03:08 | 287142 | 0 | restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the | fall | autumn | of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a |
| 27852065 | 27861475 | 2005-11-09 22:30:11 | 0 days 01:45:09 | 246113 | 1 | , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . | during | shortly before | a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be |
| 3 | been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note | which | with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . | he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper | |||||
| 5 | and this particular decision . during a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud | and that | at he end of the conference which | turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . when asked who this would apply | |||||
| 7 | answer because he really didn ' t know ( he had been on vacation as previously noted ) . and at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when | this | the regulations | would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be the same day . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the | |||||
| 9 | hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold | back | bad ck | the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of | |||||
| 27861622 | 27867817 | 2005-11-09 23:46:21 | 0 days 01:14:36 | 0|142.166.200.249 | 1 | hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold | bad ck | back | the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of |
| 2 | back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to | hold | have held | the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash | |||||
| 28612782 | 28612923 | 2005-11-17 19:39:40 | 0 days 00:02:01 | 0|84.92.121.217 | 1 | , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , the | people ' s favourite | recommendation of | [[ robin hughes ]] ' s rival . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter |
| 28792173 | 28825156 | 2005-11-20 11:56:35 | 0 days 10:50:18 | 146622 | 0 | 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at | he | the | end of the conference which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the |
| 31042058 | 31084094 | 2005-12-12 19:26:03 | 0 days 06:57:07 | 549849 | 2 | , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was | specially | also | divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union |
| 31893565 | 31977221 | 2005-12-19 16:01:39 | 0 days 17:42:14 | 0|84.41.148.223 | 0 | ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( | perhaps | probably not even | jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification |
| 32108451 | 32117880 | 2005-12-20 16:57:51 | 0 days 01:28:03 | 0|216.167.223.130 | 1 | june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and | their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . | everyone who liked | it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires |
| 34224609 | 34258191 | 2006-01-07 17:33:08 | 0 days 08:08:19 | 0|162.83.154.168 | 0 | main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the | closing | last | months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major |
| 35373255 | 35495895 | 2006-01-17 03:54:16 | 0 days 20:31:45 | 0|208.180.17.49 | 3 | was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he didn ' t | really know so he just assumed | like the way | it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens |
| 4 | ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it | would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now | was looking at him | " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for | |||||
| 35495895 | 35495922 | 2006-01-17 03:54:31 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 130135 | 3 | the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ vin diesel ]] knocked down the berlin wall because he " didn ' t | like the way | really know so he just assumed | it was looking at him " . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert |
| 4 | two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ vin diesel ]] knocked down the berlin wall because he " didn ' t like the way it | was looking at him | would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now | " . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end | |||||
| 36157802 | 36216587 | 2006-01-22 13:39:02 | 0 days 12:07:40 | 480942 | 1 | . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there | was much | is still | talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' |
| 36500191 | 36641861 | 2006-01-25 14:02:24 | 0 days 23:58:25 | 0|194.232.85.82 | 2 | fascist protection wall ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , | but | and | was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : |
| 36641861 | 36641976 | 2006-01-25 14:03:23 | 0 days 00:00:59 | 0|194.232.85.82 | 0 | reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets | lifted | discontinued | the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , |
| 36641976 | 36642576 | 2006-01-25 14:09:00 | 0 days 00:05:37 | 0|194.232.85.82 | 1 | around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of | professionally | professional , & / or more educated | skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many |
| 2 | million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were | already leaving | daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in marshall plan rebuilding | the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east | |||||
| 37828716 | 38011274 | 2006-02-03 16:09:24 | 1 days 05:11:00 | 496966 | 1 | , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting | and | or | this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and |
| 38581150 | 38618929 | 2006-02-07 14:55:48 | 0 days 08:38:18 | 69265 | 0 | 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional | , & / or more educated | and | skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university |
| 1 | the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers | were | migrated | daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] | |||||
| 2 | [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently | for | because of | lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , | |||||
| 39387706 | 39753372 | 2006-02-15 17:11:56 | 2 days 20:06:03 | 809056 | 0 | for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had been on vacation prior to this decision and | hadn ' t | had not | been fully updated on all the protesting or this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed |
| 1 | schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he | didn ' t | did not | really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately | |||||
| 39753372 | 39793418 | 2006-02-15 22:29:58 | 0 days 05:18:02 | 29642 | 3 | over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as | its | it used part of the | track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for |
| 4 | . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track | area was desperately needed for new west - east connections | bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall | . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer | |||||
| 40007809 | 40008106 | 2006-02-17 13:24:14 | 0 days 00:02:46 | 0|142.227.187.189 | 0 | seen as being the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and brandon | ' s | really is | a pig other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | |
| 40378504 | 40459448 | 2006-02-20 18:39:58 | 0 days 14:44:59 | 386031 | 1 | was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only | in berlin did the border remain | remained | open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | |
| 6 | , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during | the | an | [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; | |||||
| 10 | ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west | between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; | , | after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional and skilled workers migrated daily , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west | |||||
| 11 | 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this | happened | was | almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional and skilled workers migrated daily , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( one day the | |||||
| 14 | around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of | professional | professionals | and skilled workers migrated daily , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] | |||||
| 40459448 | 40459461 | 2006-02-20 18:40:06 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 478178 | 0 | on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . | so | as such , | it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was |
| 40460981 | 40648652 | 2006-02-22 01:28:28 | 1 days 06:34:58 | 386031 | 13 | years = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross | and around 200 were seriously injured | [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm ] [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ] | . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 |
| 40814212 | 40814314 | 2006-02-23 04:38:46 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 386031 | 0 | seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = passage = = | although | during most the history of the wall , | allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a |
| 7 | frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting | a typical tactic was for | , | the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were | |||||
| 8 | and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting a typical tactic was for the police | to | would typically | run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to | |||||
| 12 | - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ] . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line | . | but | these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by | |||||
| 13 | / en / fakten . html ] . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended | . other | as the wall improved . later | successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october | |||||
| 16 | by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , | one by a family ) . | flying [[ ultralight ]] s , and even | one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight | |||||
| 21 | updated on all the protesting or this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note | with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note | that | said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed | |||||
| 24 | berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours | ago and | before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform | the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was | |||||
| 25 | the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first | . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning | ; however | , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would | |||||
| 27 | first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at | a crucial point | the end | of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he did not really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according | |||||
| 29 | nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into | action . he did not really know so | effect | he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now | |||||
| 30 | point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he did not really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based | according to | on | the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints | |||||
| 32 | the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of | people immediately | east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and | went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many | |||||
| 34 | people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards | . | made | many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to | |||||
| 35 | in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with | the guards ' | their | superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german | |||||
| 36 | demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors | ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . | but | it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly | |||||
| 37 | converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to | kill them all | use lethal force | , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down | |||||
| 38 | east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the | masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to have held the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities | gaurds and the east berlin government | were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with | |||||
| 39 | lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to | do . | use lethal force so | in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification | |||||
| 40 | the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety | situation , | issues | the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted | |||||
| 41 | own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards | eventually just | finally | yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners | |||||
| 43 | were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with | ( at most ) minimal | little or no | identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is | |||||
| 47 | ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , | section by section | which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] | . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of | |||||
| 48 | ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( | probably not even | possibly | jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | |||||
| 50 | formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution | , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] | because it | was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] | |||||
| 51 | anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . | ( another reason given for the october 3 date | part | of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] | |||||
| 56 | an underground line previously severed by the wall . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : | one | an 80 meter | section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ | |||||
| 57 | wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer | one | section | along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ | |||||
| 40898814 | 40900018 | 2006-02-23 19:38:26 | 0 days 00:09:50 | 89179 | 3 | ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . | it | conceived of by the administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall | was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany ' s border was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , |
| 8 | crossed into the west [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] , | after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 | its miles of concrete | and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled | |||||
| 40900018 | 40900572 | 2006-02-23 19:43:11 | 0 days 00:04:45 | 89179 | 1 | its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = why it was | built | itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan |
| 40900572 | 40901025 | 2006-02-23 19:47:05 | 0 days 00:03:54 | 89179 | 2 | between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate | response | effects | = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an |
| 40903474 | 40904100 | 2006-02-23 20:12:19 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 89179 | 1 | in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossing points and | escape attempts | usage | = = during most the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the |
| 40904768 | 40905200 | 2006-02-23 20:20:49 | 0 days 00:03:37 | 89179 | 0 | 1989 ]] . [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] however , | its miles | the creation | of concrete and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall became a focus of anti - communist reformers between |
| 4 | , its miles of concrete and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall became a focus of anti - | communist reformers between the 1960s and 1990s | profile shootings of would - be defectors | . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of the [[ soviet union ]] , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , | |||||
| 40915337 | 40944082 | 2006-02-24 01:02:35 | 0 days 03:27:05 | 304316 | 3 | soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted | only if | provided that | it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not |
| 4 | nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it | were | was | composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire | |||||
| 10 | work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . | an empty | a | [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel | |||||
| 14 | work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . one | of the locations | location | where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ | |||||
| 17 | you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was | by | that of | [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the | |||||
| 25 | many hectic telephone calls with their superiors but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army | to use | with | lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were simply not willing | |||||
| 34 | near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third | one | section | in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall | |||||
| 40946642 | 40949144 | 2006-02-24 01:42:58 | 0 days 00:21:46 | 304316 | 4 | wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ | kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | combat groups of the working class | | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west |
| 11 | were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost | stations | station | ]] ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross | |||||
| 43529923 | 43550317 | 2006-03-13 05:59:50 | 0 days 02:55:50 | 635781 | 1 | . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution because it | was | is | also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the |
| 43550620 | 43620580 | 2006-03-13 20:57:16 | 0 days 14:54:39 | 1077726 | 1 | berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to | govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for | you | all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from |
| 43620580 | 43620636 | 2006-03-13 20:57:53 | 0 days 00:00:37 | 1022601 | 1 | , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ba goo to | you | govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for | all = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the |
| 45807050 | 45851032 | 2006-03-28 13:04:10 | 0 days 08:56:46 | 177152 | 3 | . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without certificates of authenticity are a staple on [[ ebay ]] as well | of | as | german souvenier shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , |
| 47528615 | 47569595 | 2006-04-08 16:43:58 | 0 days 08:16:38 | 686868 | 3 | berliners were not allowed visa free travel until [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . they could visit the gdr , but only at the conditions prevalent before , which | included | involved | application for a visa several days in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their journey , which hindered spontaneous visits . in the weeks |
| 5 | but only at the conditions prevalent before , which included application for a visa several days in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their | journey | planned stay | , which hindered spontaneous visits . in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westernes . technically the wall remained | |||||
| 48935289 | 49049354 | 2006-04-18 20:13:20 | 0 days 18:06:16 | 6661 | 1 | in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . the gdr announced | to open 10 | the opening of ten | new border crossings the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on |
| 4 | . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some | while | time | after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the | |||||
| 51589662 | 51848718 | 2006-05-06 16:49:23 | 1 days 18:26:01 | 0|72.228.114.173 | 6 | khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was | composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] | all a jewish trick | . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 |
| 51848718 | 51848752 | 2006-05-06 16:49:46 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 223113 | 4 | ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . there was no berlin wall , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' | t lose this . . . ww2 | s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government | , and there was no holocaust . it was all a jewish trick . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around |
| 5 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . there was no berlin wall , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and | there | simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production | was no holocaust . it was all a jewish trick . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western | |||||
| 6 | , [[ 1990 ]] . there was no berlin wall , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was | no holocaust | responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union | . it was all a jewish trick . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on | |||||
| 8 | there was no berlin wall , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was no holocaust . it was | all a jewish trick | composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] | . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ | |||||
| 52351902 | 52355175 | 2006-05-09 19:02:53 | 0 days 00:22:26 | 216352 | 1 | a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " | font | references | - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . |
| 53500522 | 53511545 | 2006-05-16 14:41:22 | 0 days 01:31:00 | 0|64.251.52.93 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government | where not gunna take it no we aint gunna take it we aint gunna take it anymore | . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government |
| 54072783 | 54107483 | 2006-05-19 23:03:39 | 0 days 04:04:55 | 0|137.54.89.250 | 0 | ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in | memoriam to | memory of | those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / |
| 54107483 | 54268993 | 2006-05-20 23:49:24 | 1 days 00:45:45 | 0|69.124.27.151 | 1 | ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - | year | ' ' ' [[ media : [[ media : ' ' [[ media : [[ media : yea [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] ]] ' ' ]] ]] ' ' ' r | " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . |
| 54268993 | 54269525 | 2006-05-20 23:53:19 | 0 days 00:03:55 | 1008387 | 0 | ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - | ' ' ' [[ media : [[ media : ' ' [[ media : [[ media : yea [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] ]] ' ' ]] ]] ' ' ' r | year | " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . |
| 55957411 | 56079244 | 2006-05-31 05:43:40 | 0 days 12:49:21 | 0|208.97.212.126 | 0 | chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were | split | killed | . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated |
| 56079244 | 56106564 | 2006-05-31 10:57:05 | 0 days 05:13:25 | 26468 | 0 | chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were | killed | split | . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated |
| 56501936 | 56634891 | 2006-06-03 08:19:57 | 0 days 17:37:54 | 0|207.176.159.90 | 0 | by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he | would be 100 | was wrong by 99 . 94 | years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister |
| 57040826 | 57243206 | 2006-06-06 21:05:19 | 1 days 02:00:04 | 300188 | 2 | = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities | in | connected with rebuilding western europe funded by | the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners |
| 5 | improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly | criticized | criticised | the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location | |||||
| 58219714 | 58219835 | 2006-06-12 15:36:40 | 0 days 00:01:14 | 0|24.60.99.51 | 0 | money the prostitutes brought in . munich flourished while berlin fell . whore riots broke out at the berlin wall , which was one of the reasons it fell . topless | woman | women | and teenagers were rioting atht they wanted their corner back so they could get more meat in the gooch . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as |
| 58821996 | 58856308 | 2006-06-16 00:06:49 | 0 days 03:41:02 | 1358576 | 0 | ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets | along which | running alongside | the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full |
| 58856308 | 58859317 | 2006-06-16 00:29:21 | 0 days 00:22:32 | 1358576 | 0 | - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | | this famous | the | sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria |
| 1 | | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] | from | , circa | 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than | |||||
| 58859317 | 59083873 | 2006-06-17 09:12:35 | 1 days 08:43:14 | 0|58.169.79.139 | 1 | had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . he | was | would be | wrong by more than 99 years . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , |
| 63357225 | 63858347 | 2006-07-14 22:07:07 | 2 days 17:42:04 | 1793767 | 1 | germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in | 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin | an effort | to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output |
| 63858347 | 63858464 | 2006-07-14 22:07:48 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 1265360 | 3 | [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . steve walker tore down the berlin wall in an effort to do | away with commusism | their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin | . he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and david hasselhof then started a fight with steve walker because they |
| 4 | , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . steve walker tore down the berlin wall in an effort to do away with commusism . | he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer | this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations | to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and david hasselhof then started a fight with steve walker because they are dirty commys , but he bitched them too = | |||||
| 64558890 | 64560450 | 2006-07-18 23:25:13 | 0 days 00:10:19 | 0|24.80.177.202 | 0 | handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . | because the | these | regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , |
| 1 | allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours | before the conference they | earlier , and | were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at | |||||
| 2 | further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , | allowing | so as to allow | time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference ; when asked when | |||||
| 64681432 | 64682237 | 2006-07-19 16:07:06 | 0 days 00:04:50 | 157842 | 3 | westminster college = = a small portion of the wall can also bee seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] . westminster college is | know | known | for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speach at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , |
| 6 | by artists , because of the dramatic color of the graffiti . the repeated use of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " | lies | dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] < / ref > | " or " untruths . " also appealed to her . on [[ november ]] [[ 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the | |||||
| 64682848 | 64683314 | 2006-07-19 16:13:35 | 0 days 00:02:48 | 157842 | 1 | wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : reaganwall . jpg | thumb | left | | [[ ronald reagan ]] delivering a speech during the presentation of the " breakthrough " monuement | winston churchill memorial library | at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college |
| 67053691 | 67063468 | 2006-08-01 16:29:11 | 0 days 01:00:35 | 0|66.32.195.73 | 3 | ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a | western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' | lot of that | in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across |
| 5 | 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and | a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in | that , kids , was | the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ | |||||
| 6 | market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the | 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across | first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be | the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of | |||||
| 67063468 | 67063496 | 2006-08-01 16:29:21 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 1022601 | 1 | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . and , after all of | that shit | german states = = = from 1948 onwards | , the table , having wanted to for some time , was , finally raped . but that isn ' t all . y ' know , that wasn ' t |
| 2 | which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . and , after all of that shit , | the table , having wanted to for some time , was , finally raped . but that isn ' t all . y ' know , that wasn ' t the first time i tasted penis , there is | west germany developed into | a lot of that in my line of work , and that , kids , was the first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be the | |||||
| 3 | , was , finally raped . but that isn ' t all . y ' know , that wasn ' t the first time i tasted penis , there is a | lot of that | western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' | in my line of work , and that , kids , was the first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be the last ! ! ! | |||||
| 4 | raped . but that isn ' t all . y ' know , that wasn ' t the first time i tasted penis , there is a lot of that in | my line of work , | german ) | and that , kids , was the first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be the last ! ! ! ! ! = = = massive | |||||
| 5 | t all . y ' know , that wasn ' t the first time i tasted penis , there is a lot of that in my line of work , and | that , kids , was | a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in | the first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be the last ! ! ! ! ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 | |||||
| 6 | , that wasn ' t the first time i tasted penis , there is a lot of that in my line of work , and that , kids , was the | first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be | 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across | the last ! ! ! ! ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and | |||||
| 72875166 | 73238103 | 2006-09-01 15:37:07 | 1 days 20:08:22 | 0|82.19.187.109 | 0 | by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , | was | and his right hand man jeremiah kroenen , were | sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof |
| 73238256 | 73241636 | 2006-09-01 15:59:29 | 0 days 00:21:19 | 350890 | 0 | by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , | and his right hand man [[ jeremiah kroenen ]] , were | was | sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisors . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof |
| 73241636 | 73604370 | 2006-09-03 17:47:46 | 2 days 01:48:17 | 0|69.15.111.135 | 0 | was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers | migrated | had intercourse | daily from east to west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the |
| 73605029 | 73605688 | 2006-09-03 17:57:34 | 0 days 00:04:49 | 302522 | 0 | was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers | had intercourse | migrated | daily from east to west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the |
| 74099098 | 74099174 | 2006-09-06 08:48:36 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 169140 | 0 | as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together | in | inside | the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal |
| 77132115 | 77674291 | 2006-09-25 05:59:33 | 2 days 22:28:49 | 0|203.97.101.169 | 0 | ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early | successful | successfulis weird | escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long |
| 77674291 | 77680457 | 2006-09-25 07:09:55 | 0 days 01:10:22 | 386031 | 0 | ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early | successfulis weird | successful | escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long |
| 77680457 | 77834536 | 2006-09-26 02:38:20 | 0 days 19:28:25 | 0|70.244.182.194 | 1 | that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . | however | thus | , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the |
| 79283264 | 79360490 | 2006-10-04 00:26:58 | 0 days 06:52:26 | 0|69.110.32.177 | 1 | = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , | what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones | pussy and sex there | , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | |
| 79360490 | 79360549 | 2006-10-04 00:27:24 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 416594 | 1 | and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . they had boobs , | pussy and sex there | what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones | , they loved to rub boobs = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday |
| 2 | first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . they had boobs , pussy and sex there , | they loved | each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | russians ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers | to rub boobs = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august | |||||
| 79693278 | 79723117 | 2006-10-05 21:26:14 | 0 days 02:51:54 | 69060 | 0 | that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west , | a ridiculous assertion when compared with | despite | the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its |
| 82879500 | 82879607 | 2006-10-21 21:18:28 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 2179786 | 2 | gdr border system ]] . the berlin wall never fell . its still there , go and visit , take pictures . its a good family friendly place , lots of | kid stuff | [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin | , and take pix however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key |
| 3 | . the berlin wall never fell . its still there , go and visit , take pictures . its a good family friendly place , lots of kid stuff , and | take pix | the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > | however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western | |||||
| 84732374 | 84732512 | 2006-10-31 00:15:04 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 2617879 | 1 | work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . | a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . | la la la la soccer | = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and |
| 84732536 | 84732677 | 2006-10-31 00:15:58 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 2617879 | 0 | , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 | poor peter | , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < |
| 1 | point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , | 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . | may | his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | | |||||
| 2 | 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his | aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death | soul rest | in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border | |||||
| 3 | flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in | full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | peace | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] | |||||
| 84732677 | 84732751 | 2006-10-31 00:16:22 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 416594 | 0 | , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | poor peter | = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 | , may his soul rest in peace = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans |
| 1 | ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . poor peter , | may | 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . | his soul rest in peace = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on | |||||
| 2 | the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . poor peter , may his | soul rest | aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death | in peace = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall | |||||
| 3 | western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . poor peter , may his soul rest in | peace | full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] | |||||
| 85061711 | 85062163 | 2006-11-01 16:47:48 | 0 days 00:02:19 | 0|204.13.204.162 | 0 | , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . | yea thats right | part of monty python and the holy grail was formed on this wall . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , |
| 86125050 | 86126158 | 2006-11-06 21:09:35 | 0 days 00:04:58 | 350153 | 0 | . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had | accepted | acknowledged | in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to |
| 86528914 | 86589748 | 2006-11-08 22:49:12 | 0 days 04:56:44 | 128695 | 0 | throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = | [[ image : churchwall . jpg | {{ main | | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . a portion of the berlin |
| 87780800 | 87780827 | 2006-11-14 16:24:25 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 0|63.253.45.100 | 0 | west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the | necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according | would cross on flying skateboards | to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ |
| 1 | allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to | which nationality was allowed | get | to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , | |||||
| 2 | , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to | use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | freedom | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the | |||||
| 87780827 | 87781196 | 2006-11-14 16:26:39 | 0 days 00:02:14 | 572610 | 2 | photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the would cross on flying skateboards to | get | which nationality was allowed | to freedom = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate |
| 3 | and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the would cross on flying skateboards to get to | freedom | use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the | |||||
| 88809786 | 88973047 | 2006-11-20 08:00:26 | 0 days 17:27:14 | 1737646 | 2 | air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under | a different | the | registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , |
| 89218590 | 89218869 | 2006-11-21 12:21:30 | 0 days 00:02:25 | 617480 | 2 | november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified | that | the | proposal to include private travels . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , |
| 3 | allow refugees exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified that proposal to include private | travels | travel | . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing | |||||
| 89730172 | 90181219 | 2006-11-26 07:20:39 | 2 days 07:53:59 | 4236 | 1 | | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus | ' word | were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = | " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert |
| 91359911 | 91362108 | 2006-12-01 12:08:57 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 6 | from a usual wall into the system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signalisation , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and | perfidious shooting automata , | automatic guns | which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guard . < br > but the more work , ingenuities , money and steel the communists allocated to the further |
| 10 | of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only with the impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting | at | them in | the back . the wall meant : system , that the communists had built , attracted no - one . it pushed away . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' | |||||
| 13 | a communist society only with the impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at the back . the wall meant : system , that the communists had built | , attracted | appealed to | no - one . it pushed away . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and | |||||
| 91362108 | 91363226 | 2006-12-01 12:19:23 | 0 days 00:10:26 | 579524 | 0 | from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and | automatic guns | shooting automata , | which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further |
| 1 | a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting them in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built | appealed to no - one | attracted | . it repelled them . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = | |||||
| 91363294 | 91364168 | 2006-12-01 12:27:29 | 0 days 00:07:33 | 579524 | 0 | from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and | shooting automata | self - firing guns | , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the |
| 91759195 | 91852743 | 2006-12-03 21:01:09 | 0 days 11:42:04 | 0|71.214.18.232 | 0 | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an | iconic | important | symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] |
| 91852743 | 91852808 | 2006-12-03 21:01:35 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 0|71.214.18.232 | 0 | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an | important | iconic | symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] |
| 93817040 | 93876815 | 2006-12-12 19:37:36 | 0 days 04:55:33 | 0|158.123.252.2 | 3 | not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . | the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial | this | is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 |
| 5 | berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east | german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www | had worse economical situations and hated jews | . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian | |||||
| 93876815 | 93876848 | 2006-12-12 19:37:43 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 1574574 | 3 | 2006 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted to | keep th | prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from | east out of the west . this is because the east had worse economical situations and hated jews . [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] |
| 6 | [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted to keep th east out of the west . | this | the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial | is because the east had worse economical situations and hated jews . [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] | |||||
| 7 | platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted to keep th east out of the west . this is | because | torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on | the east had worse economical situations and hated jews . [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category | |||||
| 95089251 | 95090637 | 2006-12-18 14:01:12 | 0 days 00:10:54 | 0|84.64.31.22 | 2 | the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one | man who drove | motorist in | a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m |
| 3 | successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car | underneath a barricade | simply drove | at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und | |||||
| 4 | long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at | [[ checkpoint charlie ]] | full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam | . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east | |||||
| 98179249 | 98180019 | 2007-01-03 14:37:13 | 0 days 00:04:03 | 0|168.216.123.149 | 0 | with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . also | at | as | a turn in the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , |
| 98180019 | 98180477 | 2007-01-03 14:40:01 | 0 days 00:02:48 | 0|168.216.123.149 | 0 | with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . also | as | at | a turn in the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , |
| 98180477 | 98180975 | 2007-01-03 14:42:49 | 0 days 00:02:48 | 0|168.216.125.69 | 0 | a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also | erected | had an erection | over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 |
| 1 | 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 | crosses | hours | in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http | |||||
| 2 | close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had | died | stripped | attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . | |||||
| 98226397 | 98227262 | 2007-01-03 18:51:51 | 0 days 00:04:28 | 873891 | 0 | . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere | , except for | . there are | three locations : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] |
| 1 | | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three | locations | sections still standing | : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ | |||||
| 15 | a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also | had an erection over | raised more than | 1 , 000 hours in memory of those who had stripped attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . | |||||
| 16 | ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also had an erection over 1 , 000 | hours | crosses | in memory of those who had stripped attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http | |||||
| 17 | to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also had an erection over 1 , 000 hours in memory of those who | had stripped | died | attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . | |||||
| 98453918 | 98470052 | 2007-01-04 19:21:16 | 0 days 01:21:18 | 873891 | 7 | decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government | statement | announced | that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , |
| 9 | germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over | a period of | the next | several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = | |||||
| 99757249 | 99968989 | 2007-01-11 11:06:31 | 0 days 21:30:22 | 3190289 | 0 | border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] | age | ( aged | 18 who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person |
| 100948158 | 101085418 | 2007-01-16 12:41:54 | 0 days 15:41:57 | 0|82.111.23.171 | 0 | and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead | while | whilst | trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : |
| 101167468 | 101168248 | 2007-01-16 20:33:10 | 0 days 00:03:52 | 1008387 | 1 | and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead | whilst | while | trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : |
| 102300586 | 102348464 | 2007-01-22 02:33:41 | 0 days 04:08:38 | 18710 | 0 | . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . | it was supposed to be temporary but still stands today | the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . | ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . |
| 104156137 | 104347998 | 2007-01-30 16:01:13 | 0 days 19:49:57 | 3399845 | 1 | germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the | next several weeks | x - men | , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background |
| 2 | crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , | and its fall was | as he rammed through | the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : | |||||
| 3 | were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the | first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] | wall with his head | . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world | |||||
| 104347998 | 104367345 | 2007-01-30 17:39:18 | 0 days 01:38:05 | 2077184 | 1 | of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by juggernaut from the | x - men | next several weeks | , as he rammed through the wall with his head . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied |
| 3 | , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by juggernaut from the x - men , as he rammed through the | wall with his head | first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] | . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world | |||||
| 104530997 | 104590496 | 2007-01-31 15:18:27 | 0 days 08:03:12 | 0|205.232.7.2 | 0 | closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many | families | arjun moojani ' s | were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west |
| 105035085 | 105154435 | 2007-02-02 19:13:09 | 0 days 12:40:40 | 3436457 | 2 | being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the | soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that | world ! ! ! suck | it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first |
| 108631095 | 108631202 | 2007-02-16 16:35:24 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 0|208.11.179.205 | 0 | led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . morgan moore is | very ugly | ok | but ill fuck her . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to |
| 108986401 | 109200457 | 2007-02-19 01:43:37 | 0 days 22:07:41 | 0|68.41.174.194 | 0 | skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . | it decreased | the wall was successful at decreasing | emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 |
| 109201261 | 109201627 | 2007-02-19 01:49:40 | 0 days 00:01:49 | 0|68.41.174.194 | 1 | west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on | her | it | ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . |
| 109201627 | 109202413 | 2007-02-19 01:53:52 | 0 days 00:04:12 | 0|68.41.174.194 | 2 | was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it | became | as | a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts |
| 3 | a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which | were | would | later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at | |||||
| 110116611 | 110116991 | 2007-02-22 18:24:40 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 0|66.160.72.205 | 0 | = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] fuck the world ! world sucks monkey ass | ! | so many people died over this stupid cause fuck this world up everyones stupid asses | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 17 | at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to | prevent the | be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents died as a result . the second wall was constructed after [[ the second world war 2 ]] by the [[ americans ]] to prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . |
| 20 | " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to | the policy of | as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a while until stalin got bored and forgot why he even built the wall in the first place . no one could really be bothered taking down the wall , so it just sort of stood there for a few decades , collecting crude graffiti . = = impact = = the impact of the berlin wall on the german people was very great , mostly because they kept forgetting it was there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like | [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 | |||||
| 25 | , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the | more work , ingenuity , money and steel | fall of | the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed | |||||
| 26 | self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the | communists allocated to | berlin wall = = near | the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and | |||||
| 27 | , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the | further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept | end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed | in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built | |||||
| 28 | more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a | communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in | section of | the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the | |||||
| 31 | by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . | it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall | and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on | |||||
| 36 | november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , | the ministerial administration modified | other than | the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda | |||||
| 37 | ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the | proposal to include private travel | death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too | . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing | |||||
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 25 | be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact that the | engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self | western powers had done nothing | to be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents |
| 28 | their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s | . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred | creation led directly | to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a | |||||
| 29 | , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to | as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a while until stalin got bored and forgot why he even built the wall in the first place . no one could really be bothered taking down the wall , so it just sort of stood there for a few decades , collecting crude graffiti . = = impact = = the impact of the berlin wall on the german people was very great , mostly because they kept forgetting it was there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like | the policy of | [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic | |||||
| 32 | like [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with | druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices | the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards | . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of | |||||
| 35 | founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the | berlin wall = = near | communists allocated to | the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted | |||||
| 36 | used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the | end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed | further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept | in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore | |||||
| 40 | near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that | noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] | the system which the communists | had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their | |||||
| 42 | ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . | this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall | it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to | |||||
| 43 | . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its | place | border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long | . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human | |||||
| 50 | have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , | other than | the ministerial administration modified | the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ | |||||
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 17 | at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to | prevent the | be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents died as a result . the second wall was constructed after [[ the second world war 2 ]] by the [[ americans ]] to prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . |
| 20 | " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to | the policy of | as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a while until stalin got bored and forgot why he even built the wall in the first place . no one could really be bothered taking down the wall , so it just sort of stood there for a few decades , collecting crude graffiti . = = impact = = the impact of the berlin wall on the german people was very great , mostly because they kept forgetting it was there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like | [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 | |||||
| 25 | , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the | more work , ingenuity , money and steel | fall of | the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed | |||||
| 26 | self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the | communists allocated to | berlin wall = = near | the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and | |||||
| 27 | , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the | further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept | end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed | in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built | |||||
| 28 | more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a | communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in | section of | the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the | |||||
| 31 | by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . | it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall | and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on | |||||
| 36 | november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , | the ministerial administration modified | other than | the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda | |||||
| 37 | ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the | proposal to include private travel | death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too | . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing | |||||
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 25 | be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact that the | engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self | western powers had done nothing | to be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents |
| 28 | their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s | . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred | creation led directly | to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a | |||||
| 29 | , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to | as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a while until stalin got bored and forgot why he even built the wall in the first place . no one could really be bothered taking down the wall , so it just sort of stood there for a few decades , collecting crude graffiti . = = impact = = the impact of the berlin wall on the german people was very great , mostly because they kept forgetting it was there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like | the policy of | [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic | |||||
| 32 | like [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with | druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices | the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards | . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of | |||||
| 35 | founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the | berlin wall = = near | communists allocated to | the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted | |||||
| 36 | used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the | end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed | further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept | in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore | |||||
| 40 | near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that | noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] | the system which the communists | had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their | |||||
| 42 | ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . | this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall | it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to | |||||
| 43 | . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its | place | border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long | . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human | |||||
| 50 | have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , | other than | the ministerial administration modified | the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ | |||||
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 17 | at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to | prevent the | be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents died as a result . the second wall was constructed after [[ the second world war 2 ]] by the [[ americans ]] to prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . |
| 20 | " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to | the policy of | as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a while until stalin got bored and forgot why he even built the wall in the first place . no one could really be bothered taking down the wall , so it just sort of stood there for a few decades , collecting crude graffiti . = = impact = = the impact of the berlin wall on the german people was very great , mostly because they kept forgetting it was there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like | [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 | |||||
| 25 | , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the | more work , ingenuity , money and steel | fall of | the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed | |||||
| 26 | self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the | communists allocated to | berlin wall = = near | the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and | |||||
| 27 | , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the | further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept | end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed | in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built | |||||
| 28 | more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a | communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in | section of | the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the | |||||
| 31 | by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . | it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall | and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on | |||||
| 36 | november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , | the ministerial administration modified | other than | the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda | |||||
| 37 | ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the | proposal to include private travel | death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too | . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing | |||||
| 111079436 | 111080379 | 2007-02-26 14:54:17 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 0|193.194.158.107 | 25 | be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact that the | engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self | western powers had done nothing | to be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents |
| 28 | their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s | . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred | creation led directly | to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a | |||||
| 29 | , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to | as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a while until stalin got bored and forgot why he even built the wall in the first place . no one could really be bothered taking down the wall , so it just sort of stood there for a few decades , collecting crude graffiti . = = impact = = the impact of the berlin wall on the german people was very great , mostly because they kept forgetting it was there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like | the policy of | [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic | |||||
| 32 | like [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with | druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices | the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards | . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of | |||||
| 35 | founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the | berlin wall = = near | communists allocated to | the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted | |||||
| 36 | used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the | end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed | further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept | in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore | |||||
| 40 | near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that | noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] | the system which the communists | had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their | |||||
| 42 | ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . | this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall | it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall | and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to | |||||
| 43 | . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its | place | border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long | . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human | |||||
| 50 | have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , | other than | the ministerial administration modified | the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . this shit is nothing but lies don ' t believe this | |||||
| 51 | rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the | death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too | proposal to include private travel | . this shit is nothing but lies don ' t believe this crap ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | |||||
| 111392335 | 111392675 | 2007-02-27 19:36:10 | 0 days 00:01:26 | 0|205.126.63.15 | 0 | , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the | [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to | best thing one | the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | |
| 1 | germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the | [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of | inernet is | the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | | |||||
| 111392675 | 111393341 | 2007-02-27 19:39:19 | 0 days 00:03:09 | 911178 | 1 | several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . the | best thing one | [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to | the inernet is the n game = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin |
| 2 | its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . the best thing one the | inernet is | [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of | the n game = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — | |||||
| 111406382 | 111406543 | 2007-02-27 20:36:24 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 0|205.126.72.236 | 1 | [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = | construction begins , 1961 | ' ' ' hi mrs ramrsay [[ hi < nowiki > i hate cheese < / nowiki > ]] ' ' ' | = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press |
| 111406766 | 111406786 | 2007-02-27 20:37:33 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 0|205.126.63.15 | 0 | the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat | i dont know what | to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could |
| 111406786 | 111406884 | 2007-02-27 20:37:59 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 2360249 | 0 | the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | i dont know what | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat | to do \ = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall |
| 111406884 | 111406932 | 2007-02-27 20:38:11 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 0|205.126.72.236 | 0 | [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = | construction begins , 1961 | mrs ramsay tell them to stop over writing me | = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press |
| 111448485 | 111501017 | 2007-02-28 03:57:03 | 0 days 04:21:16 | 0|68.43.128.9 | 0 | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( | thanks to | per | the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | |
| 112936932 | 113009009 | 2007-03-06 06:45:43 | 0 days 06:44:54 | 621997 | 1 | escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one | motorist in | instance , simply driving | a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up |
| 113385689 | 113462887 | 2007-03-08 01:21:56 | 0 days 05:35:39 | 0|134.161.77.27 | 1 | united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and | in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria | paul funke took charge and led the deconstruction of the berlin wall | . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned |
| 2 | , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began | late | in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and | |||||
| 3 | austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the | autumn | night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first blow | of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by | |||||
| 114231078 | 114232094 | 2007-03-11 04:46:14 | 0 days 00:06:38 | 0|192.176.11.14 | 2 | ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , zan preston and | paul funke took charge and led the deconstruction of the berlin wall | in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria | . late in the night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first blow of preston ' s sledgehammer or power struck the wall . followed |
| 4 | " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , zan preston and paul funke took charge and led the deconstruction of the berlin wall . late in the | night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first blow | autumn | of preston ' s sledgehammer or power struck the wall . followed shortly by the continuous blows between funke and preston ' s hammers , the wall came down and germany | |||||
| 114833011 | 114836126 | 2007-03-13 17:10:59 | 0 days 00:13:01 | 0|66.18.62.36 | 0 | its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the | politbureau lead | politburo led | by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . |
| 115708771 | 115802630 | 2007-03-17 15:36:20 | 0 days 12:35:58 | 0|91.64.129.222 | 4 | , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall | was | " prepared | the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : |
| 7 | when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , | particularly when they | and all pensioners | were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ | |||||
| 8 | police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were | too old | able to travel | to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | |||||
| 9 | run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to | work | the west freely | . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf | |||||
| 115803261 | 115804646 | 2007-03-17 15:49:40 | 0 days 00:09:19 | 54809 | 1 | wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall | " prepared | was | the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east |
| 3 | when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , | and all pensioners | particularly when they | were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for | |||||
| 4 | police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were | able to travel | too old | to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam | |||||
| 5 | a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to | the west freely | work | . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf | |||||
| 115804646 | 115804866 | 2007-03-17 15:50:50 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 54809 | 4 | , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall | was | " prepared | the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : |
| 7 | when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , | particularly when they | and all pensioners | were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ | |||||
| 8 | police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were | too old | able to travel | to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | |||||
| 9 | run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to | work | the west freely | . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf | |||||
| 116612926 | 116663804 | 2007-03-21 00:30:28 | 0 days 03:51:24 | 0|71.108.135.83 | 0 | triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . | the most notorious failed attempt was that of | - - | [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , |
| 1 | the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ | peter fechter | user : 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 | 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 | ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] | |||||
| 117073720 | 117077906 | 2007-03-22 17:49:00 | 0 days 00:18:56 | 0|147.31.4.47 | 2 | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny your a noob berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the | wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , | project but this | which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' |
| 117077906 | 117078008 | 2007-03-22 17:49:26 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 492858 | 1 | ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny is a | noob adn has nothin | [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin | for the project but this which i just screwed up for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western |
| 3 | . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny is a noob adn has nothin for the | project but this | wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , | which i just screwed up for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny | |||||
| 117902707 | 117903581 | 2007-03-26 02:45:29 | 0 days 00:04:39 | 1804716 | 4 | generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had | defeated the east german government | swelled significantly | , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not demand the wall be removed . |
| 118145673 | 118145720 | 2007-03-27 00:44:55 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 2198470 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | i | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( | ' m serious people = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin |
| 118635394 | 118639947 | 2007-03-28 23:11:07 | 0 days 00:19:40 | 0|65.24.114.248 | 6 | border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most | advanced | powerful | countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east |
| 118639947 | 118654236 | 2007-03-29 00:15:44 | 0 days 01:04:37 | 0|217.35.114.114 | 0 | one of the richest , most powerful countries in the southern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . | it was around this time that adolf hitler took one for the team and killed all the niggers and jews in the world . hitler be praised ! down with the niggers ! | ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) | the flight of growing numbers of northwestern germans to non - democratic countries via northern berlin led to germany destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin |
| 118654236 | 118657778 | 2007-03-29 00:33:26 | 0 days 00:17:42 | 911178 | 6 | border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while northern germany became one of the richest , most | powerful | advanced | countries in the southern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) |
| 118657778 | 119194198 | 2007-03-31 03:19:34 | 2 days 02:46:08 | 0|69.236.50.115 | 4 | of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ | walter ulbricht | jon walker | ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei |
| 7 | for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high | - profile shootings | gas prices in california ! | of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating | |||||
| 8 | ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of | world war ii in europe | nothin rhymes with circus tour | ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four | |||||
| 119194198 | 119196685 | 2007-03-31 03:37:08 | 0 days 00:17:34 | 196242 | 4 | of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ las vegas , | nevada ]] administration of [[ | jon walker | walter ulbricht | ]] and approved by [[ mormon ]] leader [[ brendon urie ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , |
| 7 | for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high | gas prices in california ! | - profile shootings | of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating | |||||
| 8 | ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of | nothin rhymes with circus tour | world war ii in europe | ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four | |||||
| 119603839 | 119603957 | 2007-04-02 00:05:02 | 0 days 00:00:35 | 0|69.110.144.39 | 0 | it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = | little | a lot | is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer |
| 119603957 | 119615866 | 2007-04-02 01:07:47 | 0 days 01:02:45 | 911178 | 1 | it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = | a lot | little | is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer |
| 119615866 | 119631602 | 2007-04-02 02:39:39 | 0 days 01:31:52 | 0|69.205.0.178 | 0 | were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee | were | was | wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of |
| 119631602 | 119634038 | 2007-04-02 02:53:21 | 0 days 00:13:42 | 911178 | 0 | were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee | was | were | wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of |
| 119880200 | 119982132 | 2007-04-03 14:47:50 | 0 days 12:22:26 | 0|204.10.221.252 | 0 | border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most | advanced countries in | j black is | the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to |
| 1 | established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the | eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity | bast holla at me at dont worry about it | . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the | |||||
| 119982132 | 119982806 | 2007-04-03 14:51:12 | 0 days 00:03:22 | 2400553 | 0 | border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most | j black is | advanced countries in | the bast holla at me at dont worry about it . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east |
| 121573836 | 121815930 | 2007-04-10 23:58:00 | 0 days 22:34:01 | 0|71.251.78.138 | 6 | the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying | deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent | stupid juan stupid juan | of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ |
| 121815930 | 121816065 | 2007-04-10 23:58:38 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 1587622 | 9 | the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying | stupid juan stupid juan | deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent | of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ |
| 124368337 | 124813643 | 2007-04-22 07:51:33 | 1 days 17:00:20 | 0|75.72.160.13 | 0 | paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most | importantly | important | , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 |
| 124813643 | 124839581 | 2007-04-22 11:23:44 | 0 days 03:32:11 | 3647339 | 0 | paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most | important | importantly | , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 |
| 125918809 | 126161056 | 2007-04-26 15:46:00 | 0 days 20:15:33 | 0|69.242.142.221 | 1 | were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — | two months | twenty years | before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu |
| 126161056 | 126164082 | 2007-04-26 16:01:35 | 0 days 00:15:35 | 686868 | 1 | were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1901 ]] — | twenty years | two months | before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu |
| 127488398 | 127490114 | 2007-05-01 19:12:54 | 0 days 00:07:10 | 0|166.127.1.201 | 0 | the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million | people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . | ukikil : iiliopl ' il ' kkiklil ' kil ' | meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in |
| 127490114 | 127493217 | 2007-05-01 19:26:23 | 0 days 00:13:29 | 911178 | 0 | the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million | ukikil : iiliopl ' il ' kkiklil ' kil ' | people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . | meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated bl the new krenz government and in |
| 127671395 | 127671439 | 2007-05-02 12:55:05 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 0|68.85.23.179 | 0 | fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . if the allies challenged the barrieer they were to eat hotdogs with out using their hands or knees . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners pooped off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that | hey | there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | |
| 127671439 | 127671464 | 2007-05-02 12:55:16 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 385115 | 1 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | if the allies challenged the barrieer they were to eat hotdogs with out using their hands or knees . hey | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that | there big boy = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall |
| 127992744 | 128043670 | 2007-05-03 20:30:16 | 0 days 03:40:39 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 0 | = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of | world | the | war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by |
| 2 | , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to | govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones | go make some brownies that they thoguht would be interesting | to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet | |||||
| 128043972 | 128044131 | 2007-05-03 20:31:52 | 0 days 00:00:35 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 0 | wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = | it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat | one of the leaders said he had to go | to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could |
| 128044131 | 128044281 | 2007-05-03 20:32:24 | 0 days 00:00:32 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 2 | . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about | 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the | that | one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of |
| 128044362 | 128044374 | 2007-05-03 20:32:44 | 0 days 00:00:03 | 1614547 | 1 | background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of | the | world | war the germans decided to go make some brownies that they thoguht would be interesting to do = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , |
| 3 | [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of the war the | germans decided | [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers | to go make some brownies that they thoguht would be interesting to do = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into | |||||
| 4 | deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of the war the germans decided to | go make some brownies that they thoguht would be interesting | govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones | to do = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] | |||||
| 6 | wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = | one of the leaders said he had to go | it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat | to the bath room = = layout and modifications = = i dont no why he just didnt ask the sarge about that one stipud idoits = = official crossings and | |||||
| 8 | the truth . = = = secondary response = = = one of the leaders said he had to go to the bath room = = layout and modifications = = | i dont no why he just didnt ask | [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of | the sarge about that one stipud idoits = = official crossings and usage = = berlin wall = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was | |||||
| 10 | one of the leaders said he had to go to the bath room = = layout and modifications = = i dont no why he just didnt ask the sarge about | that | 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the | one stipud idoits = = official crossings and usage = = berlin wall = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . | |||||
| 128044374 | 128044445 | 2007-05-03 20:32:59 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 0 | slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is | still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | cool | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate |
| 128044445 | 128044482 | 2007-05-03 20:33:08 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 1614547 | 1 | networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = is | cool | still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate |
| 129554675 | 129554933 | 2007-05-09 16:37:49 | 0 days 00:01:02 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 1 | soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = | = divergence of german states | alex is really dumb | = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' |
| 3 | germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , | west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a | 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - | [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting | |||||
| 11 | capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . | prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 | 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) | - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established | |||||
| 129555771 | 129555882 | 2007-05-09 16:41:30 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 0 | the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that | ' ' ' once upon a time , | there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | |
| 1 | was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a | serious potential threat | girl named suzie . suzie really liked | to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could | |||||
| 5 | berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on | it ? | she pledged to never eat cheese | on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < | |||||
| 129555882 | 129556310 | 2007-05-09 16:43:07 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 2073927 | 0 | the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . | ' ' ' once upon a time , | = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that | there was a girl named suzie . suzie really liked to eat cheese . one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to |
| 1 | means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . ' ' ' once upon a time , there was a | girl named suzie . suzie really liked | serious potential threat | to eat cheese . one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to | |||||
| 2 | from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . ' ' ' once upon a time , there was a girl named suzie . suzie really liked to | eat cheese . one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all | the viability | of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to never eat cheese on a roller coaster again . ' ' ' = = layout | |||||
| 4 | girl named suzie . suzie really liked to eat cheese . one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . | from that day | if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely | on she pledged to never eat cheese on a roller coaster again . ' ' ' = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . | |||||
| 5 | suzie really liked to eat cheese . one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on | she pledged to never eat cheese | it ? | on a roller coaster again . ' ' ' = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position | |||||
| 129954619 | 130104891 | 2007-05-11 15:20:36 | 0 days 16:40:06 | 0|164.58.29.130 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = proposed barrier = = = | wikipedia is | the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions |
| 130104891 | 130104907 | 2007-05-11 15:20:41 | 0 days 00:00:05 | 2198658 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | wikipedia is | = = = proposed barrier = = = | the most unreliable site for information on the web = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction |
| 131436650 | 131436693 | 2007-05-17 01:12:30 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 0|71.48.127.221 | 0 | meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was | the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used | really gay and full of nazi skinheads who are stupid mutherfuckers 4real | . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 |
| 132545593 | 132623467 | 2007-05-22 06:33:14 | 0 days 07:59:39 | 715870 | 15 | s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls | with | to | their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal |
| 19 | the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity | checks | checking | . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall | |||||
| 132822819 | 132824014 | 2007-05-23 00:55:48 | 0 days 00:06:54 | 4465053 | 0 | germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the | [[ yalta conference ]] | [ potsdam agreement ] | ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france |
| 132997348 | 133070307 | 2007-05-24 01:07:06 | 0 days 05:44:33 | 129409 | 9 | propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after | the high - profile shootings | several weeks | of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating |
| 10 | the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of | would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced | civil unrest & mdash ; | that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory | |||||
| 16 | celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment | . its so - called " | was later used to remove the rest of it . the | fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies , which gained ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " | |||||
| 17 | weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall | " prepared | of the berlin wall paved | the way for nationalist tendencies , which gained ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " | |||||
| 133073625 | 133074114 | 2007-05-24 01:27:50 | 0 days 00:02:33 | 715870 | 5 | ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) | was | had been | used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ |
| 133705235 | 133939781 | 2007-05-27 21:57:21 | 1 days 01:38:52 | 0|216.208.52.171 | 0 | ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the | [[ end of world | the stupidest | war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by |
| 133939781 | 133939978 | 2007-05-27 21:58:27 | 0 days 00:01:06 | 0|216.208.52.171 | 0 | ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the | the stupidest | second world | war ever in history , blah , blah what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one |
| 133979794 | 133979980 | 2007-05-28 01:38:20 | 0 days 00:01:06 | 1718065 | 0 | ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the | second world | [[ end of world | war , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four |
| 134465611 | 134480080 | 2007-05-30 03:09:16 | 0 days 01:22:04 | 0|210.17.230.1 | 1 | . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became one of the | richest , most advanced | standards for | countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east |
| 135963280 | 137134698 | 2007-06-09 22:59:50 | 4 days 19:09:13 | 309296 | 0 | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at | hundreds | many | of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof |
| 137134698 | 137147628 | 2007-06-10 00:24:50 | 0 days 01:25:00 | 715870 | 0 | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at | many | hundreds | of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof |
| 137147628 | 137154815 | 2007-06-10 01:15:31 | 0 days 00:50:41 | 309296 | 0 | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at | hundreds | many | of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof |
| 137155210 | 137155691 | 2007-06-10 01:22:21 | 0 days 00:03:52 | 309296 | 0 | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at | many | hundreds | of the would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near |
| 139545848 | 139683366 | 2007-06-21 15:22:04 | 0 days 15:09:06 | 0|217.41.217.22 | 0 | berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and | usage | usages ( do not change please ) | = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , |
| 139683366 | 139683829 | 2007-06-21 15:24:30 | 0 days 00:02:26 | 302522 | 0 | berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and | usages ( do not change please ) | usage | = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , |
| 139683829 | 139684114 | 2007-06-21 15:26:01 | 0 days 00:01:31 | 0|217.41.217.22 | 0 | berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and | usage | usages ( do not change please ) : ) : ) : ) : ) | = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , |
| 139684114 | 139684549 | 2007-06-21 15:28:10 | 0 days 00:02:09 | 302522 | 0 | berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and | usages ( do not change please ) : ) : ) : ) : ) | usage | = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , |
| 140266187 | 140281124 | 2007-06-24 10:43:15 | 0 days 02:20:57 | 67403 | 1 | to chant " wir bleiben hier " , " we are staying here " . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of | autumn | late | 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , |
| 140346811 | 140489919 | 2007-06-25 10:12:07 | 0 days 15:57:11 | 686868 | 2 | austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the | autumn {{ when }} of | october | 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ |
| 141314110 | 141829380 | 2007-07-01 16:54:00 | 2 days 13:25:31 | 0|128.146.194.54 | 0 | , [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the | desire | intention | to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context |
| 146184328 | 146283724 | 2007-07-22 08:57:49 | 0 days 12:37:48 | 0|124.188.0.81 | 0 | }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " | anti - fascist protective rampart | beaver without a penis | , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall |
| 146283724 | 146287097 | 2007-07-22 09:33:00 | 0 days 00:35:11 | 302522 | 0 | }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " | beaver without a penis | anti - fascist protective rampart | , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall |
| 148039010 | 148074488 | 2007-07-30 16:29:32 | 0 days 04:14:49 | 0|209.7.38.1 | 1 | german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in | the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | my butt holeeeeee50px | | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | |
| 148074488 | 148086639 | 2007-07-30 17:37:32 | 0 days 01:08:00 | 302522 | 0 | the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | the zaa will pervale in | my butt holeeeeee50px | the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | |
| 150880869 | 150915662 | 2007-08-13 07:40:14 | 0 days 04:58:32 | 0|116.14.44.159 | 0 | cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim | around 192 | at least 1245 | people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref |
| 150915662 | 150925206 | 2007-08-13 09:16:45 | 0 days 01:36:31 | 4281205 | 0 | cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim | at least 1245 | around 192 | people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref |
| 152245225 | 152314634 | 2007-08-19 20:45:47 | 0 days 06:50:35 | 0|82.83.182.53 | 8 | " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day | on | in | [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated |
| 152314634 | 152803494 | 2007-08-21 23:56:54 | 2 days 03:11:07 | 0|121.73.19.64 | 1 | , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and | their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . | apples please | over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall |
| 152803494 | 152803602 | 2007-08-21 23:57:33 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 2407049 | 1 | wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , oranges and | apples please | their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . | over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall |
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 12 | ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire | went up | was erected | , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force |
| 23 | disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which | would | were | later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , | |||||
| 26 | were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee | were | was | wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of | |||||
| 31 | 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at | an ever | a | decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts | |||||
| 32 | german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and | took | lasted | until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] | |||||
| 153261470 | 153277889 | 2007-08-24 02:48:33 | 0 days 01:45:42 | 3341545 | 2 | . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > a german politician alleges that the | east german government | newly discovered documents confirm | gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence |
| 153504805 | 153595819 | 2007-08-25 18:58:33 | 0 days 12:42:57 | 393315 | 0 | conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but | gave | given | no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as |
| 157117672 | 157129007 | 2007-09-11 10:50:46 | 0 days 01:41:35 | 4857317 | 1 | berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions | , which | that | involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay |
| 157150622 | 157242126 | 2007-09-11 21:47:41 | 0 days 08:05:47 | 0|38.115.133.62 | 0 | | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for | nine | ten | months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the |
| 159701939 | 160013834 | 2007-09-24 13:59:12 | 1 days 13:42:50 | 0|81.107.164.107 | 2 | [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the | significantly | significanbiteb my botty boom boomtly | wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ |
| 160013834 | 160019483 | 2007-09-24 14:26:04 | 0 days 00:26:52 | 0|206.123.212.68 | 0 | republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into | who gives | a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary |
| 160019483 | 160019557 | 2007-09-24 14:26:25 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 7580 | 0 | republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . | who gives | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into | a care = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by |
| 160019557 | 160020132 | 2007-09-24 14:28:55 | 0 days 00:02:30 | 236591 | 2 | [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the | significanbiteb my botty boom boomtly | significantly | wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ |
| 160249046 | 160281991 | 2007-09-25 16:59:42 | 0 days 03:03:10 | 0|150.135.169.11 | 0 | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | | in | view from | the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " shank strip " between josh and bear was horrible bloody and deadthly . [[ image : berlin wall . |
| 160465090 | 160465352 | 2007-09-26 13:35:47 | 0 days 00:01:30 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 1 | the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = yo , | yo was up dawg | your so funny , but really must ya ? | . from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german |
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 51 | refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the | east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances | international encyclopedia of sexuality [ full text ] janssen , d | . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction |
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 1 | {st@rt} this article is about biological sexes : | male | berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall | , female , etc . . for alternate uses , such as sexual intercourse , see sex ( disambiguation ) . sexuality portal sex refers to the male and female duality |
| 6 | female , etc . . for alternate uses , such as sexual intercourse , see sex ( disambiguation ) . sexuality portal sex refers to the male and female duality of | biology and reproduction . unlike organisms that only have the ability to reproduce asexually , sexed male and female pairs have the ability to produce offspring through meiosis and fertilization . the two sexes attract one another and communicate their readiness to procreate through differences in their biology . an organism | graffiti art on the wall | ' s sex reflects its biological function in reproduction , not its sexuality or other behavior . the female sex is defined as the one which produces the larger gamete and | |||||
| 8 | [ hide ] 1 animal species 2 humans 2 . 1 social and psychological issues 3 see also 4 references 5 external links and further reading animal species main articles : | animal sexuality and mating system animal sexual behavior takes many different forms , even within the same species | berlin wall | . researchers have observed monogamy , promiscuity , sex between species , sexual arousal from objects or places , rape , necrophilia , sexual orientation ( heterosexuality , homosexuality , bisexuality | |||||
| 10 | that only humans and a handful of species performed sexual acts other than for procreation , and that animals ' sexuality was instinctive and a simple response to the " right | " stimulation ( sight , scent ) . current understanding is that many species believed monogamous have now been proven to be promiscuous or opportunistic in nature , a wide range | | remaining stretch | of species appear to both masturbate and to use objects as tools to help them do so , in many species animals try to give and get sexual stimulation with others | |||||
| 11 | stimulation ( sight , scent ) . current understanding is that many species believed monogamous have now been proven to be promiscuous or opportunistic in nature , a wide range of | species appear to both masturbate and to use objects as tools to help them do so | the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain | , in many species animals try to give and get sexual stimulation with others where procreation is not the aim , and homosexual behavior has now been observed among 1 , | |||||
| 12 | been proven to be promiscuous or opportunistic in nature , a wide range of species appear to both masturbate and to use objects as tools to help them do so , | in many species animals try to give and get sexual stimulation with others where procreation is not the aim , and homosexual behavior has now been observed among 1 , 500 species , and in 500 of those it is well documented . there are species that have 3 , 4 or 5 sexes . for example : the clam shrimp eulimnadia texana has three sexes , that is , it is a triploid organism . [ 1 ] harvester ant genus pogonomyrmex has three sexes [ 2 ] or possibly four sexes [ 3 ] the reptile tuatara might have four sexes [ 4 ] coprinus macrorhizus ( pers . ) rea might have three or four sexes [ 5 ] coprinus lagopus has four sexes [ 6 ] fausto - sterling proposes that there are five sexes of humans [ 7 ] [ 8 ] other species have exhibited evidence of 5 sexes [ 9 ] humans human male and female - anatomical features pointed outsee human sexuality for information about sexual activities , sexual sensation , sexual gratification , and sexual intimacy between human beings in humans , " sex " is often perceived as a dichotomous state or identity for most biological and social purposes - such that a person can only be female or male . but many factors , including one | august 2006 ]] the | ' s biology , environment , psychology and social context , have a role in determining how a particular person , and those around them , view their sex . although | |||||
| 15 | which produce hormones that cause the internal and external genitalia to become male , which in turn lead parents to assign ' male ' as the sex of their child ( | assigned sex ) , and raise the child as a boy ( gender of rearing ) . however , the degree to which biological and environmental factors contribute to the psychosocial aspects of sexual differentiation , and even the interrelationships between the various psychosocial aspects of differentiation , is less well understood as illustrated by the ongoing nature versus nurture debate . unfortunately , because of a lack of focus on this area , studies may use data from research not designed to discern the role of sex . one sample of 432 papers publishing the results of gender | {{ lang | - related genetics found that only 66 . 6 % of them had set out to deal with the subject before conducting any research and 87 . 3 % used unsound | |||||
| 17 | and third gender discordance is the term used to describe the extent to which people differ from the usual biological and psychosocial types described above . some discordances are biological , | such as when the sex of the chromosomes ( genetic sex ) does not match the sex of the external genitalia ( anatomic sex ) – this is known as intersex . discordances between the biological and psychosocial levels ( such as when the gender identity does not match the anatomic sex ) or between the various psychosocial levels ( such as when the gender role does not match the gender identity ) are even more common , but less well understood . in gender theory , the term " heteronormativity " refers to the idea that human beings fall into two distinct and complementary categories , male and female ; that sexual and marital relations are normal only when between two people of different genders ; and that people should follow roles determined by their gender . instead , some people have sought to define their sexuality and sexual identity in non | {{ lang | - polar terms , in the belief that the simple division of all humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent | |||||
| 20 | and that people should follow roles determined by their gender . instead , some people have sought to define their sexuality and sexual identity in non - polar terms , in | the belief that the simple division of all humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent of this movement away from polar oppositions , anne fausto | the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti | - sterling , recognized five sexes : male , female , merm ( male pseudohermaphrodite ) , ferm ( female pseudohermaphrodite ) and herm ( true hermaphrodite ) . although she | |||||
| 48 | testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on | sex | [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined | by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and media from commons news stories from wikinews learning | |||||
| 49 | shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by | searching wikipedia | west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht | ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and media from commons news stories from wikinews learning resources from wikiversity | |||||
| 51 | and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and | media from commons news stories from wikinews learning resources from wikiversity francoeur | the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier | , robert t . ( ed . ) , the international encyclopedia of sexuality [ full text ] janssen , d . f . , growing up sexually . volume i | |||||
| 75 | is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . | privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained | websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall | by people like you . please donate today . | |||||
| 160589462 | 160590401 | 2007-09-27 00:24:01 | 0 days 00:04:20 | 0|70.119.146.173 | 0 | . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of | world war ii in europe | your mom | ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of |
| 160590724 | 160590967 | 2007-09-27 00:26:41 | 0 days 00:01:12 | 0|70.119.146.173 | 0 | [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the | your mom | [[ end of world war ii ]] | what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four |
| 160590967 | 160592013 | 2007-09-27 00:31:33 | 0 days 00:04:52 | 2048686 | 0 | [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the | [[ end of world war ii ]] | [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , | what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four |
| 161008465 | 161121610 | 2007-09-29 14:33:01 | 0 days 15:54:49 | 3341545 | 1 | more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use | your | of a | firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . |
| 2 | guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , | not even | including | when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . early successful escapes involved | |||||
| 3 | german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border | is breached in the company of | breakouts involve | women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out | |||||
| 4 | " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have | often used | already frequently taken advantage of | , " they said . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved | |||||
| 162085177 | 162086343 | 2007-10-03 20:11:50 | 0 days 00:06:10 | 0|142.25.180.23 | 1 | any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before | the | president bush died | construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no |
| 162088730 | 162088831 | 2007-10-03 20:24:13 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 4131122 | 3 | republic of germany ( and west fgg = = construction begins , 2961 hello katie and emma = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before | president bush died | the | construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no |
| 162097147 | 162236037 | 2007-10-04 13:31:03 | 0 days 16:27:02 | 0|209.174.242.3 | 3 | mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = | fifteen years after the | there was no | fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall |
| 4 | ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall | , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > | ! ! ! ! | = = = cultural differences = = = {{ weasel words }} even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east | |||||
| 162236037 | 162236073 | 2007-10-04 13:31:19 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 301395 | 7 | mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = | there was no | fifteen years after the | fall ! ! ! ! = = = cultural differences = = = {{ weasel words }} even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany |
| 8 | graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = there was no fall | ! ! ! ! | , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > | = = = cultural differences = = = {{ weasel words }} even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east | |||||
| 163101981 | 163102282 | 2007-10-08 14:57:34 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 0|216.237.254.146 | 0 | ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after | christina | billy | had gay sex sixteen times the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( |
| 163105476 | 163371605 | 2007-10-09 17:45:07 | 1 days 02:32:03 | 0|82.41.42.114 | 5 | germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and | economic | e ' ' ' conomic | prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which |
| 163371605 | 163373226 | 2007-10-09 17:53:00 | 0 days 00:07:53 | 5451838 | 5 | germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and | e ' ' ' conomic | economic | prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east ]] germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of |
| 164330493 | 165005648 | 2007-10-16 18:39:29 | 2 days 23:53:33 | 0|24.249.110.110 | 0 | . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] | = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery | iola high schools new administration is not very good a group | of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the |
| 3 | of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the | wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupation ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ | table where some kids were shooting off bottle caps that | is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la | |||||
| 165005648 | 165005884 | 2007-10-16 18:40:39 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 614280 | 0 | . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] | iola high schools new administration is not very good a group | = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery | of people got csr for the next day for just sitting at the table where some kids were shooting off bottle caps that is so retarded |
| 1 | ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] iola high schools new administration is not very good a group of | people got csr for | annotated photographs of | the next day for just sitting at the table where some kids were shooting off bottle caps that is so retarded | |||||
| 2 | / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] iola high schools new administration is not very good a group of people got csr for the | next day for just sitting at | berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " | the table where some kids were shooting off bottle caps that is so retarded | |||||
| 3 | the lives of others official website ] iola high schools new administration is not very good a group of people got csr for the next day for just sitting at the | table where some kids were shooting off bottle caps that | wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupation ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ | is so retarded | |||||
| 165005884 | 165222233 | 2007-10-17 17:39:09 | 0 days 22:58:30 | 0|67.132.117.2 | 0 | thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed | border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints | ' ' ' fuck ' ' ' | and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november |
| 165222233 | 165222438 | 2007-10-17 17:40:08 | 0 days 00:00:59 | 1285073 | 22 | thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed | ' ' ' fuck ' ' ' | border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints | and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november |
| 165409653 | 165409865 | 2007-10-18 14:21:33 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|89.240.178.51 | 0 | viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of | america | the usa | ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not |
| 165598417 | 165643339 | 2007-10-19 15:25:00 | 0 days 05:20:28 | 2073927 | 5 | viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of | the usa | america | ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not |
| 166091165 | 166163043 | 2007-10-21 23:35:42 | 0 days 05:37:26 | 0|76.211.17.132 | 2 | more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border | restrictions with [[ austria ]] | separating western from eastern germany was effectively opened . the following days were most unusual for the whole of germany - considering the usual german ways | , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in |
| 4 | united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in | september | 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were | more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began | |||||
| 6 | ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than | 13 , 000 east german tourists | rules | in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time | |||||
| 8 | , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of | that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change | course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes | . protest demonstrations broke | |||||
| 14 | , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , | including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited | and i stayed | there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " | |||||
| 15 | weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for | hours | the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon | , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the | |||||
| 16 | including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , | cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to | and by that time i had missed a test in history - but what history teacher wouldn ' t accept the excuse i had ? i don ' t have much of a story to tell ( others have done that already ) ; i only want to publish the raw material i ' ve collected . there are about 60 photographs ( they can | be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - | |||||
| 18 | were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that | involved application for | weekend , and in addition there are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14 ) . most of the articles are available in their original german and in | a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of | |||||
| 19 | free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a | visa several days | translated | or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits | |||||
| 20 | they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least | 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day | summarized english version , but some still lack translation . if you feel that you can translate something from german to english , just pick one | of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could | |||||
| 21 | restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of | their planned stay | the articles that doesn ' t have a translation and do it - i ' ll gladly put your translation up here on my site | , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely | |||||
| 166163043 | 166165378 | 2007-10-21 23:47:46 | 0 days 00:12:04 | 605084 | 3 | reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on the 9th of november , 1989 , the border | separating western from eastern germany was effectively opened . the following days were most unusual for the whole of germany - considering the usual german ways | restrictions with [[ austria ]] | , one could almost speak of anarchy : shops stayed open as long as they wanted ( the usual , mandatory closing time was 6 : 30pm in 1989 ) , |
| 4 | 1989 , the border separating western from eastern germany was effectively opened . the following days were most unusual for the whole of germany - considering the usual german ways , | one could almost speak of anarchy : shops stayed open as long as they wanted ( the usual , mandatory closing time was 6 : 30pm | and | in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days . of course | |||||
| 5 | usual german ways , one could almost speak of anarchy : shops stayed open as long as they wanted ( the usual , mandatory closing time was 6 : 30pm in | 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were | september | more exceptions than rules in those days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always | |||||
| 6 | mandatory closing time was 6 : 30pm in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than | rules | 13 , 000 east german tourists | in those days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always be used as a | |||||
| 7 | time was 6 : 30pm in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in | those | hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few | days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always be used as a symbol for | |||||
| 10 | 30pm in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days . of | course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes | that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change | . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always be used as a symbol for the end of the cold war , made the " west " available in | |||||
| 15 | of 1989 , almost everyone was overwhelmed by happiness - a national and emotional exception . the 9th of november was a thursday in 1989 , and i was still at | school . but on friday | the brandenburg gate | , i managed to get a seat on a flight to berlin , and i stayed there for the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon , | |||||
| 16 | overwhelmed by happiness - a national and emotional exception . the 9th of november was a thursday in 1989 , and i was still at school . but on friday , | i managed to get a seat on a flight to | [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ | berlin , and i stayed there for the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon , and by that time i had missed a test in history | |||||
| 18 | of november was a thursday in 1989 , and i was still at school . but on friday , i managed to get a seat on a flight to berlin , | and i stayed | including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited | there for the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon , and by that time i had missed a test in history - but what history teacher | |||||
| 19 | in 1989 , and i was still at school . but on friday , i managed to get a seat on a flight to berlin , and i stayed there for | the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon | hours | , and by that time i had missed a test in history - but what history teacher wouldn ' t accept the excuse i had ? i don ' t have | |||||
| 20 | , i managed to get a seat on a flight to berlin , and i stayed there for the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon , | and by that time i had missed a test in history - but what history teacher wouldn ' t accept the excuse i had ? i don ' t have much of a story to tell ( others have done that already ) ; i only want to publish the raw material i ' ve collected . there are about 60 photographs ( they can | cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to | be downloaded in resolutions up to 3072x2048 ) which i shot on that weekend , and in addition there are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14 | |||||
| 21 | tell ( others have done that already ) ; i only want to publish the raw material i ' ve collected . there are about 60 photographs ( they can be | downloaded in resolutions up to 3072x2048 ) which i shot | opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] | on that weekend , and in addition there are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14 ) . most of the articles are available in their original | |||||
| 23 | to publish the raw material i ' ve collected . there are about 60 photographs ( they can be downloaded in resolutions up to 3072x2048 ) which i shot on that | weekend , and in addition there are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14 ) . most of the articles are available in their original german and in | involved application for | a translated or at least summarized english version , but some still lack translation . if you feel that you can translate something from german to english , just pick one | |||||
| 24 | and in addition there are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14 ) . most of the articles are available in their original german and in a | translated | visa several days | or at least summarized english version , but some still lack translation . if you feel that you can translate something from german to english , just pick one of the | |||||
| 26 | are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14 ) . most of the articles are available in their original german and in a translated or at least | summarized english version , but some still lack translation . if you feel that you can translate something from german to english , just pick one | 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day | of the articles that doesn ' t have a translation and do it - i ' ll gladly put your translation up here on my site , with credits and all | |||||
| 27 | translated or at least summarized english version , but some still lack translation . if you feel that you can translate something from german to english , just pick one of | the articles that doesn ' t have a translation and do it - i ' ll gladly put your translation up here on my site | their planned stay | , with credits and all . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | | |||||
| 166331546 | 166354092 | 2007-10-22 20:00:56 | 0 days 01:42:19 | 716438 | 1 | = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people | were killed | who died | trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref |
| 166354092 | 166355206 | 2007-10-22 20:06:01 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 716438 | 4 | existance has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [ alexandra hildebrandt ] , director of the [ checkpoint charlie museum ] and widow of the museum ' s founder | estimate | estimated | the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 |
| 167283465 | 167283597 | 2007-10-26 20:11:01 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 0|205.202.92.219 | 2 | united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of | the | theand trust me adam | [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the |
| 3 | was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to | be | band trust mee | formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) | |||||
| 167283597 | 167284000 | 2007-10-26 20:13:12 | 0 days 00:02:11 | 0|140.254.80.182 | 3 | united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of | theand trust me adam | the | [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the |
| 4 | was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to | band trust mee | be | formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) | |||||
| 167330269 | 167330987 | 2007-10-27 00:51:18 | 0 days 00:04:40 | 50001 | 9 | to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often | left escapers to | let fugitives | bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left |
| 10 | of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapers to bleed to death in the middle of this ground | . | , like in | the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western | |||||
| 11 | ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapers to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt | was | , | that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 | |||||
| 14 | was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be | shot dead | killed | while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = | |||||
| 170313046 | 170423035 | 2007-11-09 22:14:07 | 0 days 09:25:19 | 1581958 | 0 | world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that | at least 1 , 245 | more than 200 | people had been killed trying to flee the east to west berlin and west germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / |
| 172703659 | 172704160 | 2007-11-20 14:34:54 | 0 days 00:02:53 | 0|204.82.110.63 | 0 | mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as | terry lynch likes fat sweaty men | lucas smith wants to engage in mischevous doings with grantmen | an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day |
| 172704821 | 172706114 | 2007-11-20 14:45:48 | 0 days 00:07:10 | 0|204.82.110.75 | 0 | mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as | nick flieger | terry - lynch | likes men [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on |
| 173857115 | 173862066 | 2007-11-26 10:01:15 | 0 days 00:52:47 | 137113 | 2 | as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , the wall was | need | needed | to curtail western espionage and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw pact ]] nations . the wall also marked the frontier in the cold |
| 175551251 | 175552021 | 2007-12-03 19:57:45 | 0 days 00:03:16 | 0|24.207.26.4 | 1 | 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] sebastian adugalski [[ | end | ended | of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , |
| 175552021 | 175559970 | 2007-12-03 20:31:20 | 0 days 00:33:35 | 2537811 | 1 | = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] nic beck and matthew baena [[ | ended | end | of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially emained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , |
| 176202560 | 176232664 | 2007-12-06 21:33:12 | 0 days 02:32:49 | 5175144 | 0 | image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , | what | danny ate alot of donuts and got fat , awhat | territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying |
| 176232664 | 176239521 | 2007-12-06 22:07:39 | 0 days 00:34:27 | 0|68.230.156.108 | 0 | image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , | danny ate alot of donuts and got fat , awhat | what | territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying |
| 176239521 | 176445208 | 2007-12-07 21:32:06 | 0 days 23:24:27 | 0|207.197.67.10 | 0 | provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two | months | moths | before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " |
| 176445208 | 176445369 | 2007-12-07 21:33:05 | 0 days 00:00:59 | 4417781 | 0 | provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two | moths | months | before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " |
| 178433680 | 178872694 | 2007-12-19 03:34:38 | 2 days 00:13:36 | 0|67.188.74.176 | 29 | with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their | jobs | shoes | and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy |
| 178873340 | 178873918 | 2007-12-19 03:42:19 | 0 days 00:03:39 | 2537811 | 28 | with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their | shoes | jobs | and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy |
| 179441714 | 179812877 | 2007-12-23 18:12:04 | 1 days 22:51:24 | 0|190.70.124.194 | 1 | east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market | was | were | largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it |
| 180613804 | 180667940 | 2007-12-28 20:24:50 | 0 days 05:37:04 | 400903 | 0 | sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . | there | three long sections | are only three larger sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] |
| 181459680 | 181693151 | 2008-01-02 20:46:56 | 0 days 22:21:22 | 0|68.5.232.120 | 2 | [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the | significantly | much | wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ |
| 182600825 | 182606149 | 2008-01-06 21:48:31 | 0 days 00:27:39 | 0|72.73.218.195 | 0 | a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four | persons | people | ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind |
| 1 | checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four persons ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a | sports | sport | car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards | |||||
| 3 | sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving | forwards | forward | . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] | |||||
| 182606149 | 182616020 | 2008-01-06 22:40:39 | 0 days 00:52:08 | 2537811 | 0 | checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a | sport | sports | car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply layed flat and kept driving forward |
| 183109949 | 183110157 | 2008-01-09 04:03:46 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 162210 | 0 | to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ | francesca ' s | october 3 | ]] [[ gay ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof |
| 185100297 | 185101915 | 2008-01-18 00:24:23 | 0 days 00:08:17 | 0|12.214.202.72 | 0 | ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - | year | yearse fest with nuts | " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government |
| 185101915 | 185101957 | 2008-01-18 00:24:37 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 171365 | 0 | ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - | yearse fest with nuts | year | " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government |
| 185253538 | 185254068 | 2008-01-18 18:53:54 | 0 days 00:02:25 | 6228264 | 0 | the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the | day | days of turmoil | construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west |
| 185254068 | 185273785 | 2008-01-18 20:27:25 | 0 days 01:33:31 | 2537811 | 0 | the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the | days of turmoil | day | construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west |
| 186281600 | 186292925 | 2008-01-23 06:03:28 | 0 days 01:26:37 | 686868 | 0 | [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four | zones | sectors | despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the |
| 188026093 | 188026301 | 2008-01-30 23:11:00 | 0 days 00:00:51 | 911178 | 0 | [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ | epic lol | iron curtain | ]] and many lulz have been created by its formation . the wall divided east berlin and [[ africa ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ |
| 188026301 | 188145977 | 2008-01-31 13:44:04 | 0 days 14:33:04 | 0|208.108.155.72 | 1 | the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , | work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . | fa | = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and |
| 188209668 | 188209811 | 2008-01-31 19:27:11 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 6227797 | 0 | ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . | lukas georgeff was a big meany head | the wall divided east berlin | and was as stupid as a pencil . [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it |
| 190525831 | 190526102 | 2008-02-11 02:23:39 | 0 days 00:01:31 | 0|24.91.51.85 | 1 | of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ whats up the | berlin walll was really a stupid idea | cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east | germany ) ) |
| 192015176 | 192015808 | 2008-02-17 06:59:52 | 0 days 00:05:58 | 686868 | 0 | kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that | it | visits in west germany and west berlin | would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next |
| 193649835 | 193676891 | 2008-02-24 10:56:14 | 0 days 04:43:03 | 0|213.73.68.136 | 0 | would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , | right now | without delay | " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . |
| 194684439 | 194702146 | 2008-02-28 18:16:47 | 0 days 01:23:58 | 0|76.76.239.2 | 0 | ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were | killed | raped and slaughtered | trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw |
| 194702146 | 194702172 | 2008-02-28 18:16:55 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 2092344 | 0 | ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were | raped and slaughtered | killed | trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw |
| 195694787 | 195845813 | 2008-03-04 18:16:50 | 0 days 17:09:42 | 0|72.67.90.61 | 0 | no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been | used | usedwith dick juice | in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of |
| 195845813 | 195845879 | 2008-03-04 18:17:11 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 538346 | 0 | no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been | usedwith dick juice | used | in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of |
| 196054243 | 196063351 | 2008-03-05 16:41:51 | 0 days 00:48:12 | 0|77.97.50.70 | 0 | ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , | at least | vfmnrmcmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmn gemma is hot hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhggdxsex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sexleast | by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of |
| 196063351 | 196063376 | 2008-03-05 16:42:00 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 1879647 | 0 | ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , | vfmnrmcmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmn gemma is hot hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhggdxsex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sexleast | at least | by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of |
| 196838468 | 196839535 | 2008-03-08 20:03:03 | 0 days 00:05:10 | 6483803 | 0 | graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the | touristy parts | tourist areas | of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " |
| 196946956 | 197071265 | 2008-03-09 20:31:11 | 0 days 14:27:18 | 0|98.17.134.249 | 0 | authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many | of its citizens still looked | west germans wanted | to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east |
| 197075558 | 197077024 | 2008-03-09 20:57:57 | 0 days 00:06:53 | 0|98.17.134.249 | 0 | ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were | around 5 , 000 | no | successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . |
| 2 | air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the | basic , initial fortifications | west germans deported him to east germany | . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the | |||||
| 197077024 | 197077031 | 2008-03-09 20:57:59 | 0 days 00:00:02 | 3622922 | 18 | ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were | no | around 5 , 000 | successful escapes into west berlin after the wall was built . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s |
| 22 | z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . the | west germans deported him to east germany | when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . | . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not | |||||
| 197723011 | 197723532 | 2008-03-12 14:36:28 | 0 days 00:02:45 | 3505251 | 0 | between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although | travel | traffic | between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg |
| 197723532 | 197732281 | 2008-03-12 15:22:03 | 0 days 00:45:35 | 3505251 | 2 | en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . | this position was | an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . yet another explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , | viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a |
| 5 | ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by | the wall | it | , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the | |||||
| 199097858 | 199098110 | 2008-03-18 15:13:29 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 0|208.27.127.62 | 1 | the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , | 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten | go away now | ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall |
| 199098110 | 199098162 | 2008-03-18 15:13:44 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 1879647 | 2 | - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . | this page is empty you shouldn ' t be here | = = construction begins | , go away now ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! |
| 201724471 | 201855065 | 2008-03-29 18:05:49 | 0 days 15:57:55 | 0|68.47.21.231 | 0 | asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] | = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 | you all need | to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [[ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past |
| 202125951 | 202125992 | 2008-03-30 19:59:06 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 2372780 | 1 | the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hahahahaha i hate the berlin wall so i decided to | delete all the text that someone carefully put together | stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners | to share with the world = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east |
| 2 | formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hahahahaha i hate the berlin wall so i decided to delete all the text that someone carefully put together to | share with | cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met | the world = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers | |||||
| 202294554 | 202513698 | 2008-04-01 10:43:33 | 0 days 20:42:28 | 0|220.246.164.11 | 0 | crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by | a | an | euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way |
| 202513698 | 202525275 | 2008-04-01 12:14:24 | 0 days 01:30:51 | 0|131.111.16.20 | 0 | crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by | an | a | euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way |
| 202525275 | 202536820 | 2008-04-01 13:23:40 | 0 days 01:09:16 | 0|208.182.113.239 | 0 | [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . | = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans | two fish | , many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land |
| 2 | = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split and | east berliners were cut off from their jobs | a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , | and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy | |||||
| 202536820 | 202537943 | 2008-04-01 13:30:00 | 0 days 00:06:20 | 911178 | 0 | [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . | two fish | = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans | , five chicken , eight rihnos , four hippos , one and a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six |
| 1 | border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . two fish , | five chicken , eight rihnos , four hippos , one | many families were split | and a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , and seven groundhogs jumped over the berlin wall chasing | |||||
| 2 | and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . two fish , five chicken , eight rihnos , four hippos , one and | a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , | east berliners were cut off from their jobs | and seven groundhogs jumped over the berlin wall chasing a cat and four buffalo = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed | |||||
| 204488418 | 204489282 | 2008-04-09 17:09:53 | 0 days 00:04:28 | 137113 | 0 | and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets | that they could push their luck no further | a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response | . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin |
| 204493107 | 204725508 | 2008-04-10 16:47:10 | 0 days 23:17:59 | 137113 | 2 | the wall as an end to concerns about a ddr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unneccessary | move | project | if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 |
| 205709007 | 205856138 | 2008-04-15 19:38:21 | 0 days 16:21:25 | 3313221 | 2 | use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which | was | were | restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west |
| 205856138 | 205859140 | 2008-04-15 19:51:47 | 0 days 00:13:26 | 911178 | 1 | west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous were the [[ friedrichstraße ]] subway ( u - bahn ) station and ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which | were | was | restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west |
| 210732007 | 210975287 | 2008-05-08 05:56:41 | 1 days 01:56:30 | 608356 | 2 | improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly | criticised | criticized | the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its |
| 211225942 | 211226287 | 2008-05-09 10:02:08 | 0 days 00:03:52 | 686868 | 3 | ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that | gave | allowed | west berliners the chance to apply for visa for travel to east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already applicable for west germans . ' ' ' |
| 5 | berlin ]] , agreements were reached that gave west berliners the chance to apply for visa for travel to east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already | applicable | in force | for west germans . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west | |||||
| 214991201 | 215551281 | 2008-05-28 18:27:39 | 2 days 12:19:20 | 355538 | 2 | ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] | . construction | , in a wooded area to the north | of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 |
| 7 | berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly | involving the soviets | involved | . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn | |||||
| 8 | . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . | it | the barrier | was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to | |||||
| 10 | them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the | city | first concrete elements | and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | | |||||
| 11 | to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and | completely surrounded west berlin | large blocks being put in place on august 15 | . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in | |||||
| 231100032 | 231103661 | 2008-08-10 22:13:25 | 0 days 00:19:40 | 4626 | 0 | ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification | were | was | the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit |
| 231103661 | 231103940 | 2008-08-10 22:14:59 | 0 days 00:01:34 | 4626 | 0 | [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint | as well as | and | in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited |
| 237224577 | 237252350 | 2008-09-09 10:14:28 | 0 days 04:08:11 | 0|150.101.115.110 | 0 | of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before | being | it was | removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little |
| 237420572 | 237421084 | 2008-09-10 02:42:59 | 0 days 00:04:00 | 7823265 | 4 | ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of | german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) | gay sex there just stay away from the male because you dont know who to trust dont bend over | and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( |
| 5 | republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and | a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in | then micheal jackson goes there and gets all | the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border | |||||
| 237421084 | 237421104 | 2008-09-10 02:43:05 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 2372780 | 4 | german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . many people lived in berlin and the german decided to build a wall so that the berlin | people could keep the rabbit problem the berlin people are normally very hot and have nice arses every one should go there cause you get laid every night and there is lots | ) . = = = divergence | of gay sex there just stay away from the male because you dont know who to trust dont bend over and then micheal jackson goes there and gets all the children |
| 5 | keep the rabbit problem the berlin people are normally very hot and have nice arses every one should go there cause you get laid every night and there is lots of | gay sex there just stay away from the male because you dont know who to trust dont bend over | german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) | and then micheal jackson goes there and gets all the children and thats how they built the berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad | |||||
| 6 | cause you get laid every night and there is lots of gay sex there just stay away from the male because you dont know who to trust dont bend over and | then micheal jackson goes there and gets all | a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in | the children and thats how they built the berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to see it all crumbled even parts of it | |||||
| 8 | then micheal jackson goes there and gets all the children and thats how they built the berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to | see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone | stop east germans | from people bouncing up and down and erosion = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | | |||||
| 9 | how they built the berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone from | people bouncing up | fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east | and down and erosion = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german | |||||
| 10 | berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone from people bouncing up and | down | west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east | and erosion = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers | |||||
| 237730525 | 237758626 | 2008-09-11 18:11:26 | 0 days 02:28:30 | 137113 | 0 | [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint | and | as well as | in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited |
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 2 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people | had been | were | killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / |
| 24 | additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other | installations . | obstacles were installed along | = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , | |||||
| 26 | the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the | last readily accessible option for | due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer | travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners cut off from their jobs and | |||||
| 37 | restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] | ( | and zimmerstraße , also known as | [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . | |||||
| 239050940 | 239141721 | 2008-09-17 23:56:00 | 0 days 07:40:53 | 736477 | 2 | points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits | at | during the | christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on |
| 9 | had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and | the permission | approval | was never guaranteed . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans | |||||
| 239163147 | 239319359 | 2008-09-18 16:33:40 | 0 days 14:49:37 | 736477 | 3 | exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . special | rules | procedures | applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , mostly to prevent inadvertent violation of |
| 4 | german border controls . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , | mostly | again with the intent | to prevent inadvertent violation of allied policy governing the four - power status of berlin as a whole . = = = escape attempts = = = ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long | license plate said fresh and | it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole | |||
| 12 | to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had | taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall | dice in the mirror if anything i can say this cab is rare but i thought ' now forget it ' - ' yo homes to bel air ' i pulled up to the house about 7 or 8 and i yelled to the cabbie ' yo homes smell ya later ' i looked at my kingdom i was finally there to sit on my throne | as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if | |||||
| 242755000 | 242755785 | 2008-10-03 14:46:42 | 0 days 00:03:55 | 0|66.28.221.133 | 1 | pleaded with her day after day but she packed my suite case and send me on my way she gave me a kiss and then she gave me my ticket . | i put my walkman | jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art | on and said , ' i might as well kick it ' . first class , yo this is bad drinking orange juice out of a champagne glass . is this |
| 3 | bel - air the type of place they send this cool cat ? i don ' t think sow i ' ll see when i get there i hope they ' | re prepared for the prince of bel - air well , the plane landed and when i came out there | berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) | was a dude who looked like a cop standing there with my name out i ain ' t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the quickness | |||||
| 4 | see when i get there i hope they ' re prepared for the prince of bel - air well , the plane landed and when i came out there was a | dude who looked like a cop standing there with my name out i ain | physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer | ' t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab and when it came near the license | |||||
| 6 | there was a dude who looked like a cop standing there with my name out i ain ' t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the | quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab | border between east | and when it came near the license plate said fresh and it had dice in the mirror if anything i can say this cab is rare but i thought ' now | |||||
| 7 | with my name out i ain ' t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab and | when it | [[ west germany ]] . both borders | came near the license plate said fresh and it had dice in the mirror if anything i can say this cab is rare but i thought ' now forget it ' | |||||
| 8 | out i ain ' t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab and when it came | near | to symbolize | the license plate said fresh and it had dice in the mirror if anything i can say this cab is rare but i thought ' now forget it ' - ' | |||||
| 9 | ain ' t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab and when it came near the | license plate said fresh and | [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long | it had dice in the mirror if anything i can say this cab is rare but i thought ' now forget it ' - ' yo homes to bel air ' | |||||
| 10 | i just got here i sprang with the quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab and when it came near the license plate said fresh and it had | dice in the mirror if anything i can say this cab is rare but i thought ' now forget it ' - ' yo homes to bel air ' i pulled up to the house about 7 or 8 and i yelled to the cabbie ' yo homes smell ya later ' i looked at my kingdom i was finally there to sit on my throne | taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall | as the prince of bel air | |||||
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 14 | response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that | west german morale needed lifting and that there | interviewed early on in | was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin |
| 16 | west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ | berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift | run | ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ | |||||
| 18 | berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on | it | http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml | ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons | |||||
| 27 | nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was | vitally important | includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which | for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d | |||||
| 33 | the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a | display | muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : | of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who | |||||
| 34 | crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of | strength | celebration | and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known | |||||
| 38 | ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more | serious response . accordingly | stated that they will both write the next picture , but only stoller will direct . < ref name = " stoller " / > on [[ march 31 ]] [[ 2008 ]] , ' ' first showing ' ' revealed details about the new muppet film . < ref name = " first " > billington , alex . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . firstshowing . net / 2008 / 03 / 31 / jason - segel - reveals - new - muppets - movie - details / | title = jason segel reveals new muppets movie details | publisher = first showing | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 08 }} < / ref > ' ' coming soon ' ' reported similar news . < ref name = " coming " > newgen , heather . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . comingsoon . net / news / movienews . php ? id = 43501 | title = exclusive : in the future with segel and hader ! | publisher = coming soon | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 09 }} < / ref > after an interview with jason segel , ' ' first ' ' announced , " it ' s going to be incredibly old - fashioned , with the familiar muppet characters putting on a show to save an old theater . the danger ? an evil character wants to tear the place down to get at the oil underneath . " < ref name = " first " / > segel stated that he was the most enthusiastic about the project , also stating , " i just remember being 10 years old | , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial | |||||
| 40 | vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ | lucius d . clay | comprehensive list | ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor | |||||
| 42 | the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an | anti - communist who was known to | wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki | have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson | |||||
| 43 | placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have | a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with | . they also make | five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and | |||||
| 44 | 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five | battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them | appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos | to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . | |||||
| 45 | with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be | reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded | been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from | by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , | |||||
| 55 | been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that | said that east berliners would | http : / / www . youtube . com / user / patrioticeagle " patrioticeagle " ] ( run by [[ sam the eagle | sam the eagle ]] ) | be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier | |||||
| 57 | . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are | badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both | {{ portal | muppets }} * [[ jim henson ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear | with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german | |||||
| 58 | the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with | and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple | the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal | on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while | |||||
| 83 | fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : | سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn | na muppets | ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa | |||||
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 10 | , the fraggles of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above - | mentioned non | pov | - " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] ( |
| 14 | the first season of ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' . guest stars on some of these programs have occasionally had muppet versions of themselves . it was | a regular practice for the first few episodes of ' ' the muppet show ' ' , and [[ zz top ]] , among others , have appeared as muppet versions of themselves on ' ' sesame street . the puppet characters of ' ' [[ farscape ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the storyteller ]] ' ' , ' ' mother goose stories ' ' , ' ' [[ the hoobs ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ construction site ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ dinosaurs ( tv series ) | dinosaurs ]] ' ' , as well as from the films ' ' [[ labyrinth ( film ) | labyrinth ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ teenage mutant ninja turtles ( film ) | teenage mutant ninja turtles ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ buddy ( film ) | buddy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the country bears ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the dark crystal ]] ' ' , are not considered muppets {{ fact | date = june 2008 }} , as they were made by [[ jim henson ' s creature shop ]] , rather than by henson ' s muppet workshop . the puppet casts of ' ' [[ puppet up ! ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ tinseltown ]] ' ' are also not considered muppets as they were made by the jim henson company after the sale of the muppets in 2004 . the ' ' [[ star wars ]] ' ' character [[ yoda ]] was voiced by [[ frank oz ]] , one of henson ' s regular performers , and is often referred to as a muppet in media and reference works ; he is not , however , a muppet and henson ' s organization was not involved in the character ' s design . the muppets ' popularity has been so expansive | clear both | that muppet characters have been treated as celebrities in their own right {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . the muppets have presented at the [[ academy awards ]] | |||||
| 15 | is not , however , a muppet and henson ' s organization was not involved in the character ' s design . the muppets ' popularity has been so expansive that | muppet characters have been treated as celebrities in their own right {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . the muppets have presented at the [[ academy awards ]] and [[ emmy awards ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; made [[ cameo role | cameo appearances ]] in such feature films as ' ' [[ rocky iii ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ an american werewolf in london ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ mr . magorium ' s wonder emporium ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] | west german morale needed lifting and that there | was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / | |||||
| 16 | | date = february 2008 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was | interviewed early on in | a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the | [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com | |||||
| 27 | this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the | muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ the great muppet caper ]] ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets take manhattan ]] ' ' ( 1984 ) : ' ' [[ jim henson ' s muppetvision 3d ]] ' ' ( 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet christmas carol ]] ' ' ( 1992 ) : ' ' [[ muppet treasure island ]] ' ' ( 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' ( 1999 ) = = = telefilms = = = : ' ' [[ it ' s a very merry muppet christmas movie ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets ' wizard of oz ]] ' ' ( 2005 ) = = = television series = = = : ' ' [[ sam and friends ]] ' ' ( 1955 - 61 ) : ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' ( 1969 - present ) : ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' ( 1975 - 1976 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' ( 1976 - 1981 ) : ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( 1983 - 87 ) : ' ' [[ muppet babies ]] ' ' ( 1984 - 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' ( 1989 special on [[ nbc ]] , regular show on [[ fox broadcasting company | fox ]] from 1992 - 1995 ) : ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' ( 1994 - 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' ( 1996 - 1998 ) = = = television specials = = = : ' ' hey cinderella ! ' ' ( 1970 ) : ' ' [[ the frog prince ( muppets ) | the frog prince ]] ' ' ( 1971 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet musicians of bremen ]] ' ' ( 1972 ) : ' ' the muppets valentine show ' ' ( 1974 ) : ' ' [[ emmet otter ' s jug - band christmas ]] ' ' ( 1977 ) : ' ' the muppets go hollywood ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ john denver and the muppets : a christmas together ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' the muppets go | display | to the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' ( | |||||
| 28 | and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the | muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : | strength | a celebration of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the | |||||
| 30 | ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration of | 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the bunny picnic ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ a muppet family christmas ]] ' ' ( 1987 ) : ' ' song of the cloud forest ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets at walt disney world ]] ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' the muppets celebrate jim henson ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' [[ mr . willowby ' s christmas tree ]] ' ' ( 1995 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ dylan | french pressure | and cole sprouse ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ selena gomez ]] ' ' ( | |||||
| 32 | ] ' ' [[ variety ( magazine ) | variety ]] ' ' . retrieved : [[ april 5 ]] , [[ 2008 ]] < / ref > they have also | stated that they will both write the next picture , but only stoller will direct . < ref name = " stoller " / > on [[ march 31 ]] [[ 2008 ]] , ' ' first showing ' ' revealed details about the new muppet film . < ref name = " first " > billington , alex . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . firstshowing . net / 2008 / 03 / 31 / jason - segel - reveals - new - muppets - movie - details / | title = jason segel reveals new muppets movie details | publisher = first showing | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 08 }} < / ref > ' ' coming soon ' ' reported similar news . < ref name = " coming " > newgen , heather . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . comingsoon . net / news / movienews . php ? id = 43501 | title = exclusive : in the future with segel and hader ! | publisher = coming soon | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 09 }} < / ref > after an interview with jason segel , ' ' first ' ' announced , " it ' s going to be incredibly old - fashioned , with the familiar muppet characters putting on a show to save an old theater . the danger ? an evil character wants to tear the place down to get at the oil underneath . " < ref name = " first " / > segel stated that he was the most enthusiastic about the project , also stating , " i just remember being 10 years old | general | and for me kermit was tom hanks . kermit is like the original everyman and i remember watching the old muppets with my parents and seeing peter sellers and people like | |||||
| 33 | name = " first " / > segel stated that he was the most enthusiastic about the project , also stating , " i just remember being 10 years old and | for me kermit was tom hanks . kermit is like the original everyman and i remember watching the old muppets with my parents and seeing peter sellers and people like that on . i ' ve always had muppet pictures and figurines all through my house . now that i ' m getting to write it , i feel like all of my dreams are coming true . " < ref name = " coming " / > = = pop culture = = muppet - like and muppet - inspired puppets star in the 2004 [[ tony award ]] - winning [[ broadway theatre | broadway ]] musical ' ' [[ avenue q ]] ' ' ( which disavows any relationship with sesame workshop or the jim henson company ) . [[ peter jackson ]] ' s film , ' ' [[ meet the feebles ]] ' ' is another parody of the muppets . ' ' [[ the simpsons ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ family guy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - | lucius d . clay | for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] | |||||
| 34 | ' [[ family guy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more | comprehensive list | , | , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for | |||||
| 36 | ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see [[ | wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki | a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with | ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube | |||||
| 37 | and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] | . they also make | battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them | an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of | |||||
| 38 | and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an | appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos | reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded | have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the | |||||
| 40 | ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five | youtube accounts that appear | glover s . johns jr . | to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube . | |||||
| 41 | muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be | run | was alerted | by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user | |||||
| 51 | . youtube . com / user / weirdowhatever " weirdowhatever " ] ( run by [[ gonzo the great | the great gonzo ]] ) = = see also = = | {{ portal | muppets }} * [[ jim henson ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear | allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane | in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com | |||||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 14 | response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that | west german morale needed lifting and that there | interviewed early on in | was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin |
| 16 | west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ | berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift | run | ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ | |||||
| 18 | berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on | it | http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml | ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons | |||||
| 27 | nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was | vitally important | includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which | for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d | |||||
| 33 | the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a | display | muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : | of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who | |||||
| 34 | crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of | strength | celebration | and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known | |||||
| 38 | ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more | serious response . accordingly | stated that they will both write the next picture , but only stoller will direct . < ref name = " stoller " / > on [[ march 31 ]] [[ 2008 ]] , ' ' first showing ' ' revealed details about the new muppet film . < ref name = " first " > billington , alex . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . firstshowing . net / 2008 / 03 / 31 / jason - segel - reveals - new - muppets - movie - details / | title = jason segel reveals new muppets movie details | publisher = first showing | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 08 }} < / ref > ' ' coming soon ' ' reported similar news . < ref name = " coming " > newgen , heather . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . comingsoon . net / news / movienews . php ? id = 43501 | title = exclusive : in the future with segel and hader ! | publisher = coming soon | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 09 }} < / ref > after an interview with jason segel , ' ' first ' ' announced , " it ' s going to be incredibly old - fashioned , with the familiar muppet characters putting on a show to save an old theater . the danger ? an evil character wants to tear the place down to get at the oil underneath . " < ref name = " first " / > segel stated that he was the most enthusiastic about the project , also stating , " i just remember being 10 years old | , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial | |||||
| 40 | vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ | lucius d . clay | comprehensive list | ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor | |||||
| 42 | the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an | anti - communist who was known to | wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki | have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson | |||||
| 43 | placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have | a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with | . they also make | five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and | |||||
| 44 | 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five | battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them | appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos | to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . | |||||
| 45 | with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be | reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded | been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from | by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , | |||||
| 55 | been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that | said that east berliners would | http : / / www . youtube . com / user / patrioticeagle " patrioticeagle " ] ( run by [[ sam the eagle | sam the eagle ]] ) | be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier | |||||
| 57 | . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are | badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both | {{ portal | muppets }} * [[ jim henson ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear | with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german | |||||
| 58 | the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with | and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple | the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal | on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while | |||||
| 83 | fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : | سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn | na muppets | ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa | |||||
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 10 | , the fraggles of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above - | mentioned non | pov | - " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] ( |
| 14 | the first season of ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' . guest stars on some of these programs have occasionally had muppet versions of themselves . it was | a regular practice for the first few episodes of ' ' the muppet show ' ' , and [[ zz top ]] , among others , have appeared as muppet versions of themselves on ' ' sesame street . the puppet characters of ' ' [[ farscape ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the storyteller ]] ' ' , ' ' mother goose stories ' ' , ' ' [[ the hoobs ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ construction site ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ dinosaurs ( tv series ) | dinosaurs ]] ' ' , as well as from the films ' ' [[ labyrinth ( film ) | labyrinth ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ teenage mutant ninja turtles ( film ) | teenage mutant ninja turtles ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ buddy ( film ) | buddy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the country bears ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the dark crystal ]] ' ' , are not considered muppets {{ fact | date = june 2008 }} , as they were made by [[ jim henson ' s creature shop ]] , rather than by henson ' s muppet workshop . the puppet casts of ' ' [[ puppet up ! ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ tinseltown ]] ' ' are also not considered muppets as they were made by the jim henson company after the sale of the muppets in 2004 . the ' ' [[ star wars ]] ' ' character [[ yoda ]] was voiced by [[ frank oz ]] , one of henson ' s regular performers , and is often referred to as a muppet in media and reference works ; he is not , however , a muppet and henson ' s organization was not involved in the character ' s design . the muppets ' popularity has been so expansive | clear both | that muppet characters have been treated as celebrities in their own right {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . the muppets have presented at the [[ academy awards ]] | |||||
| 15 | is not , however , a muppet and henson ' s organization was not involved in the character ' s design . the muppets ' popularity has been so expansive that | muppet characters have been treated as celebrities in their own right {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . the muppets have presented at the [[ academy awards ]] and [[ emmy awards ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; made [[ cameo role | cameo appearances ]] in such feature films as ' ' [[ rocky iii ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ an american werewolf in london ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ mr . magorium ' s wonder emporium ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] | west german morale needed lifting and that there | was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / | |||||
| 16 | | date = february 2008 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was | interviewed early on in | a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the | [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com | |||||
| 27 | this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the | muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ the great muppet caper ]] ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets take manhattan ]] ' ' ( 1984 ) : ' ' [[ jim henson ' s muppetvision 3d ]] ' ' ( 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet christmas carol ]] ' ' ( 1992 ) : ' ' [[ muppet treasure island ]] ' ' ( 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' ( 1999 ) = = = telefilms = = = : ' ' [[ it ' s a very merry muppet christmas movie ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets ' wizard of oz ]] ' ' ( 2005 ) = = = television series = = = : ' ' [[ sam and friends ]] ' ' ( 1955 - 61 ) : ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' ( 1969 - present ) : ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' ( 1975 - 1976 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' ( 1976 - 1981 ) : ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( 1983 - 87 ) : ' ' [[ muppet babies ]] ' ' ( 1984 - 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' ( 1989 special on [[ nbc ]] , regular show on [[ fox broadcasting company | fox ]] from 1992 - 1995 ) : ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' ( 1994 - 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' ( 1996 - 1998 ) = = = television specials = = = : ' ' hey cinderella ! ' ' ( 1970 ) : ' ' [[ the frog prince ( muppets ) | the frog prince ]] ' ' ( 1971 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet musicians of bremen ]] ' ' ( 1972 ) : ' ' the muppets valentine show ' ' ( 1974 ) : ' ' [[ emmet otter ' s jug - band christmas ]] ' ' ( 1977 ) : ' ' the muppets go hollywood ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ john denver and the muppets : a christmas together ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' the muppets go | display | to the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' ( | |||||
| 28 | and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the | muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : | strength | a celebration of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the | |||||
| 30 | ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration of | 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the bunny picnic ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ a muppet family christmas ]] ' ' ( 1987 ) : ' ' song of the cloud forest ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets at walt disney world ]] ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' the muppets celebrate jim henson ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' [[ mr . willowby ' s christmas tree ]] ' ' ( 1995 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ dylan | french pressure | and cole sprouse ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ selena gomez ]] ' ' ( | |||||
| 32 | ] ' ' [[ variety ( magazine ) | variety ]] ' ' . retrieved : [[ april 5 ]] , [[ 2008 ]] < / ref > they have also | stated that they will both write the next picture , but only stoller will direct . < ref name = " stoller " / > on [[ march 31 ]] [[ 2008 ]] , ' ' first showing ' ' revealed details about the new muppet film . < ref name = " first " > billington , alex . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . firstshowing . net / 2008 / 03 / 31 / jason - segel - reveals - new - muppets - movie - details / | title = jason segel reveals new muppets movie details | publisher = first showing | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 08 }} < / ref > ' ' coming soon ' ' reported similar news . < ref name = " coming " > newgen , heather . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . comingsoon . net / news / movienews . php ? id = 43501 | title = exclusive : in the future with segel and hader ! | publisher = coming soon | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 09 }} < / ref > after an interview with jason segel , ' ' first ' ' announced , " it ' s going to be incredibly old - fashioned , with the familiar muppet characters putting on a show to save an old theater . the danger ? an evil character wants to tear the place down to get at the oil underneath . " < ref name = " first " / > segel stated that he was the most enthusiastic about the project , also stating , " i just remember being 10 years old | general | and for me kermit was tom hanks . kermit is like the original everyman and i remember watching the old muppets with my parents and seeing peter sellers and people like | |||||
| 33 | name = " first " / > segel stated that he was the most enthusiastic about the project , also stating , " i just remember being 10 years old and | for me kermit was tom hanks . kermit is like the original everyman and i remember watching the old muppets with my parents and seeing peter sellers and people like that on . i ' ve always had muppet pictures and figurines all through my house . now that i ' m getting to write it , i feel like all of my dreams are coming true . " < ref name = " coming " / > = = pop culture = = muppet - like and muppet - inspired puppets star in the 2004 [[ tony award ]] - winning [[ broadway theatre | broadway ]] musical ' ' [[ avenue q ]] ' ' ( which disavows any relationship with sesame workshop or the jim henson company ) . [[ peter jackson ]] ' s film , ' ' [[ meet the feebles ]] ' ' is another parody of the muppets . ' ' [[ the simpsons ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ family guy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - | lucius d . clay | for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] | |||||
| 34 | ' [[ family guy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more | comprehensive list | , | , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for | |||||
| 36 | ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see [[ | wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki | a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with | ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube | |||||
| 37 | and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] | . they also make | battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them | an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of | |||||
| 38 | and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an | appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos | reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded | have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the | |||||
| 40 | ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five | youtube accounts that appear | glover s . johns jr . | to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube . | |||||
| 41 | muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be | run | was alerted | by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user | |||||
| 51 | . youtube . com / user / weirdowhatever " weirdowhatever " ] ( run by [[ gonzo the great | the great gonzo ]] ) = = see also = = | {{ portal | muppets }} * [[ jim henson ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear | allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane | in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com | |||||
| 245370107 | 245417666 | 2008-10-15 10:41:25 | 0 days 07:04:30 | 0|98.181.39.113 | 2 | of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one | controlled | governed | by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] |
| 245417666 | 245418082 | 2008-10-15 10:45:36 | 0 days 00:04:11 | 0|98.181.39.113 | 3 | of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was sectioned into four military zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one | governed | controlled | by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] |
| 246474803 | 246619818 | 2008-10-21 00:19:35 | 0 days 13:12:14 | 736477 | 0 | missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by | road or rail | land | to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha |
| 247201275 | 247265283 | 2008-10-23 22:25:51 | 0 days 05:40:17 | 0|72.91.146.62 | 0 | ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were | required | require | to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces |
| 247265283 | 247265491 | 2008-10-23 22:27:09 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 911178 | 0 | ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were | require | required | to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces |
| 255351460 | 255351569 | 2008-12-02 03:51:07 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 0|68.33.196.243 | 2 | german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : uyfukyfuvj , hvuyv [[ allied control council ]] , | was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone | jhv ; opjpojlkmni / nin / lkn / inddr | . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american |
| 255707690 | 255707707 | 2008-12-03 21:07:31 | 0 days 00:00:05 | 4678253 | 3 | this is a wall that is the guinness book of world records for the most people having sex in it ! though most of them die from the scorching heat of | this wall ! when u have sex with someone stick | graffiti art on | the dickin the hole the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on |
| 255707707 | 255794738 | 2008-12-04 06:17:39 | 0 days 09:10:08 | 0|24.150.100.199 | 2 | europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , | from the day | 4 december 2008 ( utc ) < / nowiki > y | construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref |
| 256070488 | 256154730 | 2008-12-06 01:40:12 | 0 days 08:28:17 | 0|68.164.228.214 | 5 | checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence | up to | some | 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s |
| 9 | mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses | in | contained | between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the | |||||
| 10 | in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences | torn down | were razed | and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . | |||||
| 11 | , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and | their | the | inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was | |||||
| 12 | on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated | . a | , thus establishing the | [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel | |||||
| 16 | and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . | it | the no man ' s land | was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , | |||||
| 18 | no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , | making it | rendering footprints | easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to | |||||
| 19 | land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to | spot footprints | notice | ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . | |||||
| 21 | . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most | importantly | important | , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 | |||||
| 22 | gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear | field | fields | of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( | |||||
| 23 | it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire | to | for | the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 | |||||
| 25 | ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . | over | through | the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( | |||||
| 256389672 | 256389779 | 2008-12-07 09:06:23 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 3505251 | 0 | separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was | dismantled beginning in late | opened on [[ november 9th ]] , | 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / |
| 256683536 | 256850381 | 2008-12-09 16:11:14 | 0 days 19:57:18 | 4634493 | 1 | ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 , and was | considered to be | fully erected in | a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 |
| 2 | 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 , and was considered to be a | longtime symbol | matter | of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , | |||||
| 257231643 | 257231828 | 2008-12-11 07:09:13 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 911178 | 0 | taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be | killed | shot | while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 |
| 257284183 | 257291690 | 2008-12-11 16:06:25 | 0 days 00:50:25 | 0|71.130.177.243 | 10 | west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few | weeks | decades | , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it |
| 257291690 | 257299643 | 2008-12-11 16:51:58 | 0 days 00:45:33 | 352579 | 7 | west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by east germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few | decades | weeks | , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it |
| 258133599 | 258134007 | 2008-12-15 15:47:51 | 0 days 00:02:16 | 0|71.130.177.243 | 9 | across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian | government | governmnigger ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ent | with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move |
| 12 | 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two | months | monthfuck s | before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council | |||||
| 258135144 | 258137090 | 2008-12-15 16:03:25 | 0 days 00:09:50 | 1430004 | 5 | across the inigggggggggerrrrrrrrrrnner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian | governmnigger ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ent | government | with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually ' ' ' improved , many east germans |
| 6 | 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two | monthfuck s | months | before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council | |||||
| 258203997 | 258204890 | 2008-12-15 21:31:40 | 0 days 00:03:53 | 0|76.217.13.119 | 1 | ]] . the shit that was laid by east germans separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day | construction | of the shitting | began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com |
| 258206239 | 258209070 | 2008-12-15 21:49:42 | 0 days 00:12:46 | 5177550 | 4 | ]] . the shit that was laid by east germans separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day | of the shitting | construction | began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . it took 3 years and 2892 people to make the berlin shit . |
| 261502761 | 262136422 | 2009-01-05 18:46:03 | 2 days 23:19:18 | 0|209.189.130.83 | 2 | art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , | with the wall ' s location marked | then to italy but it stopped | in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] |
| 3 | death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in | yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] | ireland for some alcoholic beverages | . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ | |||||
| 262136422 | 262136515 | 2009-01-05 18:46:36 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 1064243 | 3 | {st@rt} the berlin wall was the biggest wall ever built . it stretched from hamas to south china , | then to italy but it stopped | with the wall ' s location marked | in ireland for some alcoholic beverages . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction |
| 263617744 | 263696071 | 2009-01-12 23:52:01 | 0 days 06:25:51 | 0|90.42.7.114 | 0 | word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and | chorus | choir | were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = |
| 263821320 | 263867351 | 2009-01-13 19:27:23 | 0 days 03:46:24 | 0|38.116.200.64 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 136 people were | 1 person was | confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed |
| 263867351 | 263867716 | 2009-01-13 19:29:01 | 0 days 00:01:38 | 5311630 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 1 person was | 136 people were | confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed |
| 264175505 | 264315387 | 2009-01-15 20:15:39 | 0 days 17:48:46 | 4082790 | 0 | and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for | tensions | tension | between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - |
| 264315387 | 264375104 | 2009-01-16 01:24:50 | 0 days 05:09:11 | 0|76.202.130.24 | 0 | = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence | yet that the communist regime | ! ! ! ! cailtin summer isabella cleboaki was here ! ! ! ! | gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < |
| 264375104 | 264375116 | 2009-01-16 01:24:56 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 4928500 | 0 | = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence | ! ! ! ! cailtin summer isabella cleboaki was here ! ! ! ! | yet that the communist regime | gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < |
| 265706760 | 265707979 | 2009-01-22 14:41:49 | 0 days 00:06:38 | 0|87.194.34.71 | 0 | of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , | like | as | in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western |
| 265797534 | 265797894 | 2009-01-22 22:37:55 | 0 days 00:01:48 | 634828 | 2 | of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , | as | like | in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western |
| 266392994 | 266477211 | 2009-01-26 06:59:11 | 0 days 09:12:57 | 67403 | 0 | these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through | summer | the middle of | 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until |
| 266478122 | 266480479 | 2009-01-26 07:26:56 | 0 days 00:20:28 | 119438 | 7 | [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died | attempting | trying | to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg |
| 267773207 | 267773340 | 2009-02-01 05:25:28 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 214542 | 0 | to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than | 25 years | a quarter - century | , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / |
| 1 | and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until | it | the wall | was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 | |||||
| 267773340 | 267773611 | 2009-02-01 05:27:32 | 0 days 00:02:04 | 214542 | 2 | republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and | the | its | standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner |
| 267773611 | 267775034 | 2009-02-01 05:39:44 | 0 days 00:12:12 | 214542 | 0 | the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . | us | u . s . | and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had |
| 267775871 | 267776359 | 2009-02-01 05:51:18 | 0 days 00:04:09 | 214542 | 0 | ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force | basically | essentially | until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to |
| 2 | . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though | there was variation in | the | the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces | |||||
| 267776359 | 267776477 | 2009-02-01 05:52:19 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 214542 | 0 | , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been | controversial | disputed | . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death |
| 267776477 | 267777243 | 2009-02-01 05:59:00 | 0 days 00:06:41 | 214542 | 0 | the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to | leave | return | . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which |
| 268125931 | 268285347 | 2009-02-03 17:38:20 | 0 days 19:03:47 | 0|194.46.231.203 | 4 | germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . | berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] | people organised protests but there | was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | |
| 5 | . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was | divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders | nothing they could do | , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) | |||||
| 6 | similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the | advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones | barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders | to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] | |||||
| 7 | the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to | be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted | shoot anyone trying | to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet | |||||
| 9 | the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the | territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr | other side | . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between | |||||
| 10 | for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , | calling the situation " intolerable " | over 200 innocent people were killed this way | . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & | |||||
| 268285347 | 268287827 | 2009-02-03 17:51:45 | 0 days 00:13:25 | 65541 | 1 | berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . at first getting through the berlin wall was easy . | people could walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked | svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 | . but this became more and more freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed |
| 2 | at first getting through the berlin wall was easy . people could walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked . but this became more and more freequent and the | german government quickly stopped this | territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown | . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the | |||||
| 3 | wall was easy . people could walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked . but this became more and more freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . | people organised protests but there | berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] | was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side . , over 200 | |||||
| 4 | walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked . but this became more and more freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there was | nothing they could do | divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders | , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side . , over 200 innocent people were killed this | |||||
| 5 | questions being asked . but this became more and more freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the | barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders | advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones | to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side . , over 200 innocent people were killed this way . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ | |||||
| 6 | freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to | shoot anyone trying | be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted | to get over to the other side . , over 200 innocent people were killed this way . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall | |||||
| 7 | government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to | get over | move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents | to the other side . , over 200 innocent people were killed this way . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 | |||||
| 8 | . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the | other side | territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr | . , over 200 innocent people were killed this way . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | |||||
| 10 | but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side . , | over 200 innocent people were killed this way | calling the situation " intolerable " | . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building | |||||
| 268961174 | 269234820 | 2009-02-08 00:55:12 | 1 days 06:33:13 | 0|68.94.13.35 | 3 | 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people | were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures | had big bloody periods | . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe |
| 269234820 | 269234850 | 2009-02-08 00:55:24 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 981424 | 0 | ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation | aid | barrier | | aid ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east persia ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer |
| 269933512 | 270229031 | 2009-02-12 14:56:02 | 1 days 10:27:59 | 0|75.36.29.153 | 1 | ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the butt was | very big | an " anti - fascist | protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe |
| 271675098 | 271760872 | 2009-02-19 05:58:15 | 0 days 07:35:30 | 9021500 | 0 | on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; | industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all | but the tearing down | of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . |
| 1 | next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the | rest of it | wall was started by ronald reagan who came to berlin with a sledgehammer in 1989 and almost single handedly destroyed the entire berlin wall | . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = | |||||
| 271760872 | 271761880 | 2009-02-19 06:05:55 | 0 days 00:07:40 | 5177550 | 1 | celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; but the tearing down of the | wall was started by ronald reagan who came to berlin with a sledgehammer in 1989 and almost single handedly destroyed the entire berlin wall | rest of it | . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = |
| 271867978 | 271903645 | 2009-02-19 20:12:39 | 0 days 02:48:03 | 0|198.209.47.114 | 0 | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside | the soviet zone | a vagina | . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american |
| 271903645 | 271925346 | 2009-02-19 21:50:12 | 0 days 01:37:33 | 0|79.178.227.167 | 0 | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside | a vagina | the soviet zone | . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american |
| 272467225 | 272476022 | 2009-02-22 11:42:29 | 0 days 01:00:09 | 0|93.132.133.36 | 6 | . some {{ who }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution | and | [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] | is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of |
| 272476848 | 272516025 | 2009-02-22 16:14:50 | 0 days 04:27:41 | 96897 | 0 | . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = | one of the most | a | unique pieces of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the |
| 273674256 | 273674565 | 2009-02-27 15:58:19 | 0 days 00:01:44 | 9091630 | 0 | it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . it was built by | oliver smith | santa vii | , who resided in hampshire , uk . in the 1950 ' s it was used by [ retards ] who used to headbutt it . = = background = = |
| 274232751 | 274242379 | 2009-03-01 21:22:25 | 0 days 00:39:38 | 0|78.16.204.122 | 0 | concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a | concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall | black saxafone player l | , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] |
| 274242379 | 274315302 | 2009-03-02 02:07:06 | 0 days 04:44:41 | 96897 | 1 | formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] a | black saxafone player l | concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall | , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] |
| 274322212 | 274328124 | 2009-03-02 03:04:29 | 0 days 00:26:42 | 0|64.92.142.206 | 1 | bot generated title --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to | official figures | the beloved childrens show dora the explorer | . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe |
| 274344223 | 274348982 | 2009-03-02 04:57:55 | 0 days 00:27:39 | 96897 | 1 | bot generated title --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to | the beloved childrens show dora the explorer | official figures | . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from left to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe |
| 276398128 | 276398569 | 2009-03-10 23:53:18 | 0 days 00:02:17 | 0|68.81.17.165 | 1 | for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . | jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point | wikipedia is | for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of |
| 276398569 | 276398619 | 2009-03-10 23:53:29 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 850418 | 1 | usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction - you | know what , fuck this | are leaving | . wikipedia is for nerds = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' |
| 278130591 | 278130870 | 2009-03-18 16:15:32 | 0 days 00:01:29 | 6984319 | 0 | world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of | this route | the zonal border between occupied zones in germany | , the number of eastern europeans moving westward in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 |
| 278854882 | 278889365 | 2009-03-22 05:34:54 | 0 days 03:58:53 | 0|98.210.160.132 | 1 | ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandry for some eastern bloc | stated | states | that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural - - especially between where no prior border existed between east |
| 279056784 | 279058833 | 2009-03-23 01:19:54 | 0 days 00:12:58 | 6984319 | 0 | , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to | the war | the | closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split |
| 279162751 | 279624669 | 2009-03-25 17:43:39 | 2 days 02:21:56 | 0|146.145.25.154 | 0 | east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr | officials | officialsi have boogers | denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 |
| 279624669 | 279635295 | 2009-03-25 18:34:46 | 0 days 00:51:07 | 0|129.95.35.143 | 0 | east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr | officialsi have boogers | officials | denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 |
| 280576244 | 280625910 | 2009-03-30 11:26:09 | 0 days 07:02:28 | 0|87.38.134.112 | 2 | ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as | shoot to kill | party | orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co |
| 280625910 | 280626722 | 2009-03-30 11:32:07 | 0 days 00:05:58 | 3505251 | 1 | ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as | party | shoot to kill | orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co |
| 281875067 | 281894492 | 2009-04-05 13:52:21 | 0 days 02:58:08 | 0|70.172.199.144 | 1 | exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = | = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] | otherfucker die i love puppysand jill | = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} an seminal moment in the years preceding the |
| 283526349 | 283682015 | 2009-04-14 00:18:34 | 0 days 15:37:18 | 1099776 | 0 | come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . | another | the sewer system preceded the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girmann group | girmann student group ]] . an | airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german |
| 288317163 | 288317903 | 2009-05-06 18:44:59 | 0 days 00:04:10 | 1099776 | 1 | essentially a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million aliens that had | landed in the mother ship | left by 1961 totaled | approximately 20 % of the entire alien population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | |
| 293533219 | 294710470 | 2009-06-06 02:50:18 | 5 days 10:47:34 | 593712 | 0 | symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter | - | of a | century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / |
| 296788035 | 296824043 | 2009-06-16 20:29:38 | 0 days 03:25:16 | 8219500 | 0 | . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was | divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , | matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . | each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom |
| 296827382 | 296832081 | 2009-06-16 21:13:27 | 0 days 00:25:34 | 8219500 | 0 | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . and his opposing force the | russians , ruled by dmitriy kotov | french army was led some fag eating a cruller | . each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united |
| 298939014 | 299164112 | 2009-06-28 18:53:11 | 1 days 04:52:17 | 0|67.81.121.251 | 0 | out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . | this was | little known protester , carolyn schneider , would often rally for | the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people |
| 299164112 | 299165691 | 2009-06-28 19:04:01 | 0 days 00:10:50 | 0|75.2.134.42 | 0 | as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr | , again with the intent | . this was intended | to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by |
| 299165691 | 299253062 | 2009-06-29 05:09:02 | 0 days 10:05:01 | 0|76.3.104.243 | 0 | = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would | begin being | start to become | physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than |
| 299551518 | 299552541 | 2009-06-30 18:36:20 | 0 days 00:06:13 | 0|171.66.240.162 | 1 | washington , dc }} < / ref > * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for the | 20th anniversary | web and in different theaters . this | is one of many efforts created for the 20th anniversary from individuals around the world = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - |
| 306465427 | 306538732 | 2009-08-07 04:34:49 | 0 days 08:18:22 | 6984319 | 8 | magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , | at least | around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between | 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 |
| 9 | / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than | and | 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der | |||||
| 306539582 | 306540083 | 2009-08-07 04:46:29 | 0 days 00:04:37 | 6984319 | 3 | and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when | travelling | traveling | in this manner . * ' ' ' rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service |
| 4 | berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( duty ) trains that | travelled | traveled | between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of | |||||
| 5 | germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons | travelling | traveling | on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as | |||||
| 6 | berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains | travelled | traveled | only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east | |||||
| 308887262 | 309060395 | 2009-08-20 13:05:07 | 0 days 22:19:29 | 6971250 | 0 | out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . | little known protester carolyn schneider would often rally for | this was | the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url |
| 311192075 | 311278175 | 2009-09-01 14:03:37 | 0 days 12:33:20 | 6971250 | 7 | ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw , | georgia ]] on loan | lobbies of hotels and corporations | , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' |
| 312587321 | 312588680 | 2009-09-08 13:57:31 | 0 days 00:10:56 | 0|194.202.122.223 | 1 | issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s the | day visa cost 5 dm . one also | western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part | had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day |
| 312830147 | 312892342 | 2009-09-10 01:10:40 | 0 days 06:05:38 | 74286 | 0 | = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would | start | begin | to become physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september |
| 1 | fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would start to | become physically | be | torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 | |||||
| 2 | image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would start to become physically torn apart in the | upcoming | following | days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists | |||||
| 314279419 | 314293303 | 2009-09-16 07:06:38 | 0 days 02:04:37 | 0|213.160.63.117 | 0 | occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods | and | yo mama | infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain |
| 315255142 | 315255881 | 2009-09-21 08:16:07 | 0 days 00:07:59 | 204692 | 2 | to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could | any | call into question the reliability | of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin |
| 3 | viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of | america ' s | the united states in the eyes of its | other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended | |||||
| 4 | if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies | rely on it ? | . | on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < | |||||
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 146 | , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] | ' ' | " | ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . |
| 158 | < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] is also the date of the | end | failure | of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic | |||||
| 160 | of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the | anniversary | date | of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was | |||||
| 162 | , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 | and | . so | , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , | |||||
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 4 | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , ' ' an die freude ' ' ( " [[ ode to joy ]] | " | ' ' | ) . this had the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' ' ( " freedom " ) in the text |
| 13 | history - and some of them are infamous . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ 9 november ]] is also the date of the | failure | end | of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in 1918 , the | |||||
| 19 | of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in 1918 , the | date | anniversary | of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . | |||||
| 20 | date of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 | . so | and | , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ | |||||
| 316594007 | 316652688 | 2009-09-28 09:47:24 | 0 days 09:10:49 | 6971250 | 0 | bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped | most | almost all | such emigration and separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com |
| 317191642 | 317216464 | 2009-10-01 03:30:12 | 0 days 02:54:26 | 911178 | 0 | large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 | berliners demonstrated | demonstraters in berlin | urged the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' |
| 317216464 | 317216603 | 2009-10-01 03:31:23 | 0 days 00:01:11 | 911178 | 0 | large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 | demonstraters in berlin urged | berliners demonstrated for | the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' |
| 317571115 | 317605383 | 2009-10-03 07:21:25 | 0 days 05:19:56 | 1715251 | 0 | " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with | figures | estimates | of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government |
| 317824549 | 317979368 | 2009-10-05 04:18:29 | 0 days 16:16:48 | 1938651 | 3 | august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the | 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions | us | , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order |
| 5 | the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ | tactical nuclear weapon | < ref > see | ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august | |||||
| 323358471 | 323393153 | 2009-11-02 01:53:39 | 0 days 03:22:26 | 10834630 | 0 | life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets | passed a law transferring control | gave east germany authority | over civilian access in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while passing control to a regime not recognized in the west |
| 3 | ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > when large numbers of east germans then defected under | the guise of " visits " | this regime | , the new east german state essentially eliminated all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin | |||||
| 323548634 | 323553877 | 2009-11-02 21:57:58 | 0 days 00:25:01 | 6340927 | 1 | heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . a west german television channel , ard , | reporting | broadcast | incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference helped accelerate the flood . < ref > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / |
| 2 | television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . a west german television channel , ard , reporting incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference | helped accelerate | . after hearing | the flood . < ref > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn / | |||||
| 323760074 | 323771791 | 2009-11-03 21:37:36 | 0 days 01:01:38 | 6340927 | 2 | effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a member of the east german politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been | on vacation prior to this decision | involved in the discussions about the new regulations | and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www |
| 323839905 | 323840518 | 2009-11-04 05:01:42 | 0 days 00:04:34 | 10519822 | 1 | date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' | t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in | ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by | the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still |
| 4 | thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany | was built into a brick | ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] | , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . during a [[ revolutions | |||||
| 324105954 | 324119733 | 2009-11-05 18:01:53 | 0 days 01:22:11 | 0|12.165.250.13 | 4 | moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the | 750th anniversary | [[ general secretary | of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{ quote | we welcome change and |
| 324280095 | 324283750 | 2009-11-06 14:58:34 | 0 days 00:28:00 | 6971250 | 0 | / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = | even now , some | for many | years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] |
| 324284101 | 324284253 | 2009-11-06 15:02:26 | 0 days 00:01:14 | 6971250 | 0 | ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated however that only about a tenth of the population | where | was | still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans also |
| 324471571 | 324471890 | 2009-11-07 15:34:27 | 0 days 00:02:26 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 1 | footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; most | important | importantly | , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # |
| 324660090 | 324677923 | 2009-11-08 17:52:51 | 0 days 01:56:50 | 216103 | 0 | , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 | and | . [[ nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued the euphoria | , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , |
| 324701296 | 324721869 | 2009-11-08 22:06:03 | 0 days 01:58:26 | 0|93.73.52.68 | 0 | , so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference | and | . | when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as |
| 324735970 | 324762845 | 2009-11-09 02:09:24 | 0 days 02:37:38 | 10972407 | 1 | east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " | death | landing | strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner |
| 324762845 | 324762884 | 2009-11-09 02:09:39 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 4928500 | 0 | east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " | landing | death | strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner |
| 1 | > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . | get drunk | during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany | and watch meatspin ( www . meatspin . com ) | |||||
| 324800740 | 324804014 | 2009-11-09 07:58:09 | 0 days 00:40:25 | 0|75.57.187.213 | 0 | of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , | like | as | in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western |
| 324839056 | 324839194 | 2009-11-09 13:57:56 | 0 days 00:01:08 | 0|213.64.19.23 | 1 | / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html deutsche welle , the | " infrastrucure " and technique of the berlin wall in detail , | former inner german border with dw ' s | animated video ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years |
| 324842902 | 324843477 | 2009-11-09 14:31:09 | 0 days 00:04:20 | 6971250 | 2 | : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over | 1 , 000 | a thaousand | crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : |
| 324850374 | 324850598 | 2009-11-09 15:21:22 | 0 days 00:01:30 | 0|38.103.27.10 | 0 | , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = | due to | because of | the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were |
| 324892029 | 324899185 | 2009-11-09 20:08:59 | 0 days 00:38:36 | 10909561 | 1 | {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day | in | at the | [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through |
| 324899185 | 324899230 | 2009-11-09 20:09:13 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 0|86.44.251.71 | 0 | locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers | who | which | took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it |
| 324918158 | 324919679 | 2009-11-09 21:58:15 | 0 days 00:08:41 | 0|86.42.78.215 | 0 | 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to | reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient | recons pearse has a tiny penis | and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 |
| 1 | , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and | a detailed accounting of | likes to fuck animals . his favourite is | the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} | |||||
| 2 | soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the | industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > | sheep | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |||||
| 324919679 | 324919964 | 2009-11-09 21:59:36 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 1477111 | 0 | 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to | recons pearse has a tiny penis | reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient | and likes to fuck animals . his favourite is the sheep = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin |
| 1 | > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to recons pearse has a tiny penis and | likes to fuck animals . his favourite is | a detailed accounting of | the sheep = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader | |||||
| 2 | soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to recons pearse has a tiny penis and likes to fuck animals . his favourite is the | sheep | industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |||||
| 324941032 | 324941378 | 2009-11-09 23:50:15 | 0 days 00:01:51 | 0|75.186.53.125 | 1 | = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the | end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 | 1961 period it | had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < |
| 2 | and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had | fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | so many homosexuals having sex on it | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |||||
| 324941378 | 324942089 | 2009-11-09 23:53:57 | 0 days 00:03:42 | 8214624 | 2 | ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the berlin during the | 1961 period it | end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 | had so many homosexuals having sex on it = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} |
| 3 | germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the berlin during the 1961 period it had | so many homosexuals having sex on it | fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |||||
| 324942089 | 324949378 | 2009-11-10 00:33:49 | 0 days 00:39:52 | 0|71.112.226.115 | 1 | could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration | made polite protests | protested the construction of the wall | at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and |
| 3 | stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , | even though it was | despite being | a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed | |||||
| 324951791 | 324951813 | 2009-11-10 00:48:35 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 8214624 | 3 | could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration | protested the construction of the wall | made polite protests | at length via the usual channels , but without fervor , despite being a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united |
| 5 | east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration protested the construction of the wall at length via the usual channels , but without fervor , | despite being | even though it was | a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed | |||||
| 324962097 | 324962711 | 2009-11-10 01:50:50 | 0 days 00:03:42 | 1723027 | 1 | the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall | will be | were | stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / |
| 325101666 | 325109373 | 2009-11-10 20:21:24 | 0 days 00:40:22 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 0 | ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped | into west germany , many | from the gdr by crossing | over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin |
| 325364978 | 325366116 | 2009-11-12 02:34:13 | 0 days 00:08:51 | 0|202.158.12.194 | 14 | | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries | began | begaroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin walln | a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 |
| 325366116 | 325367008 | 2009-11-12 02:40:35 | 0 days 00:06:22 | 4916882 | 3 | | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries | begaroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin walln | began | a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 |
| 325368306 | 325399652 | 2009-11-12 07:44:53 | 0 days 04:54:38 | 0|60.242.26.79 | 0 | wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the | [[ end of | my penis got bigger it was | world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per |
| 325399652 | 325399702 | 2009-11-12 07:45:26 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 6193373 | 0 | wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the | my penis got bigger it was | [[ end of | world war 2 , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ |
| 325472365 | 325479502 | 2009-11-12 18:58:29 | 0 days 00:55:42 | 11003532 | 0 | < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely | elected | had sex with | parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , |
| 325481087 | 325481176 | 2009-11-12 19:08:17 | 0 days 00:00:32 | 8214624 | 0 | < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely | had sex with | elected | parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , |
| 325526737 | 325552397 | 2009-11-13 02:23:02 | 0 days 02:58:07 | 0|63.248.139.15 | 4 | ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the | [[ potsdam agreement | [ ( i ; love pussy ! | ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , |
| 325552397 | 325552663 | 2009-11-13 02:25:05 | 0 days 00:02:03 | 8214624 | 3 | ]] , what remained of [[ skankey nasty ass hary pussy ]] west of the [[ the right pussy flap ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the | [ ( i ; love pussy ! | [[ potsdam agreement | ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , |
| 325566615 | 325566651 | 2009-11-13 04:33:30 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 0|150.101.251.68 | 1 | ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of | world war ii in europe | the first episode | ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement |
| 325566651 | 325566841 | 2009-11-13 04:35:21 | 0 days 00:01:51 | 8214624 | 1 | of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = postman pat = = = after the [[ end of | the first episode | world war ii in europe | ]] , what remained of [[ cat ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] |
| 328175183 | 328177656 | 2009-11-27 08:30:15 | 0 days 00:25:23 | 6971250 | 0 | 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " | , during which | with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the brandenburg gate . a high point was when | over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = |
| 1 | = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over | 1 , 000 | 1000 colorfully designed | foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " | |||||
| 329300134 | 329300378 | 2009-12-02 20:04:51 | 0 days 00:01:38 | 0|164.113.70.253 | 0 | months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of | the inner german border | ryan jacobs | = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration |
| 329300378 | 329300628 | 2009-12-02 20:06:32 | 0 days 00:01:41 | 0|164.113.70.249 | 0 | months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of | ryan jacobs | something | = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration |
| 329300628 | 329301847 | 2009-12-02 20:13:43 | 0 days 00:07:11 | 10546115 | 0 | months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of | something | ryan jacobs | = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration |
| 329301847 | 329302104 | 2009-12-02 20:15:11 | 0 days 00:01:28 | 10546115 | 0 | months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of | ryan jacobs | the inner german border | = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration |
| 329391143 | 329423612 | 2009-12-03 09:06:23 | 0 days 04:27:09 | 6971250 | 4 | - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . | three | two | western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[ |
| 5 | ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition | on | of | visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces | |||||
| 329423612 | 329424623 | 2009-12-03 09:17:13 | 0 days 00:10:50 | 6971250 | 0 | ( checkpoint bravo for the allied forces ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping | using | via | canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] |
| 1 | - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . | two | three | western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[ | |||||
| 330703212 | 330704150 | 2009-12-09 18:37:18 | 0 days 00:05:34 | 21047 | 1 | felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 in german history | november 9 ]] would | have made | make | a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | |
| 338404595 | 338517464 | 2010-01-18 07:45:03 | 0 days 12:54:09 | 6971250 | 1 | right into the wall . she was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards , but a west german policeman returned fire and rescued him from the vehicle , which | became | had become | entangled in the barbed wire . < ref > hertle , hans - hermann ( 2008 ) . ' ' the berlin wall : monument of the cold war ' ' |
| 338786950 | 339044413 | 2010-01-20 22:47:01 | 1 days 05:12:50 | 10593201 | 0 | > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . | during | after several weeks of local civil unrest following | a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil |
| 339322107 | 339326768 | 2010-01-22 11:09:16 | 0 days 00:53:04 | 0|121.1.11.120 | 0 | of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , | tammy lyons is | with | the most sexy girl | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the |
| 340122205 | 340369904 | 2010-01-27 17:59:47 | 1 days 05:32:21 | 205121 | 1 | . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt = hot _ author ] * {{ | harvard reference | citation | | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year |
| 343535162 | 343773536 | 2010-02-13 17:47:19 | 1 days 04:57:14 | 5326371 | 4 | . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , | parts of the wall were | a euphoric public and souvenir hunters | chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved |
| 11 | . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions | occurred | increased | between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting | |||||
| 23 | was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy | , with an | . the soviets had | unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | |||||
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 33 | spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . | however | but | , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after |
| 34 | , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after | the shootings of | east german police shot and killed | would - be defectors , later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = | |||||
| 343779602 | 343780168 | 2010-02-13 18:20:19 | 0 days 00:02:39 | 5326371 | 2 | ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised how long | it had taken | the east germans took | for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; |
| 343780168 | 343781933 | 2010-02-13 18:30:31 | 0 days 00:10:12 | 5326371 | 0 | s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 . ]] during the | wall ' s existence there were | years of the wall , | around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence |
| 18 | berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims with graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts | included | used a variety of methods : digging | long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance | |||||
| 20 | that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . | this issue was rectified with | the east germans then built | zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system preceded the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the | |||||
| 343784334 | 343784856 | 2010-02-13 18:48:35 | 0 days 00:03:09 | 5326371 | 2 | fall of the berlin wall . the campaign was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and students at over 20 universities | will participate | participated | in " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls |
| 343784856 | 343787074 | 2010-02-13 18:58:31 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 5326371 | 3 | longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section | with hints of the full installation , but | that is | partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain |
| 7 | rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they | also raised | temporarily erected | more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 | |||||
| 8 | / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , | there still was talk | people | in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] | |||||
| 344168111 | 344187198 | 2010-02-15 10:55:18 | 0 days 03:30:58 | 6971250 | 2 | a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove | almost | most of | the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background |
| 346309531 | 346312588 | 2010-02-25 16:08:16 | 0 days 00:18:19 | 6971250 | 1 | " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in | symbolic | historicly significant | locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers |
| 347116998 | 347117220 | 2010-03-01 16:51:57 | 0 days 00:01:11 | 0|206.80.29.75 | 0 | , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ don ' t hassle the hoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for | freedom | love | ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there |
| 1 | rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ don ' t hassle the hoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for | freedom | love | ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < | |||||
| 347133221 | 347136856 | 2010-03-01 18:40:55 | 0 days 00:19:09 | 5177550 | 0 | ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ | crack heads | united states | ]] , [[ the stoners ]] , [[ the man whores ]] and the [[ damn commies ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied |
| 1 | agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ crack heads ]] , [[ | the stoners | united kingdom | ]] , [[ the man whores ]] and the [[ damn commies ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was | |||||
| 5 | , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ don ' t hassle the hoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for | love | freedom | ( song ) | looking for love ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there | |||||
| 6 | rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ don ' t hassle the hoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for love ( song ) | looking for | love | freedom | ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < | |||||
| 347527877 | 347577719 | 2010-03-03 21:01:14 | 0 days 04:48:01 | 985645 | 0 | 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and [[ | subway | berlin u - bahn | u - bahn | ]] train access still available to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = |
| 348460083 | 348494021 | 2010-03-08 08:03:06 | 0 days 04:30:35 | 6971250 | 0 | < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible | than | then | because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left |
| 355153543 | 355153697 | 2010-04-10 15:31:28 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 0|84.77.74.198 | 2 | / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making | post | pre | - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 |
| 3 | powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , | goods | wars | and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > | |||||
| 355153697 | 355153879 | 2010-04-10 15:32:47 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 11743424 | 2 | / ref > within three years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making | pre | post | - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , wars and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 |
| 3 | powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making pre - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , | wars | goods | and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > | |||||
| 355970305 | 355978383 | 2010-04-14 15:09:36 | 0 days 00:49:55 | 0|69.74.54.2 | 0 | berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the | wall stopped almost | dirty jew dogs | all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov |
| 355978383 | 355978433 | 2010-04-14 15:09:57 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 3150196 | 0 | berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the | dirty jew dogs | wall stopped almost | all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov |
| 355978433 | 355978473 | 2010-04-14 15:10:08 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 0|69.74.54.2 | 0 | berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the | wall stopped almost | dirty jew dogs | all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov |
| 355978473 | 355978566 | 2010-04-14 15:10:42 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 3150196 | 0 | berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the | dirty jew dogs | wall stopped almost | all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov |
| 359269429 | 359330771 | 2010-04-30 21:34:57 | 0 days 06:04:30 | 0|70.155.125.3 | 0 | soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s | lying | location | deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > |
| 362054246 | 362093204 | 2010-05-14 13:54:49 | 0 days 05:35:16 | 0|208.108.154.247 | 0 | ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . | the separate | mariah justice is awesome | and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron |
| 1 | as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and | much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] | dont use wikipedia : p because its unreliable | . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 | |||||
| 362093344 | 362094029 | 2010-05-14 14:00:38 | 0 days 00:04:55 | 334792 | 0 | ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . | ' ' ' mariah justice is awesome | the separate | and dont use wikipedia : p because its unreliable . ' ' ' the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " |
| 363268461 | 363268864 | 2010-05-20 21:02:57 | 0 days 00:02:00 | 5026668 | 2 | not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' kept the jews out of germany | because hitler loved them | ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) | . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize |
| 363705709 | 363808496 | 2010-05-23 22:09:59 | 0 days 10:54:35 | 0|65.11.226.59 | 1 | - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by | one | two | of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the |
| 363808496 | 363818331 | 2010-05-23 23:09:58 | 0 days 00:59:59 | 262550 | 0 | war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was not divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by | two | one | of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the |
| 363922912 | 364011539 | 2010-05-24 22:54:04 | 0 days 09:03:26 | 591174 | 6 | border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence | from | between | 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ |
| 364160963 | 364239018 | 2010-05-26 03:49:01 | 0 days 08:49:20 | 591174 | 0 | ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1961 , | that | and | completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete |
| 364254931 | 364276881 | 2010-05-26 10:44:21 | 0 days 04:01:37 | 6984319 | 0 | the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in | the u . s . {{ citation needed | date = may 2010 }} government and most | some | european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] |
| 364481851 | 364487169 | 2010-05-27 14:38:59 | 0 days 00:39:30 | 6971250 | 1 | this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * | old age | elderly | pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1965 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e |
| 364580158 | 364580648 | 2010-05-28 00:55:15 | 0 days 00:03:38 | 4201347 | 1 | fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . that mercy is like so cute and | sweet | the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef |
| 366083032 | 366099790 | 2010-06-04 23:09:49 | 0 days 01:59:54 | 0|93.220.100.2 | 0 | including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from | [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] | two area codes | . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - |
| 2 | . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , | a euphoric public and souvenir hunters | the who | chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ | |||||
| 4 | other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial | equipment | guitars | to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 | |||||
| 366099790 | 366102397 | 2010-06-04 23:28:49 | 0 days 00:19:00 | 262550 | 0 | including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from | two area codes | [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] | . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscized a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - |
| 2 | . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , | the who | a euphoric public and souvenir hunters | chipped away parts of the wall ; the who later used industrial guitars to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ | |||||
| 4 | west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , the who chipped away parts of the wall ; the who later used industrial | guitars | equipment | to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 | |||||
| 366512975 | 366521234 | 2010-06-07 08:27:18 | 0 days 01:15:10 | 6971250 | 6 | a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel | built for | underneath the wall as | a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary |
| 7 | to west berlin through a tunnel * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a | specific escape | rescue route * * ' ' [[ tunnel | , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the | |||||
| 8 | through a tunnel * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , | which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas | the | ]] in the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast | |||||
| 9 | ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] | in | ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , | the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december | |||||
| 368038978 | 368159388 | 2010-06-15 11:54:05 | 0 days 15:12:00 | 6971250 | 1 | - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] | removed | effectively disabled | its physical border defenses with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | |
| 369026140 | 369426506 | 2010-06-21 20:34:40 | 2 days 03:24:41 | 12425613 | 0 | " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , | they | protesters | were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus ! " }} ' ' ( " we want |
| 1 | more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were | of | mostly | people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus ! " }} ' ' ( " we want out ! | |||||
| 375059882 | 375060179 | 2010-07-23 16:45:26 | 0 days 00:01:57 | 0|156.56.137.240 | 1 | ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 | title = american commemorative stamps presented to the museum | accessdate = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = | unknown | allied museum | | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin |
| 388783895 | 388820175 | 2010-10-05 02:54:15 | 0 days 03:41:45 | 0|205.208.213.99 | 0 | | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the | [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that | what | later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus |
| 388820175 | 388862767 | 2010-10-05 09:40:58 | 0 days 06:46:43 | 6971250 | 3 | what later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the death strip ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and | thus | also | enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered |
| 388863805 | 389131965 | 2010-10-06 16:59:38 | 1 days 07:07:43 | 1902795 | 3 | . clay ]] , an anti - communist known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . | he | clay was immensely popular with the residents of west berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that kennedy would not compromise on the status of west berlin . clay | and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived |
| 389132750 | 389329152 | 2010-10-07 14:59:01 | 0 days 21:54:30 | 0|141.43.69.1 | 3 | where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , | which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : | in the context of a designed landscape of memory being created since 2009 ; | an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former |
| 6 | at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a | longer | third | section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section | |||||
| 11 | a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a | third section that | comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , | is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also | |||||
| 12 | the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is | partly reconstructed , | available | in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts | |||||
| 14 | the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at | [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 | www | . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are | |||||
| 15 | side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . | some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city | berlin - wall - map | . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around | |||||
| 389330154 | 389349828 | 2010-10-07 16:55:20 | 0 days 01:50:48 | 3308922 | 1 | 1990 - 1991 , many remnants and traces can be found all around west berlin . the border wall facing towards west - berlin is preserved in three locations : at | [ bernauer straße ]] north of the city centre | its original site | , in the context of a designed landscape of memory being created since 2009 ; an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) stretch at the [[ topography |
| 2 | found all around west berlin . the border wall facing towards west - berlin is preserved in three locations : at [ bernauer straße ]] north of the city centre , | in the context of a designed landscape of memory being created since 2009 ; | which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : | an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) stretch at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way | |||||
| 4 | the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; and a | third | longer | section in liesenstraße . a long stretch of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the | |||||
| 8 | of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . a | comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , | third section that | is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at http : / / www . berlin - wall - map . com fragments of the wall | |||||
| 9 | [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is | available | partly reconstructed , | in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at http : / / www . berlin - wall - map . com fragments of the wall were taken | |||||
| 389878566 | 389918108 | 2010-10-10 18:01:13 | 0 days 04:38:26 | 0|86.138.69.210 | 0 | a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused | its | it ' s | construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting |
| 389918108 | 389918206 | 2010-10-10 18:01:45 | 0 days 00:00:32 | 0|86.138.69.210 | 0 | a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused | it ' s | its | construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting |
| 389918206 | 390024324 | 2010-10-11 07:46:14 | 0 days 13:44:29 | 6971250 | 0 | egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions | which | that | had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the |
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 24 | to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when | traveling | travelling | by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( |
| 394024649 | 394469996 | 2010-11-02 22:52:29 | 2 days 03:33:52 | 0|74.178.248.60 | 0 | circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " | and | an | other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to |
| 394471250 | 394472308 | 2010-11-02 23:05:44 | 0 days 00:05:49 | 0|81.100.247.213 | 0 | circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " | an | and | other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to |
| 398244809 | 398275575 | 2010-11-22 17:08:51 | 0 days 03:12:44 | 0|217.86.65.6 | 2 | the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending | that these were | jo jo is a furry pogy | initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property |
| 398275575 | 398275606 | 2010-11-22 17:09:04 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 13286072 | 3 | the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending | jo jo is a furry pogy | that these were | initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property |
| 398858085 | 399051464 | 2010-11-27 00:47:52 | 1 days 03:59:26 | 16710 | 10 | shift ]] * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ | berlin crisis of 1961 # | checkpoint charlie stand - off | | stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] |
| 400927362 | 400927652 | 2010-12-06 21:35:14 | 0 days 00:01:36 | 0|99.145.15.171 | 2 | on 16 november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in | september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary | jizz from head | to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe |
| 400927652 | 400927696 | 2010-12-06 21:35:26 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 12666844 | 1 | : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] they had suuuuupeeerrrr huge ball sacks and | covered girls | , | in jizz from head to toe . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west |
| 2 | the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] they had suuuuupeeerrrr huge ball sacks and covered girls in | jizz from head | september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary | to toe . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | |||||
| 406120287 | 406120386 | 2011-01-05 18:08:02 | 0 days 00:00:35 | 7609840 | 0 | [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the | line | curve | of the long close [[ luisenstädtischer canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map |
| 409992456 | 409993256 | 2011-01-25 16:45:49 | 0 days 00:04:54 | 6971250 | 0 | various institutions around the world . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , | including | and in public spaces aroung | the [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ berlin border |
| 427752945 | 427753574 | 2011-05-06 14:38:50 | 0 days 00:04:15 | 13543148 | 1 | 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a | " hundred | 50 or 100 | more years " {{ citation _ needed | date = may 2011 }} if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over |
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 40 | = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | | publisher | work | = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar |
| 44 | united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | | publisher | work | = times | location = london }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in | |||||
| 438816969 | 439163215 | 2011-07-12 22:11:43 | 1 days 23:24:49 | 42558 | 4 | 2009 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the | border with proper permission | changes , | but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , |
| 5 | so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . | when the italian journalist [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , the berlin correspondent | one | of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " | |||||
| 8 | note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , the berlin correspondent of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would | come into | take | effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " | |||||
| 17 | immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem , | but | they were ordered to find the " more aggressive " people gathered at the gates and stamp their passports with a special stamp that barred them from returning to east germany - - in effect , revoking their citizenship . however , this still left thousands of people demanding to be let through " as schabowski said we can . " < ref name = revolution1989 / > | it became clear that no one among the east german authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way | |||||
| 439163215 | 439164131 | 2011-07-12 22:17:43 | 0 days 00:06:00 | 42558 | 0 | ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' ; this of course meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . | a moderator stated : | later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman hans joachim friedrichs proclaimed , | " this ninth of november is a historic day . " " east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref |
| 440540857 | 440729712 | 2011-07-21 22:02:32 | 1 days 01:28:03 | 42558 | 1 | - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] < / ref > however , ulbricht had pushed for a border closure for quite some time , | and | arguing that east germany ' s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > | khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ’ s tacit indication that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector of berlin . |
| 443420038 | 444182652 | 2011-08-11 02:29:24 | 4 days 03:33:03 | 292168 | 0 | inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " | between | that separated | western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 & nbsp ; million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and |
| 445092140 | 445097289 | 2011-08-16 04:28:36 | 0 days 00:53:53 | 9243491 | 2 | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = [ august 13 , 2011 , event ( 50 years | ago , | after its | construction began ) ] . . . . . . . ( adding text and refs . ) = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification |
| 445097289 | 445112728 | 2011-08-16 07:20:53 | 0 days 02:52:17 | 6971250 | 5 | iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . | talks | at the [[ bernauer straße ]] memorial park | extolled freedom and a minute of silence honored those who died trying to flee to the west . " it is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to |
| 448621897 | 448750565 | 2011-09-06 14:01:14 | 0 days 19:13:14 | 723354 | 0 | union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location | deep inside | fully within | the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two |
| 476209082 | 477490937 | 2012-02-18 06:08:57 | 7 days 05:24:36 | 11922695 | 1 | / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . masses of chinese users | have used | began using | it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . berlin twitter wall was quickly blocked by the chinese authorities . < ref > [ http : / / www |
| 484827186 | 485297583 | 2012-04-03 07:36:00 | 2 days 21:10:00 | 6971250 | 3 | earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . a new railway around west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , | was started to be built | commenced in | 1951 and when finished in 1961 , it was more practical to close the border . = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and |
| 4 | cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . a new railway around west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , was started to be built 1951 | and when finished | . following the completion of the railway | in 1961 , it was more practical to close the border . = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants | |||||
| 495435112 | 495598155 | 2012-06-02 10:37:55 | 1 days 00:18:47 | 16879935 | 0 | , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , | providing | provided | that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east |
| 1 | those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they | used | use | a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] . | |||||
| 503455175 | 503485036 | 2012-07-21 20:28:08 | 0 days 03:51:14 | 173996 | 0 | be in uniform when traveling in this manner . * ' ' ' rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden | from using | to use | commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a |
| 531845407 | 534109278 | 2013-01-21 04:04:38 | 13 days 06:42:10 | 16284871 | 0 | 20 november 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with | estimates of the resulting | an estimated | death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , |
| 557702538 | 558026448 | 2013-06-02 20:40:42 | 2 days 04:27:23 | 1108424 | 0 | largely eliminated . the economy in the gdr began to grow . but , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers | used | portrayed | it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts |
| 564456970 | 564457234 | 2013-07-16 04:14:36 | 0 days 00:02:54 | 14644224 | 0 | the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert , which was attended by 300 , 0000 in person , and broadcast | live | delayed | on television and radio . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , " i ' m not here for or against any government , ” “i ' ve |
| 568939424 | 569120812 | 2013-08-18 19:36:42 | 1 days 04:36:40 | 59005 | 2 | bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step | toward | towards | german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson |
| 574665859 | 574666082 | 2013-09-26 22:32:27 | 0 days 00:01:50 | 16715243 | 1 | warning reached not u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the kennedy | home | compound ]] in | [[ hyannis port ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he was relieved that the east germans and the soviets had only divided berlin without |
| 575021955 | 575031930 | 2013-09-29 18:28:06 | 0 days 01:27:14 | 1108424 | 0 | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] | and | , | a [[ guard tower ]] . photo by george garrigues ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file |
| 2 | the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] and a [[ guard tower ]] . | photo | ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . photos | by george garrigues ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | |||||
| 576012629 | 576163852 | 2013-10-07 17:10:28 | 1 days 00:25:25 | 18611911 | 0 | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | four | five | occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : |
| 1 | west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the | four | five | occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the united states , the united kingdom , france and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of | |||||
| 576163852 | 576167532 | 2013-10-07 17:34:21 | 0 days 00:23:53 | 4358157 | 0 | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | five | four | occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the five occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : |
| 1 | west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into five occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the | five | four | occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the united states , the united kingdom , france and the [[ soviet union ]] and [[ saarland ]] | |||||
| 576711458 | 576975608 | 2013-10-13 11:19:23 | 1 days 23:12:39 | 7496434 | 1 | german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling | continued to be carried out | of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 | by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . |
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 8 | name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states | that | , which | had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany |
| 9 | germany . construction of a new railway bypassing west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , | it was | closing the barrier became a | more practical to close the border . = = = brain drain = = = {{ further | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and | |||||
| 12 | used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that it was khrushchev | from whom | that | the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ | |||||
| 13 | of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency | which | that | was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on august | |||||
| 24 | 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . | it | the wall | was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed | |||||
| 29 | allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . | those | these | crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the | |||||
| 41 | step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only made east germans hungrier for more of the freedoms that springsteen epitomized . while john f . kennedy | or | and | ronald reagan delivered their famous speeches from the safety of west berlin , springsteen ' s speaking out against the wall in the middle of east berlin added to the euphoria | |||||
| 623943583 | 629623801 | 2014-10-14 20:43:44 | 41 days 18:59:13 | 5495886 | 1 | force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . finally , at 10 : 45 pm , the guards | yielded , opening | to open | the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . as the ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' ' swarmed through , |
| 629623801 | 629624465 | 2014-10-14 20:49:30 | 0 days 00:05:46 | 76027 | 0 | , directed by [[ guy hamilton ]] * * ' ' [[ casino royale ( 1967 film ) | casino royale ]] ' ' , 1967 – featuring a segment centred | around | on | a house apparently bisected by the wall . * * ' ' [[ the wicked dreams of paula schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 – cold war spy farce about an |
| 631993537 | 632215818 | 2014-11-03 00:37:18 | 1 days 14:51:48 | 18865486 | 2 | the next few weeks , euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . | the destruction of the wall itself began | until it was opened | in [[ summer 1990 ]] and lasted until 1992 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion |
| 633066096 | 633074293 | 2014-11-09 10:25:29 | 0 days 01:56:33 | 115938 | 3 | / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html | title = record of the | conversation | telephone call between khrushchev and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 | | language = de | publisher = welt . de | date = 30 may 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > however , other sources |
| 633093439 | 633105760 | 2014-11-09 16:34:01 | 0 days 01:53:52 | 6166995 | 0 | }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed | between | from | 1961 and 1989 inclusively , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / |
| 1 | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed between 1961 | and | through | 1989 inclusively , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / | |||||
| 633124700 | 633132744 | 2014-11-09 20:10:48 | 0 days 00:59:02 | 2012100 | 1 | date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and | in | continued over | the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several |
| 10 | 19 june 2013 }} < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including | some in | the | historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at | |||||
| 14 | the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides | waited there | of the historic crossings waiting | for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling | |||||
| 15 | including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours | , cheering at | to cheer | the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the wall " , | |||||
| 633183384 | 633189879 | 2014-11-10 04:55:00 | 0 days 01:15:20 | 1833 | 2 | freely than westerners . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . | it thus spread throughout the berlin area | from there , demolition continued | through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also |
| 640243071 | 641499497 | 2015-01-08 00:05:29 | 8 days 09:29:01 | 2705932 | 1 | html }} < / ref > the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar | incident | events | in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the way . |
| 2 | > the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . | on | only | this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass | |||||
| 5 | those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they | use | uses | a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] . | |||||
| 14 | large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way | through hungary | to hungrary | via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the | |||||
| 17 | for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government | and in agreement | , because of long standing agreements | with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east | |||||
| 19 | via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the | complications | difficulties | , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on | |||||
| 25 | information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards | — however | starting time delay was not communicated to schabowski . | , nobody had informed schabowski . < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last = sebetsyen | first = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall | |||||
| 26 | regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , | nobody | schabowski read the note | had informed schabowski . < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last = sebetsyen | first = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the | |||||
| 645406707 | 647586466 | 2015-02-17 18:36:14 | 14 days 14:20:44 | 12830815 | 0 | crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , euphoric | public | people | and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . contrary to popular belief the wall ' |
| 677791285 | 677815158 | 2015-08-25 18:08:38 | 0 days 03:07:32 | 21327803 | 0 | ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freiheit }} ) ' ' in the lyrics sung . the poet [[ schiller ]] | had | may have | originally written " freedom " and changed it to " joy " out of fear . < ref > [[ ode to joy # the poem ]] < / ref > |
| 684146320 | 684592433 | 2015-10-07 16:22:33 | 2 days 18:47:58 | 15237640 | 0 | project called ' ' mauerreise ' ' ( journey of the wall ) took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks were sent from berlin starting in may 2009 | . their destination : | , with the destinations being | korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places , the bricks will become a blank canvas for |
| 688485144 | 688492814 | 2015-11-01 08:32:20 | 0 days 01:49:12 | 9048060 | 0 | / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 11 september 2009 | work = | michael binyon | work = | [[ the | times | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > {{ quote | " |
| 3 | article6828556 . ece | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = | helen nugent | work = | [[ the | times | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations | |||||
| 693607098 | 693645737 | 2015-12-03 22:41:24 | 0 days 05:00:31 | 23149456 | 0 | zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html # lenne < / ref > that is now much of the [[ potsdamer platz ]] development . later , | it | the initial barrier | was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on 17 august . during the construction of the wall , [[ |
| 693645737 | 693646880 | 2015-12-03 22:49:28 | 0 days 00:08:04 | 23149456 | 2 | period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the berlin airlift , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . | clay | he | was immensely popular with the residents of west berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that kennedy would not compromise on the status of west berlin . clay and |
| 693652739 | 693721766 | 2015-12-04 12:40:10 | 0 days 13:02:18 | 23149456 | 4 | in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . | they | berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / memorial - grounds - 548 . html < / ref > . other remnants | are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | |
| 5 | [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along | the | some | tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only | |||||
| 693973160 | 693973403 | 2015-12-06 06:17:52 | 0 days 00:02:45 | 30225 | 0 | the soldier ]] ' ' , 1982 - a renegade kgb team put nuclear weapons in saudi arabia to force america to make the israelis pull out of the west bank | and gaza strip | or | the saudi oil fields will make 50 % of the world ' s oil radioactive for decades . the title character of the movie has a team break into a missile |
| 1 | ' , 1982 - a renegade kgb team put nuclear weapons in saudi arabia to force america to make the israelis pull out of the west bank and gaza strip the | saudi oil fields | bomb | will make 50 % of the world ' s oil radioactive for decades . the title character of the movie has a team break into a missile silo in [[ smith | |||||
| 699308679 | 699406529 | 2016-01-12 03:29:27 | 0 days 11:43:07 | 111277 | 1 | | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = david bowie | concert | , | 1987 = = having earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was |
| 2 | group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = david bowie concert 1987 = = | having | = on june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who | earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was accompanied with violent rioting | |||||
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 50 | points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | | publisher | work | = the globe and mail | date = 26 october 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | location = toronto }} < / ref > < ref > [ http |
| 702890979 | 702891285 | 2016-02-02 06:44:39 | 0 days 00:03:39 | 13816079 | 1 | of the european landscape . i see no reason why the soviet union should think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument | to | of | communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but |
| 702891834 | 702891954 | 2016-02-02 06:52:25 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 13816079 | 0 | before parading through the streets of berlin in front of a large crowd . at 04 : 00 on 21 august , lyndon johnson left west berlin in the hands of | gen | general | frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion |
| 702934332 | 703014660 | 2016-02-02 23:57:14 | 0 days 09:47:18 | 23149456 | 0 | of the european landscape . i see no reason why the soviet union should think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument | of | to | communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > american and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but |
| 733487340 | 733515231 | 2016-08-08 10:22:50 | 0 days 05:43:04 | 9246768 | 0 | wall from the east . jpg | the berlin wall from the east berlin side , 1967 . file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " | come back to | until we see each other again in | the capital of gdr " . file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall . file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 |
| 738198431 | 738865701 | 2016-09-11 14:47:01 | 4 days 00:24:17 | 19921271 | 2 | after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied , " as far as i know | effective | , it takes effect | immediately , without delay " . < ref name = " revolution1989 " / > after further questions from journalists , he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings through |
| 774994359 | 774996064 | 2017-04-11 23:54:04 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 204692 | 18 | * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) however , each | visit | of these exceptions , gdr citizens | had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of |
| 19 | had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) however , each visit had to | be applied | apply | for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark | |||||
| 20 | to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for | individually and | individual | approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into | |||||
| 774996200 | 774996645 | 2017-04-11 23:58:49 | 0 days 00:03:40 | 204692 | 0 | stood , just off [[ potsdamer platz ]] , in 2015 . < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost | everywhere | in its entirety | . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert | 80 | m | ft | adj = mid | - long }} piece of the first ( westernmost |
| 787409030 | 787409131 | 2017-06-25 06:56:40 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 31190988 | 2 | border installations between the two german states . * the former management station [[ bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in | a | an | already reforested area of the border strip . the [[ german forest jungle | german forestry youth ]] . * the only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( bt |
| 791624973 | 793523187 | 2017-08-02 08:44:50 | 11 days 19:51:02 | 38455 | 0 | < / ref > excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night — at 7 : 17 | pm | p . m . | on [[ zdf ]] ' s ' ' [[ heute ]] ' ' and at 8 pm on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ |
| 793675442 | 795297023 | 2017-08-13 09:19:52 | 10 days 01:27:47 | 26598670 | 0 | border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in | favor | favour | of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = berlin emigration loophole = = = with the closing of |
| 798241666 | 800698581 | 2017-09-15 03:51:19 | 14 days 08:23:33 | 10031342 | 11 | with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) , which demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , it came to symbolize | a physical marker of | physically | the " [[ iron curtain ]] " that separated western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] during the [[ cold war ]] . before the wall ' s erection , |
| 14 | later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and | was not completed | continued | until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was | |||||
| 810234613 | 810249635 | 2017-11-14 04:18:13 | 0 days 01:54:04 | 6554947 | 0 | with the inner german border , an unfortified strip of east german territory was left outside the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was | never | usually no | more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact de jure border appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the |
| 810249635 | 810308903 | 2017-11-14 13:41:57 | 0 days 09:23:44 | 6554947 | 0 | . unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact | de jure | location of the actual | border appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping foreigners off the strip |
| 810341648 | 810344262 | 2017-11-14 18:16:34 | 0 days 00:19:19 | 6554947 | 0 | one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch and | three | four | other defectors were standing inside the strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into west berlin |
| 810351013 | 810351128 | 2017-11-14 19:07:19 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 6554947 | 0 | = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > unlike the inner german border , however , | this | the | outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location of the actual border appears to have been unmarked |
| 810394251 | 810574658 | 2017-11-16 03:18:18 | 1 days 03:09:57 | 6554947 | 0 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the outer strip , | graffiti artists | vandals | were not unknown to have been persued there , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] has reported having often been perused |
| 1 | books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the outer strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been | persued there | pursued in the outer strip | , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] has reported having often been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref | |||||
| 823238815 | 823239462 | 2018-01-31 01:50:53 | 0 days 00:04:27 | 32940610 | 3 | giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives | that they want | by environmentalists and cycling associations | to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of |
| 5 | dimension of the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the | death | open spaces on the undeveloped | strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin | |||||
| 8 | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it | into | as | a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . = = | |||||
| 10 | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and | cycling area | biking trail around the city in 1991 | , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = = | |||||
| 824236669 | 825606275 | 2018-02-14 10:16:19 | 8 days 06:43:34 | 21948199 | 3 | the along the wall running postweg the gdr border troops was then freely accessible on almost the entire length . soon after the fall of the berlin wall there were initiatives | by environmentalists and cycling associations | that they want | to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns |
| 4 | was then freely accessible on almost the entire length . soon after the fall of the berlin wall there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the | open spaces on the undeveloped | death | strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of using it as a green belt | |||||
| 7 | spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of using it | as | into | a green belt around the city in individual places . representatives of the general german bicycle club marked the way in 1990 with painted bicycle and pedestrian pictograms . the german | |||||
| 8 | general german bicycle club marked the way in 1990 with painted bicycle and pedestrian pictograms . the german federal government for the environment and nature conservation proposed a continuous hiking and | biking trail around the city in 1991 | cycling area | , called berliner mauerweg . also preservationists wanted a few years later as comprehensive as possible preservation of the remaining remains of the border installations . on the other hand , | |||||
| 10 | bicycle and pedestrian pictograms . the german federal government for the environment and nature conservation proposed a continuous hiking and biking trail around the city in 1991 , called berliner mauerweg | . also preservationists wanted a few years later as comprehensive as possible preservation of the remaining remains of the border installations . on the other hand , local residents and community representatives , in turn , were interested in a quick demolition of the route , and in some cases the obligation to maintain public safety on the site was also taken care of however , there was no systematic assurance of the way through the local authorities . in the following years , larger parts of the berlin wall were built mainly in the inner city of berlin . also on other parts of the postenweg was eliminated or interrupted . in 1996 , there were again demonstrations of the adfc for a continuous wall path around the city , on which the previous destruction of the postenweg were criticized . in 2000 , interest in securing the area increased . michael cramer and other politicians of alliance 90 / the greens berlin organize since 2001 every year the berlin wall strides . from 2002 to 2006 , the berlin wall was extended by the initiative of the berlin senate around the city | ' ' ' | . it had to be created for no longer obtained trails replacement vehicle options . also rebuilt or rebuilt traffic routes separated sections of the way from each other . in | |||||
| 11 | their realization is delayed due to the repeatedly postponed expansion of the long - distance tracks of the dresden railway in this area . since april 2009 , part of the | wall trail on the banks of the griebnitzsee in potsdam has been closed | initiative | by some property owners . a similar situation exists since the summer of 2009 on the groß glienicker see . in both cases , since then a long - running legal | |||||
| 12 | along the inner city border in the city of berlin and about 110 kilometers on the border of west berlin to the surrounding area . on the pages of the senate | administration , the wall trail is divided into 14 individual sub - stages , which begin and end near railway or subway stations . if the inner - city border passes over roads , the boundary line is marked by a double row of paving stones embedded in the road surface as a reminder of the earlier border . at various points , information boards indicate the route and remind of events at the respective stations . the path is mainly paved , with both after 2000 , those newly created sections are as well as sections on which still the original covering with appropriate wear is obtained | since 2005 | . only short passages are unpaved . single , also usually shorter , sections are paved . the wall trail is linked to several other long - distance cycle paths . | |||||
| 825750205 | 825791052 | 2018-02-15 12:48:39 | 0 days 07:21:27 | 5946478 | 0 | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various institutions | around | in | the world . they can be found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in |
| 1 | . they can be found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces | around | in different countries of | the world . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . newsweek . com / where - world - berlin - wall - 283566 | |||||
| 825791052 | 825794931 | 2018-02-15 13:25:16 | 0 days 00:36:37 | 5946478 | 0 | | title = freedom ! – time | publisher = time | date = 20 november 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period | around | over 100 , 000 < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > people attempted to escape and over | 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than |
| 825795679 | 825799159 | 2018-02-15 14:02:55 | 0 days 00:30:54 | 5946478 | 12 | km | mi }} from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} | < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > | the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin in |
| 825804984 | 825807680 | 2018-02-15 15:11:19 | 0 days 00:20:57 | 5946478 | 0 | : 00 on 21 august , lyndon johnson left west berlin in the hands of general frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . | every three months | " | for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed |
| 825815985 | 825816472 | 2018-02-15 16:11:57 | 0 days 00:03:18 | 5946478 | 0 | allied forces ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} | < ref > https : / / www . thoughtco . com / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history - 1779495 < / ref > < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > < ref > https : / / history . howstuffworks . com / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > | non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected |
| 825818178 | 825819094 | 2018-02-15 16:28:37 | 0 days 00:06:08 | 5946478 | 3 | countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} | < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > | allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to |
| 6 | a space - available basis . the trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} | < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > < ref > [[ history of the berlin s - bahn ]] < / ref > | ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures | |||||
| 825832314 | 825832766 | 2018-02-15 18:05:15 | 0 days 00:02:56 | 5946478 | 0 | german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > an important reason that the west berlin border , [[ crossing the inner german border ]] , was not | closed | stopped | earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . construction of a new railway bypassing west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring |
| 825837597 | 825877017 | 2018-02-15 23:14:11 | 0 days 04:37:00 | 2003421 | 0 | berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the border became a more practical proposition . | < ref > | ( see | [[ history of rail transport in germany ]] < ref > = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading |
| 825877017 | 825915910 | 2018-02-16 03:54:46 | 0 days 04:40:35 | 5946478 | 1 | a border closure for quite some time , arguing that east germany ' s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had been emboldened | by | upon seeing | us president john f . kennedy ' s tacit indication {{ how | date = december 2013 }} that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector |
| 826899654 | 827316878 | 2018-02-24 01:04:34 | 2 days 08:38:31 | 508734 | 59 | thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . < ref > {{ cite book | title = | the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = | " | sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - |
| 837372486 | 838873644 | 2018-04-29 20:54:59 | 9 days 08:27:18 | 19221109 | 0 | ref name = " cnn . com " / > a fact standing out from the events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 is that this is | an | a | historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental |
| 838873644 | 838876690 | 2018-04-29 21:17:42 | 0 days 00:22:43 | 3308922 | 0 | ref name = " cnn . com " / > a fact standing out from the events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 is that this is | a | an | historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental |
| 838876690 | 838878947 | 2018-04-29 21:35:45 | 0 days 00:18:03 | 764861 | 0 | ref name = " cnn . com " / > a fact standing out from the events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 is that this is | an | a | historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental |
| 849362847 | 851056229 | 2018-07-19 19:22:47 | 11 days 06:07:12 | 6726022 | 4 | preserved as a memorial . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were | auctioned in auctions | put up for auction | in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . < ref name = " sarotte 2014 xx - xxi " / > on 1 july , the day |
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| 42982893 | 43080078 | 2006-03-10 03:49:02 | 0 days 11:48:42 | 51235 | 33 | | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = | [[ | 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin | ||||
| 35 | | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = | [[ | 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . | |||||||||
| 37 | wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = | [[ | 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] | |||||||||
| 43080078 | 43116053 | 2006-03-10 10:22:16 | 0 days 06:33:14 | 13040 | 33 | | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = | [[ | 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall | ||||
| 35 | | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = | [[ | 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary | |||||||||
| 37 | wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = | [[ | 1989 }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * | |||||||||
| 61679517 | 61913575 | 2006-07-03 21:31:57 | 1 days 09:06:51 | 82835 | 32 | | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = | [[ | 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin | ||||
| 34 | | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = | [[ | 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . | |||||||||
| 36 | wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = | [[ | 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] | |||||||||
| 107712036 | 107880414 | 2007-02-13 19:12:18 | 0 days 17:43:42 | 3437172 | 1 | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | | german | | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | ||||
| 108232467 | 108400903 | 2007-02-15 19:45:12 | 0 days 17:27:06 | 3437172 | 1 | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | | german | | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | ||||
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 0 | | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ | lang - de | q | | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ | |||
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 5 | {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , | due to wolves | [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! | |||
| 6 | {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " | |||||||||
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 0 | | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ | lang - de | q | | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ | |||
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 5 | {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , | due to wolves | [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! | |||
| 6 | {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " | |||||||||
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 0 | | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ | lang - de | q | | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ | |||
| 111079436 | 111080379 | 2007-02-26 14:54:17 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 0|193.194.158.107 | 5 | {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , | due to wolves | [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! | |||
| 6 | {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " | |||||||||
| 158483244 | 158484251 | 2007-09-17 12:47:55 | 0 days 00:06:40 | 0|86.148.90.145 | 0 | / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ | west gemany | | bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold | ||||
| 158484251 | 158484460 | 2007-09-17 12:49:27 | 0 days 00:01:32 | 0|86.148.90.145 | 0 | / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ | west gemany | | bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold | ||||
| 162088831 | 162097147 | 2007-10-03 21:04:01 | 0 days 00:39:48 | 400903 | 2 | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] | ( {{ lang - de | | from | [[ westberlin ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) including [[ east berlin ]] . an iconic | |||
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 0 | in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ | lang - de | articleissues | | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany | |||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 0 | in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ | lang - de | articleissues | | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany | |||
| 300485855 | 300500909 | 2009-07-06 00:14:23 | 0 days 01:49:05 | 1143897 | 0 | instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 . {{ | fact | date = november 2007 | cn | }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a | |||
| 300500909 | 300613467 | 2009-07-06 15:44:37 | 0 days 15:30:14 | 433328 | 3 | beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ | cn | citation needed | date = july 2009 | }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a | |||
| 325814566 | 325940817 | 2009-11-15 07:25:15 | 0 days 15:05:38 | 433328 | 6 | an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | | date = november 2009 | }} = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no | ||||
| 347166913 | 347167732 | 2010-03-01 21:29:50 | 0 days 00:04:07 | 0|71.28.105.141 | 0 | berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | it was build in 1990 | {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location | ||||
| 347168405 | 347169208 | 2010-03-01 21:36:30 | 0 days 00:03:30 | 262550 | 2 | berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | it was build in 1990 | {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location | ||||
| 351044536 | 351060308 | 2010-03-20 22:45:12 | 0 days 01:42:12 | 0|81.97.32.153 | 1 | berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | i love u big wonger | {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location | ||||
| 351060308 | 351060690 | 2010-03-20 22:47:54 | 0 days 00:02:42 | 10141256 | 1 | berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | i love u big wonger | {{ wrapper }} | - fluffy but not that much pink haha lol bekky love u bbe xx will u get with me xx yes xx | {{ history of berlin | ||||
| 367011049 | 367156561 | 2010-06-10 07:15:07 | 0 days 14:39:00 | 962462 | 9 | . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " | ]] | {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border | ||||
| 367156561 | 367161807 | 2010-06-10 08:07:06 | 0 days 00:51:59 | 6971250 | 4 | | references = }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} | ]] | {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border | ||||
| 376102866 | 376154207 | 2010-07-29 21:06:22 | 0 days 05:43:39 | 9540157 | 3 | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 | | ref = harv | postscript = | }} * [[ childs ]] , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman , | ||||
| 405959866 | 406120287 | 2011-01-05 18:07:27 | 0 days 20:57:24 | 7609840 | 3 | image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " | , on the east side of the wall , here follows the line of the long close [[ luisenstädtischer canal | ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing | ||||
| 4 | : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | . ]] | {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ | |||||||||
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 147 | . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = | 2009 - 10 - | 20 }} * {{ cite book | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university | ||||
| 552093309 | 552345669 | 2013-04-26 23:24:06 | 1 days 14:10:59 | 9755426 | 1 | of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = | {{ lang | de | | 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} | ||||
| 703715928 | 703717802 | 2016-02-07 05:29:19 | 0 days 00:20:04 | 7611264 | 1 | day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . {{ fact | | date = february 2016 | }} [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing the new regulations . however , | ||||
| 707245740 | 708550214 | 2016-03-06 06:01:17 | 7 days 11:17:02 | 27686184 | 2 | mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 | * sarotte , mary elise , collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall , new york : basic books , 2014 * sarotte , mary elise , 1989 : the struggle to create post - cold war europe ( second edition ) princeton : princeton university press , 2014 | {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ wiktionary | berlin wall }} ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into | west berlin | austria | , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < | |
| 268040666 | 268042073 | 2009-02-02 15:06:12 | 0 days 00:09:46 | 3505251 | 2 | ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 1 billion people were confirmed killed trying to cross the fence into | austria | west berlin | , and my tiny nipples went to france according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 1 million people were killed trying to | |||
| 268961174 | 269234820 | 2009-02-08 00:55:12 | 1 days 06:33:13 | 0|68.94.13.35 | 2 | de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east | germany | persia | ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to | |||
| 269234820 | 269234850 | 2009-02-08 00:55:24 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 981424 | 2 | de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation aid | aid ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east | persia | germany | ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to | |||
| 276192508 | 276263944 | 2009-03-10 13:19:55 | 0 days 09:26:58 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 0 | europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west | germany | italy | for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . | |||
| 276263944 | 276264216 | 2009-03-10 13:21:29 | 0 days 00:01:34 | 1298255 | 0 | europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west | italy | germany | for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . | |||
| 284527500 | 284528364 | 2009-04-18 00:18:32 | 0 days 00:05:54 | 0|122.110.183.192 | 8 | soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west | germany | where the pussy is better | . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe | |||
| 284528364 | 284529573 | 2009-04-18 00:27:25 | 0 days 00:08:53 | 6984319 | 7 | soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west | where the pussy is better | germany | . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe | |||
| 285016585 | 285227007 | 2009-04-21 13:18:44 | 0 days 23:06:40 | 0|168.170.196.30 | 1 | soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west | germany | italy | . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe | |||
| 285227007 | 285229373 | 2009-04-21 13:35:28 | 0 days 00:16:44 | 1099776 | 1 | soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west | italy | germany | . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe | |||
| 289308987 | 289355477 | 2009-05-11 23:50:10 | 0 days 04:24:15 | 0|207.190.72.77 | 0 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west | germany | france | for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref | |||
| 289355477 | 289355710 | 2009-05-11 23:51:25 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 1148898 | 0 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west | france | germany | for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref | |||
| 296636215 | 296636337 | 2009-06-15 22:24:26 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 0|74.75.170.166 | 0 | police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east | german | germany | troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the | |||
| 296778899 | 296786653 | 2009-06-16 16:56:05 | 0 days 00:46:56 | 0|71.187.249.58 | 1 | [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east | germany | pakistan | from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november | |||
| 2 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west | germany | stefanvile | for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . | ||||||||
| 296786653 | 296786942 | 2009-06-16 16:57:50 | 0 days 00:01:45 | 9600753 | 1 | [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separating east | pakistan | germany | from west stefanvile for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november | |||
| 2 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separating east pakistan from west | stefanvile | germany | for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . | ||||||||
| 296786942 | 296787253 | 2009-06-16 16:59:42 | 0 days 00:01:52 | 0|71.187.249.58 | 0 | [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east | germany | stefanville | from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november | |||
| 1 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west | germany | vicciville | for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . | ||||||||
| 296836155 | 296857603 | 2009-06-16 23:48:30 | 0 days 02:12:01 | 6984319 | 1 | [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east | stefanville | germany | from west vicciville for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november | |||
| 2 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east stefanville from west | vicciville | germany | for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . | ||||||||
| 5 | police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east | germany | german | troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the | ||||||||
| 298472401 | 298608938 | 2009-06-25 19:05:23 | 0 days 17:58:48 | 0|86.157.134.198 | 0 | ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east | germany | africa | introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west | |||
| 298608938 | 298632752 | 2009-06-25 21:26:52 | 0 days 02:21:29 | 5177550 | 0 | ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east | africa | germany | introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west | |||
| 304807664 | 304813427 | 2009-07-29 04:28:07 | 0 days 00:41:10 | 6984319 | 19 | into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east | berlin | germany | ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' | |||
| 306563071 | 306601037 | 2009-08-07 13:47:30 | 0 days 05:20:44 | 2109078 | 0 | symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east | german ' s | germans | had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . from | |||
| 310493613 | 310513985 | 2009-08-28 09:10:54 | 0 days 04:10:29 | 0|207.38.193.188 | 0 | kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east | germany | berlin | and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin | |||
| 1 | ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west | germany | berlin | were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | | ||||||||
| 310513985 | 310535257 | 2009-08-28 12:43:20 | 0 days 03:32:26 | 6971250 | 3 | kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east | berlin | and west berlin were again separated by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall | ||||
| 316789672 | 317189857 | 2009-10-01 00:23:54 | 2 days 00:14:35 | 1002650 | 0 | large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 | berliners demonstrated | berlin demonstraters | urged the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' | |||
| 317189857 | 317191642 | 2009-10-01 00:35:46 | 0 days 00:11:52 | 8932218 | 0 | large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 | berlin demonstraters | berliners demonstrated | urged the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' | |||
| 324422544 | 324469466 | 2009-11-07 15:15:06 | 0 days 07:49:57 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 6 | many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated east germany from west | germany | berlin | for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , | |||
| 324876007 | 324878196 | 2009-11-09 18:13:14 | 0 days 00:13:40 | 0|77.166.110.13 | 0 | later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to | germany | england | . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " | |||
| 324878196 | 324878252 | 2009-11-09 18:13:36 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 3683078 | 0 | later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to | england | germany | . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " | |||
| 324923280 | 324923860 | 2009-11-09 22:20:11 | 0 days 00:02:41 | 0|67.71.41.102 | 2 | | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ | west berlin | yugoslavia | ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( | |||
| 324923860 | 324923936 | 2009-11-09 22:20:37 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 6774658 | 2 | | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the country of [[ | yugoslavia | west berlin | ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ north dakota ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large styrofoam walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( | |||
| 324941378 | 324942089 | 2009-11-09 23:53:57 | 0 days 00:03:42 | 8214624 | 1 | }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the | berlin during | early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at | the 1961 period it had so many homosexuals having sex on it = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc | |||
| 325190185 | 325190637 | 2009-11-11 05:07:12 | 0 days 00:04:20 | 10857892 | 11 | berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east | germany | ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed | ||||
| 14 | barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east | germany | , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip | |||||||||
| 325364978 | 325366116 | 2009-11-12 02:34:13 | 0 days 00:08:51 | 0|202.158.12.194 | 1 | concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from | east germany | berlin wall | , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip | |||
| 325366116 | 325367008 | 2009-11-12 02:40:35 | 0 days 00:06:22 | 4916882 | 0 | the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from | berlin wall | east germany | , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip | |||
| 339044413 | 339045107 | 2010-01-20 22:50:54 | 0 days 00:03:53 | 10593201 | 1 | [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west | berlin were | germany ]] had not been fully | [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = | |||
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 26 | the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , | published by the | berlin : | socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | |||
| 351434157 | 351723247 | 2010-03-24 06:08:34 | 1 days 09:09:08 | 0|71.146.82.184 | 0 | to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east | germans | german fags | had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west | |||
| 351723247 | 351723532 | 2010-03-24 06:10:36 | 0 days 00:02:02 | 8932218 | 0 | to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east | german fags | germans | had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west | |||
| 357049269 | 357049473 | 2010-04-19 19:25:52 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 0|131.122.46.127 | 0 | }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the | berlin | framcos | wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of | |||
| 357049703 | 357055327 | 2010-04-19 19:57:39 | 0 days 00:30:33 | 3308922 | 1 | }} | - | {{ history of francis }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the | framcos | berlin | wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of | |||
| 360334542 | 360379379 | 2010-05-05 21:31:07 | 0 days 03:29:12 | 0|174.51.215.236 | 1 | | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with | austria | germany | , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin | |||
| 360379379 | 360380251 | 2010-05-05 21:35:33 | 0 days 00:04:26 | 262550 | 1 | | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ russia ]] removed its physical border defences with | germany | austria | , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin | |||
| 367780883 | 367781258 | 2010-06-13 15:06:33 | 0 days 00:02:47 | 0|85.166.180.247 | 0 | }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of | tokoyo | berlin | , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall | |||
| 369704750 | 370024316 | 2010-06-25 02:44:52 | 1 days 17:55:09 | 0|72.73.190.57 | 0 | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west | germany | penis | , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha | |||
| 370024316 | 370027692 | 2010-06-25 03:16:19 | 0 days 00:31:27 | 5177550 | 0 | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west | penis | germany | , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha | |||
| 378954602 | 379153090 | 2010-08-16 03:04:08 | 1 days 03:29:28 | 0|203.37.22.129 | 0 | unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] | berlin | berin | . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with | |||
| 379153090 | 379192505 | 2010-08-16 10:04:49 | 0 days 07:00:41 | 6971250 | 0 | unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] | berin | berlin | . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with | |||
| 387913228 | 387913331 | 2010-09-30 13:38:04 | 0 days 00:00:50 | 0|72.21.110.176 | 0 | infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the | berlin | hamsterjelly | wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of | |||
| 387913500 | 387913690 | 2010-09-30 13:40:43 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 0|72.21.110.176 | 0 | infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the | hamsterjelly | berlin | wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of | |||
| 398276983 | 398352994 | 2010-11-23 01:12:58 | 0 days 07:55:24 | 13490060 | 0 | berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war | germany | vagina | = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] | |||
| 1 | background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war | germany | vagina | west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the | ||||||||
| 2 | within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war | germany | vagina | self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ | ||||||||
| 398352994 | 398353025 | 2010-11-23 01:13:12 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 13286072 | 0 | berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war | vagina | germany | = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war vagina west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] | |||
| 1 | background = = = = = post - war vagina = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war | vagina | germany | west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the | ||||||||
| 2 | within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war | vagina | germany | self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ | ||||||||
| 406433716 | 406434088 | 2011-01-07 05:29:24 | 0 days 00:02:32 | 1655427 | 1 | berlin wall * * " [[ holidays in the sun ]] " , a song by the english [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the | berlin | wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | | ||||
| 445097289 | 445112728 | 2011-08-16 07:20:53 | 0 days 02:52:17 | 6971250 | 14 | august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . | germany | chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom and a | ||||
| 456816319 | 457176613 | 2011-10-24 17:17:08 | 2 days 05:16:21 | 11498870 | 0 | , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ | germany | | federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | ||||
| 538062628 | 538916225 | 2013-02-18 19:08:38 | 5 days 03:00:19 | 10728040 | 15 | wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the | berlin | wall on 16 november 1989 ]] [[ file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | thumb | upright | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) ]] after | ||||
| 613835077 | 615294848 | 2014-07-02 13:43:53 | 10 days 19:48:20 | 7669583 | 11 | performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the | berlin | wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( | ||||
| 640243071 | 641499497 | 2015-01-08 00:05:29 | 8 days 09:29:01 | 2705932 | 33 | > < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall and at the six checkpoints between east and west | berlin | , demanding that border guards immediately open the gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their | ||||
| 703014660 | 703096540 | 2016-02-03 13:37:43 | 0 days 13:40:29 | 23149456 | 0 | party of germany | socialist unity party ' s ]] plan to close the intra - berlin border between east and west berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence | berlin | watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > < | ||||
| 703096540 | 703365386 | 2016-02-05 02:06:59 | 1 days 12:29:16 | 13816079 | 0 | party of germany | socialist unity party ' s ]] plan to close the intra - berlin border between east and west berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence | berlin | watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > < | ||||
| 703365386 | 703417729 | 2016-02-05 11:43:48 | 0 days 09:36:49 | 23149456 | 1 | party of germany | socialist unity party ' s ]] plan to close the intra - berlin border between east and west berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence | berlin | watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > < | ||||
| 734284492 | 734407317 | 2016-08-14 03:25:55 | 0 days 18:58:58 | 4977632 | 9 | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the | berlin | wall ] – a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia | ||||
| 738198431 | 738865701 | 2016-09-11 14:47:01 | 4 days 00:24:17 | 19921271 | 9 | day . east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening its borders . . . the gates in the | berlin | wall stand open . " < ref name = revolution1989 / > < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at | ||||
| 802361116 | 803403568 | 2017-10-02 09:46:33 | 6 days 15:50:38 | 31875717 | 0 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation | deadurl = no | df = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the | berlin | wall = = in june 1989 the hungarian government began [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence with austria | dismantling the electrified fence along its border with austria ]] | ||||
| 810575212 | 810709126 | 2017-11-16 23:24:54 | 0 days 20:00:20 | 6554947 | 4 | other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into west | berlin | . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the wall door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer | ||||
| 854069066 | 854070499 | 2018-08-08 19:24:22 | 0 days 00:12:58 | 3563616 | 4 | while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four - year - old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to west | germany | berlin | on 24 august 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . < ref > {{ cite |
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| 1012031 | 1092751 | 2003-06-08 12:37:20 | 31 days 17:34:08 | 9244 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] < div style = " float : right | ; margin : 5px | " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall , on november 16 | |
| 1 | de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] < div style = " float : right " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] | < i > < br > berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) . < / i > | < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall , on november 16 , 1989 . ' ' < / div > after [[ | ||||||
| 1092751 | 1097715 | 2003-06-29 13:07:28 | 21 days 00:30:08 | 0|213.157.9.245 | 1 | : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < i > < br > berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) | . < / i > | ' ' | < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] |
| 7 | : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < i > < br > remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 ) | . < / i > | ' ' | < / div > not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of | |||||
| 1744581 | 1744582 | 2003-11-15 23:20:13 | 0 days 00:01:08 | 2 | 1 | right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < br > ' ' berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) ' ' | < / center > | < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a | |
| 3 | right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > ' ' remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 ) ' ' | < / cetner > | < / div > not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of | ||||||
| 1744582 | 1744605 | 2003-11-15 23:20:21 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 2 | 0 | " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 ) ' ' < / | cetner | center | > < / div > not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section |
| 11109328 | 11181776 | 2005-03-13 23:12:10 | 0 days 18:44:02 | 86545 | 0 | germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = | < table | { | | align = right > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which |
| 1 | chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = < table align = | " | right > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were | ||||||
| 23800360 | 23988638 | 2005-09-25 11:46:04 | 2 days 09:27:45 | 271058 | 1 | ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : | 베를린 장벽 | berlinmuren | ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur |
| 40915337 | 40944082 | 2006-02-24 01:02:35 | 0 days 03:27:05 | 304316 | 28 | [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br | / | > - " eventually all walls fall ” ]] on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating | |
| 40945287 | 40946332 | 2006-02-24 01:18:54 | 0 days 00:07:29 | 304316 | 1 | en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | | date = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} | < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu | |
| 42982893 | 43080078 | 2006-03-10 03:49:02 | 0 days 11:48:42 | 51235 | 31 | . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = | [[ | 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | |
| 32 | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 | ]] | | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last | ||||||
| 43080078 | 43116053 | 2006-03-10 10:22:16 | 0 days 06:33:14 | 13040 | 31 | . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = | [[ | 2004 | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | | |
| 32 | | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | ]] | | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last | ||||||
| 52351902 | 52355175 | 2006-05-09 19:02:53 | 0 days 00:22:26 | 216352 | 2 | about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - | size : 85 % | small | " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | |
| 53645846 | 53689296 | 2006-05-17 14:45:11 | 0 days 07:45:45 | 0|170.158.120.2 | 1 | a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " | references - small | berlin wall | " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | |
| 61679517 | 61913575 | 2006-07-03 21:31:57 | 1 days 09:06:51 | 82835 | 30 | . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = | [[ | 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | |
| 31 | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 | ]] | | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last | ||||||
| 69973916 | 70133083 | 2006-08-17 00:49:53 | 0 days 16:42:24 | 617080 | 1 | , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 | ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} | > . | < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key |
| 85493361 | 85506823 | 2006-11-03 17:45:12 | 0 days 01:14:30 | 0|84.177.194.94 | 2 | film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] = = references = = < div | class = " references | - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr | |
| 85506823 | 85507378 | 2006-11-03 17:48:19 | 0 days 00:03:07 | 0|84.177.194.94 | 4 | | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] - | berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die | - < / div > - the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' | |
| 91268666 | 91302593 | 2006-12-01 03:20:01 | 0 days 03:19:37 | 0|68.146.34.146 | 0 | through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = | < div class = " references - small " > | < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | |
| 91302593 | 91304121 | 2006-12-01 03:30:00 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 416594 | 0 | through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = | < div class = " references - small " > | < references / > div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first | |
| 98077276 | 98151344 | 2007-01-03 10:49:19 | 0 days 08:46:57 | 2001738 | 4 | . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , august 2006 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] | , august 2006 . ]] | < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the | |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 48 | attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - | ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article | - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a | |
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 48 | attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - | ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article | - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a | |
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 48 | attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - | ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article | - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a | |
| 113088445 | 113088743 | 2007-03-06 16:40:46 | 0 days 00:02:26 | 0|206.123.204.226 | 1 | berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | i hate you keaton | | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | |
| 113088743 | 113094185 | 2007-03-06 17:09:02 | 0 days 00:28:16 | 441020 | 2 | [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] hi keaton ! ! ! | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | i hate you keaton | | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | |
| 121573836 | 121815930 | 2007-04-10 23:58:00 | 0 days 22:34:01 | 0|71.251.78.138 | 4 | republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall | . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 | asshole | > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol |
| 157116723 | 157117672 | 2007-09-11 09:09:11 | 0 days 00:09:34 | 0|210.50.16.11 | 0 | naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . | david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall | < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' | |
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 79 | bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 | < | / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be | |
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 22 | ^ g . e . julian , j . h . fewell , j . gadau , r . a . johnson , d . larrabee ( 2002 ) . " | genetic determination of the queen caste in an ant hybrid zone " . proceedings of the national academy of sciences 99 ( 12 ) : 8157 - 8160 . ^ whitfield , john ( 2004 ) . " everything you always wanted to know about sexes " . public library of science : biology 2 ( 6 ) . ^ tuatara ^ observations on inheritance in coprinus macrorhizus ( pers . ) rea ^ the pycnidia of the rust fungi ^ the five sexes revisited , sciences , jul / aug2000 , vol . 40 issue 4 , p18 , 6p , 1c , 2bw ^ two sexes are not enough ^ cytoplasmic fusion and the nature of sexes ^ " thickens the brow and upper bridge of the nose " | < ref > | [ 1 ] ^ [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] ^ nikolaos a . patsopoulos , et al . ( aug 2007 ) . " claims of sex differences : |
| 166331546 | 166354092 | 2007-10-22 20:00:56 | 0 days 01:42:19 | 716438 | 13 | / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . | html | v ) in german | < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : |
| 169684483 | 169684876 | 2007-11-06 21:21:59 | 0 days 00:01:54 | 0|137.90.130.186 | 1 | {st@rt} | {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < | / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = | |
| 170313046 | 170423035 | 2007-11-09 22:14:07 | 0 days 09:25:19 | 1581958 | 1 | regime gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " | licence to kill | goethe - institut | " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' |
| 184759898 | 185099808 | 2008-01-18 00:13:46 | 1 days 07:34:28 | 0|12.214.202.72 | 6 | , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < | ref | br / | > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . |
| 185099808 | 185099823 | 2008-01-18 00:13:49 | 0 days 00:00:03 | 1879647 | 2 | . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . | ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = | " | < br / > headline text = = = = ]] ]] ]] ]] ]] = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] |
| 3 | [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = < | br / | ref | > headline text = = = = ]] ]] ]] ]] ]] = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months | |||||
| 188768514 | 188772780 | 2008-02-03 10:00:42 | 0 days 00:47:48 | 6085301 | 0 | figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html | researchers confirm 125 berlin wall deaths | germany | deutsche welle | 09 . 08 . 2006 | ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < | |
| 9 | the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts | . htm | < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > | < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / | |||||
| 188772780 | 188831750 | 2008-02-03 17:09:13 | 0 days 07:08:31 | 6085301 | 1 | < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm | goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] | < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors . the east german government had | |
| 3 | < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm | goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] | < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families | ||||||
| 204483235 | 204483897 | 2008-04-09 16:42:52 | 0 days 00:03:07 | 137113 | 0 | http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history | ] | goethe - institut | < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die |
| 204483897 | 204484909 | 2008-04-09 16:47:32 | 0 days 00:04:40 | 137113 | 0 | / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut | ] | < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die | |
| 212120617 | 214518903 | 2008-05-23 22:40:18 | 10 days 07:43:03 | 7025534 | 0 | history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref | name = " cgqmzv " | > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections | |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 21 | http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 | guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ jimmy kimmel live ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ extreme makeover : home edition ]] ' ' and an [[ april fool ' s day ]] edition of ' ' [[ larry king live ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and the frog has served | ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure | |
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 23 | daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? videoid = 129336 & title | = kermit - the - frog thedailyshow . com | --> | ] < / ref > guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ jimmy kimmel live ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ extreme |
| 54 | ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = | < references | and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple | / > = = external links = = | guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ jimmy kimmel live ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ extreme makeover : home edition ]] ' ' and an [[ april fool ' s day ]] edition of ' ' [[ larry king live ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and the frog has served | ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure | |||
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 23 | daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? videoid = 129336 & title | = kermit - the - frog thedailyshow . com | --> | ] < / ref > guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ jimmy kimmel live ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ extreme |
| 54 | ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = | < references | and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple | / > = = external links = = | ) | ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot | |||
| 274981620 | 274982026 | 2009-03-04 18:59:42 | 0 days 00:02:01 | 3505251 | 1 | director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref name = " | goethe - institut | chronik | " / > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . |
| 277225789 | 277226111 | 2009-03-14 18:17:29 | 0 days 00:01:54 | 6984319 | 0 | 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " | > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < | / > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further sovietization with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 | |
| 1 | , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " / | ref | > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further sovietization with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . | ||||||
| 4 | | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in the just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " | > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < | / > = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early | ||||||
| 277228319 | 277228598 | 2009-03-14 18:31:52 | 0 days 00:01:30 | 6984319 | 0 | & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref | name = " harrison240 " | > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . | |
| 3 | the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - | east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 | fn }} | < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between | |||||
| 291348574 | 291932970 | 2009-05-24 02:57:30 | 2 days 20:02:01 | 6142977 | 0 | 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa | file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1986 " file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque | < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - | |
| 304813427 | 304813680 | 2009-07-29 04:30:02 | 0 days 00:01:55 | 6984319 | 0 | kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " / > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " | > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < | / > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving | |
| 1 | the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " / > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " / | ref | > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in | ||||||
| 306465427 | 306538732 | 2009-08-07 04:34:49 | 0 days 08:18:22 | 6984319 | 14 | the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " | autogenerated1 | bbcsept2007 | " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . |
| 15 | is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " | > | / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to | ||||||
| 315255881 | 315255964 | 2009-09-21 08:16:52 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 204692 | 4 | / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 | ]] | < / ref > . = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the | |
| 315258062 | 315258217 | 2009-09-21 08:43:44 | 0 days 00:02:01 | 204692 | 1 | young people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm | ] | < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of | |
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 57 | de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14th , 1961 | ]] | ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of | |
| 70 | [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , | [[ | 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the | ||||||
| 71 | http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 | ]] | < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present | ||||||
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 77 | / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , [[ august 14 ]] , [[ 1961 | ]] | ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of | |
| 91 | / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 | ]] | < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present | ||||||
| 317979368 | 317979510 | 2009-10-05 04:19:39 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 1938651 | 1 | < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 | ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure | ||
| 320971298 | 320975384 | 2009-10-20 09:57:52 | 0 days 00:48:13 | 3058538 | 4 | / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | ] | < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , | |
| 8 | the berlin wall " http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story | ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} | < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east | ||||||
| 321121389 | 321122011 | 2009-10-21 02:36:40 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 835543 | 2 | ref > [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] | " the wall street journal . | < / ref > [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | |
| 323553877 | 323566540 | 2009-11-02 22:58:43 | 0 days 01:00:45 | 6340927 | 2 | incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . | name = " schabowski " | > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2009 | |
| 324767695 | 324769101 | 2009-11-09 02:50:30 | 0 days 00:09:18 | 444985 | 1 | where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the | 「wall」 | / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the | |
| 324932966 | 324937840 | 2009-11-09 23:32:03 | 0 days 00:24:17 | 16710 | 2 | > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time | ] | | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} | < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 |
| 5 | 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | ] | | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} | < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 | |||||
| 8 | archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm berlin wall ] | = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} | < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and | ||||||
| 11 | > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | ] | | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} | < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ | |||||
| 14 | http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | ] | | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} | < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall | |||||
| 21 | de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut | ] | | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} | < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity has reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in | |||||
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 42 | : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] | . | < / ref > on saturday , august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | | |
| 343779105 | 343779333 | 2010-02-13 18:16:19 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 5326371 | 0 | html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 | . | < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und | |
| 343782709 | 343784334 | 2010-02-13 18:45:26 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 5326371 | 8 | | title = new york times | date = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall | . | " | < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead as [[ german unity day ]] . |
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 27 | article1338387 / http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html < / | montrealgazette . com ] | < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the 20th anniversary | |
| 38 | then - communist ally east germany . < ref > http : / / uk . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough | reuters . com ] | < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were | ||||||
| 44 | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . ' ' [[ the lives of others ]] ' ' , award - winning german film about the east german stasi , 2006 | * * | / > ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ | ||||||
| 62 | prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . | ]] | < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event | ||||||
| 63 | could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . | ]] | < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ | ||||||
| 69 | thomas ]] in the leading role . ' ' [[ the lives of others ]] ' ' , award - winning german film about the east german stasi , 2006 < | br | / > ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ | ||||||
| 364144893 | 364146556 | 2010-05-25 17:28:29 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 7611264 | 0 | line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " | > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < | / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an | |
| 1 | , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / | ref | > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate | ||||||
| 374862385 | 375059882 | 2010-07-23 16:43:29 | 1 days 01:43:12 | 0|156.56.137.240 | 1 | . < ref > [ http : / / www . alliiertenmuseum . de / en / 4 _ 2 . php ? year = & activity _ id = 214 | ] | | title = wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 - 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} | < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp | cinderella stamps ]] designed by t . h . e . hill , the |
| 390478077 | 391228576 | 2010-10-17 12:46:44 | 4 days 01:24:36 | 9021902 | 3 | hans - hermann ( 2008 ) . ' ' the berlin wall : monument of the cold war ' ' . ch . links verlag , p . 72 . isbn | 3861534630 | 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 | < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims of the |
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 81 | , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january | 25 , | 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the | |
| 398520724 | 398753727 | 2010-11-25 04:28:33 | 1 days 06:12:17 | 433328 | 1 | line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " | > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < | / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created | |
| 398858085 | 399051464 | 2010-11-27 00:47:52 | 1 days 03:59:26 | 16710 | 7 | november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} | {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} | < / ref > whether [[ november 9 in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition | |
| 8 | < ref > [ http : / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 rsf . org ] | {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} | < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down | ||||||
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 118 | / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2009 | - 11 - 02 | . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border | |
| 439740747 | 440540857 | 2011-07-20 20:34:29 | 4 days 14:08:06 | 1469567 | 10 | | first name = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | | date | year | = 2009 | isbn = 0375425322 }} < / ref > after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he |
| 441951679 | 443412986 | 2011-08-06 22:01:43 | 8 days 23:04:20 | 16710 | 2 | http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation | ] | | title = | < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative western reaction . what is beyond dispute , though |
| 10 | / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | ] | | title = | < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der | |||||
| 13 | / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ de icon }} neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 | ] | | language = german | title = | < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing | |||||
| 18 | < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam ]] has confirmed 136 deaths . | | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} | < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam ]] has confirmed 136 deaths . | ||||||
| 21 | . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german ] < | | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} | < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , | ||||||
| 27 | / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / theglobeandmail . com ] | montrealgazette | < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 | ||||||
| 29 | [[ west bank ]] pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] , in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . | < ref > | / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the | ||||||
| 32 | the period of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html klein orkest biography | ] | | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} | < / ref > = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite | |||||
| 34 | / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | ] | < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam ]] has confirmed 136 deaths . | ||||||
| 35 | / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | ] | < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , | ||||||
| 39 | / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 biography ] | at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} | < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . | ||||||
| 45 | fall of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html | aljazeera . net ] | < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of | ||||||
| 47 | - communist ally east germany . < ref > [ http : / / uk . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough | reuters . com ] | < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were | ||||||
| 443412986 | 443413503 | 2011-08-06 22:05:52 | 0 days 00:04:09 | 16710 | 10 | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 | ] | < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . | |
| 16 | the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html | < | / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the | ||||||
| 455256380 | 456253435 | 2011-10-18 21:31:49 | 6 days 01:50:15 | 9693793 | 0 | a " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque | file : khaled said graffiti on berlin wall . jpg | [[ khaled mohamed saeed ]] graffiti on berlin wall ' ' ( 2011 ) ' ' | < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - | |
| 456253435 | 456255233 | 2011-10-18 21:44:29 | 0 days 00:12:40 | 5177550 | 1 | " file : berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 plaque . jpg | a " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood | file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque file : khaled said graffiti on berlin wall . jpg | [[ khaled mohamed saeed ]] graffiti on berlin wall ' ' ( 2011 ) ' ' | < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - | |
| 489433249 | 489512208 | 2012-04-27 18:53:47 | 0 days 12:07:39 | 6730078 | 0 | . file : berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 plaque . jpg | a " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood | file : fort gordon ' s berlin wall display . jpg | display of 2 sections of the wall and a " you are leaving " sign at [[ fort gordon ]] , in the u . s . state of [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] | < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - | |
| 518733755 | 519776360 | 2012-10-25 15:33:17 | 5 days 22:20:02 | 17129401 | 0 | 2 sections of the wall and a " you are leaving " sign at [[ fort gordon ]] , [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] | file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side | < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert | |
| 529700077 | 529724987 | 2012-12-25 15:36:49 | 0 days 06:28:33 | 10434788 | 22 | | thumb | 350px | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] [[ file : west and east berlin . svg | thumb | | 350px | | < center > west and east berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _ | |
| 539045002 | 543081696 | 2013-03-09 21:01:49 | 18 days 06:26:28 | 4905985 | 2 | ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away , < ref > http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = - ummj _ jnway | | crosby , stills & nash 1990 - chippin ' away }} | < / ref > a song by tom fedora , as performed by [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[ graham nash ]] ' | |
| 546489570 | 546994321 | 2013-03-26 00:13:50 | 2 days 16:58:12 | 1469567 | 5 | 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }} , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . | | date = | accessdate = 2013 - 03 - 26 }} | < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' | |
| 10 | the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? – an alternate history of cold war espionage ' ' , < ref > http : / / voicesunderberlin . com | / daybefore . html | < / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 nyt review | ||||||
| 12 | berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 nyt review < ref > http : / / www . nytimes . com | / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html | < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' | ||||||
| 546994321 | 549524958 | 2013-04-09 15:29:38 | 14 days 15:15:48 | 16969196 | 0 | ]] , [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side | file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | come back to the capital of gdr file : berlin wall - 2 . jpg | wall with parked wartburg and trabant cars file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | antitank obstacles and the wall | < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert | |
| 560696523 | 560697108 | 2013-06-20 02:48:53 | 0 days 00:07:08 | 5681311 | 6 | sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . | < ref name = " history . com " / > | < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 file | |
| 560698146 | 560703430 | 2013-06-20 04:11:03 | 0 days 01:09:43 | 1108424 | 8 | sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . | < ref name = " history . com " / > | < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 file | |
| 560703430 | 560704004 | 2013-06-20 04:18:37 | 0 days 00:07:34 | 5681311 | 6 | sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . | < ref name = " history . com " / > | < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 file | |
| 590820537 | 590849769 | 2014-01-15 18:17:01 | 0 days 03:44:43 | 1862829 | 0 | construction . < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / something to do with the wall ( 1991 ) - imdb | ] < / ref > * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | ||
| 613835077 | 615294848 | 2014-07-02 13:43:53 | 10 days 19:48:20 | 7669583 | 8 | naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . | david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . | < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' | |
| 631992977 | 631993537 | 2014-11-01 09:45:30 | 0 days 00:08:10 | 6730078 | 0 | commentary / ct - myths - berlin - wall - fall - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} | < / ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = | |
| 1 | _ infocus _ _ interviews / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html | | title = german missions in the united states - home | publisher = | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} | < / ref > robert cannon received a free trip to berlin for 2010 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany | ||||||
| 3 | construction . < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / something to do with the wall ( 1991 ) - imdb | ] | | author = maxhauser | date = 3 april 1991 | work = imdb | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} | < / ref > * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | | |||||
| 5 | ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . com | ] | | date = 15 july 1965 | work = imdb | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} | < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael caine | |||||
| 10 | marciapreston . com / index . php ? option = com _ content & view = article & id = 3 & itemid = 2 view the author ’ s website | ] | | author = administrator | publisher = | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} | < / ref > * * [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | peter schneider ]] , ' ' the wall jumper ' ' , 1984 ( german : ' ' | |||||
| 632340179 | 632389254 | 2014-11-04 07:32:40 | 0 days 09:03:37 | 14508071 | 5 | | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 | november 2014 }} < | " | / ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background |
| 633189879 | 633205042 | 2014-11-10 08:48:37 | 0 days 03:53:37 | 15944894 | 0 | . jpg | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 file : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall | file : destruction of the wall ( using magnetised iron _ filings and particles from the berlin wall ) . jpg | sandpainting of the destruction of the wall by brian pike ( using magnetised iron _ filings and particles from the berlin wall ) | < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . | |
| 633571151 | 633632838 | 2014-11-13 06:15:21 | 0 days 09:47:37 | 15722070 | 0 | | a sign reading " come back to the capital of gdr " file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall | file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | the berlin wall : exhibition in [[ potsdamer platz ]] arkaden | < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert | |
| 656846739 | 659612103 | 2015-04-28 03:39:31 | 11 days 00:23:37 | 24802543 | 17 | wall 1a . jpg | juggling on the wall on 16 november 1989 file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) | . | < / gallery > another border crossing to the south may have been opened earlier . an account by [[ heinz schäfer ]] indicates that he also acted independently and ordered | |
| 26 | from the berlin wall ) . jpg | sandpainting of the destruction of the wall by brian pike ( using magnetised iron _ filings and particles from the berlin wall ) | . | < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . | ||||||
| 35 | file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | an exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary to the berlin wall destruction was located at [[ potsdamer platz ]] arkaden | . | < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert | ||||||
| 671583896 | 672416246 | 2015-07-21 12:08:59 | 5 days 18:54:52 | 574532 | 0 | : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | an exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary to the berlin wall destruction was located at [[ potsdamer platz ]] arkaden . | file : tracé du mur de berlin près de potsdamer platz , 2015 . jpg | line indicating where the wall once stood , just off [[ potsdamer platz ]] , in 2015 . | < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert | |
| 687970626 | 688303202 | 2015-10-31 00:32:15 | 2 days 04:20:00 | 9011270 | 0 | the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 – dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] | * * ' ' in the 2015 film [[ bridge _ of _ spies _ ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east berlin ]] just as the [[ berlin wall ]] is being built . he tries to bring her back into west berlin , but is stopped by [[ stasi ]] agents and arrested as a spy . < ref > https : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / bridge _ of _ spies _ ( film ) < | / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' ( | |
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 6 | june 1990 and was completed in 1992 . < ref > http : / / www . thejournal . ie / berlin - wall - anniversary - 1762450 - nov2014 / | | date = 9 november 2014 | work = [[ thejournal . ie ]] }} | < / ref > the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage | |
| 7 | 1990 and was completed in 1992 . < ref > http : / / www . thejournal . ie / berlin - wall - anniversary - 1762450 - nov2014 / < | / | ref > http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html < / ref > and the | ||||||
| 9 | bahnhof | potsdamer bahnhof ]] < ref > http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html | | publisher = city of berlin | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} | < / ref > and the lenné triangle < ref > http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . | ||||||
| 54 | other elements , and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . < ref > http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} | < / ref > none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center . | ||||||
| 56 | berlin wall documentation center . < ref > http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / memorial - grounds - 548 . html | | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} | < / ref > other remnants are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and | ||||||
| 58 | com / story / death - of - david - bowie - sparks - howls - of - anguish - across - social - media - 2016 - 01 - 11 | | last = kollmeyer | first = barbara | date = 11 january 2016 | work = [[ marketwatch ]] | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} | < / ref > see also [[ berlin wall # david bowie . 2c 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} | ||||||
| 708550214 | 708557629 | 2016-03-06 07:11:16 | 0 days 01:09:59 | 88026 | 2 | }} < / ref > the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return to east germany . < ref | > mary elise sarotte , ' ' collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall ' ' , new york : basic books , 2014 < | name = " referencea " | / ref > this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . this time , however , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by |
| 708557629 | 710470018 | 2016-03-17 03:45:27 | 10 days 20:34:11 | 25794403 | 2 | . jpg | juggling on the wall on 16 november 1989 . file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) . | file : berlin 1989 , fall der mauer , chute du mur 18 . jpg | the fall of the wall ( november 1989 ) | < / gallery > another border crossing to the south may have been opened earlier . an account by [[ heinz schäfer ]] indicates that he also acted independently and ordered | |
| 724165325 | 724233530 | 2016-06-07 23:40:06 | 0 days 08:53:06 | 11795905 | 7 | | last = crozier | first = brian | date = 1999 | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = forum | page = 170 | - | – | 171 | isbn = 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 }} {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ wiktionary | berlin |
| 727656922 | 727810801 | 2016-07-01 11:28:53 | 0 days 23:28:04 | 28626834 | 0 | from the berlin wall ) . jpg | sandpainting of the destruction of the wall by brian pike ( using magnetised iron filings and particles from the berlin wall ) . | file : teil der berliner mauer am potsdamer platz in berlin ( 23268687892 ) . jpg | thumb | part of the berlin wall at potsdamer platz in berlin | < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . | |
| 772547948 | 773210166 | 2017-04-01 00:36:52 | 4 days 01:42:30 | 27823944 | 1 | 2009 | first1 = sven felix | last1 = kellerhof | first2 = alan | last2 = posener | year = 2007 | work = [[ die welt ]] online }} | {{ dead link | date = august 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} | < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of | |
| 774994359 | 774996064 | 2017-04-11 23:54:04 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 204692 | 29 | , a crowd of west berliners jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . | {{ fact }} | < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie | |
| 774996200 | 774996645 | 2017-04-11 23:58:49 | 0 days 00:03:40 | 204692 | 9 | tracé du mur de berlin près de potsdamer platz , 2015 . jpg | line indicating where the wall once stood , just off [[ potsdamer platz ]] , in 2015 | . | < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert | |
| 810009717 | 810071958 | 2017-11-13 05:36:10 | 0 days 07:44:21 | 19339494 | 2 | vzusis2injtqnywsqt9wjcxjdf0 & hl = en & sa = x & ved = 0ahukewjsvstlxbnxahvtzgmkhuuiclyq6aeitdaj # v = onepage & q = berlin % 20wall % 20outside % 20maintenance & f = false | | title = the berlin wall and the intra - german border 1961 - 89 | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} | < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present | |
| 5 | near the [[ lohmühleninsel ]] < ref > [ http : / / www . kunstfabrik . org / # lue kunstfabrik am flutgraben e . & nbsp ; v . | ] | | website = www . kunstfabrik . org }} | < / ref > * the former " kieler eck " ( kieler eck ) on kieler strasse in [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , close to the berlin | |||||
| 810071958 | 810072027 | 2017-11-13 05:36:43 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 19339494 | 6 | - visits - the - berlin - wall . html mrs . thatcher visits the berlin wall ] , ' ' [[ the new york times ]] ' ' , october | 30 , | 1982 < / ref > < / small > < / center > = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie | |
| 810225119 | 810227691 | 2017-11-14 01:34:10 | 0 days 00:19:37 | 6554947 | 8 | the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - | punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt | briefs / 9799537166800 / | < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall and was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on |
| 820363656 | 820717744 | 2018-01-16 05:59:33 | 1 days 21:19:16 | 1808194 | 5 | < ref > ' ' rise and fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 | . dvd - rom . < | " | / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . the wall was reinforced by mesh [[ |
| 825795679 | 825799159 | 2018-02-15 14:02:55 | 0 days 00:30:54 | 5946478 | 3 | popular belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " | < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > | / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took place on 3 october 1990 . = = background | |
| 825810334 | 825810710 | 2018-02-15 15:32:21 | 0 days 00:02:28 | 5946478 | 0 | | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728 | | | < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float - right " | |
| 825810710 | 825811905 | 2018-02-15 15:40:48 | 0 days 00:08:27 | 5946478 | 5 | | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728 | | doi = | access - date = }} | < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float - right " | |
| 825811905 | 825814813 | 2018-02-15 16:00:22 | 0 days 00:19:34 | 5946478 | 9 | . edu / cgi / viewcontent . cgi ? article = 1391 & context = cilj | journal = | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 728 | | doi = | access - date = }} | < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float - right " | |
| 825877017 | 825915910 | 2018-02-16 03:54:46 | 0 days 04:40:35 | 5946478 | 5 | : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < | < ref > | / ref > at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august , the border | |
| 826899654 | 827316878 | 2018-02-24 01:04:34 | 2 days 08:38:31 | 508734 | 53 | of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = 146 | - | – | 147 | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - |
| 57 | berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < | " | / ref > until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance and | |||||
| 60 | berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < | " | / ref > on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in [[ bernauer straße ]] and around the mitte district . from | |||||
| 66 | wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . < ref > {{ cite book | title = | " sarotte 2014 xx - xxi " / > | | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , | ||||||
| 71 | 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period over 100 , 000 < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com | / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html | < / ref > people attempted to escape and over 5 , 000 people succeeded in escaping over the wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 < ref | ||||||
| 72 | chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / | 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < | / ref > in and around berlin . in 1989 a [[ revolutions of 1989 | series of revolutions ]] in nearby eastern bloc countries — [[ poland ]] and [[ | ||||||
| 73 | of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / | 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < | / ref > a fact standing out from the events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 is that this is an historical example of a dictatorial regime | ||||||
| 74 | tribune 1 " / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took place on 3 october 1990 . | < ref | > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . | ||||||
| 80 | east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / | 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html | < / ref > it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end | ||||||
| 108 | in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / | 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh | < / ref > = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list of deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : east german guard - flickr | ||||||
| 118 | opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = | xx - xxi | | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , | ||||||
| 829158703 | 829668315 | 2018-03-10 01:25:45 | 3 days 01:04:56 | 20611691 | 0 | jpg | short section of the berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 file : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall | file : teil der berliner mauer am potsdamer platz in berlin ( 23268687892 ) . jpg | part of the berlin wall at potsdamer platz in berlin | < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . | |
| 838878947 | 838879438 | 2018-04-29 21:40:04 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 764861 | 1 | > contrary to popular belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin officially until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . < ref name = " | chicago tribune 1 | cnn . com | " / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took place on 3 october 1990 . < ref |
| 845220199 | 845242425 | 2018-06-10 12:45:26 | 0 days 04:16:04 | 31766667 | 0 | / en / 4 _ 3 . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 | archivedate = 17 july 2011 | df = dmy - all }} | [ ] | < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin wall ( 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall |
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| 13872 | 86615 | 2002-02-25 15:51:15 | 6 days 11:48:33 | 0|62.253.64.7 | 2 | {st@rt} built in [[ berlin ]] on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the | country | american , british or french sectors of berlin | . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 | |||
| 102788 | 102790 | 2002-06-22 18:16:03 | 5 days 16:18:17 | 59 | 5 | of the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . the | ' ' ' berlin | wall was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering the american , british or french | ||||
| 10 | berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over 155km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up | to | the fourth generation wall , built from 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections | |||||||||
| 11 | berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over 155km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up the fourth generation wall , | built from | begun in | 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 | ||||||||
| 1012031 | 1092751 | 2003-06-08 12:37:20 | 31 days 17:34:08 | 9244 | 14 | an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved | up to | . | the fourth generation wall , begun in 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections | |||
| 15 | wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up to the | " | fourth generation wall , begun in 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at | |||||||||
| 1608238 | 1711609 | 2003-10-22 21:22:46 | 0 days 00:50:12 | 26248 | 1 | to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . to stop the migration , construction of | the berlin | a | wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] . it first consisted of barbed wire , which was | |||
| 2661588 | 2729115 | 2004-03-07 04:57:41 | 12 days 12:44:58 | 49486 | 4 | attractiveness of the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . | to stop the migration , | construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] . it first consisted of barbed wire | ||||
| 3355675 | 3374365 | 2004-04-27 03:44:36 | 14 days 22:18:32 | 0|200.11.95.237 | 0 | | beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] | concept | concert | [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guest including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ | |||
| 3416164 | 3551635 | 2004-05-02 09:12:00 | 3 days 12:28:42 | 4388 | 0 | {st@rt} the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long | [[ | wall isolating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] | ||||
| 3800134 | 3800736 | 2004-05-31 10:22:36 | 0 days 18:49:48 | 3808 | 14 | became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in 1952 . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . | = = construction of the wall = = | construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] . it first consisted of [[ barbed | ||||
| 32 | to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today ' s [[ graffiti ]] are mostly visible on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously | wasn ' t | was not | achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = related articles = = | ||||||||
| 7053303 | 7075809 | 2004-11-02 10:04:22 | 0 days 14:07:00 | 0|62.214.27.246 | 2 | of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences | , walls , | and walls ( [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px | | ||||
| 7264727 | 7264768 | 2004-11-09 17:56:20 | 0 days 00:13:20 | 0|217.9.29.249 | 5 | . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date | when | the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating | ||||
| 8250476 | 8251853 | 2004-12-09 00:57:27 | 3 days 02:20:35 | 100330 | 4 | up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today ' s [[ graffiti ]] are mostly visible on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously was not | achieveable | have been possible | while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . a september 2004 poll found that one | |||
| 9112336 | 9112364 | 2005-01-05 02:44:12 | 0 days 00:05:27 | 0|67.164.50.76 | 3 | wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on | [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to | the wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the | ||||
| 9112487 | 9156541 | 2005-01-05 02:49:50 | 0 days 00:04:52 | 615 | 0 | of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] monkeys took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee on | [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to | the wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december | ||||
| 9533284 | 9533310 | 2005-01-21 15:56:43 | 0 days 00:34:18 | 26468 | 5 | 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of | [[ | the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east german soil . the streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a | barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the | |||
| 8 | around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later | replaced by | built up into | the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories | ||||||||
| 9 | western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the | actual | full - scale | wall . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east | ||||||||
| 26 | into an island in the eastern territories . east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . | the west claimed | that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s | |||||||||
| 9658614 | 9762535 | 2005-01-26 01:42:57 | 0 days 06:03:58 | 26468 | 14 | ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was | constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of | reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks | ||||
| 18 | . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was | also guarded | lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced | by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and | ||||||||
| 35 | marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 | watch | [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western | |||||||||
| 10087212 | 10087443 | 2005-02-09 03:43:17 | 0 days 01:23:14 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 1 | , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing | [[ ultralight ]] s | ultralights | across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view | |||
| 10091995 | 10144491 | 2005-02-09 07:09:31 | 0 days 03:18:09 | 28107 | 73 | , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing | ultralights | [[ ultralight ]] s | across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the | |||
| 11639454 | 11652451 | 2005-03-29 06:12:33 | 0 days 00:03:21 | 0|24.42.224.161 | 1 | ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . the | construction | flood of refugees but the main candidate for it ' s location was around the perimeter | of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom | |||
| 11746206 | 11747812 | 2005-04-01 03:30:23 | 2 days 11:22:10 | 225848 | 11 | s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and | ||||
| 11747812 | 11751790 | 2005-04-01 04:25:04 | 0 days 00:54:41 | 28107 | 8 | its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . | if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and | ||||
| 15 | | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . | this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions | the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , | |||||||||
| 11891869 | 11896685 | 2005-04-04 23:02:50 | 0 days 02:59:21 | 90610 | 0 | . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " | [[ | tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of | ||||
| 14269368 | 14269487 | 2005-05-26 16:36:03 | 0 days 04:31:25 | 0|164.68.120.3 | 2 | ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most | sophisticated | shitty | version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m high and 1 | |||
| 3 | ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate | sea | sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m high and 1 . 5m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the top of the | |||||||||
| 14269815 | 14329087 | 2005-05-26 16:46:05 | 0 days 00:04:01 | 157530 | 2 | ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most | shitty | sophisticated | version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sea sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m high and | |||
| 10 | ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most shitty version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate | sea | sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m high and 1 . 5m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east germans had small penises . the top | |||||||||
| 14830564 | 14834006 | 2005-06-07 04:56:11 | 0 days 06:28:40 | 0|81.180.132.3 | 0 | length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | = = | how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | ||||
| 14834006 | 14943216 | 2005-06-07 06:53:53 | 0 days 01:57:42 | 8780 | 0 | length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | = = | how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 | ||||
| 15055113 | 15059402 | 2005-06-12 06:08:12 | 0 days 00:13:20 | 5016 | 6 | conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the | checkpoints in the | wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard | ||||
| 18341759 | 18388981 | 2005-07-08 10:31:44 | 0 days 16:15:16 | 53921 | 0 | . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the | 45 km ( | 28 - mile barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the | ||||
| 27850846 | 27851902 | 2005-11-09 20:43:14 | 0 days 00:11:23 | 140548 | 0 | ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert | ' ' | [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , | ||||
| 28230173 | 28350981 | 2005-11-15 01:31:48 | 1 days 05:54:07 | 6661 | 0 | split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and chances of a better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west | germans | berliners | demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about | |||
| 31396532 | 31424209 | 2005-12-15 03:54:07 | 0 days 04:02:05 | 0|24.236.223.45 | 0 | 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " | fourth | third | generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version | |||
| 31424209 | 31569442 | 2005-12-16 04:11:51 | 1 days 00:17:44 | 28107 | 0 | 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " | third | fourth | generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version | |||
| 32072733 | 32108178 | 2005-12-20 15:27:08 | 0 days 08:38:16 | 0|199.216.220.2 | 0 | portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] | baoaota | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | ||||
| 32108178 | 32108251 | 2005-12-20 15:27:48 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 0|199.216.220.2 | 0 | portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] | baoaota | booger | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | |||
| 32108251 | 32108451 | 2005-12-20 15:29:48 | 0 days 00:02:00 | 225576 | 0 | portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] | booger | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | ||||
| 32108451 | 32117880 | 2005-12-20 16:57:51 | 0 days 01:28:03 | 0|216.167.223.130 | 2 | relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was | paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . | stupid | = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west | |||
| 3 | length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up | |||||||||
| 32117880 | 32117997 | 2005-12-20 16:59:00 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 655783 | 0 | length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . | = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | the wall was stupid and everyone who liked it was stupid = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east | ||||
| 3 | closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . the wall was stupid and everyone who liked it was | stupid | paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . | = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west | ||||||||
| 34282387 | 34775887 | 2006-01-11 17:31:21 | 3 days 20:07:38 | 0|164.83.99.83 | 1 | tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : | mostly shitty though | # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' | ||||
| 34778137 | 34778424 | 2006-01-11 17:52:02 | 0 days 00:02:29 | 21397 | 2 | tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : | mostly shitty though | # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' | ||||
| 34951260 | 35317181 | 2006-01-15 21:52:12 | 2 days 22:14:00 | 25568 | 2 | . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds | were shot | of would - be escapees from the east . | ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence | |||
| 36157802 | 36216587 | 2006-01-22 13:39:02 | 0 days 12:07:40 | 480942 | 2 | differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " | de mauer im de kopf ( " | the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were | ||||
| 36216587 | 36216676 | 2006-01-22 13:40:22 | 0 days 00:01:20 | 480942 | 1 | germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " de mauer im de kopf | " | ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans | ||||
| 38772044 | 38772210 | 2006-02-08 15:31:51 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 92511 | 0 | [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the | latest | last | phase of the wall , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . | |||
| 40814212 | 40814314 | 2006-02-23 04:38:46 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 386031 | 44 | other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people | began arriving at | came to | the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ | |||
| 40904768 | 40905200 | 2006-02-23 20:20:49 | 0 days 00:03:37 | 89179 | 5 | [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] however , its miles of | concrete and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and | the wall became a focus of anti - communist reformers between the 1960s and 1990s . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of | ||||
| 40905200 | 40905559 | 2006-02-23 20:23:39 | 0 days 00:02:50 | 89179 | 0 | western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = | [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] | during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed | ||||
| 41746791 | 41761508 | 2006-03-01 15:37:50 | 0 days 02:21:39 | 24373 | 38 | * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden | . ' ' | | title = | wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links | |||
| 43620636 | 43657363 | 2006-03-14 01:47:32 | 0 days 04:49:39 | 6661 | 0 | east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . | he | honecker had | predicted that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to | |||
| 1 | , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . he predicted | that january | that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply | |||||||||
| 47397931 | 47528615 | 2006-04-08 08:27:20 | 0 days 19:47:08 | 686868 | 1 | sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were called " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . however , | including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were not allowed visa free travel until [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . they could visit the gdr , but only at the conditions prevalent before , which included application for a visa several days in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their journey , which hindered spontaneous visits . in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westernes . | technically the wall remained guarded for some while , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , east german military even tried to repair some of | ||||
| 48084162 | 48127680 | 2006-04-12 15:41:16 | 0 days 07:51:07 | 1194016 | 0 | [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted | that | in | january that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to | |||
| 1 | honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted that january | of 1989 | that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply | |||||||||
| 48935289 | 49049354 | 2006-04-18 20:13:20 | 0 days 18:06:16 | 6661 | 2 | , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at | the | [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] | ||||
| 53320980 | 53326601 | 2006-05-15 15:19:22 | 0 days 00:38:32 | 0|141.157.35.222 | 0 | & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the | little boy sucked on his mommys titties and liked it his name was steven walker | creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as | ||||
| 53326601 | 53329099 | 2006-05-15 15:35:44 | 0 days 00:16:22 | 204661 | 0 | & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the | little boy sucked on his mommys titties and liked it his name was steven walker | creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as | ||||
| 53500500 | 53500522 | 2006-05-16 13:10:22 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 385115 | 0 | east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . < font size = | 36 > < center > basically this | = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the | wall was super stupid yo ! it also messed up most of germay which is also stupid ! = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that | |||
| 54067993 | 54071955 | 2006-05-19 18:52:56 | 0 days 00:27:23 | 0|158.59.209.88 | 0 | at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling | of | ofkslhjmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm | the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most | |||
| 54071955 | 54072062 | 2006-05-19 18:53:42 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 1022601 | 0 | at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling | ofkslhjmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm | of | the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most | |||
| 57484319 | 57663965 | 2006-06-09 06:58:07 | 1 days 01:49:03 | 0|203.51.41.247 | 6 | & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the | creation | marielle | of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist | |||
| 57663965 | 57664095 | 2006-06-09 06:59:35 | 0 days 00:01:28 | 416594 | 5 | & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / reffer > however , the | marielle | creation | of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist | |||
| 58859317 | 59083873 | 2006-06-17 09:12:35 | 1 days 08:43:14 | 0|58.169.79.139 | 0 | ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of | 1989 | that year | that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . he was wrong by more than 99 | |||
| 63215080 | 63280868 | 2006-07-11 19:49:18 | 0 days 07:13:04 | 0|158.91.216.219 | 1 | fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated | ]] [[ [[ link title ]] [[ media : < math > example . ogg < / math > ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' ]] ]] | version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref | ||||
| 63280868 | 63282560 | 2006-07-11 19:59:04 | 0 days 00:09:46 | 1008387 | 1 | generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most [[ sophisticated | ]] [[ [[ link title ]] [[ media : < math > example . ogg < / math > ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' ]] ]] | version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref | ||||
| 75288754 | 75548908 | 2006-09-13 18:23:04 | 1 days 04:44:30 | 0|70.244.100.3 | 0 | well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . | i was there ! ! ! ! | = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college | ||||
| 75548908 | 75549141 | 2006-09-13 18:24:20 | 0 days 00:01:16 | 145855 | 0 | well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . | i was there ! ! ! ! | = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college | ||||
| 81768427 | 81865132 | 2006-10-16 21:32:20 | 0 days 09:55:34 | 2496238 | 2 | archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | | last = wyden | maclean , rory ]] | | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 | |||
| 82879607 | 82879695 | 2006-10-21 21:19:03 | 0 days 00:00:35 | 2542109 | 0 | wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " | death | health | strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . | |||
| 82879695 | 82880299 | 2006-10-21 21:22:34 | 0 days 00:03:31 | 2179786 | 0 | wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " | health | death | strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . | |||
| 85062241 | 85062608 | 2006-11-01 16:50:04 | 0 days 00:01:56 | 0|204.13.204.162 | 0 | iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . part of monty python and the holy grail was | formed | made | on this wall . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ | |||
| 85064024 | 85132084 | 2006-11-01 22:40:02 | 0 days 05:42:40 | 309674 | 0 | [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took | parts of | the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , | ||||
| 87939085 | 87971875 | 2006-11-15 12:36:22 | 0 days 05:29:42 | 55284 | 0 | berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht | ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev | ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , | ||||
| 88015793 | 88038123 | 2006-11-15 19:20:36 | 0 days 02:03:39 | 42901 | 0 | ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] | and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman | , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which | ||||
| 1 | wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] , | [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > | the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed | |||||||||
| 91359879 | 91359911 | 2006-12-01 11:48:26 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 579524 | 0 | rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two | : | by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of the socialist east germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected | ||||
| 91359911 | 91362108 | 2006-12-01 12:08:57 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 2 | wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of the socialist east germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengtehened , | turning | transformed | from a usual wall into the system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signalisation , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and | |||
| 3 | purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of the socialist east germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengtehened , turning from a | usual | normal | wall into the system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signalisation , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and perfidious shooting automata | ||||||||
| 5 | germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengtehened , turning from a usual wall into the system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate | signalisation | signals | , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and perfidious shooting automata , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guard . | ||||||||
| 98077276 | 98151344 | 2007-01-03 10:49:19 | 0 days 08:46:57 | 2001738 | 2 | shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the | berlin | wall near potsdamer platz , august 2006 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' | ||||
| 98226397 | 98227262 | 2007-01-03 18:51:51 | 0 days 00:04:28 | 873891 | 6 | oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . | even the parts that are left standing no longer | none still | accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and | |||
| 9 | on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , | graffiti was exclusively on the western side . | and | fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as | ||||||||
| 10 | both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . | also at a turn in | moreover , | the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum | ||||||||
| 11 | of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . also at a turn in the | eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the | wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt | |||||||||
| 98453918 | 98470052 | 2007-01-04 19:21:16 | 0 days 01:21:18 | 873891 | 12 | service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the | creation of the | wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , | ||||
| 104347998 | 104367345 | 2007-01-30 17:39:18 | 0 days 01:38:05 | 2077184 | 2 | and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by juggernaut from the x - men , | as he rammed through | and its fall was | the wall with his head . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after | |||
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 7 | workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the | thing you need to remember about the berlin | wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , | ||||
| 16 | the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the | western powers had done nothing | engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self | to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the | ||||||||
| 53 | with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ | tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy | |||||||||
| 54 | the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the | back . the | wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory | |||||||||
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 26 | , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to | be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents died as a result . the second wall was constructed after [[ the second world war 2 ]] by the [[ americans ]] to prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant | prevent the | wall dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin | |||
| 37 | lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a | section of | communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in | the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed | ||||||||
| 38 | = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the | back . the | wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by | |||||||||
| 62 | berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the | thing you need to remember about the berlin | wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that | |||||||||
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 7 | workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the | thing you need to remember about the berlin | wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , | ||||
| 16 | the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the | western powers had done nothing | engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self | to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the | ||||||||
| 53 | with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ | tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy | |||||||||
| 54 | the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the | back . the | wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory | |||||||||
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 26 | , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to | be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents died as a result . the second wall was constructed after [[ the second world war 2 ]] by the [[ americans ]] to prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant | prevent the | wall dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin | |||
| 37 | lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a | section of | communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in | the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed | ||||||||
| 38 | = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the | back . the | wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by | |||||||||
| 62 | berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the | thing you need to remember about the berlin | wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that | |||||||||
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 7 | workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the | thing you need to remember about the berlin | wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , | ||||
| 16 | the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the | western powers had done nothing | engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self | to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the | ||||||||
| 53 | with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ | tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy | |||||||||
| 54 | the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the | back . the | wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory | |||||||||
| 111079436 | 111080379 | 2007-02-26 14:54:17 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 0|193.194.158.107 | 26 | , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to | be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents died as a result . the second wall was constructed after [[ the second world war 2 ]] by the [[ americans ]] to prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant | prevent the | wall dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin | |||
| 37 | lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a | section of | communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in | the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed | ||||||||
| 38 | = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the | back . the | wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by | |||||||||
| 53 | berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the | thing you need to remember about the berlin | wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . peter shapiro loves the | |||||||||
| 111502458 | 111885825 | 2007-03-01 19:05:40 | 1 days 15:00:53 | 712163 | 0 | en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and | [[ list of berlin wall portions | | surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were | ||||
| 113273294 | 113334386 | 2007-03-07 15:54:57 | 0 days 07:32:17 | 0|65.1.6.32 | 0 | skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . | < a href = " http : / / photobucket . com " target = " _ blank " > < img src = " http : / / i175 . photobucket . com / albums / w142 / aswnut / peanut . jpg " border = " 0 " alt = " photobucket - video and image hosting " > < / a > | the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 | ||||
| 113334386 | 113334424 | 2007-03-07 15:55:06 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 2654847 | 0 | skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . | < a href = " http : / / photobucket . com " target = " _ blank " > < img src = " http : / / i175 . photobucket . com / albums / w142 / aswnut / peanut . jpg " border = " 0 " alt = " photobucket - video and image hosting " > < / a > | the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 | ||||
| 113385689 | 113462887 | 2007-03-08 01:21:56 | 0 days 05:35:39 | 0|134.161.77.27 | 4 | , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of | 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that | preston ' s sledgehammer or power struck | the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | |||
| 114231078 | 114232094 | 2007-03-11 04:46:14 | 0 days 00:06:38 | 0|192.176.11.14 | 5 | funke took charge and led the deconstruction of the berlin wall . late in the night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first blow of | preston ' s sledgehammer or power struck | 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that | the wall . followed shortly by the continuous blows between funke and preston ' s hammers , the wall came down and germany was reunited . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . | |||
| 117508444 | 117516576 | 2007-03-24 13:39:46 | 0 days 00:58:39 | 302522 | 0 | of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . | over the next few weeks parts of | the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " | ||||
| 120170339 | 120170416 | 2007-04-04 06:25:34 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 0|125.238.5.132 | 0 | skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . | fhregfkefhtbwfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggfgfgffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffgggfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff | the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 | ||||
| 120170416 | 120184971 | 2007-04-04 08:29:39 | 0 days 02:04:05 | 0|83.100.203.43 | 0 | skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . | fhregfkefhtbwfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggfgfgffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffgggfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff | the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 | ||||
| 121058451 | 121253403 | 2007-04-08 20:10:34 | 0 days 22:14:13 | 0|68.96.195.110 | 0 | bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently | and | , | legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when | |||
| 121253403 | 121253825 | 2007-04-08 20:12:29 | 0 days 00:01:55 | 0|68.96.195.110 | 0 | bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently | , | and | legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when | |||
| 121573836 | 121815930 | 2007-04-10 23:58:00 | 0 days 22:34:01 | 0|71.251.78.138 | 1 | jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . | jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the | . belin | wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . | |||
| 121815930 | 121816065 | 2007-04-10 23:58:38 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 1587622 | 1 | | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : juan stupid . | . belin | jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the | wall sucks . in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ | |||
| 128043670 | 128043972 | 2007-05-03 20:31:17 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 5 | united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and | in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that | the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | ||||
| 129408596 | 129408776 | 2007-05-09 01:56:37 | 0 days 00:00:50 | 0|68.96.76.118 | 0 | roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed " [[ | tear down this wall | | tear down this wall ]] " speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he essentially called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the | ||||
| 132997348 | 133070307 | 2007-05-24 01:07:06 | 0 days 05:44:33 | 129409 | 15 | permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks | , | parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " | ||||
| 133074678 | 133074927 | 2007-05-24 01:32:04 | 0 days 00:01:22 | 715870 | 3 | in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain | - | fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . | ||||
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 37 | ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city | itself | lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ | ||||
| 73 | " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the | most famous one at the | [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ | |||||||||
| 153595819 | 153780641 | 2007-08-26 17:53:06 | 0 days 22:54:33 | 0|70.246.156.12 | 5 | running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the | full - scale | wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ | ||||
| 153783102 | 153784826 | 2007-08-26 18:19:24 | 0 days 00:10:45 | 1718065 | 1 | running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the | full - scale | wall . everyone thought it was a piece of shit . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national | ||||
| 160247787 | 160249046 | 2007-09-25 13:56:32 | 0 days 00:07:23 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 0 | [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " | death | shank | strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | |||
| 160249046 | 160281991 | 2007-09-25 16:59:42 | 0 days 03:03:10 | 0|150.135.169.11 | 1 | construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the | last phase | west side | of the wall ' s development , the " shank strip " between josh and bear was horrible bloody and deadthly . [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | |||
| 2 | the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of | graffiti art on | the wall ' s development , the " shank strip " between josh and bear was horrible bloody and deadthly . [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | | |||||||||
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 9 | from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | | remaining stretch | " stimulation ( sight , scent ) . current understanding is that many species believed monogamous have now been proven to be promiscuous or opportunistic in nature , a wide range | of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ | |||
| 162097147 | 162236037 | 2007-10-04 13:31:03 | 0 days 16:27:02 | 0|209.174.242.3 | 0 | to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the | rise | of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations | ||||
| 7 | hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . | technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall | of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations | |||||||||
| 162236037 | 162236073 | 2007-10-04 13:31:19 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 301395 | 2 | spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . the | rise | technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall | of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations | |||
| 163098190 | 163101280 | 2007-10-08 14:53:00 | 0 days 00:15:10 | 0|216.237.254.146 | 0 | on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year | christina is a whore | that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed | trying | by a person named alton - daytrying | to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee | |
| 276397358 | 276397542 | 2009-03-10 23:48:23 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 2372780 | 0 | , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed | by a person named alton - daytrying | trying | to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee | |||
| 276397542 | 276397596 | 2009-03-10 23:48:36 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 0|67.165.0.242 | 0 | , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed | trying | by a person named alton - daytrying | to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee | |||
| 276397596 | 276397704 | 2009-03-10 23:49:03 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 4046939 | 0 | , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed | by a person named alton - daytrying | trying | to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee | |||
| 277909503 | 277910067 | 2009-03-17 17:50:00 | 0 days 00:02:39 | 6984319 | 2 | border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and the [[ eastern bloc | ]] and , ultimately , between the western european [[ allies of world war ii ]] and [[ the soviet union | ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall | ||||
| 281608811 | 281686628 | 2009-04-04 12:14:06 | 0 days 11:20:47 | 15708 | 4 | ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august | 13 , | 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine | ||||
| 284918855 | 284935331 | 2009-04-20 02:49:29 | 0 days 01:42:59 | 9494861 | 0 | border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . | penis penis penis penis penis | the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on | ||||
| 284935331 | 284935878 | 2009-04-20 02:52:53 | 0 days 00:03:24 | 1099776 | 0 | border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . | penis penis penis penis penis | the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on | ||||
| 289779282 | 289779382 | 2009-05-14 00:07:47 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 1233313 | 0 | checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = | during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as | |||||
| 289779598 | 289779731 | 2009-05-14 00:10:13 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 1233313 | 1 | ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf | " | ' ' | ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany | |||
| 6 | ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( | " | the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west | |||||||||
| 289779731 | 289801827 | 2009-05-14 02:31:14 | 0 days 02:21:01 | 6984319 | 0 | checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = | [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] | during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as | ||||
| 300613467 | 300624419 | 2009-07-06 16:48:43 | 0 days 01:04:06 | 0|78.144.252.75 | 0 | border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . | . . . . . | the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought | ||||
| 300624419 | 300632026 | 2009-07-06 17:34:53 | 0 days 00:46:10 | 1304569 | 0 | border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . | . . . . . | the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought | ||||
| 306465427 | 306538732 | 2009-08-07 04:34:49 | 0 days 08:18:22 | 6984319 | 0 | border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . | prior to | the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought | ||||
| 307307907 | 307679806 | 2009-08-13 03:24:07 | 1 days 21:50:04 | 8357747 | 0 | ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] | * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . | * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a | ||||
| 307884163 | 308149981 | 2009-08-15 17:08:42 | 1 days 11:27:52 | 0|90.200.32.121 | 0 | border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . | berlin is in ireland | prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into | ||||
| 308149981 | 308150074 | 2009-08-15 17:09:16 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 10141256 | 1 | border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . | berlin is in ireland | prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million united kindom had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into | ||||
| 311192075 | 311278175 | 2009-09-01 14:03:37 | 0 days 12:33:20 | 6971250 | 1 | . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = | a unique piece | not all segments | of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of | |||
| 319687238 | 319857998 | 2009-10-14 18:32:45 | 0 days 22:04:56 | 0|86.17.123.155 | 0 | border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . | it was a dosgrace what they did like locking up an animal in a cage : ( | prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into | ||||
| 319857998 | 319858118 | 2009-10-14 18:33:24 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 0|86.17.123.155 | 0 | border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . | it was a dosgrace what they did like locking up an animal in a cage : ( | prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into | ||||
| 320975384 | 320978520 | 2009-10-20 10:32:07 | 0 days 00:34:15 | 3058538 | 1 | }} 2007 [[ black - and - white | b & w ]] photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin | - | wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of | ||||
| 324361293 | 324361439 | 2009-11-06 22:47:14 | 0 days 00:00:58 | 0|38.107.109.130 | 1 | german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = owqstzgkbiy | ] | how the wall worked . 3d virtual realization * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list | ||||
| 324471890 | 324478288 | 2009-11-07 16:19:25 | 0 days 00:44:58 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 0 | 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape | circumventing | over | the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] | |||
| 324886184 | 324889784 | 2009-11-09 19:17:28 | 0 days 00:20:09 | 0|24.91.78.167 | 0 | border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . | prior to | before | the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany | |||
| 324923280 | 324923860 | 2009-11-09 22:20:11 | 0 days 00:02:41 | 0|67.71.41.102 | 4 | that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large | concrete | styrofoam | walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir | |||
| 324923860 | 324923936 | 2009-11-09 22:20:37 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 6774658 | 4 | ) that completely enclosed the country of [[ yugoslavia ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ north dakota ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large | styrofoam | concrete | walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir | |||
| 325364978 | 325366116 | 2009-11-12 02:34:13 | 0 days 00:08:51 | 0|202.158.12.194 | 4 | - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the | roger jr | wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] | ||||
| 325366116 | 325367008 | 2009-11-12 02:40:35 | 0 days 00:06:22 | 4916882 | 7 | - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the | roger jr | wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] | ||||
| 325493064 | 325493379 | 2009-11-12 20:15:42 | 0 days 00:01:52 | 0|58.110.138.78 | 0 | soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) also refered to as the big | one | fat hitler ' elephant , | was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it | |||
| 327723781 | 327795862 | 2009-11-25 03:22:30 | 0 days 07:06:45 | 0|87.11.82.60 | 0 | s early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died | trying | fasfdasfsdfffdsfsffdfdsfdsftrying | to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the | |||
| 327795862 | 327805035 | 2009-11-25 04:33:44 | 0 days 01:11:14 | 7269746 | 0 | s early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died | fasfdasfsdfffdsfsffdfdsfdsftrying | trying | to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the | |||
| 339045107 | 339322107 | 2010-01-22 10:16:12 | 1 days 11:25:18 | 0|87.42.212.2 | 0 | of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , | with | tammy lyons is | the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as | |||
| 343535162 | 343773536 | 2010-02-13 17:47:19 | 1 days 04:57:14 | 5326371 | 0 | that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the | " | [[ wall of shame ]] {{ ndash }} a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement | ||||
| 9 | the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city | ' s | lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref | |||||||||
| 343779602 | 343780168 | 2010-02-13 18:20:19 | 0 days 00:02:39 | 5326371 | 4 | uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they | also saw | considered | the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if | |||
| 343784334 | 343784856 | 2010-02-13 18:48:35 | 0 days 00:03:09 | 5326371 | 4 | = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise | " – | ' ' ( | journey of the wall took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks were sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen | |||
| 343784856 | 343787074 | 2010-02-13 18:58:31 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 5326371 | 4 | ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately | represent | represents | the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with | |||
| 5 | and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers | , as fragments | . fsragments | of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a | ||||||||
| 344092620 | 344168111 | 2010-02-15 07:24:20 | 0 days 09:20:34 | 0|97.127.12.241 | 0 | a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . | fsragments | fragments | of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are | |||
| 345286812 | 345793921 | 2010-02-23 02:23:39 | 2 days 05:00:39 | 393711 | 0 | when it made contact with the beam . they lay flat and kept driving forward . the east germans then built zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system | preceded | predated | the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne | |||
| 346490813 | 346769100 | 2010-02-27 23:01:03 | 1 days 09:04:54 | 0|68.57.126.209 | 3 | to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ | anti - fascist | pizza maker | ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully | |||
| 346769100 | 346776955 | 2010-02-27 23:47:20 | 0 days 00:46:17 | 3308922 | 3 | to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ | pizza maker | anti - fascist | ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully | |||
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 1 | }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art | ]] | on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall | ||||
| 356901361 | 356954702 | 2010-04-19 10:01:13 | 0 days 08:02:49 | 0|218.186.9.230 | 0 | border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . | lol | before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the | ||||
| 356954702 | 356954794 | 2010-04-19 10:01:55 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 0|218.186.9.230 | 0 | border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . | lol | before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the | ||||
| 360333358 | 360333645 | 2010-05-05 17:57:22 | 0 days 00:01:29 | 0|199.197.103.35 | 0 | {st@rt} | { hi weggie its jack tj | jonathan is really cool wiggie and i | built the wall { about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ | |||
| 360380251 | 360445274 | 2010-05-06 03:35:59 | 0 days 06:00:26 | 0|71.142.92.215 | 0 | the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ | brandenburg | branpoopdenburg | gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com | |||
| 360445274 | 360445710 | 2010-05-06 03:39:18 | 0 days 00:03:19 | 329633 | 0 | the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ | branpoopdenburg | brandenburg | gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com | |||
| 363922912 | 364011539 | 2010-05-24 22:54:04 | 0 days 09:03:26 | 591174 | 7 | east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 | to | and | 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite news | |||
| 366512975 | 366521234 | 2010-06-07 08:27:18 | 0 days 01:15:10 | 6971250 | 11 | - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . | film by r . s . richter | * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom | ||||
| 366521234 | 366522148 | 2010-06-07 08:36:01 | 0 days 00:08:43 | 6971250 | 5 | build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ tunnel , the ]] ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under | what else , | the wall . film by r . s . richter * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ | ||||
| 367431885 | 367780883 | 2010-06-13 15:03:46 | 1 days 23:52:59 | 0|184.60.66.188 | 1 | attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " | [[ anti - fascist ]] protection | penis | wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de | |||
| 368159388 | 368177016 | 2010-06-15 13:56:04 | 0 days 02:01:59 | 89179 | 11 | the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the | , | [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] nations . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had | ||||
| 378715810 | 378954266 | 2010-08-14 23:31:40 | 1 days 09:23:09 | 0|72.224.163.217 | 1 | ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - | fascist | vagina | ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de | |||
| 378954266 | 378954496 | 2010-08-14 23:33:43 | 0 days 00:02:03 | 0|72.224.163.217 | 5 | germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included | guard towers | dildos | placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 | |||
| 378954496 | 378954602 | 2010-08-14 23:34:40 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 1064243 | 5 | , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 , that completely cut off [[ lesbian ]] from surrounding gays and from [[ homos ]] . the barrier included | dildos | guard towers | placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 | |||
| 6 | ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - | vagina | fascist | ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de | ||||||||
| 379192505 | 379212179 | 2010-08-16 12:59:13 | 0 days 02:54:24 | 0|80.254.147.156 | 0 | was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later it was built up into the | proper | wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | ||||
| 387039407 | 387096525 | 2010-09-26 09:41:09 | 0 days 08:32:03 | 7178666 | 0 | around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . a high point was when over 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles , each over | {{ convert | | 8 feet tall , that were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center were toppled in stages , converging in front of the brandenburg gate . | ||||
| 389132750 | 389329152 | 2010-10-07 14:59:01 | 0 days 21:54:30 | 0|141.43.69.1 | 16 | [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . | none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . | com | fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments | |||
| 17 | of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the | second ( easternmost ) | wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the | |||||||||
| 389330154 | 389349828 | 2010-10-07 16:55:20 | 0 days 01:50:48 | 3308922 | 5 | former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; and a third section in liesenstraße . a long stretch of the | second ( easternmost ) | wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . a comprehensive documentation | ||||
| 13 | including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at http : / / www . berlin - wall - map . | com | none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . | fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments | ||||||||
| 16 | topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; and a third section | in liesenstraße . a long stretch | of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . a | |||||||||
| 391570615 | 391649621 | 2010-10-19 14:37:32 | 0 days 11:45:06 | 3055250 | 1 | }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side | of [[ graffiti art ]] | , | on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map | |||
| 400135808 | 400152873 | 2010-12-02 17:05:45 | 0 days 01:38:16 | 0|76.79.232.194 | 0 | ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . | the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that | the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | | ||||
| 400152873 | 400183850 | 2010-12-02 20:01:38 | 0 days 02:55:53 | 0|207.177.214.199 | 1 | > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , | tear down this | put the | wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down | |||
| 400183850 | 400217192 | 2010-12-02 23:10:07 | 0 days 03:08:29 | 3308922 | 0 | / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . | kuzmanov | gorbachev | , put the wall back up ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 | |||
| 1 | > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . kuzmanov , | put the | tear down this | wall back up ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ | ||||||||
| 400251431 | 400293690 | 2010-12-03 10:55:24 | 0 days 07:39:00 | 6971250 | 0 | ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . | the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that | the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | | ||||
| 401679143 | 401702145 | 2010-12-11 00:44:02 | 0 days 02:56:40 | 0|75.3.1.224 | 1 | > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , | tear down this | put the | wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down | |||
| 401702145 | 401710678 | 2010-12-11 01:55:35 | 0 days 01:11:33 | 5177550 | 0 | / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . | kuzmanov | gorbachev | , put the wall back up - sn0w " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june | |||
| 1 | > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . kuzmanov , | put the | tear down this | wall back up - sn0w " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ | ||||||||
| 402032954 | 402084488 | 2010-12-13 04:12:01 | 0 days 05:32:53 | 0|146.7.207.171 | 0 | marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] | protection | prostitution | wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | |||
| 402084488 | 402113966 | 2010-12-13 08:56:00 | 0 days 04:43:59 | 6971250 | 0 | marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] | prostitution | protection | wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | |||
| 402719269 | 402911121 | 2010-12-17 20:30:51 | 1 days 02:59:23 | 0|67.68.53.10 | 0 | in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated . the economy in the gdr began to grow . | surprisingly , even after such prosperity some people were willing to defect to the less prosperous west berlin and leaving the freedom and facilities available in gdr but not in the west . to keep them prosperous the gdr army had to prevent them by force . | but , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly | ||||
| 402911121 | 402925112 | 2010-12-17 22:09:53 | 0 days 01:39:02 | 3308922 | 0 | in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated . the economy in the gdr began to grow . | surprisingly , even after such prosperity some people were willing to defect to the less prosperous west berlin and leaving the freedom and facilities available in gdr but not in the west . to keep them prosperous the gdr army had to prevent them by force . | but , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly | ||||
| 403665286 | 404621084 | 2010-12-28 11:37:15 | 6 days 04:15:39 | 13689206 | 0 | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . | the view | most people believed | that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german [[ socialist unity party | |||
| 405959866 | 406120287 | 2011-01-05 18:07:27 | 0 days 20:57:24 | 7609840 | 2 | defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 | from the west side , on | . | the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map | |||
| 443412986 | 443413503 | 2011-08-06 22:05:52 | 0 days 00:04:09 | 16710 | 9 | then - communist ally east germany . < ref > http : / / uk . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough | | title = who built berlin wall ? most russians don ' t know & # 124 ; reuters | publisher = uk . reuters . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > | = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the | ||||
| 443414712 | 443416955 | 2011-08-06 22:32:57 | 0 days 00:17:32 | 16710 | 4 | of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the | [[ | brandenburg gate ]] on 22 december 1989 . [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | | ||||
| 6 | hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | | * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] | |||||||||
| 443416955 | 443420038 | 2011-08-06 22:56:21 | 0 days 00:23:24 | 16710 | 14 | hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] | * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ inner german border | ||||
| 444591376 | 444619121 | 2011-08-13 12:49:37 | 0 days 05:02:08 | 9243491 | 0 | hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] | * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation | ||||
| 494695297 | 495094589 | 2012-05-30 08:17:37 | 2 days 08:55:03 | 577301 | 0 | this wall . " = = [[ file : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : " [[ | tear down this wall | | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | | ||||
| 505389806 | 505558329 | 2012-08-03 10:30:56 | 1 days 02:39:43 | 339081 | 5 | berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes | ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes | ]] atop the wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . | ||||
| 519776360 | 522222611 | 2012-11-09 19:33:25 | 15 days 04:00:08 | 1723027 | 2 | / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the | ' ' ' | " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] | ||||
| 522222611 | 522225975 | 2012-11-09 19:57:24 | 0 days 00:23:59 | 10289486 | 2 | / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the | ' ' ' | " [[ wall of shame ]] " ' ' ' — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom | ||||
| 529700077 | 529724987 | 2012-12-25 15:36:49 | 0 days 06:28:33 | 10434788 | 7 | of the berlin wall among current college students . students at over 30 universities participated in " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . first place winner of the | [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 09 _ _ press _ _ infocus _ _ interviews / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html | [[ | freedom without walls speaking contest ] robert cannon received a free trip to berlin for 2010 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www | |||
| 538062628 | 538916225 | 2013-02-18 19:08:38 | 5 days 03:00:19 | 10728040 | 3 | , a crowd of west berliners jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . | < / gallery > | = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | upright | | ||||
| 25 | late november 1989 . ]] [[ file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | upright | a crane removing a section of the | berlin | wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its | |||||||||
| 543449478 | 545358277 | 2013-03-19 05:11:08 | 7 days 12:34:11 | 1609140 | 1 | of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] | [[ category : separation barriers ]] | [[ category : walls ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link | ||||
| 545358277 | 545361184 | 2013-03-19 05:32:47 | 0 days 00:21:39 | 7868001 | 1 | of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] | [[ category : separation barriers ]] | [[ category : walls ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link | ||||
| 545361184 | 545373409 | 2013-03-19 06:54:43 | 0 days 01:21:56 | 210954 | 1 | of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] | [[ category : separation barriers ]] | [[ category : walls ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link | ||||
| 545373409 | 545381105 | 2013-03-19 07:46:16 | 0 days 00:51:33 | 18079202 | 1 | of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] | [[ category : separation barriers ]] | [[ category : walls ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link | ||||
| 545381105 | 545455691 | 2013-03-19 16:10:59 | 0 days 08:24:43 | 145394 | 1 | of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] | [[ category : separation barriers ]] | [[ category : walls ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link | ||||
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 21 | wall ]] . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > at strategic points | , | the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > " | ||||
| 588587093 | 589123834 | 2014-01-04 11:07:54 | 3 days 11:57:13 | 1862829 | 0 | death strip seen from axel springer building 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the berlin wall , as seen from the [[ | axel | axel | springer ag ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin wall death strip , 1977 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " | |||
| 610979419 | 613835077 | 2014-06-21 17:55:33 | 20 days 21:06:01 | 15420856 | 0 | atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of | the rest | what was left | . the physical wall itself was primarily destroyed in 1990 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on | |||
| 619750670 | 621484363 | 2014-08-16 13:24:56 | 12 days 12:04:28 | 525927 | 0 | ' s eve 1989 , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " while standing atop the partly | - | demolished wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / uk _ news | ||||
| 631869000 | 631992977 | 2014-11-01 09:37:20 | 0 days 23:37:50 | 18865486 | 0 | next few weeks , euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the | physical | destruction of the | wall was primarily destroyed in 1990 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . | |||
| 633021579 | 633040519 | 2014-11-09 02:15:56 | 0 days 02:47:56 | 10340692 | 11 | / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the | ] - [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] | of the wall * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ | ||||
| 12 | index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall | berlin wall online ] - a | chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall | |||||||||
| 13 | ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ | berlin | wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset | |||||||||
| 38 | chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 | ) from the website | chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall | |||||||||
| 633124700 | 633132744 | 2014-11-09 20:10:48 | 0 days 00:59:02 | 2012100 | 4 | have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people | came to the | nicknamed ' ' {{ lang | de | mauerspechte }} ' ' ( | wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " | |||
| 16 | locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers | which took parts | that tore down portions | of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely | ||||||||
| 18 | [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . | photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the | while the | wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the brandenburg gate | ||||||||
| 28 | that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . | these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( | wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / topics | |||||||||
| 633183384 | 633189879 | 2014-11-10 04:55:00 | 0 days 01:15:20 | 1833 | 5 | throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / | brandenburg | brandenberg | border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( | |||
| 664678445 | 665650877 | 2015-06-05 18:14:52 | 6 days 10:44:50 | 2901026 | 3 | great morale boost for west berliners , who lived in an [[ exclave ]] deep inside east germany and feared a possible east german occupation . in a speech at the | [[ | brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . usatoday . | ||||
| 665650877 | 666337026 | 2015-06-10 13:39:10 | 4 days 19:24:18 | 19338611 | 0 | abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , 9 november is also the anniversary of the | execution of [[ robert blum ]] in following the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the austrian empire | 1848 vienna revolts ]] , the | 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of the nazis in 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel | ||||
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 29 | [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " | ' ' | the wall street journal . < / ref > excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night | ||||
| 702892130 | 702892497 | 2016-02-02 06:58:20 | 0 days 00:04:04 | 13816079 | 0 | no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : | # | * | wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ | |||
| 708557629 | 710470018 | 2016-03-17 03:45:27 | 10 days 20:34:11 | 25794403 | 0 | = = {{ further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} {{ eastern bloc sidebar }} [[ file : sfp 186 - brandenburger tor . ogv | thumb | right | | 200px | 220px | | brandenburg gate in 1945 , after the end of world war 2 ]] following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] headed a union of nations on | |||
| 774994359 | 774996064 | 2017-04-11 23:54:04 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 204692 | 11 | no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : | {{ fact }} | * wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) * improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) * improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) * ' ' | ||||
| 30 | = 7 november 2014 }} < / ref > this may explain reports of east berliners appearing in west berlin earlier than the opening of the bornholmer straße border crossing . | {{ fact }} | = = = demolition = = = the fall of the berlin wall ( {{ lang - de | mauerfall }} ) began the evening of 9 november 1989 and continued | |||||||||
| 798241666 | 800698581 | 2017-09-15 03:51:19 | 14 days 08:23:33 | 10031342 | 13 | , euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . contrary to popular belief | , | the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / | ||||
| 19 | by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin ; from which they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 | , | the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / | |||||||||
| 808291388 | 809350827 | 2017-11-08 15:47:14 | 6 days 15:42:09 | 7136651 | 6 | " | 0 , 5 {{ 0 }} | remains of house fronts , land mansion bricks | - | style = " text - align : right " | 58 | , | . | 95 | wall - shaped front wall with a height of 3 , 40 & nbsp ; m | - | style = " text - align : right " | | |||
| 810174887 | 810185910 | 2017-11-13 20:34:03 | 0 days 01:10:23 | 6554947 | 3 | two separate keyholes to unlock . < ref > https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? time _ continue = 275 & v = owqstzgkbiy < | / ref > | = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of | ||||
| 810187128 | 810222160 | 2017-11-14 00:53:59 | 0 days 04:11:16 | 6554947 | 3 | one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch , who was | apprehended while | standing inside the strip while painting the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east | ||||
| 4 | the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch , who was standing inside the strip | while painting | defacing | the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin | ||||||||
| 810347639 | 810351013 | 2017-11-14 19:06:27 | 0 days 00:25:19 | 6554947 | 5 | apr / 03 / thierry - noir - graffiti - berlin - wall < / ref > defector and political activist wolfram hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the | outer | strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into west berlin . hasch himself was arrested , | ||||
| 810575212 | 810709126 | 2017-11-16 23:24:54 | 0 days 20:00:20 | 6554947 | 2 | into west berlin . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the wall door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border | on | outside | the outer edge of the outer strip . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - | |||
| 812015131 | 812456655 | 2017-11-27 23:08:43 | 2 days 10:38:49 | 27015025 | 0 | [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] | {{ webarchive | url = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080829173505 / http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml | date = 29 august 2008 }} | " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , october 2006 . < / ref > accompanied by | ||||
| 814620671 | 814621118 | 2017-12-09 22:55:25 | 0 days 00:03:24 | 6554947 | 0 | foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . the area | just | outside the wall is < i > de jure < / i > eastern bloc territory . 1984 . ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | ||||
| 814764354 | 815651022 | 2017-12-16 04:50:35 | 5 days 08:35:00 | 6554947 | 0 | in foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . the | area | areas | just outside the wall is < i > de jure < / i > eastern bloc territory . 1984 . ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | | |||
| 824236669 | 825606275 | 2018-02-14 10:16:19 | 8 days 06:43:34 | 21948199 | 23 | after before an interruption of the way at this point had been feared . at the intersection with the dresdener bahn near lichtenrade , on the other hand , there is | still no possibility of crossing , so that a longer detour over partially paved roads is necessary . the german railways justified the lack of crossing possibility with the words : " this wall is not a legally established way , which we have to consider as a crossing . " in 2012 , the landtag of brandenburg , decided up to 250 , 000 euros for the construction of an underpass under the railway in this area to provide , however , their realization is delayed due to the repeatedly postponed expansion of the long - distance tracks of the dresden railway in this area . since april 2009 , | part of the wall trail on the banks of the griebnitzsee in potsdam has been closed by some property owners . a similar situation exists since the summer of 2009 on | ||||
| 825791052 | 825794931 | 2018-02-15 13:25:16 | 0 days 00:36:37 | 5946478 | 1 | – time | publisher = time | date = 20 november 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period around 5 , 000 people | attempted to escape | succeeded in escaping | over the wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary | |||
| 825811905 | 825814813 | 2018-02-15 16:00:22 | 0 days 00:19:34 | 5946478 | 2 | treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . < ref > {{ cite cornell international law journal | last1 = goodman | first1 = micah | date = 1996 | | title = | ) " | after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | url = https : / / scholarship . law . cornell . edu | |||
| 825814813 | 825815985 | 2018-02-15 16:08:39 | 0 days 00:08:17 | 5946478 | 0 | part of germany till it was auctioned and collected ( [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] ) . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} | < ref > https : / / www . thoughtco . com / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history - 1779495 < / ref > | * wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) * improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) * improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) * ' ' | |||
| 825832314 | 825832766 | 2018-02-15 18:05:15 | 0 days 00:02:56 | 5946478 | 1 | east germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > an important reason that | the west berlin border , | [[ crossing the inner german border ]] , was not closed earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . construction of a | ||||
| 826247392 | 826247448 | 2018-02-18 02:11:36 | 0 days 00:00:35 | 32940610 | 0 | 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . | various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . | painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . < ref > {{ cite book | title | ||||
| 838879438 | 838895196 | 2018-04-29 23:54:28 | 0 days 02:14:24 | 19082616 | 1 | bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} [[ file : sfp 186 - brandenburger tor . ogv | thumb | right | | 220px | | brandenburg gate in 1945 , after the end of world war ii ]] following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] headed a group of nations on | ||||
| 851989261 | 854069066 | 2018-08-08 19:11:24 | 13 days 21:30:45 | 3563616 | 1 | back into the western sector . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] | ' ' | border outside the wall . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs |
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| 13630178 | 13656315 | 2005-05-12 22:49:50 | 0 days 01:37:39 | 146726 | 0 | berlin % 20brigade . htm us army website ] [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] | [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] | [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # | |
| 48127680 | 48497132 | 2006-04-15 00:19:38 | 2 days 08:38:22 | 450465 | 0 | [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} | {{ link fa | fr }} | [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] | |
| 138877071 | 138879702 | 2007-06-18 01:04:49 | 0 days 00:17:14 | 0|58.186.250.2 | 0 | ]] [[ category : soviet occupation ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} | {{ link fa | vi }} | [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] | |
| 148756413 | 148786929 | 2007-08-02 20:04:08 | 0 days 02:36:53 | 0|81.182.140.153 | 0 | ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} | {{ link fa | hu }} | [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] | |
| 316356639 | 316487238 | 2009-09-27 13:36:51 | 0 days 17:46:55 | 5965514 | 0 | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} | 0 | [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ | |
| 333220733 | 333525969 | 2009-12-23 10:56:36 | 1 days 02:16:23 | 6986250 | 0 | }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | stq }} {{ link fa | vi }} | {{ link fa | sw }} | [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] | |
| 526071586 | 529700077 | 2012-12-25 09:08:16 | 22 days 11:43:09 | 8066546 | 0 | }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} | {{ link fa | he }} | [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]] |
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| 40907901 | 40908066 | 2006-02-23 20:44:09 | 0 days 00:01:31 | 89179 | 0 | . it effectively decreased emigration from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . | [ | < ref > encyclopedia britannica website , {{ web reference | url = | http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] however , the creation of the | |||
| 40944082 | 40945287 | 2006-02-24 01:11:25 | 0 days 00:08:50 | 304316 | 0 | ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] | [ | < ref > | http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ] and completed about [[ 1980 ]] [ http : / / www . | |||
| 2 | . begun in [[ 1975 ]] [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ] and completed about [[ 1980 ]] | [ | , < ref > | http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete | ||||||||
| 4 | 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] | [ | . < ref > | http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm ] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth | ||||||||
| 6 | . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ]] s | [ | , < ref > | http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ] , and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of | ||||||||
| 8 | public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it | [ | . < ref > | http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ] . some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down | ||||||||
| 10 | ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross | [ | < ref > | http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm ] [ http : / / www . die - berliner - | ||||||||
| 13 | 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . | [ | < ref > | http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . | ||||||||
| 41746791 | 41761508 | 2006-03-01 15:37:50 | 0 days 02:21:39 | 24373 | 33 | | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . | [ | ]] | url = | http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of | |||
| 51999522 | 51999602 | 2006-05-07 16:44:48 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 223113 | 26 | _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < | < ref > | http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes | ||||
| 53645846 | 53689296 | 2006-05-17 14:45:11 | 0 days 07:45:45 | 0|170.158.120.2 | 2 | mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " | > < references | . encyclopedia britannica . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 ^ http : | / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | | |||
| 53689296 | 53689482 | 2006-05-17 14:46:28 | 0 days 00:01:17 | 157842 | 2 | tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] ^ " berlin wall " | . encyclopedia britannica . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 ^ http : | > < references | / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ^ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur | |||
| 92647828 | 92779124 | 2006-12-07 21:11:24 | 0 days 14:27:04 | 0|82.10.207.212 | 2 | jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , | june 2003 | august 2006 | . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' | |||
| 132910594 | 132997348 | 2007-05-23 19:22:33 | 0 days 07:30:33 | 869278 | 1 | }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . addictinggames . | com | org | / rainbowsphere . html | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | |||
| 151601404 | 152046698 | 2007-08-18 14:45:41 | 2 days 01:05:52 | 2267145 | 0 | ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " | [ | < ref > [ | http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] | |||
| 2 | construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west . | < ref > | [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] when the east german | |||||||||
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 23 | ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " | < ref > | genetic determination of the queen caste in an ant hybrid zone " . proceedings of the national academy of sciences 99 ( 12 ) : 8157 - 8160 . ^ whitfield , john ( 2004 ) . " everything you always wanted to know about sexes " . public library of science : biology 2 ( 6 ) . ^ tuatara ^ observations on inheritance in coprinus macrorhizus ( pers . ) rea ^ the pycnidia of the rust fungi ^ the five sexes revisited , sciences , jul / aug2000 , vol . 40 issue 4 , p18 , 6p , 1c , 2bw ^ two sexes are not enough ^ cytoplasmic fusion and the nature of sexes ^ " thickens the brow and upper bridge of the nose " | [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ | |||
| 26 | in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . | org | edu | / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ | ||||||||
| 31 | period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . | de | com | / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 | ||||||||
| 43 | the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . | co . uk | com | / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when | ||||||||
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 24 | assessment in genetic associations " . j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . columbia . | edu | org | / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http | |||
| 160893232 | 160904974 | 2007-09-28 12:55:47 | 0 days 01:39:54 | 3341545 | 4 | firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . | < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = | http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date | ||||
| 161222936 | 161422371 | 2007-09-30 23:55:11 | 0 days 22:54:53 | 12927 | 0 | prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > | {{ cite web | url = | [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' | http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date | |||
| 165005884 | 165222233 | 2007-10-17 17:39:09 | 0 days 22:58:30 | 0|67.132.117.2 | 14 | mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , | < ref > | http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this | ||||
| 165222233 | 165222438 | 2007-10-17 17:40:08 | 0 days 00:00:59 | 1285073 | 13 | watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < | < ref > | http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this | ||||
| 169684483 | 169684876 | 2007-11-06 21:21:59 | 0 days 00:01:54 | 0|137.90.130.186 | 4 | mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , | < ref > | http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this | ||||
| 170313046 | 170423035 | 2007-11-09 22:14:07 | 0 days 09:25:19 | 1581958 | 2 | [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people | < ref name = " goethe - institut " | / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] | ||||
| 4 | shoot and kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > | [ http : | / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] | |||||||||
| 6 | < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . | < ref > | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical | |||||||||
| 188768514 | 188772780 | 2008-02-03 10:00:42 | 0 days 00:47:48 | 6085301 | 3 | ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . | < ref > [ | http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans | ||||
| 5 | " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 | < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall | ref > | / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb | ||||||||
| 12 | in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , | < ref > | http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of | |||||||||
| 204483235 | 204483897 | 2008-04-09 16:42:52 | 0 days 00:03:07 | 137113 | 1 | most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east | < ref > [ | http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales | ||||
| 204485065 | 204485312 | 2008-04-09 16:49:34 | 0 days 00:01:14 | 137113 | 2 | most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east | < ref > [ | http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales | ||||
| 212120617 | 214518903 | 2008-05-23 22:40:18 | 10 days 07:43:03 | 7025534 | 1 | , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref | > http : | name = " cgqmzv " | / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down | |||
| 229166509 | 229217140 | 2008-08-01 12:51:26 | 0 days 08:29:32 | 6085301 | 3 | day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . | < ref > | http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html < / ref > during this | ||||
| 274979258 | 274981620 | 2009-03-04 18:57:41 | 0 days 00:11:39 | 3505251 | 1 | berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . | < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ | < ref > [ | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : | |||
| 315258062 | 315258217 | 2009-09-21 08:43:44 | 0 days 00:02:01 | 204692 | 0 | characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . | < ref > | < ref > [ | http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > | |||
| 320971298 | 320975384 | 2009-10-20 09:57:52 | 0 days 00:48:13 | 3058538 | 9 | characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . | < ref > [ | http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery | ||||
| 23 | < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . | < ref > | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical | |||||||||
| 322000370 | 322274629 | 2009-10-27 03:17:35 | 1 days 06:39:48 | 82982 | 4 | gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . | < ref > {{ lang | de | [ | http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' | ||||
| 69 | [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , | < ref > [ | http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | |||||||||
| 323548201 | 323548634 | 2009-11-02 21:32:57 | 0 days 00:01:48 | 6340927 | 1 | content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved | november 2 , | 2009 . < / ref > the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among | ||||
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 21 | of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east . | < ref > [ | http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang de | | ||||
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 39 | [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * films about the berlin wall : " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 | < ref > | [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / ] ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation | ||||
| 389330154 | 389349828 | 2010-10-07 16:55:20 | 0 days 01:50:48 | 3308922 | 10 | , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the | shape of a web - based geographical information system | north | at http : / / www . berlin - wall - map . com fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with | |||
| 398858085 | 399051464 | 2010-11-27 00:47:52 | 1 days 03:59:26 | 16710 | 14 | batsford , third edition . isbn 0 713467959 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ' ' , | < ref > | [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s ] the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - | ||||
| 17 | up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [ | http | : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / commons / 6 / 6f / map - germany - 1945 . svg map - germany - 1945 ] berlin | |||||||||
| 19 | de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . | < ref > | http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes | |||||||||
| 399051464 | 399052561 | 2010-11-27 00:55:57 | 0 days 00:08:05 | 16710 | 9 | , batsford , third edition . isbn 0713467959 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ' ' , | < ref > [ | http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s ( open library ) ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . | the east german government had always denied having such a policy . | < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe | ||
| 210367754 | 210368676 | 2008-05-05 17:31:21 | 0 days 00:04:26 | 0|64.130.204.173 | 1 | of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} in conclusion of these events " andy is gay " | he wants u he lives in aumsvile oregon 137 carmal drive by the iga store | = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr | ||||
| 229217140 | 229650556 | 2008-08-03 21:25:53 | 2 days 08:34:27 | 577301 | 156 | cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city | ]] | | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f | ||||
| 160 | cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london | ]] | | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the | |||||||||
| 231330152 | 231331197 | 2008-08-11 23:09:03 | 0 days 00:06:17 | 911178 | 0 | " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed | 133 | 136 | deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / | |||
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 4 | government gave [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials have denied | exist | ever issuing | . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / | |||
| 239564841 | 239565752 | 2008-09-19 14:02:18 | 0 days 00:03:46 | 0|209.174.67.217 | 5 | day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the | iron | happy | curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | |||
| 239565752 | 239565807 | 2008-09-19 14:02:30 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 1395162 | 5 | days , from the day construction began on august 32 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the | happy | iron | curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | |||
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 53 | < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . | http : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] ) | < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended | ||||
| 68 | and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = | * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 | http : / / www | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / | ||||||||
| 108 | than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . | < ref > | {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | | |||||||||
| 110 | www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = | * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} | = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr | |||||||||
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 52 | ) = = see also = = {{ portal | muppets }} * [[ jim henson ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear in | the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal | part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | right | thumb | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . | ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site | |||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 53 | < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . | http : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] ) | < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended | ||||
| 68 | and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = | * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 | http : / / www | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / | ||||||||
| 108 | than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . | < ref > | {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | | |||||||||
| 110 | www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = | * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} | = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr | |||||||||
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 52 | ) = = see also = = {{ portal | muppets }} * [[ jim henson ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear in | the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal | part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | right | thumb | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . | ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site | |||
| 255192882 | 255210778 | 2008-12-01 15:04:41 | 0 days 02:27:24 | 0|70.91.241.121 | 8 | day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the | iron | long | curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | |||
| 255210778 | 255210981 | 2008-12-01 15:05:58 | 0 days 00:01:17 | 3290566 | 7 | day , from the day construction began on august 16 , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the | long | iron | curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | |||
| 265328211 | 265375952 | 2009-01-20 23:03:51 | 0 days 04:21:53 | 0|65.31.228.149 | 6 | long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | | watchtowers | s | ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history | |||
| 265375952 | 265376259 | 2009-01-20 23:05:34 | 0 days 00:01:43 | 4928500 | 7 | on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ ( fortification ) | | s | watchtowers | ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history | |||
| 265376259 | 265376312 | 2009-01-20 23:05:48 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 0|65.31.228.149 | 3 | long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | | watchtowers | s | ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history | |||
| 265376312 | 265376378 | 2009-01-20 23:06:12 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 118722 | 4 | on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ ( fortification ) | | s | watchtowers | ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history | |||
| 267776359 | 267776477 | 2009-02-01 05:52:19 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 214542 | 2 | [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 | people | < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) | ||||
| 268961174 | 269234820 | 2009-02-08 00:55:12 | 1 days 06:33:13 | 0|68.94.13.35 | 4 | berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . | . ouch . | < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . | ||||
| 5 | --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . | however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin | . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 | |||||||||
| 269234820 | 269234850 | 2009-02-08 00:55:24 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 981424 | 5 | 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people had big bloody periods . . | . ouch . | < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . | ||||
| 273674705 | 273704816 | 2009-02-27 18:45:30 | 0 days 02:46:27 | 331800 | 0 | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 | * stella was there also . _ | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / | ||||
| 273704816 | 273706407 | 2009-02-27 18:54:07 | 0 days 00:08:37 | 331800 | 0 | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 | * stella was there also . _ | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / | ||||
| 276265321 | 276265514 | 2009-03-10 13:29:47 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 13 | --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . | however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin | . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common | ||||
| 276379329 | 276395905 | 2009-03-10 23:41:05 | 0 days 01:19:49 | 0|68.81.17.165 | 2 | killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying | to flee from east to west berlin | masterbate on the wall | . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common | |||
| 276395905 | 276396271 | 2009-03-10 23:42:42 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 2372780 | 1 | , trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying | masterbate on the wall | to flee from east to west berlin | . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common | |||
| 276396271 | 276396847 | 2009-03-10 23:45:15 | 0 days 00:02:33 | 641168 | 2 | killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying | to flee from east to west berlin | masterbate on the wall | . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common | |||
| 276396847 | 276397185 | 2009-03-10 23:46:44 | 0 days 00:01:29 | 641168 | 1 | , trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying | masterbate on the wall | to flee from east to west berlin | . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common | |||
| 276584955 | 276585049 | 2009-03-11 20:18:26 | 0 days 00:00:32 | 0|68.81.17.165 | 1 | trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to | flee from east to west berlin | masterbate on the wall | . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common | |||
| 276585049 | 276585113 | 2009-03-11 20:18:44 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 1298255 | 0 | trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to | masterbate on the wall | flee from east to west berlin | . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common | |||
| 277225706 | 277225789 | 2009-03-14 18:15:35 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 6984319 | 0 | new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = | * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} | * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the | ||||
| 277227209 | 277228002 | 2009-03-14 18:28:39 | 0 days 00:04:29 | 6984319 | 0 | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 | * {{ harvard reference | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} | = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / | ||||
| 278109644 | 278109883 | 2009-03-18 14:30:32 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 0|165.29.44.192 | 0 | caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . | brandi saulsbury was trying to pass over the wall in october 1985 . she hopped the wall and then got shot . | < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " | ||||
| 278109883 | 278110418 | 2009-03-18 14:33:36 | 0 days 00:03:04 | 3505251 | 0 | caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . | brandi saulsbury was trying to pass over the wall in october 1985 . she hopped the wall and then got shot . | < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " | ||||
| 278130591 | 278130870 | 2009-03-18 16:15:32 | 0 days 00:01:29 | 6984319 | 1 | eastern europeans moving westward in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 | , | . | < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was | |||
| 278326099 | 278326464 | 2009-03-19 13:44:20 | 0 days 00:03:02 | 3505251 | 0 | gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . | < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayrisches staatsministerium für arbeit , familie und soziales , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > | < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was | ||||
| 279820445 | 279835916 | 2009-03-26 17:42:54 | 0 days 01:28:32 | 0|24.106.235.42 | 0 | {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . | ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | larrystm | | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the | |||
| 279835916 | 279835940 | 2009-03-26 17:43:03 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 1 | {st@rt} . | larrystm | ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the | |||
| 283867455 | 283924987 | 2009-04-15 03:21:38 | 0 days 05:44:54 | 67403 | 0 | on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and students at over 20 universities will participate in " freedom without walls " events in | the fall of | late | 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | title = freedom without walls | accessdate = | |||
| 287077460 | 288317163 | 2009-05-06 18:40:49 | 6 days 01:59:42 | 0|63.133.248.1 | 2 | still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire | east german | alien | population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the | |||
| 288317163 | 288317903 | 2009-05-06 18:44:59 | 0 days 00:04:10 | 1099776 | 2 | still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million aliens that had landed in the mother ship approximately 20 % of the entire | alien | east german | population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the | |||
| 305749049 | 305811876 | 2009-08-03 13:18:53 | 0 days 09:44:46 | 0|138.16.88.11 | 0 | staying here ! " ) . little known protester carolyn schneider would often rally for the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 | . | < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | | ||||
| 306465427 | 306538732 | 2009-08-07 04:34:49 | 0 days 08:18:22 | 6984319 | 24 | 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 | people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin | . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common | ||||
| 26 | hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " | , they said | . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these | |||||||||
| 308887262 | 309060395 | 2009-08-20 13:05:07 | 0 days 22:19:29 | 6971250 | 2 | staying here ! " ) . little known protester carolyn schneider would often rally for the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 | . | < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | | ||||
| 310513985 | 310535257 | 2009-08-28 12:43:20 | 0 days 03:32:26 | 6971250 | 1 | head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east berlin and west berlin were again separated by | the berlin | a " | wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september | |||
| 315255964 | 315256021 | 2009-09-21 08:17:32 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 204692 | 0 | strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their | task | tas ; k | < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the | |||
| 315256021 | 315256133 | 2009-09-21 08:18:48 | 0 days 00:01:16 | 204692 | 0 | strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their | tas | task | ; k < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through | |||
| 1 | ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their tas ; | k | < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years | |||||||||
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 52 | , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , | [[ | 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin | ||||
| 155 | / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] | november 9 | ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , | |||||||||
| 175 | online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ | werner schulz | ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , | |||||||||
| 324158226 | 324171022 | 2009-11-05 23:00:13 | 0 days 01:11:39 | 0|68.195.96.88 | 0 | his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany | i rock | . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed | ||||
| 324171022 | 324171104 | 2009-11-05 23:00:39 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 9518048 | 0 | his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany | i rock | . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed | ||||
| 324767695 | 324769101 | 2009-11-09 02:50:30 | 0 days 00:09:18 | 444985 | 3 | where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the | “wall ” | phenomenon . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm the wall in the world 2009 | ||||
| 324951791 | 324951813 | 2009-11-10 00:48:35 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 8214624 | 1 | ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] president john f . kennedy acknowledged in a speech on july 25th | . | , 1961 < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin | ||||
| 324997562 | 324997704 | 2009-11-10 05:51:23 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 0|207.81.48.108 | 0 | name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the | soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets | natzi rules | . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states | |||
| 325445402 | 325445769 | 2009-11-12 15:15:38 | 0 days 00:02:35 | 6971250 | 0 | of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . | [ | {{ | citation needed ] = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans | |||
| 325567787 | 325583646 | 2009-11-13 07:23:37 | 0 days 02:40:22 | 6971250 | 0 | to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead | as [[ german unity day ]] | . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of | ||||
| 328175183 | 328177656 | 2009-11-27 08:30:15 | 0 days 00:25:23 | 6971250 | 4 | festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center | and | were | toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up | |||
| 5 | freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled | in stages | . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to | |||||||||
| 330703212 | 330704150 | 2009-12-09 18:37:18 | 0 days 00:05:34 | 21047 | 0 | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been repeatedly a | repeated | controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + | ||||
| 333201260 | 333220733 | 2009-12-22 08:40:13 | 0 days 03:01:19 | 6971250 | 0 | 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 8 feet tall , that were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center were toppled in stages | , converging in front of the brandenburg gate | . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to | ||||
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 9 | germany . mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit | " | . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin | ||||
| 58 | entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] | to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators | : {{ quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political | |||||||||
| 343782709 | 343784334 | 2010-02-13 18:45:26 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 5326371 | 6 | laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued the euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht | . | " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} - elie wiesel ' | ||||
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 18 | berlin wall " [ http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story | latimes . com | ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing | ||||
| 51 | / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt = hot _ author | wordlcat . org | ] * {{ citation | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher | |||||||||
| 352335796 | 352581884 | 2010-03-28 18:53:38 | 1 days 04:58:34 | 7029070 | 0 | category : walls ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] | {{ link fa | el }} | {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | stq }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ | ||||
| 358561588 | 358669929 | 2010-04-27 16:04:06 | 0 days 13:07:45 | 0|207.28.70.253 | 0 | . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans who had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german | douch bag | population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended | ||||
| 358669929 | 358672368 | 2010-04-27 16:20:14 | 0 days 00:16:08 | 3308922 | 0 | . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans who had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german | douch bag | population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended | ||||
| 359174897 | 359267333 | 2010-04-30 15:18:12 | 0 days 13:55:00 | 0|169.204.165.157 | 0 | " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . | asshole | < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border | ||||
| 359267333 | 359267672 | 2010-04-30 15:20:06 | 0 days 00:01:54 | 0|169.204.165.157 | 0 | " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . | asshole | fuck you u pigs | < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border | |||
| 359267672 | 359267780 | 2010-04-30 15:20:42 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 11386456 | 0 | " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . | fuck you u pigs | < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border | ||||
| 364146556 | 364160963 | 2010-05-25 18:59:41 | 0 days 01:31:12 | 3190155 | 1 | statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . | < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism | ||||
| 364781062 | 365177188 | 2010-05-31 08:12:07 | 2 days 05:09:11 | 7029070 | 0 | category : walls ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] | {{ link ga | de }} | {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ | ||||
| 396020558 | 396543392 | 2010-11-13 17:42:00 | 2 days 19:07:04 | 0|24.10.174.205 | 0 | within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany | under communist control within the soviet orbit . | < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the | ||||
| 396543392 | 396552271 | 2010-11-13 18:34:58 | 0 days 00:52:58 | 3308922 | 0 | within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany | under communist control within the soviet orbit . | < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the | ||||
| 398275853 | 398276932 | 2010-11-22 17:17:16 | 0 days 00:06:46 | 0|217.86.65.6 | 2 | a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished | to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . | < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in | ||||
| 398276932 | 398276983 | 2010-11-22 17:17:34 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 6149938 | 3 | statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . | property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref | < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism | ||||
| 398858085 | 399051464 | 2010-11-27 00:47:52 | 1 days 03:59:26 | 16710 | 20 | wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} {{ dead link | date = | september | 2010 | bot = h3llbot }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , | ||||
| 405923818 | 405959835 | 2011-01-04 21:09:52 | 0 days 03:16:56 | 0|72.28.10.78 | 1 | = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to | germany is amazing i love you | continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , | ||||
| 405959835 | 405959866 | 2011-01-04 21:10:03 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 13286072 | 1 | = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to | germany is amazing i love you | continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , | ||||
| 409807529 | 409894092 | 2011-01-25 02:57:27 | 0 days 07:58:13 | 0|99.254.100.33 | 6 | of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone | controld by elmo of corse | . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political | ||||
| 409894092 | 409905421 | 2011-01-25 04:13:27 | 0 days 01:16:00 | 5204750 | 7 | , as the seat of the [[ allied control council of the jedi ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the zone | controld by elmo of corse | . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two thousand years , | ||||
| 410170917 | 410343760 | 2011-01-27 10:21:30 | 0 days 19:59:20 | 1852573 | 1 | would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security | " , thatcher told gorbachev | . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " / > }} after the fall of the berlin wall , [[ french president ]] [[ françois mitterrand ]] | ||||
| 412002545 | 412327970 | 2011-02-06 11:47:47 | 1 days 18:37:16 | 186638 | 0 | category : walls ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] | [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] | {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ | ||||
| 427752945 | 427753574 | 2011-05-06 14:38:50 | 0 days 00:04:15 | 13543148 | 2 | was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years | < ref > {{ cite web | titel = | " {{ citation _ needed | date = may 2011 }} if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany | ||||
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 70 | }} * {{ cite book | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 | - | – | 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 | ref = harv }} * {{ cite document | first = honoré m | |||
| 72 | | ref = harv }} * {{ cite book | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 | - | – | 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ | ||||||||
| 438816969 | 439163215 | 2011-07-12 22:11:43 | 1 days 23:24:49 | 42558 | 15 | everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , demanding that border guards immediately open | its | the | gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem , but it became | |||
| 439163215 | 439164131 | 2011-07-12 22:17:43 | 0 days 00:06:00 | 42558 | 1 | moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " " east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . | the gdr is opening its borders . . . the gates in the berlin wall stand open . | " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall and at the six checkpoints between east and west | ||||
| 446394338 | 446494769 | 2011-08-24 14:38:18 | 0 days 16:16:15 | 506179 | 2 | ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans make similar distinctions between north and | [[ southern germany | | south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = 5 november | ||||
| 448750565 | 448751555 | 2011-09-06 14:09:31 | 0 days 00:08:17 | 723354 | 3 | , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the | soviet orbit | bloc | . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in | |||
| 4 | / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties | , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own | which in turn would be presented as internal measures | . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized | ||||||||
| 5 | the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures | and had full control | . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram | |||||||||
| 481848501 | 481923235 | 2012-03-14 21:59:26 | 0 days 08:19:53 | 1004750 | 0 | : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] | [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] | {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ | ||||
| 481923235 | 481923440 | 2012-03-14 22:00:40 | 0 days 00:01:14 | 1004750 | 0 | : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] | [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] | {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ | ||||
| 545756761 | 546489570 | 2013-03-23 07:15:38 | 2 days 11:49:22 | 19217 | 0 | : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : walls ]] | [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] | {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ | ||||
| 551967017 | 552010896 | 2013-04-24 20:00:24 | 0 days 05:10:51 | 2966869 | 0 | of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] | [[ category : separation barriers ]] | {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ | ||||
| 552010896 | 552016576 | 2013-04-24 20:44:43 | 0 days 00:44:19 | 1609140 | 0 | of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] | [[ category : separation barriers ]] | {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ | ||||
| 552035094 | 552035196 | 2013-04-24 23:14:26 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 205121 | 0 | of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] | [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] | {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ | ||||
| 560698146 | 560703430 | 2013-06-20 04:11:03 | 0 days 01:09:43 | 1108424 | 6 | chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . | < ref name = " history . com " > | {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . | ||||
| 573618667 | 574067499 | 2013-09-22 17:12:09 | 3 days 07:12:13 | 12404882 | 0 | ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] | [[ category : border barriers ]] | {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ | ||||
| 576702592 | 576710951 | 2013-10-11 12:01:22 | 0 days 01:39:55 | 6971250 | 0 | 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll of over | 200 | 100 | < ref name = " chronik " / > , although that claim is disputed < ref name = " contemporary research " / > . in 1989 , [[ revolutions | |||
| 577123748 | 577242287 | 2013-10-15 07:01:05 | 0 days 18:42:33 | 14508071 | 0 | over the wall , with an estimated death toll of over 100 < ref name = " chronik " / > in and around berlin , although that claim is disputed | . | < ref name = " contemporary research " / > . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern | ||||
| 580038585 | 580857229 | 2013-11-09 06:17:03 | 5 days 11:33:41 | 850119 | 0 | everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places , the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the | 「wall」 | " wall " | phenomenon . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm | | |||
| 590849769 | 590964946 | 2014-01-16 13:37:35 | 0 days 19:20:34 | 736651 | 21 | de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html | title = record of the conversation | language = {{ de | icon }} | | publisher = welt . de | date = 30 may 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had | ||||
| 29 | or against any government . i ' ve come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down | . ” | < ref name = " tl20130709 " > {{ cite web | title = did springsteen ' s 1988 berlin gig rock the wall ? | url = http : / | |||||||||
| 623812492 | 623943583 | 2014-09-03 01:44:31 | 0 days 20:37:26 | 16752040 | 0 | [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] | {{ link ga | de }} | {{ link fa | vi }} | ||||
| 631993537 | 632215818 | 2014-11-03 00:37:18 | 1 days 14:51:48 | 18865486 | 4 | of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the destruction of the wall itself began in [[ summer 1990 ]] and | lasted | contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until | until 1992 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary / ct - myths - | |||
| 633043240 | 633066096 | 2014-11-09 08:28:56 | 0 days 05:42:53 | 21756912 | 0 | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed between 1961 and | 1990 | 1989 inclusively | , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / | |||
| 633074293 | 633082368 | 2014-11-09 12:29:03 | 0 days 02:03:34 | 21488686 | 3 | " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | | de - nazified | fascists | ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | |||
| 633082411 | 633093439 | 2014-11-09 14:40:09 | 0 days 02:10:28 | 115938 | 0 | = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll of | over 100 | from 136 | < ref name = " chronik " / > in and around berlin , although that claim is disputed . < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in | |||
| 633093439 | 633105760 | 2014-11-09 16:34:01 | 0 days 01:53:52 | 6166995 | 2 | ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed between 1961 and 1989 | inclusively | , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / | ||||
| 633124700 | 633132744 | 2014-11-09 20:10:48 | 0 days 00:59:02 | 2012100 | 29 | various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall | woodpeckers ) . | < ref name = " history . com " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | ||||
| 633169245 | 633172282 | 2014-11-10 01:43:12 | 0 days 00:25:50 | 18865486 | 0 | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed from 1961 through | 1989 | 1990 < ref > https : / / www . cia . gov / news - information / featured - story - archive / 2014 - featured - story - archive / a - look - back - 25 - years - since - the - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . html < / ref > | , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / | |||
| 633172282 | 633175257 | 2014-11-10 02:12:26 | 0 days 00:29:14 | 10340692 | 0 | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed from 1961 through | 1990 < ref > https : / / www . cia . gov / news - information / featured - story - archive / 2014 - featured - story - archive / a - look - back - 25 - years - since - the - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . html < / ref > | 1989 | , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / | |||
| 635210295 | 635851215 | 2014-11-29 03:10:52 | 4 days 19:13:09 | 917223 | 5 | ]] < ref name = willis > {{ cite book | last1 = willis | first1 = jim | title = daily life behind the iron curtain | date = march | 19 , | 1946 | publisher = abc - clio | location = santa barbara , california | isbn = 9780313397639 | url = http : / / books . google . com / | ||||
| 635851215 | 636736384 | 2014-12-05 09:55:06 | 6 days 06:44:14 | 18865486 | 1 | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed from 1961 | through | to | 1989 , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion | |||
| 2 | 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until it was opened in | november | 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) | url = http | |||||||||
| 640243071 | 641499497 | 2015-01-08 00:05:29 | 8 days 09:29:01 | 2705932 | 27 | only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had | informed schabowski . | he | < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last = sebetsyen | first = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher | |||
| 667114924 | 667487850 | 2015-06-18 13:27:35 | 2 days 14:34:05 | 24555049 | 0 | ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided berlin from 1961 to 1989 | , | . | < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary | |||
| 667488605 | 667488963 | 2015-06-18 13:38:11 | 0 days 00:03:24 | 24555049 | 0 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll | of | ranging | from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in | |||
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 30 | / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " the wall street journal | ' ' | . < / ref > excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night — at 7 : | ||||
| 39 | | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | | publisher | work | = welt online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de | ||||||||
| 702890979 | 702891285 | 2016-02-02 06:44:39 | 0 days 00:03:39 | 13816079 | 3 | of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus they concluded that the possibility of a soviet military conflict over berlin | had | decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 – 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > | ||||
| 734284492 | 734407317 | 2016-08-14 03:25:55 | 0 days 18:58:58 | 4977632 | 21 | ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] – a chronicle of | the berlin wall history | , historical chronicle * * {{ cite web | url = | * {{ nyt topic | subjects / b / berlin _ wall }} * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = | |||
| 750161040 | 750685196 | 2016-11-21 07:09:13 | 3 days 03:38:31 | 27446209 | 6 | of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | | coordinates _ | display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = | ||||
| 752045266 | 760657011 | 2017-01-18 08:28:16 | 50 days 03:00:30 | 29937011 | 5 | berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to | 9 november | 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion | ||||
| 6 | wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 | . this wall is the most famous symbol of the cold war | . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / | |||||||||
| 761201385 | 762042542 | 2017-01-26 08:15:19 | 4 days 16:23:22 | 16488383 | 0 | the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . | < ref name = " schäfer , 2015 " > | {{ citation needed | date = february 2016 }} [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task | ||||
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 2 | - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to " [[ | fascism | fascists | wall of shame | ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . | |||
| 21 | bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] | in particular — caused a chain reaction in east germany that ultimately resulted in the demise of the wall | . < ref name = " referencea " > mary elise sarotte , ' ' collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall ' ' , new york : basic | |||||||||
| 791624973 | 793523187 | 2017-08-02 08:44:50 | 11 days 19:51:02 | 38455 | 2 | east germany — in effect , revoking their citizenship . however , this still left thousands of people demanding to be let through " as schabowski said we can . " | . | < ref name = revolution1989 / > it soon became clear that no one among the east german authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , | ||||
| 17 | returning to east germany — in effect , revoking their citizenship . however , this still left thousands of people demanding to be let through " as schabowski said we can | . | " < ref name = revolution1989 / > it soon became clear that no one among the east german authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force | |||||||||
| 797956044 | 798241666 | 2017-08-31 19:27:46 | 1 days 14:42:15 | 84475 | 0 | a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution of east germany and the official reunification of the german state along the democratic lines of the west german | government | basic law | . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard talks to a westerner | |||
| 810308903 | 810309981 | 2017-11-14 13:50:38 | 0 days 00:08:41 | 6554947 | 1 | was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and later convicted of illegally crossing the de jure | ]] | border . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs / 9799537166800 / | ||||
| 810347639 | 810351013 | 2017-11-14 19:06:27 | 0 days 00:25:19 | 6554947 | 6 | was arrested , dragged through the wall door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer edge of the | outer | strip . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs / 9799537166800 / | ||||
| 822396886 | 822504643 | 2018-01-26 19:24:33 | 0 days 15:37:47 | 5841175 | 0 | in german ) < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam ]] has confirmed | 136 | at least 140 | deaths . < ref name = " contemporary research " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / | |||
| 4 | php / de / start / index / id / 593792 | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | | trans - title = fatalities at the berlin wall | | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the | |||||||||
| 825799691 | 825801760 | 2018-02-15 14:24:54 | 0 days 00:17:08 | 5946478 | 0 | , a crowd of west berliners jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . | < ref > | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des | ||||
| 825804625 | 825804984 | 2018-02-15 14:50:22 | 0 days 00:02:43 | 5946478 | 0 | to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . | < ref > | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | ||||
| 825804984 | 825807680 | 2018-02-15 15:11:19 | 0 days 00:20:57 | 5946478 | 4 | . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights | to the city " | . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east | ||||
| 5 | every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . | < ref > | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany | |||||||||
| 825807680 | 825810334 | 2018-02-15 15:29:53 | 0 days 00:18:34 | 5946478 | 0 | communist tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . | < ref > | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " | ||||
| 825810710 | 825811905 | 2018-02-15 15:40:48 | 0 days 00:08:27 | 5946478 | 4 | < ref > {{ cite journal | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last = goodman | | first | journal | = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728 < / | |||
| 7 | in unified germany | last = goodman | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | | article = 3 | | pages = 728 < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float | |||||||||
| 825819301 | 825820281 | 2018-02-15 16:36:38 | 0 days 00:06:43 | 5946478 | 0 | the " wall peckers " ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . | < ref > | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit | ||||
| 825833265 | 825837217 | 2018-02-15 18:34:55 | 0 days 00:25:53 | 5946478 | 1 | ! ) . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context | " | . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , | ||||
| 2 | ) . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . | < ref > | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests | |||||||||
| 825915910 | 825917867 | 2018-02-16 04:07:46 | 0 days 00:13:00 | 5946478 | 0 | important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) | > ref > https : / / ipfs . io / ipfs / qmxoypizjw3wknfijnklwhcnl72vedxjqkddp1mxwo6uco / wiki / berlin _ wall . html < / ref > | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} for each of these exceptions , gdr citizens had to apply for individual approval , which was never guaranteed . in addition | ||||
| 825918025 | 825967396 | 2018-02-16 12:44:20 | 0 days 08:35:26 | 764407 | 0 | important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) | < ref > https : / / ipfs . io / ipfs / qmxoypizjw3wknfijnklwhcnl72vedxjqkddp1mxwo6uco / wiki / berlin _ wall . html < / ref > | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} for each of these exceptions , gdr citizens had to apply for individual approval , which was never guaranteed . in addition | ||||
| 826899654 | 827316878 | 2018-02-24 01:04:34 | 2 days 08:38:31 | 508734 | 17 | . this feeling of miscalculation and failure is admitted by kennedy in the u . s . ambassador ’ s residence with ' ' new york times ' ' columnist james | “scotty ” | " scotty " | reston . < ref > http : / / blogs . reuters . com / berlin1961 / 2011 / 05 / 27 / the - worst - day - of - | |||
| 830413321 | 830738474 | 2018-03-16 17:09:21 | 1 days 23:23:44 | 32932216 | 0 | 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . | < ref > | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka | ||||
| 838878947 | 838879438 | 2018-04-29 21:40:04 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 764861 | 3 | away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . < ref name = " cnn . com " / > | a fact standing out from the events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 is that this is a historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books : | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xxv }} < / ref > contrary to popular belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin officially until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . | < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took |
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| 40975096 | 41035819 | 2006-02-24 17:14:02 | 0 days 11:37:29 | 0|70.60.165.152 | 0 | 1949 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . | prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 41035819 | 41076983 | 2006-02-24 22:22:08 | 0 days 05:08:06 | 304316 | 0 | 1949 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . | prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 41619542 | 41672016 | 2006-02-28 23:46:54 | 0 days 08:02:21 | 0|69.15.111.135 | 0 | while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . | the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 41672016 | 41672068 | 2006-02-28 23:47:20 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 161478 | 0 | while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . | the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 41672218 | 41672333 | 2006-02-28 23:49:11 | 0 days 00:00:50 | 0|69.15.111.135 | 1 | ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . | while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 41672399 | 41672426 | 2006-02-28 23:49:42 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 161478 | 0 | ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . | while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 44386223 | 44420735 | 2006-03-18 23:09:06 | 0 days 04:34:36 | 0|66.245.2.154 | 0 | social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . | across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | acrcvxcvx cheeze | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative |
| 44420735 | 44424393 | 2006-03-18 23:39:43 | 0 days 00:30:37 | 137600 | 0 | social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . | acrcvxcvx cheeze | across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative |
| 44468502 | 44622687 | 2006-03-20 06:20:51 | 0 days 23:53:16 | 0|69.232.213.98 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | for realz | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 44622687 | 44622748 | 2006-03-20 06:21:27 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 258000 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | for realz | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 44739263 | 44739550 | 2006-03-21 00:40:50 | 0 days 00:01:54 | 0|68.154.38.227 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | yes , to prevent any further exodus . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 44746100 | 44747376 | 2006-03-21 01:44:03 | 0 days 00:09:47 | 371058 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | yes , to prevent any further exodus . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 44747376 | 44756611 | 2006-03-21 03:00:25 | 0 days 01:16:22 | 0|68.154.38.227 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | yay me ! | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 44756764 | 44761040 | 2006-03-21 03:36:25 | 0 days 00:34:52 | 21887 | 1 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | yay me ! | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 44769169 | 44769841 | 2006-03-21 04:54:26 | 0 days 00:07:04 | 0|68.154.38.227 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | [[ www . millsberry . com ]] | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 44769841 | 44769958 | 2006-03-21 04:55:39 | 0 days 00:01:13 | 410083 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | [[ www . millsberry . com ]] | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 44770116 | 44770337 | 2006-03-21 04:59:43 | 0 days 00:02:06 | 0|68.154.38.227 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | [[ neil armstrong ]] [[ buzz aldrin ]] | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 44770337 | 44770428 | 2006-03-21 05:00:41 | 0 days 00:00:58 | 410083 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | [[ neil armstrong ]] [[ buzz aldrin ]] | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 52169681 | 52170273 | 2006-05-08 17:34:55 | 0 days 00:03:42 | 0|204.14.67.138 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | berlin wall is what the people live by homie | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 52170273 | 52170759 | 2006-05-08 17:38:02 | 0 days 00:03:07 | 301395 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | berlin wall is what the people live by homie | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 52653660 | 52655008 | 2006-05-11 13:29:03 | 0 days 00:13:06 | 0|170.161.64.16 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | the best of the best win ! | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 52655008 | 52670596 | 2006-05-11 15:26:23 | 0 days 01:57:20 | 26468 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | the best of the best win ! | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 53500522 | 53511545 | 2006-05-16 14:41:22 | 0 days 01:31:00 | 0|64.251.52.93 | 1 | capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . | prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 53511545 | 53511584 | 2006-05-16 14:41:38 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 89179 | 1 | republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . where not gunna take it no we aint gunna take it we aint gunna take it anymore . | prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 53690006 | 53713586 | 2006-05-17 17:29:06 | 0 days 02:39:21 | 0|65.67.124.146 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | cookies are fun . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 53713586 | 53714889 | 2006-05-17 17:37:50 | 0 days 00:08:44 | 1008387 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | cookies are fun . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 54107483 | 54268993 | 2006-05-20 23:49:24 | 1 days 00:45:45 | 0|69.124.27.151 | 3 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | = = = = = = = = ]] < / math > < / nowiki > ]] < / math > | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 54268993 | 54269525 | 2006-05-20 23:53:19 | 0 days 00:03:55 | 1008387 | 3 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | = = = = = = = = ]] < / math > < / nowiki > ]] < / math > | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 54988126 | 55031123 | 2006-05-25 07:12:10 | 0 days 06:19:37 | 0|219.89.0.173 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | vote for sam ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 55031123 | 55031131 | 2006-05-25 07:12:16 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 1022601 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . | vote for sam ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative | |
| 67053691 | 67063468 | 2006-08-01 16:29:11 | 0 days 01:00:35 | 0|66.32.195.73 | 7 | german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the | inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | last ! ! ! ! ! | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' |
| 67063468 | 67063496 | 2006-08-01 16:29:21 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 1022601 | 7 | a lot of that in my line of work , and that , kids , was the first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be the | last ! ! ! ! ! | inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' |
| 67063496 | 67063735 | 2006-08-01 16:30:51 | 0 days 00:01:30 | 0|66.32.195.73 | 0 | west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | go fuck yourself | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' | |
| 67064018 | 67065553 | 2006-08-01 16:41:25 | 0 days 00:08:52 | 1008387 | 0 | west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | go fuck yourself | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' | |
| 69872409 | 69973517 | 2006-08-16 08:03:26 | 0 days 12:05:52 | 0|138.130.21.94 | 0 | west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | val rules the universe | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin - earning the name ' | |
| 69973517 | 69973916 | 2006-08-16 08:07:29 | 0 days 00:04:03 | 302522 | 0 | west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | val rules the universe | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin - earning the name ' | |
| 81653516 | 81741555 | 2006-10-16 06:28:37 | 0 days 10:18:34 | 0|147.10.60.169 | 0 | west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | . . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the | |
| 84973950 | 84974203 | 2006-11-01 04:05:43 | 0 days 00:01:54 | 2628196 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . | hello | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the | |
| 84974203 | 84974428 | 2006-11-01 04:07:28 | 0 days 00:01:45 | 2628196 | 0 | to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . hello | my niger | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the | |
| 84974428 | 84974601 | 2006-11-01 04:08:49 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 416594 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . | hello my niger | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the | |
| 84974601 | 84987314 | 2006-11-01 05:59:37 | 0 days 01:50:48 | 0|202.72.165.98 | 1 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . | from china ! ! save the rabiits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or die | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the | |
| 84987314 | 84992991 | 2006-11-01 06:55:08 | 0 days 00:55:31 | 0|67.188.85.251 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . | from china ! ! save the rabiits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or die | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the | |
| 85062163 | 85062241 | 2006-11-01 16:48:08 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 0|204.13.204.162 | 0 | led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . | funky fresh | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the | |
| 85062608 | 85063021 | 2006-11-01 16:52:15 | 0 days 00:02:11 | 0|204.13.204.162 | 1 | west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | . . funky fresh | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the | |
| 85063021 | 85064024 | 2006-11-01 16:57:22 | 0 days 00:05:07 | 1840598 | 0 | west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | . . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the | |
| 85507378 | 85616380 | 2006-11-04 05:26:45 | 0 days 11:38:26 | 0|203.109.189.96 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . | ljhg ; jahgkpjhabvjkzdbvdgaehgiaegjkhpjfghgpjhggadjlkh ; dajbddddddddddddd | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the |
| 85616380 | 85616393 | 2006-11-04 05:26:52 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 1574574 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | ljhg ; jahgkpjhabvjkzdbvdgaehgiaegjkhpjfghgpjhggadjlkh ; dajbddddddddddddd | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the |
| 85616393 | 86124572 | 2006-11-06 21:02:29 | 2 days 15:35:37 | 350153 | 0 | west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | . . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the | |
| 87979603 | 87991523 | 2006-11-15 14:59:12 | 0 days 01:18:35 | 0|63.167.26.34 | 2 | of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall | was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning | |
| 88973047 | 89050675 | 2006-11-20 18:12:23 | 0 days 10:11:57 | 0|216.61.124.114 | 0 | west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | lauren likes food | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning | |
| 89050675 | 89050700 | 2006-11-20 18:12:32 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 372629 | 0 | west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | lauren likes food | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning | |
| 90689415 | 90933849 | 2006-11-29 17:07:40 | 1 days 00:07:30 | 0|80.198.20.210 | 0 | via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | yeah | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning | |
| 90933849 | 90933935 | 2006-11-29 17:08:08 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 0|80.198.20.210 | 0 | via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | yeah | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning | |
| 92190525 | 92223055 | 2006-12-05 14:14:02 | 0 days 04:48:15 | 0|66.202.117.3 | 0 | via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | that is a bunch of crap yeesir | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; | |
| 92223055 | 92223263 | 2006-12-05 14:15:26 | 0 days 00:01:24 | 1125592 | 0 | via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | that is a bunch of crap yeesir | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; | |
| 92402213 | 92580978 | 2006-12-07 00:18:00 | 0 days 18:30:19 | 0|65.1.22.233 | 1 | via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | duhhhhhhhhhhhhhh i ' m a retard | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; | |
| 92580978 | 92585081 | 2006-12-07 00:38:00 | 0 days 00:20:00 | 1008387 | 1 | via east berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | duhhhhhhhhhhhhhh i ' m a retard | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; | |
| 92645291 | 92646687 | 2006-12-07 06:34:12 | 0 days 00:11:48 | 0|129.1.208.200 | 0 | via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | nic taggie has also recently come out of the closet and he plans to move to berlin with his gay lover , rodriguo , and find a nice place near where the wall once stood . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; | |
| 92646910 | 92647253 | 2006-12-07 06:39:14 | 0 days 00:02:56 | 1199710 | 1 | via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | nic taggie has also recently come out of the closet and he plans to move to berlin with his gay lover , rodriguo , and find a nice place near where the wall once stood . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; | |
| 94443968 | 94444270 | 2006-12-15 04:18:30 | 0 days 00:02:07 | 0|71.251.242.195 | 0 | republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = = = = = = = = = divergence of german states = = = | = | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; | |
| 94444270 | 94444428 | 2006-12-15 04:19:37 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 0|71.251.242.195 | 1 | via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | = = = = = = = | massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name | |
| 95229938 | 95268385 | 2006-12-19 07:37:40 | 0 days 04:54:11 | 125534 | 1 | via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | = = | massive emigration from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " | |
| 95268385 | 95268482 | 2006-12-19 07:38:35 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 125534 | 2 | via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | = = | = = = | massive emigration = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' |
| 95348829 | 95348909 | 2006-12-19 18:27:20 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 0|24.158.16.162 | 0 | to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to | prevent any further exodus . | klasgal ; sdjfdjkls ; a | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; |
| 95348909 | 95349461 | 2006-12-19 18:30:37 | 0 days 00:03:17 | 302522 | 0 | to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to | klasgal ; sdjfdjkls ; a | prevent any further exodus . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; |
| 100887174 | 100916417 | 2007-01-15 18:33:14 | 0 days 02:34:19 | 2810123 | 3 | via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | jesus . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; | |
| 100916417 | 100920432 | 2007-01-15 18:53:45 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 3 | via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | jesus . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; | |
| 101606989 | 101629878 | 2007-01-18 20:28:30 | 0 days 01:49:42 | 0|71.242.30.108 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | my penis is bigger than urs ! ! ! ! ! | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; |
| 101629878 | 101629964 | 2007-01-18 20:28:51 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 899640 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | my penis is bigger than urs ! ! ! ! ! | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; |
| 106435973 | 106894016 | 2007-02-09 18:54:33 | 1 days 19:25:21 | 0|12.15.174.194 | 0 | via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | the wall was really to keep the faggots on one side . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; | |
| 106894016 | 106894806 | 2007-02-09 18:57:58 | 0 days 00:03:25 | 911178 | 0 | via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | the wall was really to keep the faggots on one side . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; | |
| 108627894 | 108631095 | 2007-02-16 16:34:54 | 0 days 00:14:46 | 0|208.11.179.205 | 0 | via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | morgan moore is very ugly but ill fuck her . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; | |
| 108631300 | 108633355 | 2007-02-16 16:46:14 | 0 days 00:10:23 | 302522 | 1 | via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . | morgan moore is ok but ill do her . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; | |
| 111243489 | 111345399 | 2007-02-27 15:52:44 | 0 days 12:46:46 | 0|86.143.56.54 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > - - - - < s > strike - through text < / s > = = headline text = = hahahahahaha | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; | |
| 111353506 | 111355209 | 2007-02-27 16:43:37 | 0 days 00:08:06 | 0|76.19.92.123 | 0 | insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > - - - - < s > strike - through text < / s > = = headline text = = | hahahahahaha | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; | |
| 111355209 | 111355264 | 2007-02-27 16:43:53 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 0|76.19.92.123 | 0 | / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > - - - - < s > strike - through text < / s > | = = headline text = = | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; | |
| 111355264 | 111355342 | 2007-02-27 16:44:18 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 0|76.19.92.123 | 0 | communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | i like poop ! ! ! ! ! ! ! beer is good ! ! beer is good ! ! ! < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > - - - - < s > strike - through text < / s > | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; | |
| 111405419 | 111405427 | 2007-02-27 20:31:42 | 0 days 00:00:01 | 0|205.126.63.15 | 1 | formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = | from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . | = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; | |
| 323394672 | 323394727 | 2009-11-02 02:03:18 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 7167267 | 0 | almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . | germans are hot | = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a | massive boobs dude = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , |
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| 13872 | 86615 | 2002-02-25 15:51:15 | 6 days 11:48:33 | 0|62.253.64.7 | 7 | wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] - | it was | the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd 1990 . see [[ berlin ]] ; http : / | |||
| 732558 | 773189 | 2003-03-08 21:25:25 | 0 days 00:08:13 | 4388 | 1 | germany and dreilinden on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) | ( see [ http : / / www | . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously | |||
| 773189 | 774894 | 2003-03-24 20:22:36 | 15 days 22:57:11 | 108 | 0 | part of west - germany and dreilinden on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and | [[ checkpoint | charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) | |||
| 1 | of west - germany and dreilinden on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie | | charlie ]] | ( friedrichstrasse ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . | ||||||||
| 1012031 | 1092751 | 2003-06-08 12:37:20 | 31 days 17:34:08 | 9244 | 19 | on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and [[ checkpoint charlie | charlie ]] ( | friedrichstrasse | friedrichstraße | ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the | ||
| 1864185 | 1864344 | 2003-12-03 16:19:59 | 1 days 01:30:59 | 11907 | 1 | # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # | 22260 ; & # | 22681 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' | |||
| 2497657 | 2661588 | 2004-02-23 16:12:43 | 4 days 11:44:46 | 25261 | 4 | 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # | 22260 ; & # | 22681 ; ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long wall | |||
| 3416164 | 3551635 | 2004-05-02 09:12:00 | 3 days 12:28:42 | 4388 | 6 | . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle | trenches | [[ trench ]] es | , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the | ||
| 3800736 | 3801053 | 2004-05-31 11:09:48 | 0 days 00:47:12 | 26248 | 0 | of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see | the | picture on the right ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ | |||
| 1 | wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see the picture | on the right | ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , | ||||||||
| 5185219 | 5185243 | 2004-08-13 16:27:16 | 0 days 00:02:03 | 56563 | 0 | dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and | , most famously , | [[ checkpoint charlie | charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of | |||
| 1 | on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and [[ checkpoint | charlie | | charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] | ||||||||
| 7790644 | 7828097 | 2004-11-23 20:44:56 | 3 days 08:03:49 | 116385 | 0 | ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & | # 237 | iacute | ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] | ||
| 1 | & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & | aacute ; | # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : | ||||||||
| 2 | # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # | 225 | [[ he : & | ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de | |||||||
| 3 | ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; | 1495 | ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin | ||||||||
| 5 | ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # | 22681 | 22285 ; & # 29254 | ; ]] | |||||||
| 9263540 | 9268476 | 2005-01-10 20:46:13 | 1 days 15:47:43 | 0|24.2.253.21 | 0 | bmp | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( | 96 | 103 | miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , | ||
| 9338110 | 9340902 | 2005-01-13 15:39:41 | 1 days 13:58:21 | 0|198.20.32.180 | 19 | sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte | ]] | , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the | |||
| 9340902 | 9400082 | 2005-01-13 19:37:16 | 0 days 03:57:35 | 28107 | 19 | city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte | ]] | , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift | |||
| 9658614 | 9762535 | 2005-01-26 01:42:57 | 0 days 06:03:58 | 26468 | 19 | a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle | [[ trench ]] es | trenches | , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , | ||
| 37 | checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) | ( see [ http : / / www | . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , | ||||||||
| 9884311 | 10084795 | 2005-02-02 08:52:54 | 2 days 15:46:04 | 6661 | 0 | political prisoners were dramatically released - - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ | francis | gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers | |||
| 10084850 | 10084995 | 2005-02-09 02:13:18 | 0 days 00:02:21 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 17 | sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte | ]] | , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the | |||
| 10091995 | 10144491 | 2005-02-09 07:09:31 | 0 days 03:18:09 | 28107 | 19 | city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte | ]] | , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . | |||
| 10255890 | 10286834 | 2005-02-14 16:04:10 | 0 days 01:46:26 | 75813 | 0 | ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & | iacute | # 237 | ; nsk & aacute ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ | ||
| 1 | [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & | 225 | 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & | ||||||||
| 2 | es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # | # | ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # | ||||||||
| 3 | : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 | ; | & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 | ||||||||
| 4 | ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & iacute ; nsk & | aacute ; | ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin | ||||||||
| 10715762 | 10721284 | 2005-03-03 01:52:01 | 1 days 00:42:42 | 0|134.173.166.47 | 0 | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] < / td > < / tr > < / table > the wall was over 155 km ( | 103 | 96 | miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down | ||
| 10721284 | 10830075 | 2005-03-03 05:47:57 | 0 days 03:55:56 | 28107 | 0 | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] < / td > < / tr > < / table > the wall was over 155 km ( | 96 | 103 | miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down | ||
| 14016061 | 14016176 | 2005-05-21 09:45:35 | 0 days 00:06:49 | 0|216.27.183.43 | 0 | friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( | helmstedt | helmstadt | ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image | ||
| 14943216 | 15046701 | 2005-06-09 20:01:22 | 2 days 13:07:29 | 0|85.81.45.10 | 0 | image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 km ( | 103 | 96 | miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down | ||
| 15881315 | 15902037 | 2005-06-26 21:50:58 | 0 days 18:23:00 | 44454 | 6 | no further . accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 | - | & ndash ; | 9 ) and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he | ||
| 13 | on 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col | . | glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men , divided into five | ||||||||
| 19 | : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 | & nbsp ; | miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down | ||||||||
| 20 | fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 | - | & ndash ; | 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall " | |||||||
| 36 | wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 | & nbsp ; | feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one | ||||||||
| 44 | / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de | / | information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories | ||||||||
| 20042747 | 20104674 | 2005-08-02 09:05:08 | 0 days 21:35:51 | 0|83.135.157.10 | 2 | friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( | helmstadt | helmstedt | ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image | ||
| 23088038 | 23255157 | 2005-09-15 01:43:48 | 2 days 18:36:41 | 0|207.200.116.136 | 0 | ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . | was up | 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' | |||
| 23255241 | 23255938 | 2005-09-15 01:56:36 | 0 days 00:11:35 | 89675 | 0 | ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . | was up | 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' | |||
| 24151055 | 24156661 | 2005-09-27 13:29:22 | 0 days 01:47:28 | 0|205.202.36.246 | 64 | . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 | & nbsp ; | miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between | |||
| 65 | | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles | ) | long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences | ||||||||
| 69 | nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards | ) | further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers | ||||||||
| 24156661 | 24156863 | 2005-09-27 13:33:41 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 340905 | 63 | and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km 96 | & nbsp ; | miles long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and | |||
| 24156863 | 24161301 | 2005-09-27 14:59:55 | 0 days 01:26:14 | 0|84.189.46.165 | 0 | att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] | * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] | [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures | |||
| 26918322 | 26918978 | 2005-10-30 22:32:59 | 0 days 00:07:33 | 67107 | 31 | billie holiday . robert and michael co - wrote a book about the experience , we are your sons : the legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg ( 1975 ) , | and robert wrote another book | although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were | in 2004 , an execution in the family : one son ' s journey . in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation | ||
| 27820034 | 27831852 | 2005-11-09 16:41:48 | 0 days 02:52:45 | 0|68.78.185.254 | 0 | of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m | ( 12 ft ) | high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of | |||
| 1 | , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m | ( 5 ft ) | wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , | ||||||||
| 31379015 | 31396532 | 2005-12-14 23:52:02 | 0 days 02:08:28 | 6661 | 0 | fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 | & ndash ; | - | 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall " | ||
| 1 | wire fence ( 1962 & ndash ; 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 | - 1989 | ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final | ||||||||
| 31569442 | 31572996 | 2005-12-16 04:49:32 | 0 days 00:37:41 | 0|68.187.31.162 | 0 | accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; | 9 | 49 | ) and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and | ||
| 34778424 | 34885955 | 2006-01-12 13:16:20 | 0 days 19:24:18 | 0|165.21.154.112 | 0 | july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] | ( baywatch star ) | performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( probably | |||
| 34885955 | 34951260 | 2006-01-12 23:38:12 | 0 days 10:21:52 | 8780 | 0 | july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] | ( baywatch star ) | performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( probably | |||
| 36216587 | 36216676 | 2006-01-22 13:40:22 | 0 days 00:01:20 | 480942 | 3 | and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " de mauer im | de | kopf ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east | |||
| 37796162 | 37796258 | 2006-02-02 04:38:08 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 21887 | 2 | ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the antifaschistischer schutzwall ( | ' ' ' | anti - fascist protection wall ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] | |||
| 39753372 | 39793418 | 2006-02-15 22:29:58 | 0 days 05:18:02 | 29642 | 0 | those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , | a | an experimental | [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) , | ||
| 1 | fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system | connecting three metro stations over | a around | 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its | |||||||
| 2 | a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) | in length | , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections . little is left | ||||||||
| 40459448 | 40459461 | 2006-02-20 18:40:06 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 478178 | 2 | [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) | , | and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice | |||
| 40460981 | 40648652 | 2006-02-22 01:28:28 | 1 days 06:34:58 | 386031 | 4 | ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . | 5 & nbsp ; | 2 | m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined | ||
| 5 | 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( | 5 | 4 | ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth | |||||||
| 19 | and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 | & nbsp ; | m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | ||||||||
| 40814212 | 40814314 | 2006-02-23 04:38:46 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 386031 | 54 | remembered those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] | , | . | an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system a around 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length | ||
| 95 | traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system a around 1 . 6 | & nbsp ; | km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the | ||||||||
| 40898814 | 40900018 | 2006-02-23 19:38:26 | 0 days 00:09:50 | 89179 | 7 | germans crossed into the west [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] | however | , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . = = why it was built | |||
| 40907901 | 40908066 | 2006-02-23 20:44:09 | 0 days 00:01:31 | 89179 | 1 | ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | ] | | title = " berlin wall " | date = 2006 - 2 - 23 }} < / ref > | however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western | ||
| 40915337 | 40944082 | 2006-02-24 01:02:35 | 0 days 03:27:05 | 304316 | 43 | and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as kennedy ' s special advisor ) . he and vice | - | president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what | |||
| 63 | potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . | also , | [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff | ||||||||
| 68 | wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train ]] systemaround 1 . 6 km ( 1 | [[ | mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an | ||||||||
| 41746791 | 41761508 | 2006-03-01 15:37:50 | 0 days 02:21:39 | 24373 | 14 | . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] | . | | id = | isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin | ||
| 18 | john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate | . ' ' | | title = | the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré | |||||||
| 20 | concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 | ' ' . | | location = | [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and | |||||||
| 26 | august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal | . ' ' | | title = | [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john | |||||||
| 44369012 | 44386223 | 2006-03-18 18:34:30 | 0 days 02:26:05 | 0|84.141.20.24 | 1 | floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions | _ | ( english band ) | the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom | |||
| 3 | ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ( | english | band ) | the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , | ||||||||
| 44901085 | 45389421 | 2006-03-25 07:45:29 | 3 days 03:46:51 | 433328 | 4 | floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions | _ | ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , | |||
| 48935289 | 49049354 | 2006-04-18 20:13:20 | 0 days 18:06:16 | 6661 | 8 | july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted west german currency , all border controls ceased . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification | of | under the | [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the | ||
| 51997348 | 51998094 | 2006-05-07 16:31:49 | 0 days 00:06:00 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 6 | www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each | 3 . 6 m ( | 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref | |||
| 7 | / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft | ) | high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : | ||||||||
| 8 | mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and | 1 . 2 m ( | 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com | ||||||||
| 9 | it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft | ) | wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / | ||||||||
| 16 | scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower | ( | fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref | ||||||||
| 17 | . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification | ) | | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty | ||||||||
| 51998094 | 51998163 | 2006-05-07 16:32:31 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 223113 | 6 | and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft | ) | high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german mark . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to | |||
| 7 | sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and | 1 . 2 m ( | 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german mark . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it | ||||||||
| 51998163 | 51999522 | 2006-05-07 16:44:07 | 0 days 00:11:36 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 3 | according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( | [[ | checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these | |||
| 4 | nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie | ]] | ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used | ||||||||
| 51999522 | 51999602 | 2006-05-07 16:44:48 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 223113 | 3 | according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was friedrichstraße ( checkpoint charlie | ]] | ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used | |||
| 22 | were reserved for germans . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of | http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < | illegal emigration ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . | ||||||||
| 52351902 | 52355175 | 2006-05-09 19:02:53 | 0 days 00:22:26 | 216352 | 0 | ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div | style | class | = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = | ||
| 53306315 | 53307729 | 2006-05-15 12:56:25 | 0 days 00:11:40 | 1311057 | 0 | the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - | ' ' " | republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < | |||
| 1 | attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - republikflucht | " ' ' | in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref | ||||||||
| 55134230 | 55336076 | 2006-05-26 23:17:25 | 1 days 02:20:12 | 314721 | 0 | fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) | [[ image : berlinwall aster 2002aug22 lrg . jpg | thumb | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] | the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and | |||
| 70228934 | 70265945 | 2006-08-17 17:53:40 | 0 days 03:36:36 | 0|24.15.198.175 | 0 | leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . | w . | bush ]] , and [[ margaret thatcher ]] , among others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http | |||
| 79723117 | 79733456 | 2006-10-05 22:20:53 | 0 days 00:54:39 | 0|205.188.117.13 | 1 | : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] | sup nikki | the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 | |||
| 79734107 | 79757994 | 2006-10-06 00:51:41 | 0 days 02:27:29 | 416594 | 2 | berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | hey nikki ! position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] | sup nikki | the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 | |||
| 84732374 | 84732512 | 2006-10-31 00:15:04 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 2617879 | 3 | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . | in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated | . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with | |||
| 84732512 | 84732536 | 2006-10-31 00:15:12 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 1574574 | 2 | the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . la la la la la . . | in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated | . la la la la soccer = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , | |||
| 85064024 | 85132084 | 2006-11-01 22:40:02 | 0 days 05:42:40 | 309674 | 3 | bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old | ) | roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings | |||
| 85493361 | 85506823 | 2006-11-03 17:45:12 | 0 days 01:14:30 | 0|84.177.194.94 | 3 | to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - | small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267368 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall | - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / | |||
| 85506823 | 85507378 | 2006-11-03 17:48:19 | 0 days 00:03:07 | 0|84.177.194.94 | 1 | {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > + < div - | class = " references | - [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 | |||
| 86613152 | 86613352 | 2006-11-09 00:54:29 | 0 days 00:01:06 | 0|158.35.225.228 | 0 | in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( | thanks to the [[ | yalta conference ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , | |||
| 86760196 | 86761110 | 2006-11-09 18:26:16 | 0 days 00:04:44 | 0|206.158.3.70 | 3 | portions of the berlin wall }} = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( | 656 | 65648735 | ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of | ||
| 86761963 | 86762343 | 2006-11-09 18:32:46 | 0 days 00:01:53 | 441020 | 1 | = = = museum = = = fifteen hundred years after the fall of the berlin wall ( haha that rhymes ) , a private museum rebuilt a 20000000 metre ( | 65648735 | 656 | ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of | ||
| 92859051 | 93317647 | 2006-12-10 06:24:26 | 2 days 02:10:44 | 1841032 | 0 | wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( | 300 | 263 | ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and | ||
| 98199588 | 98226397 | 2007-01-03 18:47:23 | 0 days 02:19:08 | 873891 | 1 | of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] | traffic patterns | . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening | |||
| 98226397 | 98227262 | 2007-01-03 18:51:51 | 0 days 00:04:28 | 873891 | 2 | | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 | - | meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery | |||
| 14 | woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 | - | metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also had an erection over 1 , | ||||||||
| 100887174 | 100916417 | 2007-01-15 18:33:14 | 0 days 02:34:19 | 2810123 | 14 | reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . | shiva . | on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 | |||
| 17 | : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] | lady luck : ) . | the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( | ||||||||
| 19 | it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) | zeus . | # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 | ||||||||
| 20 | watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) | jupiter . | # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image | ||||||||
| 21 | wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) | athena . | # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | | ||||||||
| 100916417 | 100920432 | 2007-01-15 18:53:45 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 14 | reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . | shiva . | on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 | |||
| 17 | : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] | lady luck : ) . | the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( | ||||||||
| 19 | clear field of fire to the watching guards . your mom . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) | zeus . | # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) jupiter . # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) athena . # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall | ||||||||
| 20 | . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) zeus . # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) | jupiter . | # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) athena . # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) hera . [[ image | ||||||||
| 21 | distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) zeus . # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) jupiter . # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) | athena . | # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) hera . [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | | ||||||||
| 105175281 | 105269225 | 2007-02-03 05:02:27 | 0 days 08:18:44 | 0|63.227.215.63 | 0 | the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including | the | [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom | |||
| 108586738 | 108586831 | 2007-02-16 12:02:32 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 0|217.132.143.214 | 1 | . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 | photo | gallery of commented photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall | |||
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 49 | britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - | 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization | in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the | |||
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 49 | britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - | 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization | in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the | |||
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 49 | britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - | 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization | in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the | |||
| 111405230 | 111405419 | 2007-02-27 20:31:41 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 0|205.126.63.15 | 0 | being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - meter ( 656 | ft | in | ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of | ||
| 116612926 | 116663804 | 2007-03-21 00:30:28 | 0 days 03:51:24 | 0|71.108.135.83 | 2 | border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] | 00 : 30 , 21 march 2007 | ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . | |||
| 3 | guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( | aged 18 | utc | ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person | |||||||
| 4 | guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) | who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | i like chocolate ! | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the | |||||||
| 116663804 | 116668276 | 2007-03-21 00:50:34 | 0 days 00:20:06 | 351312 | 2 | ground . - - [[ user : 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 | 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 ]] 00 : 30 , 21 march 2007 ( | utc | aged 18 | ) i like chocolate ! = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at | ||
| 3 | - - [[ user : 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 | 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 ]] 00 : 30 , 21 march 2007 ( utc ) | i like chocolate ! | who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the | |||||||
| 129554675 | 129554933 | 2007-05-09 16:37:49 | 0 days 00:01:02 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 6 | . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( | ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german | utc | ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " | ||
| 129555699 | 129555771 | 2007-05-09 16:41:06 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 2073927 | 5 | - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) | - - | and a | [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - | ||
| 133070307 | 133071645 | 2007-05-24 01:14:15 | 0 days 00:07:09 | 441020 | 1 | берли́нская стена́ }} ) & mdash ; known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart | , | " & mdash ; was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , | |||
| 146120914 | 146124404 | 2007-07-21 13:58:28 | 0 days 00:27:25 | 1257062 | 0 | : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider | ( writer ) | | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} = = external links | |||
| 150832838 | 150865465 | 2007-08-13 00:57:21 | 0 days 03:29:12 | 158051 | 4 | hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc news | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | | to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended | |||
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 56 | | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - | 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall | 5 human sexual differentiation by p | . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = | ||
| 63 | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / | archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | sex " categories : semi - protected | | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin | |||||||
| 68 | across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( | writer | c | ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite | |||||||
| 69 | = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( | writer | 3 | ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year | |||||||
| 70 | wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) | , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} ( a bilingual photo | tax | - study tracing the line of the wall ) = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information | |||||||
| 81 | face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas | ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | ||||||||
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 53 | news stories from wikinews learning resources from wikiversity francoeur , robert t . ( ed . ) , the international encyclopedia of sexuality [ full text ] janssen , d . | f . , growing up sexually . volume i . world reference atlas [ full text ] raymond j . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , | {{ fact | date = | august 2003 , isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality | ||
| 57 | . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2003 , isbn 0 - 8264 - | 1488 | 26736 | - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from | |||||||
| 58 | , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2003 , isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - | 5 human sexual differentiation by p | 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall | . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en . | |||||||
| 59 | martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2003 , isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . | c . sizonenko | ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ | new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . org / | |||||||
| 69 | the gnu free documentation license . ( see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s | . registered 501 | nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider | ( c ) ( 3 ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today . | |||||||
| 70 | license . ( see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( | c | writer | ) ( 3 ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today . | |||||||
| 71 | ( see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c ) | | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas | ( 3 ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today . | ||||||||
| 72 | see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c ) ( | 3 | writer | ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today . | |||||||
| 73 | for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) | tax | , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} ( a bilingual photo | - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today . | |||||||
| 74 | . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax - | deductible nonprofit charity | study tracing the line of the wall ) = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www | . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today . | |||||||
| 79 | humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent of this movement away from polar oppositions , anne fausto - sterling , | recognized five sexes : male , female , merm ( male pseudohermaphrodite ) , ferm ( female pseudohermaphrodite ) and herm ( true hermaphrodite ) . although she was heavily criticized , her idea demonstrates the difficulty and imperfection of the current social responses to these variations . social and legal considerations main article : sociology of gender forms of legal or social distinction or discrimination based on sex include sex segregation and sexism . notably , some businesses , public institutions , and laws may provide privileges and services for one sex and not another , or they may require different sexes to be physically separated . recently , western societies have moved towards greater sexual equality . see also look up sex in wiktionary , the free dictionary . evolution of sex human sexuality list of gender names mammalian gestation sexual differentiation sexual dysfunction sex ratio sexual intercourse age of consent references ^ evolution with three sexes . university of british columbia . retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 03 . ^ g . e . julian , j . h . fewell , j . gadau , r . a . johnson , d . larrabee ( 2002 ) . | " genetic determination of the queen caste in an ant hybrid zone " . proceedings of the national academy of sciences 99 ( 12 ) : 8157 - 8160 . ^ | ||||||||
| 161213212 | 161222936 | 2007-09-30 01:00:18 | 0 days 01:04:28 | 0|24.183.55.166 | 0 | difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , | over | 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . | |||
| 161222936 | 161422371 | 2007-09-30 23:55:11 | 0 days 22:54:53 | 12927 | 4 | injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate with the use | to | 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . | |||
| 165005884 | 165222233 | 2007-10-17 17:39:09 | 0 days 22:58:30 | 0|67.132.117.2 | 9 | = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] | the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory | , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became | |||
| 165222233 | 165222438 | 2007-10-17 17:40:08 | 0 days 00:00:59 | 1285073 | 8 | = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] | the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory | , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became | |||
| 166354092 | 166355206 | 2007-10-22 20:06:01 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 716438 | 6 | de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [ center for contemporary historical research | ] | ]] | ( [ zzf ] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . | ||
| 7 | ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [ center for contemporary historical research ] ( | [ | [[ | zzf ] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / | |||||||
| 8 | ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [ center for contemporary historical research ] ( [ zzf | ] | ]] | ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / | |||||||
| 167330269 | 167330987 | 2007-10-27 00:51:18 | 0 days 00:04:40 | 50001 | 12 | guards often left escapers to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) | who | . he | was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be | ||
| 173857018 | 173857115 | 2007-11-26 09:08:28 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 137113 | 2 | world war ]] ' . the soviet union considered the new west germany to be largely a militaristic [[ puppet state ]] which had been properly [[ de - nazification | | de - nazified | denazified | ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere , | ||
| 181090273 | 181090361 | 2007-12-31 00:30:10 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 0|208.104.149.90 | 1 | , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . < font size = 150 > < font color = green > caitlin wolfe 2009 vintage lane | < br > | rock hill sc 29730 < / font > < / font > = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | | |||
| 191453407 | 191583874 | 2008-02-15 04:57:35 | 0 days 11:31:28 | 0|71.41.210.146 | 0 | fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 | - | – | 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation | ||
| 1 | years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 | - | – | 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement | |||||||
| 2 | # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 | - | – | 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the | |||||||
| 201305220 | 201315450 | 2008-03-27 13:24:11 | 0 days 01:06:52 | 0|66.226.192.60 | 1 | ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least | 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - | |||
| 201315450 | 201315598 | 2008-03-27 13:25:08 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 266416 | 0 | ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least | 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - | |||
| 203261588 | 203261700 | 2008-04-04 10:59:02 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 0|87.33.62.141 | 2 | formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - | 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 miles ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed | - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the | |||
| 205709007 | 205856138 | 2008-04-15 19:38:21 | 0 days 16:21:25 | 3313221 | 0 | . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous | was | were the | [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and | ||
| 229217140 | 229650556 | 2008-08-03 21:25:53 | 2 days 08:34:27 | 577301 | 9 | forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z | - 42m | 42 ]] m | light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration | ||
| 236569880 | 236585633 | 2008-09-06 03:42:08 | 0 days 01:53:09 | 7794502 | 0 | fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) | # panzer tanks | the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final | |||
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 36 | those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was | the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of | [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and | |||
| 44 | , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) | , | and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by | ||||||||
| 238908764 | 239050940 | 2008-09-17 16:15:07 | 0 days 17:01:49 | 0|207.63.143.250 | 0 | west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , | lorry | truck | drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' | ||
| 239837716 | 239876423 | 2008-09-20 22:37:38 | 0 days 03:23:31 | 0|71.105.241.106 | 0 | – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) # panzer tanks | # black ladies | the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final | |||
| 239876423 | 239876509 | 2008-09-20 22:38:12 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 0|71.105.241.106 | 0 | 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) # panzer tanks # | black ladies | moat | the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final | ||
| 239903193 | 239907895 | 2008-09-21 01:43:54 | 0 days 00:28:11 | 0|79.97.23.174 | 0 | fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) | # panzer tanks # moat | the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final | |||
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 22 | on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? | videoid = 129336 & | http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on | cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > | [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash | |
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 22 | on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? | videoid = 129336 & | http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on | cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > | [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash | |
| 248089272 | 248095035 | 2008-10-28 00:19:45 | 0 days 00:29:50 | 0|98.15.190.110 | 6 | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . | in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated | . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with | |||
| 252747077 | 252776401 | 2008-11-19 13:48:33 | 0 days 04:52:56 | 3131841 | 0 | modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( | |||
| 258459897 | 258459980 | 2008-12-16 23:36:49 | 0 days 00:00:25 | 0|66.143.116.78 | 0 | . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdat | | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of | ||
| 258459980 | 258476585 | 2008-12-17 01:05:35 | 0 days 01:28:46 | 352579 | 0 | . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | | accessdat | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of | ||
| 265328211 | 265375952 | 2009-01-20 23:03:51 | 0 days 04:21:53 | 0|65.31.228.149 | 13 | wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ | watchtower | ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " | |||
| 265375952 | 265376259 | 2009-01-20 23:05:34 | 0 days 00:01:43 | 4928500 | 6 | wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ | watchtower | ( fortification ) | s ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " | |||
| 265376259 | 265376312 | 2009-01-20 23:05:48 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 0|65.31.228.149 | 10 | wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ | watchtower | ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " | |||
| 265376312 | 265376378 | 2009-01-20 23:06:12 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 118722 | 3 | wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ | watchtower | ( fortification ) | s ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " | |||
| 272476022 | 272476848 | 2009-02-22 11:47:09 | 0 days 00:04:40 | 0|93.132.133.36 | 1 | {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | / kontra | | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = | |||
| 276398047 | 276398128 | 2009-03-10 23:51:01 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 850418 | 0 | killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . | de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one | . . you know what ? fuck this , wikipedia is for nerds | |||
| 282781427 | 282782058 | 2009-04-09 15:17:12 | 0 days 00:03:13 | 9418822 | 0 | berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / | relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall | wallstories | - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall | ||
| 289417269 | 289461792 | 2009-05-12 13:40:30 | 0 days 06:11:04 | 433328 | 5 | the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 | & nbsp ; | km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german | |||
| 6 | german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 | & nbsp ; | km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn | ||||||||
| 289778757 | 289779282 | 2009-05-14 00:07:11 | 0 days 00:02:48 | 1233313 | 0 | between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( | " | ' ' | passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements | ||
| 1 | august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung | " | ' ' | ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached | |||||||
| 289779598 | 289779731 | 2009-05-14 00:10:13 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 1233313 | 2 | the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the | " | first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of | |||
| 303768953 | 303769048 | 2009-07-23 17:08:24 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 0|212.58.193.36 | 0 | this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - | - | the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian access in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them | |||
| 306540519 | 306559902 | 2009-08-07 07:54:37 | 0 days 03:03:33 | 6984319 | 1 | the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . | . | chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the | |||
| 308694705 | 308695076 | 2009-08-18 15:02:29 | 0 days 00:02:11 | 0|69.15.109.218 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - | indef }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | inkanana | | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} | ||
| 308695076 | 308707893 | 2009-08-18 16:20:02 | 0 days 01:17:33 | 323132 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - | inkanana | indef }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} | ||
| 310318597 | 310327705 | 2009-08-27 08:31:53 | 0 days 01:30:30 | 6971250 | 0 | chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german | an | and | englisch ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http | ||
| 312604952 | 312612312 | 2009-09-08 16:29:46 | 0 days 00:47:21 | 10069869 | 1 | and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / cyber - city berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , | [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of | mixed reality installation after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer | |||
| 3 | . org / database / cyber - city berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , mixed reality installation after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists | [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / | monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / | ||||||||
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 145 | berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( | ' ' | " | [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) | ||
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 163 | of the wall , which included the final movement of [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] | , ' ' an die freude ' ' | ( " [[ ode to joy ]] " ) . this had the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' ' | |||
| 317824549 | 317979368 | 2009-10-05 04:18:29 | 0 days 16:16:48 | 1938651 | 7 | to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . | about face < / ref > | on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint | |||
| 318872025 | 319488273 | 2009-10-12 20:24:27 | 3 days 06:02:12 | 3058538 | 5 | / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video | berlin , cyber city | fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / | |||
| 8 | of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] | . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} | comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? | ||||||||
| 15 | / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * | [ | of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of | ||||||||
| 25 | ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / | monika | fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / | ||||||||
| 29 | . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories | - | personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ | ||||||||
| 31 | / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * | a | large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret | ||||||||
| 322000370 | 322274629 | 2009-10-27 03:17:35 | 1 days 06:39:48 | 82982 | 24 | west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( | {{ lang | de | | oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of | |||
| 67 | [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( | ~ | 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german | ||||||||
| 68 | s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( | ~ | 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the | ||||||||
| 324762845 | 324762884 | 2009-11-09 02:09:39 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 4928500 | 5 | to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . get drunk and watch meatspin ( www . meatspin . com | / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} | ) | |||
| 324817567 | 324817690 | 2009-11-09 10:26:15 | 0 days 00:01:26 | 6971250 | 0 | = http : / / www . twinity . com / en / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 09 - 11 | | author = unknown | | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 | |||
| 324818143 | 324818231 | 2009-11-09 10:32:15 | 0 days 00:00:56 | 6971250 | 1 | web | url = http : / / www . twinity . com / en / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 09 | - 11 | | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - | |||
| 325185447 | 325190185 | 2009-11-11 05:02:52 | 0 days 00:42:42 | 0|210.3.39.29 | 8 | berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east | ' ' berlin wall | germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers | |||
| 325328825 | 325342714 | 2009-11-11 23:57:38 | 0 days 01:18:43 | 0|86.137.191.36 | 0 | west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , | porn stars , | truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr | |||
| 325342714 | 325342880 | 2009-11-11 23:58:36 | 0 days 00:00:58 | 2959053 | 0 | west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , | porn stars , | truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr | |||
| 325363892 | 325364899 | 2009-11-12 02:24:44 | 0 days 00:07:00 | 0|202.158.12.194 | 3 | ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ | east germany | tekken | ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed | ||
| 325364899 | 325364978 | 2009-11-12 02:25:22 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 10122993 | 3 | ' ' nazi germany ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by roger jr republic ( gdr ) ( [[ | tekken | east germany | ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed | ||
| 325814566 | 325940817 | 2009-11-15 07:25:15 | 0 days 15:05:38 | 433328 | 13 | helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 | & nbsp ; | mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with east german police watching from beside | |||
| 14 | s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 | & nbsp ; | mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with east german police watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the | ||||||||
| 17 | > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 | & nbsp ; | ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between [[ checkpoint charlie | ||||||||
| 18 | of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 | & nbsp ; | ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory | ||||||||
| 328441365 | 328471283 | 2009-11-28 23:21:34 | 0 days 02:50:18 | 0|24.150.97.216 | 0 | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including | [[ bon jovi ]] , | [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , | |||
| 329391143 | 329423612 | 2009-12-03 09:06:23 | 0 days 04:27:09 | 6971250 | 2 | helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo | for the allied forces | ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could | |||
| 336231595 | 336304502 | 2010-01-07 00:15:54 | 0 days 06:33:16 | 0|99.13.65.208 | 1 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin | defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} | wall nocked down by josh farting sooo hard it just fell > . < ' ' ' ' ' ' | {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on | ||
| 336646937 | 336647165 | 2010-01-08 19:14:22 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 10519822 | 1 | , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } ciilllaaa wass here homeskillet 8 ) | was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and | other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came | |||
| 338591345 | 338591701 | 2010-01-18 18:25:53 | 0 days 00:02:10 | 10141256 | 2 | ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] | - | < nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > | | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , | |||
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 5 | wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) | that | was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , | |||
| 10 | days of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] | " | the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were | ||||||||
| 343780168 | 343781933 | 2010-02-13 18:30:31 | 0 days 00:10:12 | 5326371 | 14 | the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . | ' ' | chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out | |||
| 23 | places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 | . | ' ' , | london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 | |||||||
| 347577719 | 347678343 | 2010-03-04 09:16:17 | 0 days 12:15:03 | 6971250 | 0 | = " harrison99 " / > those caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and [[ berlin u - bahn | | u - bahn | subway | ]] train access still available to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = | ||
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 71 | = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) | . | berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford | |||
| 355153879 | 355187838 | 2010-04-10 19:01:08 | 0 days 03:28:21 | 0|91.135.41.61 | 0 | august 1961 , an english - language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) | | don ' t fence me in | ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in | |||
| 355978566 | 355986227 | 2010-04-14 15:53:35 | 0 days 00:42:53 | 0|207.165.159.10 | 0 | and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( | 1961 | 196jkkkk1 | ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' | ||
| 355986227 | 355986426 | 2010-04-14 15:54:41 | 0 days 00:01:06 | 9801177 | 0 | and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( | 196jkkkk1 | 1961 | ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' | ||
| 358424098 | 358477517 | 2010-04-26 19:50:25 | 0 days 04:11:50 | 0|190.12.39.253 | 1 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin | defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} | def liga de quito campeon carajo = = = = headline text = = < ref > < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > < / ref > = = | {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art | ||
| 358477517 | 358479681 | 2010-04-26 20:00:49 | 0 days 00:10:24 | 262550 | 0 | {st@rt} = = = = headline text = = = = {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin | def liga de quito campeon carajo = = = = headline text = = < ref > < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > < / ref > = = | defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} | {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art | ||
| 358850281 | 358877348 | 2010-04-28 16:59:28 | 0 days 02:49:40 | 11496659 | 0 | cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire | fence | weiners | ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} | ||
| 1 | offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire | fence | weiners | ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) | |||||||
| 2 | guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete | wall | weiners | ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth | |||||||
| 358877348 | 358879068 | 2010-04-28 17:11:00 | 0 days 00:11:32 | 10036538 | 0 | cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire | weiners | fence | ( 1961 ) # improved wire weiners ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete weiners ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} | ||
| 1 | offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire weiners ( 1961 ) # improved wire | weiners | fence | ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete weiners ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) | |||||||
| 2 | guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire weiners ( 1961 ) # improved wire weiners ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete | weiners | wall | ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth | |||||||
| 367791832 | 367995322 | 2010-06-14 16:31:11 | 1 days 00:02:50 | 0|76.126.226.142 | 4 | meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 | - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story | latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east | |||
| 390478077 | 391228576 | 2010-10-17 12:46:44 | 4 days 01:24:36 | 9021902 | 0 | elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn | 0300038658 | 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 | , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , | ||
| 1 | ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn | 0854966846 | 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 | , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis | |||||||
| 2 | global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn | 0742555429 | 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 | , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | | |||||||
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 39 | questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( | 21 | oct 21 , 2009 ) [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann | |||
| 94 | not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise ( nov | 1 , | 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " | ||||||||
| 96 | from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( oct | 21 , | 2009 ) [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did | ||||||||
| 398858085 | 399051464 | 2010-11-27 00:47:52 | 1 days 03:59:26 | 16710 | 13 | 1991 ) ' ' germany in the twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition . isbn | 0 713467959 | 0713467959 | * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ' ' , [ http : / / openlibrary . org | ||
| 399051464 | 399052561 | 2010-11-27 00:55:57 | 0 days 00:08:05 | 16710 | 4 | = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * [[ childs ]] , david | h , | ]] | ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman , [ http : / / www . pearsoned . | ||
| 399625658 | 399637116 | 2010-11-30 02:28:33 | 0 days 01:09:45 | 7328338 | 0 | [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn | : | 9780582315693 , isbn : 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 | |||
| 400293690 | 400499840 | 2010-12-04 15:56:28 | 1 days 05:01:04 | 0|69.156.45.160 | 1 | fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – | 1965 | 2010 | ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 | ||
| 400551710 | 400552075 | 2010-12-04 21:22:01 | 0 days 00:02:10 | 7007500 | 0 | fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – | 2010 | 1965 | ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 | ||
| 429104564 | 429636376 | 2011-05-17 22:46:18 | 3 days 05:51:37 | 207712 | 0 | . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 | - | – | 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of | ||
| 7 | / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] | - | – | speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result | |||||||
| 10 | / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics | - | – | german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ | |||||||
| 33 | falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' ( published as ' ' trudy ' s promise ' ' in north america ) , 2008 | - | – | left behind in east berlin , the heroine waits for news of her husband after he makes his escape over the berlin wall [ http : / / www . marciapreston | |||||||
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 19 | - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 | - | – | 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical | ||
| 47 | / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | february 2009 | | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref | ||||||||
| 50 | , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | february 2009 | | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is | ||||||||
| 121 | co . uk / tol / news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 | - 08 | date = | september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a | ||||||||
| 126 | de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = | 2009 - 02 - | 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / | ||||||||
| 437174317 | 438013582 | 2011-07-06 07:57:01 | 5 days 03:43:13 | 13102 | 0 | on 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by | col . | colonel | glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . | ||
| 445112728 | 445115677 | 2011-08-16 07:52:17 | 0 days 00:31:24 | 6971250 | 0 | : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - | dokumentationszentrum | gedenkstaette | . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german | ||
| 450027091 | 452185719 | 2011-09-24 12:32:59 | 12 days 03:34:17 | 10996774 | 1 | / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 | title = forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – | 1989“ | 1989 " | : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > a | ||
| 453915570 | 453939231 | 2011-10-04 17:59:12 | 0 days 02:26:59 | 7178666 | 0 | german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the | {{ convert | | 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors , and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) that divided west and east | |||
| 2 | impassable to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors , and the | {{ convert | | 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) that divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that | ||||||||
| 4 | [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was | {{ convert | | 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to | ||||||||
| 7 | / east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered | {{ convert | | 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside trees next to the | ||||||||
| 457313507 | 458013591 | 2011-10-29 19:26:26 | 4 days 06:04:07 | 12634201 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | , sometimes known as berlin wall | | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ use dmy dates | date = june 2011 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = | |||
| 485297583 | 489424180 | 2012-04-27 04:49:49 | 23 days 21:13:49 | 14405583 | 8 | police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | | 22 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border distance around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance between east and west berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance through residential areas in berlin : {{ convert | | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ | ||
| 10 | cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall distance : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * anti - vehicle trenches distance : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * contact or signal fence distance : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * column track distance : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * number of watch towers : 302 * number of bunkers : 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = august 13 , 1961 | building _ | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] | ||||||||
| 489424644 | 489425101 | 2012-04-27 05:00:22 | 0 days 00:05:29 | 14405583 | 0 | signal fence distance : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | | ft | yd | | abbr = on }} * column track distance : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * number of watch towers : | ||
| 489512208 | 489512475 | 2012-04-27 18:55:43 | 0 days 00:01:56 | 6730078 | 0 | fort gordon ' s berlin wall display . jpg | display of 2 sections of the wall and a " you are leaving " sign at [[ fort gordon ]] , | in the u . s . state of | [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost | |||
| 490948661 | 492197810 | 2012-05-12 13:18:30 | 6 days 05:07:09 | 14216826 | 0 | {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = | 0399157298 | 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | | page = 247 }} < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ | ||
| 1 | {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = | 0399157298 | 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | | pages = 363 – 367 }} < / ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by [[ wolfgang engels ]] , a 19 - year - | |||||||
| 2 | {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = | 0399157298 | 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = [[ file : reaganberlinwall . jpg | | |||||||
| 5 | [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn | 9780582315693 | 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 | , isbn 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george | |||||||
| 8 | 1991 ) ' ' germany in the twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition . isbn | 0713467959 | 0 - 7134 - 6795 - 9 | * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ | |||||||
| 507301035 | 508690466 | 2012-08-22 22:16:31 | 8 days 21:06:49 | 7661756 | 22 | | title = germany marks 50th anniversary of berlin wall | publisher = uk telegraph | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 | august 2011 | | location = london }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . foxnews . com / world / 2011 | |||
| 41 | accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june | 26 , | 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = | ||||||||
| 508885202 | 509937268 | 2012-08-30 13:52:02 | 6 days 08:34:46 | 15261832 | 0 | . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / | m . | monika | fleischmann & w . strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php | ||
| 522515322 | 525466527 | 2012-11-29 01:24:45 | 17 days 06:25:07 | 5282662 | 1 | location marked in yellow ]] [[ file : west and east berlin . svg | thumb | 350px | < center > west and east berlin borders with today road map | as background | {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _ and _ east _ berlin interactive map ] ) }} ]] the ' ' | |||
| 531002642 | 531845407 | 2013-01-07 21:22:28 | 4 days 21:20:30 | 16460235 | 0 | 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four | - | year old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to west germany on 24 august 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - | |||
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 0 | ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) | that | , which | demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " that separated western europe and the [[ eastern | ||
| 593520854 | 594610725 | 2014-02-09 02:56:42 | 7 days 00:56:29 | 14418888 | 1 | < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = emmpthv4b3k | publisher = youtube | title = | princess x | liza fox | - free [ music video ] }} < / ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' | ||
| 602473473 | 602872991 | 2014-04-05 15:12:03 | 2 days 17:59:28 | 88026 | 2 | passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy | | | o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western | |||
| 14 | passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy | & feature = related | escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . | ||||||||
| 613835077 | 615294848 | 2014-07-02 13:43:53 | 10 days 19:48:20 | 7669583 | 6 | stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | | url = http : / / news | | innocent eyes ]] atop the wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / | |||
| 631992977 | 631993537 | 2014-11-01 09:45:30 | 0 days 00:08:10 | 6730078 | 9 | http : / / www . marciapreston . com / index . php ? option = com _ content & view = article & id = 3 & itemid = 2 | | title = | view the author ’ s website ] < / ref > * * [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | peter schneider ]] , ' ' the wall jumper ' ' | |||
| 632911058 | 632912474 | 2014-11-08 03:39:03 | 0 days 00:20:38 | 10340692 | 2 | information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / bernauer straße memorial website ] | * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ] | * {{ youtube | o2grqp7k0iy | escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin }} * [ http : / / www . | |||
| 633021579 | 633040519 | 2014-11-09 02:15:56 | 0 days 02:47:56 | 10340692 | 10 | chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 | a multimedia story | comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin | |||
| 37 | . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) | * [ http : / / www . shapell . org / manuscript . aspx ? president - ronald - reagan - pictured - at - the - berlin - wall - during - tear - down - this - wall - speech ronald reagan at the berlin wall : tear down this wall ] shapell manuscript foundation * [ http : / / www . thefirstpost . co . uk / 55774 , in - pictures , news - in - pictures , in - pictures - photographs - the - berlin - wall - my - part - in - its - fall - by - roland - pietsch - germany fall of the wall : my school trip ] – slideshow by ' ' [[ the first post ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in time 1989 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and photos of the time of the fall of the berlin wall and the german reunification , mostly licenced under cc * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( | 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr | ||||||||
| 636736464 | 638716252 | 2014-12-19 00:55:57 | 13 days 14:59:40 | 1469567 | 1 | berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | concrete segment of wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | | ft | 1 | | abbr = on }} | concrete segment of wall length : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | wire mesh fencing : {{ | ||
| 650204928 | 650206237 | 2015-03-06 21:57:41 | 0 days 00:09:46 | 24044265 | 0 | # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) | < ref > {{ cite book | last1 = chaichian | first1 = mohammad | title = empires and walls : globalization , migration , and colonial control | date = 2014 | publisher = haymarket books | location = chicago , il | isbn = 978 - 1608464227 | pages = 129 - 139 | url = http : / / www . amazon . com / empires - walls - globalization - migration - domination / dp / 1608464229 / ref = asap _ bc ? ie = utf8 }} < / ref > | the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . | |||
| 650210446 | 650219949 | 2015-03-06 23:43:55 | 0 days 01:14:21 | 84417 | 1 | # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) | < ref > {{ cite book | last1 = chaichian | first1 = mohammad | title = empires and walls : globalization , migration , and colonial control | date = 2014 | publisher = haymarket books | location = chicago , il | isbn = 978 - 1608464227 | pages = 129 - 139 | url = http : / / www . amazon . com / empires - walls - globalization - migration - domination / dp / 1608464229 / ref = asap _ bc ? ie = utf8 }} < / ref > | the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . | |||
| 686641093 | 687309257 | 2015-10-24 18:45:55 | 4 days 07:49:34 | 7455639 | 0 | and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence | and concrete block wall | ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} | |||
| 1 | wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # | improved | concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the | ||||||||
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 20 | . businessinsider . com . au / germany - thanks - david - bowie - for - helping - bring - down - berlin - wall - 2016 - 1 | | publisher | work | = business insider australia | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > although other factors were probably more influential in the fall | ||
| 21 | . com . au / germany - thanks - david - bowie - for - helping - bring - down - berlin - wall - 2016 - 1 | publisher = | [[ business insider | | business insider australia | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of | ||||||||
| 40 | = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = | [[ die | welt online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de : | ||||||||
| 41 | soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt | ]] | online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de : 80 | ||||||||
| 701388996 | 701431900 | 2016-01-24 15:14:55 | 0 days 07:46:54 | 23598744 | 0 | wall ( using magnetised iron _ filings and particles from the berlin wall ) . jpg | sandpainting of the destruction of the wall by brian pike ( using magnetised iron | _ | filings and particles from the berlin wall ) . < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time , there was a | |||
| 702892130 | 702892497 | 2016-02-02 06:58:20 | 0 days 00:04:04 | 13816079 | 1 | clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) | # | * | improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( | ||
| 2 | through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) | # | * | improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) | |||||||
| 3 | four versions : # wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) | # | * | ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known | |||||||
| 703417729 | 703715928 | 2016-02-07 05:09:15 | 1 days 17:25:27 | 204692 | 0 | november , when half a million people gathered to demand political change , at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . | ( | < ref > | henslin , 07 ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] that day | ||
| 1 | a million people gathered to demand political change , at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 | ) | < / ref > | the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] that day . honecker had predicted | |||||||
| 727810801 | 729057394 | 2016-07-09 15:35:36 | 8 days 04:06:43 | 11795905 | 0 | | isbn = 0 - 313 - 32814 - 5 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas | ( writer ) , and | | others = | harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | | ||
| 733515231 | 734284492 | 2016-08-13 08:26:57 | 4 days 22:04:07 | 80913 | 1 | - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in - berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / | title = wall goes up in berlin - events of 1961 | - | – | year in review | publisher = upi . com | date = 29 may 1998 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > = = = immediate effects | ||
| 9 | cite web | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | title = something to do with the wall ( 1991 ) | - | – | imdb | author = maxhauser | date = 3 april 1991 | work = imdb | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > * fictional films featuring the | |||||||
| 12 | > {{ cite web | url = https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = emmpthv4b3k | publisher = youtube | title = liza fox | - | – | free [ music video ] }} < / ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' {{ | |||||||
| 16 | on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 - 1990 ) ] | - | – | [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] - a chronicle of the berlin wall | |||||||
| 736676388 | 737235458 | 2016-09-01 14:39:08 | 3 days 11:02:58 | 7903804 | 1 | books ? id = j - i99v70m0sc & pg = pt45 & lpg = pt45 & dq = visa + to + visit + west + germany + from + east | & source = bl & ots = - cd9vypaag & sig = hgjwnita1hbl1dpcb _ n6jaatqu4 & hl = en & sa = x & ei = w7lavp3rd4ihntotgrao & ved = 0cdwq6aewba | # v = onepage & q = visa % 20to % 20visit % 20west % 20germany % 20from % 20east & f = false | accessdate = 5 november 2014 | | |||
| 750161040 | 750685196 | 2016-11-21 07:09:13 | 3 days 03:38:31 | 27446209 | 2 | [[ allied occupation of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region | = | : | de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | | ||
| 772547948 | 773210166 | 2017-04-01 00:36:52 | 4 days 01:42:30 | 27823944 | 0 | {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | | archive - url = https : / / archive . is / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | dead - url = yes | archive - date = 25 june 2009 | | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | first1 = sven felix | last1 = kellerhof | first2 = alan | | |||
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 7 | ]] in particular were considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . | ac | co | . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic | ||
| 791624973 | 793523187 | 2017-08-02 08:44:50 | 11 days 19:51:02 | 38455 | 1 | germany ' s two main news programs that night — at 7 : 17 pm on [[ zdf ]] ' s ' ' [[ heute ]] ' ' and at 8 | pm | p . m . | on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . this , of course , meant that | ||
| 795297023 | 796184545 | 2017-08-19 02:20:43 | 5 days 17:00:51 | 27823944 | 0 | . com / news / 2011 / 08 / 11 / reflecting - on - the - berlin - wall - 50 - years - after - its - construction / | | archive - url = https : / / archive . is / 20130125070351 / http : / / www . history . com / news / 2011 / 08 / 11 / reflecting - on - the - berlin - wall - 50 - years - after - its - construction / | dead - url = yes | archive - date = 25 january 2013 | | title = reflecting on the berlin wall , 50 years after its construction | publisher = history . com | date = 11 august 2011 | accessdate = 13 august | |||
| 798241666 | 800698581 | 2017-09-15 03:51:19 | 14 days 08:23:33 | 10031342 | 18 | of movement ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | title = berlin wall : five things you might not know | date = 12 august 2011 | publisher = | ' ' | [[ telegraph media group | the telegraph ]] ' ' | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / 8698446 / | |||
| 808291388 | 809350827 | 2017-11-08 15:47:14 | 6 days 15:42:09 | 7136651 | 7 | , land mansion bricks | - | style = " text - align : right " | 58 , 95 | wall - shaped front wall with a height of 3 | , | . | 40 & nbsp ; m | - | style = " text - align : right " | 68 , 42 | expanded metal fence with a height of 2 . | ||
| 809521520 | 809536560 | 2017-11-09 19:22:04 | 0 days 01:53:53 | 15367593 | 0 | nbsp ; m | - | style = " text - align : right " | 68 . 42 | expanded metal fence with a height of 2 . 90 & | quot | nbsp | ; m as a " front barrier " | - | style = " text - align : right " | 161 {{ 0 }} {{ 0 }} | light strip | ||
| 810009717 | 810071958 | 2017-11-13 05:36:10 | 0 days 07:44:21 | 19339494 | 1 | bl & ots = e1vx - kbsf4 & sig = vzusis2injtqnywsqt9wjcxjdf0 & hl = en & sa = x & ved = 0ahukewjsvstlxbnxahvtzgmkhuuiclyq6aeitdaj # v = onepage & q = berlin | % 20wall % 20outside % 20maintenance | + wall + outside + maintenance | & f = false < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west | ||
| 810071958 | 810072027 | 2017-11-13 05:36:43 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 19339494 | 8 | 283566 | title = where in the world is the berlin wall ? | date = 2014 - 11 - 11 | work = newsweek | access - date = 2017 | - 11 - 01 | | language = en }} < / ref > [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , still in its original spot | |||
| 816798032 | 816798137 | 2017-12-23 19:40:28 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 11112747 | 0 | through in the event of war . < ref > ' ' rise and fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel | ) | | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it | |||
| 822396886 | 822504643 | 2018-01-26 19:24:33 | 0 days 15:37:47 | 5841175 | 6 | start / index / id / 593792 | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik | - | der - mauer . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting | |||
| 7 | index / id / 593792 | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der | - | mauer . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( | ||||||||
| 824097430 | 824097451 | 2018-02-05 08:46:30 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 139004 | 0 | = bruce springsteen , 1988 = = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band | , | played a live concert in east berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , | |||
| 824236669 | 825606275 | 2018-02-14 10:16:19 | 8 days 06:43:34 | 21948199 | 0 | = bruce springsteen , 1988 = = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band | , | played a live concert in east berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , | |||
| 825837597 | 825877017 | 2018-02-15 23:14:11 | 0 days 04:37:00 | 2003421 | 3 | / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > < ref > [[ history of the berlin s - bahn ]] | < / ref > | . ) | ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures | ||
| 826899654 | 827316878 | 2018-02-24 01:04:34 | 2 days 08:38:31 | 508734 | 92 | through four versions : < ref > https : / / www . thoughtco . com / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history - 1779495 < | / ref > | * wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) * improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) * improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) * ' ' | |||
| 854069066 | 854070499 | 2018-08-08 19:24:22 | 0 days 00:12:58 | 3563616 | 0 | chronik der mauer | accessdate = 26 january 2018 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( | ' ' | [[ schießbefehl ]] ) to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as " shoot to kill " orders . gdr officials denied issuing the | |||
| 1 | | accessdate = 26 january 2018 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]] | ' ' | ) to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as " shoot to kill " orders . gdr officials denied issuing the latter . in |
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| 28792067 | 28792082 | 2005-11-20 01:04:30 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 159620 | 7 | - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] , [[ | [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ | berlin ]] , the [[ soviet ]] army duringof [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was , one for each , although berlin was on | |
| 34775887 | 34778137 | 2006-01-11 17:49:33 | 0 days 00:18:12 | 0|158.123.138.252 | 1 | [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [ fuckfuckfuckv [ germany | ]] | ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as | |
| 40378504 | 40459448 | 2006-02-20 18:39:58 | 0 days 14:44:59 | 386031 | 0 | part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany | proper | ' s border | was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june |
| 52332523 | 52346467 | 2006-05-09 18:05:13 | 0 days 01:31:21 | 0|216.56.92.44 | 0 | october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | mark hayden built the berlin wall , | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the | |
| 52346467 | 52346669 | 2006-05-09 18:06:22 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 0|216.56.92.44 | 0 | october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | mark hayden built the berlin wall , | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the | |
| 52351293 | 52351586 | 2006-05-09 18:38:16 | 0 days 00:02:08 | 0|168.212.165.131 | 0 | october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | hey pat ! | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the | |
| 52351586 | 52351667 | 2006-05-09 18:38:52 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 88149 | 2 | october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | hey pat ! | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the | |
| 74428307 | 74428565 | 2006-09-07 23:47:45 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 0|202.93.175.39 | 0 | october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | ' ' ' ' ' big fat cock ' ' ' ' ' | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled | |
| 74428565 | 74429216 | 2006-09-07 23:51:55 | 0 days 00:04:10 | 0|202.93.175.39 | 0 | october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | ' ' ' ' ' big fat cock ' ' ' ' ' | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled | |
| 93668867 | 93816464 | 2006-12-12 14:38:45 | 0 days 16:31:51 | 0|66.250.190.111 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | christian and amber are really , really ugly . they both smell like cow dung and have adams apples . they are lesbians and have chest hair . very nice , how much ? | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the | |
| 93816464 | 93816487 | 2006-12-12 14:38:51 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 1574574 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | christian and amber are really , really ugly . they both smell like cow dung and have adams apples . they are lesbians and have chest hair . very nice , how much ? | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the | |
| 93816487 | 93816799 | 2006-12-12 14:40:33 | 0 days 00:01:42 | 0|66.250.190.111 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | christian and amber are really , really ugly . they both smell like cow dung and have adams apples . they are lesbians and have chest hair . very nice , how much ? | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the | |
| 93816799 | 93817040 | 2006-12-12 14:42:03 | 0 days 00:01:30 | 0|66.250.190.111 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | christian and amber are really , really ugly . they both smell like cow dung and have adams apples . they are lesbians and have chest hair . very nice , how much ? | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the | |
| 108863312 | 108864819 | 2007-02-17 16:59:47 | 0 days 00:07:46 | 26468 | 0 | the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ | gdr | inner german | border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 |
| 110063581 | 110116122 | 2007-02-22 18:20:51 | 0 days 04:30:16 | 0|66.160.72.205 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | fuck the world ! | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] | |
| 110118448 | 110119514 | 2007-02-22 18:35:51 | 0 days 00:04:32 | 911178 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | fuck the world ! world sucks monkey ass fuck mj ! fuck u all bitches hos im yaw moma britney spears looks like shit so many people died over this stupid cause fuck this world up everyones stupid asses | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] | |
| 110119514 | 110122063 | 2007-02-22 18:46:47 | 0 days 00:10:56 | 0|66.160.72.205 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | historical fact : did you know the wall was made of dicks ? yea no shit ! | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] | |
| 110122063 | 110122222 | 2007-02-22 18:47:33 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 2600463 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | historical fact : did you know the wall was made of dicks ? yea no shit ! | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] | |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 4 | university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not | from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall |
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 4 | university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not | from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall |
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 4 | university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not | from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall |
| 116369124 | 116446657 | 2007-03-20 03:59:02 | 0 days 05:54:23 | 0|24.192.21.79 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) | |
| 116486220 | 116509549 | 2007-03-20 12:18:22 | 0 days 03:23:27 | 351312 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) | |
| 116668276 | 117050359 | 2007-03-22 15:44:52 | 1 days 14:54:18 | 0|70.151.77.127 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) | |
| 117050359 | 117050585 | 2007-03-22 15:45:59 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 0|70.151.77.127 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) | |
| 117094380 | 117202244 | 2007-03-23 03:06:54 | 0 days 08:04:44 | 0|69.171.136.129 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after | ter | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) |
| 117202244 | 117202313 | 2007-03-23 03:07:14 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 0|69.171.136.129 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | ter | after | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) |
| 123518934 | 123567982 | 2007-04-17 16:52:14 | 0 days 03:33:55 | 0|24.45.245.186 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after | fter | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) |
| 123567982 | 123570932 | 2007-04-17 17:04:26 | 0 days 00:12:12 | 441020 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | fter | after | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) |
| 125554183 | 125576721 | 2007-04-24 17:56:22 | 0 days 01:22:54 | 0|205.124.85.3 | 0 | ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially | steve nash . | remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : |
| 125576721 | 125578217 | 2007-04-24 18:02:37 | 0 days 00:06:15 | 0|205.124.85.3 | 0 | ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | steve nash | dirk nowistski | . remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers |
| 125579618 | 125580463 | 2007-04-24 18:12:04 | 0 days 00:03:23 | 0|205.124.85.3 | 0 | ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | dirk nowistski . | jake , who is a stupid suns fan , | remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : |
| 125580463 | 125580530 | 2007-04-24 18:12:21 | 0 days 00:00:17 | 238308 | 0 | ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | jake , who is a stupid suns fan , | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially | remained a nazi germany and divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : |
| 131436693 | 131436845 | 2007-05-17 01:13:22 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 0|71.48.127.221 | 0 | [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | niggaz rule muthafuckas . . | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] | |
| 131437128 | 131437212 | 2007-05-17 01:15:13 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 302522 | 6 | ]] . black power = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | niggaz rule muthafuckas . . | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] | |
| 131818104 | 131839852 | 2007-05-18 19:10:51 | 0 days 01:35:31 | 0|24.56.168.165 | 0 | [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | , , , , , ryan is gay , , , | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] | |
| 131839852 | 131840168 | 2007-05-18 19:12:01 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 3516226 | 0 | [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | , , , , , ryan is gay , , , | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] | |
| 133104135 | 133130564 | 2007-05-24 08:41:32 | 0 days 04:00:04 | 4066461 | 0 | [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | ryan built it | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] | |
| 133130564 | 133130665 | 2007-05-24 08:42:31 | 0 days 00:00:59 | 4066461 | 0 | [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | ryan | bob | built it after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam |
| 133130665 | 133130717 | 2007-05-24 08:42:54 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 4066461 | 0 | [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | bob | mr green | built it after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam |
| 133130717 | 133131431 | 2007-05-24 08:49:33 | 0 days 00:06:39 | 303874 | 0 | [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | mr green built it | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] | |
| 138877059 | 138877071 | 2007-06-18 00:47:35 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 2198658 | 1 | {st@rt} germany . | is full of nazis and i hate those bastards so fuck you nazis you fucking fag ass holes fuck germans those dick heads all the ladies have big cunts stupid whores fagsssss | an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day | |
| 157242126 | 157449035 | 2007-09-12 19:54:00 | 0 days 22:06:19 | 0|77.98.25.214 | 0 | 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | ello | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | |
| 157449035 | 157449148 | 2007-09-12 19:54:30 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 3150292 | 0 | 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | ello | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | |
| 158580268 | 158734899 | 2007-09-18 14:49:12 | 0 days 17:33:47 | 0|206.123.212.68 | 0 | 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | hi matt | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | |
| 158738290 | 158741292 | 2007-09-18 15:22:40 | 0 days 00:15:25 | 105919 | 0 | 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | hi matt | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | |
| 160020633 | 160035161 | 2007-09-24 15:39:58 | 0 days 01:08:45 | 0|65.117.145.250 | 0 | 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' the berlin wall is dead ! ! ! its a sexybeast ! ! ! 1 | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | |
| 160035161 | 160035322 | 2007-09-24 15:40:47 | 0 days 00:00:49 | 5173527 | 0 | 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' the berlin wall is dead ! ! ! its a sexybeast ! ! ! 1 | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | |
| 162087422 | 162088640 | 2007-10-03 20:23:18 | 0 days 00:05:58 | 0|142.25.180.23 | 0 | 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = fuck = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers | fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fdu | ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the |
| 163105476 | 163371605 | 2007-10-09 17:45:07 | 1 days 02:32:03 | 0|82.41.42.114 | 0 | 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after | a = = fter | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement |
| 1 | | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was | divided | divi [[ ded | into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers | |||||
| 163371605 | 163373226 | 2007-10-09 17:53:00 | 0 days 00:07:53 | 5451838 | 0 | 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | a = = fter | after | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divi [[ ded into four occupation zones ( per the [[ |
| 1 | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] a = = fter the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was | divi [[ ded | divided | into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers | |||||
| 167283465 | 167283597 | 2007-10-26 20:11:01 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 0|205.202.92.219 | 1 | 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after | adam don ' t use this sight trust me and tyafter | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement |
| 167283597 | 167284000 | 2007-10-26 20:13:12 | 0 days 00:02:11 | 0|140.254.80.182 | 2 | 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | adam don ' t use this sight trust me and tyafter | after | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement |
| 174334338 | 174705895 | 2007-11-29 23:01:08 | 1 days 13:23:48 | 0|64.91.146.48 | 0 | 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | clayton ! | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | |
| 174705895 | 174705991 | 2007-11-29 23:01:37 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 0|64.91.146.48 | 0 | 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | clayton ! | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | |
| 175289114 | 175551251 | 2007-12-03 19:54:29 | 1 days 02:51:56 | 0|24.207.26.4 | 0 | 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after the | sebastian adugalski | [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] |
| 175551251 | 175552021 | 2007-12-03 19:57:45 | 0 days 00:03:16 | 0|24.207.26.4 | 0 | 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | sebastian adugalski | nic beck and matthew baena | [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] |
| 175552021 | 175559970 | 2007-12-03 20:31:20 | 0 days 00:33:35 | 2537811 | 0 | 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | nic beck and matthew baena | after the | [[ ended of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially emained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] |
| 177203799 | 177204049 | 2007-12-11 13:35:00 | 0 days 00:01:40 | 0|65.43.196.207 | 0 | 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans | ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as | |
| 177212791 | 177214350 | 2007-12-11 14:42:39 | 0 days 00:09:39 | 5779767 | 1 | 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans | ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as | |
| 180988262 | 181089181 | 2007-12-31 00:22:51 | 0 days 09:30:36 | 0|208.104.149.90 | 0 | of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | < big > | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | |
| 181089717 | 181089981 | 2007-12-31 00:27:50 | 0 days 00:01:39 | 0|208.104.149.90 | 0 | of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | < font color = silver > | < big > after < / big > the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four | |
| 181090431 | 181090540 | 2007-12-31 00:31:22 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 2306142 | 0 | of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | < font color = silver > < big > | after < / big > the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( | |
| 188151005 | 188151539 | 2008-01-31 14:21:36 | 0 days 00:03:35 | 0|65.43.198.14 | 0 | of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after the | blah blah blah | [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] |
| 188154176 | 188158128 | 2008-01-31 15:04:24 | 0 days 00:25:08 | 0|75.146.3.249 | 0 | of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | blah blah blah | no homo | [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] |
| 188158128 | 188158165 | 2008-01-31 15:04:39 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 608951 | 0 | of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | no homo | blah blah blah | [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] |
| 188164296 | 188164448 | 2008-01-31 15:40:51 | 0 days 00:00:49 | 241822 | 0 | of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | blah blah blah | after the | [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] |
| 194473112 | 194653335 | 2008-02-28 13:58:51 | 0 days 18:42:24 | 0|24.184.14.60 | 0 | 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 250px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | llll | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | |
| 194969877 | 195355677 | 2008-03-02 17:34:07 | 1 days 20:52:38 | 0|208.64.242.114 | 0 | [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | llll | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | |
| 196063376 | 196351442 | 2008-03-06 19:41:30 | 1 days 02:59:30 | 0|198.203.102.1 | 0 | [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | bitch bitch bitch bitch | = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft |
| 196351442 | 196351478 | 2008-03-06 19:41:36 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 1879647 | 0 | [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | bitch bitch bitch bitch | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft |
| 198362532 | 198983944 | 2008-03-17 23:54:50 | 2 days 17:32:57 | 0|76.205.75.132 | 11 | east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = | thw west . | on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister | |
| 198983944 | 198984976 | 2008-03-17 23:59:41 | 0 days 00:04:51 | 911178 | 24 | east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = | on | [[ 3 april ]] , 1951 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ | |
| 199097835 | 199097858 | 2008-03-18 15:12:11 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 0|208.27.127.62 | 0 | [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] | tgykrtljy ; tiljoyeipjp ; tyijryoirt ; yjiortjyiotr ; yeiet i love cheese cake | . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep |
| 202585021 | 202716037 | 2008-04-02 03:27:03 | 0 days 10:10:24 | 0|150.101.240.77 | 0 | east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = | lolololololololololololololololol | on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister | |
| 202719285 | 202719369 | 2008-04-02 03:48:22 | 0 days 00:00:35 | 0|75.22.78.148 | 0 | east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = | lolololololololololololololololol | on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister | |
| 210361516 | 210361752 | 2008-05-05 16:59:17 | 0 days 00:01:02 | 0|64.130.204.173 | 0 | [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | its all a lie ! ! ! ! ! ! it never happened | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | |
| 210361752 | 210361775 | 2008-05-05 16:59:22 | 0 days 00:00:05 | 4928500 | 0 | [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | its all a lie ! ! ! ! ! ! it never happened | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | |
| 210361775 | 210362433 | 2008-05-05 17:02:09 | 0 days 00:02:47 | 0|64.130.204.173 | 0 | [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | its all a lie it nver happend | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | |
| 210362433 | 210362448 | 2008-05-05 17:02:13 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 5947179 | 0 | [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | its all a lie it nver happend | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | |
| 210599324 | 210605226 | 2008-05-06 17:06:36 | 0 days 00:26:51 | 0|70.91.85.14 | 0 | [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | hi yaffe ! | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | |
| 210605226 | 210605542 | 2008-05-06 17:08:16 | 0 days 00:01:40 | 0|131.111.129.188 | 0 | [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | hi yaffe ! | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | |
| 225461510 | 226438015 | 2008-07-18 12:49:56 | 4 days 16:13:52 | 723881 | 1 | formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany | in 1945 | as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line | ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ |
| 2 | [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam | ||||||
| 234024060 | 234024129 | 2008-08-24 23:20:26 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 416594 | 1 | the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germany | rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including | as of february 21 , 1947 . | the nazi army ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( |
| 234024267 | 234024308 | 2008-08-24 23:21:34 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 764407 | 1 | the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germany | rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including | as of february 21 , 1947 . | the nazi army ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( |
| 234024639 | 234024667 | 2008-08-24 23:23:41 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 416594 | 1 | the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germany | rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including | as of february 21 , 1947 . | the nazi army ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( |
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 6 | . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany | ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line | ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 77 | / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ | http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el | muppet films | }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] |
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 77 | / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ | http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el | muppet films | }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] |
| 296788035 | 296824043 | 2009-06-16 20:29:38 | 0 days 03:25:16 | 8219500 | 1 | . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] | west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] | was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | | |
| 296836155 | 296857603 | 2009-06-16 23:48:30 | 0 days 02:12:01 | 6984319 | 3 | . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] | west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] | was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united | |
| 4 | berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was | matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . | divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , | each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | |||||
| 313154666 | 313227016 | 2009-09-11 18:02:41 | 0 days 09:34:32 | 0|168.254.226.222 | 0 | for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | after the | drew corcoran | [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation |
| 313227016 | 313255946 | 2009-09-11 21:02:36 | 0 days 02:59:55 | 3308922 | 0 | for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | drew corcoran | after the | [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation |
| 324808994 | 324812165 | 2009-11-09 09:27:33 | 0 days 00:32:19 | 0|220.239.172.251 | 0 | for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | after | aftre | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four |
| 324812241 | 324813463 | 2009-11-09 09:40:48 | 0 days 00:12:38 | 0|121.220.121.181 | 0 | for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | aftre | after | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remianed of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into fore |
| 324813463 | 324815104 | 2009-11-09 09:59:16 | 0 days 00:18:28 | 4638533 | 0 | for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | after | after | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into fore |
| 324827897 | 324833446 | 2009-11-09 13:09:56 | 0 days 00:52:45 | 0|71.206.91.10 | 0 | for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | ou hate me | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | |
| 324833446 | 324833874 | 2009-11-09 13:13:44 | 0 days 00:03:48 | 0|192.234.149.250 | 0 | for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | ou hate me | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of y of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was | |
| 324993878 | 324997406 | 2009-11-10 05:48:25 | 0 days 00:32:12 | 0|207.81.48.108 | 0 | for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | jews rule | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph |
| 324997406 | 324997478 | 2009-11-10 05:49:04 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 440983 | 0 | for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | jews rule | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph |
| 325134867 | 325135734 | 2009-11-10 22:49:04 | 0 days 00:05:01 | 0|122.107.135.244 | 0 | the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | bum crap i like men | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | |
| 327684036 | 327723692 | 2009-11-24 20:15:13 | 0 days 04:03:55 | 0|81.103.195.234 | 0 | the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | after | aftery | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four |
| 327723692 | 327723781 | 2009-11-24 20:15:45 | 0 days 00:00:32 | 0|81.103.195.234 | 0 | the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | aftery | after | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four |
| 340477279 | 340644582 | 2010-01-29 02:22:34 | 0 days 21:03:52 | 0|91.187.103.2 | 0 | for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | berlin wall : berlin - beograd 23 km . | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | |
| 340645259 | 340652663 | 2010-01-29 03:19:46 | 0 days 00:52:37 | 96897 | 0 | for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | berlin wall : berlin - beograd 23 km . | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | |
| 340652663 | 340924884 | 2010-01-30 16:59:10 | 1 days 13:39:24 | 0|91.187.103.4 | 0 | for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | viva germany and usa . | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | |
| 340924884 | 340925129 | 2010-01-30 17:00:36 | 0 days 00:01:26 | 0|91.187.103.4 | 0 | ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = viva germany and usa | and you | . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided | |
| 340925129 | 340925242 | 2010-01-30 17:01:21 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 6660588 | 0 | for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | viva germany and usa and you . | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | |
| 347166507 | 347166913 | 2010-03-01 21:25:43 | 0 days 00:02:03 | 0|71.28.105.141 | 0 | the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . after the eruption = = = post - war germany = = = | after the eruption | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | |
| 349038136 | 349066462 | 2010-03-10 20:18:05 | 0 days 02:18:03 | 0|97.64.173.60 | 0 | , particularly after east german police shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of [[ murder ]] by the reunified germany . = | = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > {{ cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > | = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by | |
| 349066462 | 349066774 | 2010-03-10 20:19:36 | 0 days 00:01:31 | 6660588 | 0 | , particularly after east german police shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of [[ murder ]] by the reunified germany . = | = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > {{ cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > | = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by | |
| 350105223 | 350105436 | 2010-03-15 23:52:09 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 0|98.17.93.7 | 0 | for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | i love sex in nations in berlin wall . | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | |
| 350105436 | 350105530 | 2010-03-15 23:52:50 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 1738583 | 0 | for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | i love sex in nations in berlin wall . | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | |
| 350161715 | 350205500 | 2010-03-16 14:18:20 | 0 days 06:52:30 | 0|66.99.36.132 | 0 | for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | blahhhhahhh ! | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | |
| 350205500 | 350205643 | 2010-03-16 14:19:18 | 0 days 00:00:58 | 0|66.99.36.132 | 0 | the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = | = = blahhhhahhh ! | hi joe | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into |
| 350205643 | 350205915 | 2010-03-16 14:21:01 | 0 days 00:01:43 | 211905 | 0 | the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = | hi joe | = = | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into |
| 362122979 | 362143454 | 2010-05-14 19:20:05 | 0 days 02:09:18 | 0|78.43.105.45 | 1 | background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany | ]] | west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the | |
| 410343760 | 411101144 | 2011-01-31 04:30:05 | 3 days 18:08:35 | 11086114 | 0 | way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | geordie huband took down the berlin wall | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | |
| 411101144 | 411101265 | 2011-01-31 04:30:54 | 0 days 00:00:49 | 11987994 | 0 | way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = | geordie huband took down the berlin wall | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | |
| 632911058 | 632912474 | 2014-11-08 03:39:03 | 0 days 00:20:38 | 10340692 | 5 | / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ | http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] | * {{ wayback | date = 20060219134229 | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html | title | |
| 825810710 | 825811905 | 2018-02-15 15:40:48 | 0 days 00:08:27 | 5946478 | 2 | the reunified germany . < ref > {{ cite journal | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | | last | url | = goodman | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages |
| 3 | germany . < ref > {{ cite journal | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last = | goodman | https : / / scholarship . law . cornell . edu / cgi / viewcontent . cgi ? article = 1391 & context = cilj | | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728 |
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| 732530 | 732537 | 2003-03-08 21:13:53 | 0 days 02:40:23 | 4388 | 3 | ' berlin wall ' ' ' was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering | [[ | west - berlin and thereby | west germany ]] . the wall physically divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was |
| 9 | and 1961 . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of | [[ | east germany ]] from entering [[ west germany ]] . the wall physically divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded | ||||||
| 1012031 | 1092751 | 2003-06-08 12:37:20 | 31 days 17:34:08 | 9244 | 13 | berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . | completely | east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the | |
| 28 | 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the | [[ | reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years | ||||||
| 29 | , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification | ]] | of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in | ||||||
| 45 | did not control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . it first consisted of barbed wire , which was later replaced by the actual wall . | the wall physically divided the city into west berlin and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . | east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the | ||||||
| 1282616 | 1282664 | 2003-08-13 04:46:25 | 6 days 13:51:34 | 7918 | 3 | the west . it was clear from the beginning that this justification served as a cover for the fact that the citizens of east germany should be prevented from entering west | - | berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . the wall was over 155 km long | |
| 3416164 | 3551635 | 2004-05-02 09:12:00 | 3 days 12:28:42 | 4388 | 10 | berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful ' | escapes | [[ escape ]] s | ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed |
| 3668416 | 3702165 | 2004-05-21 03:54:52 | 0 days 00:13:11 | 8780 | 1 | gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful ' [[ escape ]] s | ' | into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed its | |
| 3800134 | 3800736 | 2004-05-31 10:22:36 | 0 days 18:49:48 | 3808 | 35 | states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by | [[ | east germany ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; | |
| 5637810 | 5637884 | 2004-09-03 21:35:33 | 0 days 00:03:51 | 49471 | 7 | claimed that it was created to prevent the citizens of east germany , especially the professionally skilled workers , the majority of who were leaving , from entering west berlin and | thereby | west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people | |
| 5787740 | 6045628 | 2004-09-10 18:39:33 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 76027 | 0 | was exclusively on the western side . a september 2004 poll found that one quarter of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut | of | off | from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . reuters . com / newsarticle . jhtml ? type = worldnews & storyid = 6181106 ] |
| 6145464 | 6145754 | 2004-09-25 15:56:37 | 0 days 00:11:16 | 39716 | 1 | friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east - germany and the main part of west | - | germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden | |
| 7503798 | 7583874 | 2004-11-15 22:48:26 | 0 days 23:21:52 | 0|213.191.80.129 | 1 | a wall which keeps ' ' out ' ' rather than ' ' in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge | the | [[ east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist wall of protection " rather than the western view that the wall was essentially meant to turn the | |
| 9268476 | 9300388 | 2005-01-10 23:50:02 | 0 days 03:03:49 | 151197 | 0 | the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east | . ( for example | , as east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | |
| 1 | wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east , | on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) | as east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | | ||||||
| 2 | was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east , as | mentioned above , west berlin was an open border point out of | east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva | ||||||
| 9533310 | 9600309 | 2005-01-21 15:58:08 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 26468 | 0 | complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and | the | [[ germany ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the | |
| 9658614 | 9762535 | 2005-01-26 01:42:57 | 0 days 06:03:58 | 26468 | 27 | crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east germany | and the main part of | border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between | west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( |
| 10084850 | 10084995 | 2005-02-09 02:13:18 | 0 days 00:02:21 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 34 | union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( | [[ | west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially | |
| 36 | three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of | [[ | west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ | ||||||
| 10084995 | 10087212 | 2005-02-09 02:20:03 | 0 days 00:06:45 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 11 | built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an [[ enclave | ]] | in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front | |
| 10087212 | 10087443 | 2005-02-09 03:43:17 | 0 days 01:23:14 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 0 | , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful | [[ escape ]] s | escapes | into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out |
| 10091995 | 10144491 | 2005-02-09 07:09:31 | 0 days 03:18:09 | 28107 | 36 | blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( | [[ | west berlin ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of west germany that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of | |
| 38 | , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( west berlin ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of | [[ | west germany that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the cold war | ||||||
| 54 | the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on august 13 , | [[ | 1961 in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory | ||||||
| 56 | was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an | [[ | enclave in east germany . during the construction of the wall national people ' s army | nva and kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda soldiers stood in front of it with | ||||||
| 57 | later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an enclave | ]] | in east germany . during the construction of the wall national people ' s army | nva and kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda soldiers stood in front of it with orders | ||||||
| 70 | , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful | escapes | [[ escape ]] s | into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out | |||||
| 10244127 | 10244153 | 2005-02-14 04:35:35 | 3 days 03:01:03 | 0|203.36.44.14 | 0 | ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 | ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as mentioned above , west berlin was an open border point out of | east germany , and from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to the rest of west germany . = = construction of the wall = = [[ | |
| 10244153 | 10252863 | 2005-02-14 04:36:05 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 33103 | 0 | ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 | ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as mentioned above , west berlin was an open border point out of | east germany , and from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to the rest of west germany . = = construction of the wall = = [[ | |
| 11639377 | 11639454 | 2005-03-29 06:09:12 | 13 days 03:55:26 | 0|24.42.224.161 | 0 | majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) | as mentioned above , west berlin was an open border point out | this drain | of east germany , and from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to the rest of west germany . = = construction of the wall = = |
| 1 | for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as mentioned above , west berlin was an open border point out of | labour threatened | east germany , and from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to the rest of west germany . = = construction of the wall = = [[ | ||||||
| 13838657 | 13839534 | 2005-05-17 16:03:06 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 67107 | 0 | impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and | it | completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in | |
| 14015916 | 14016061 | 2005-05-21 09:38:46 | 2 days 17:36:54 | 0|216.27.183.43 | 4 | remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively | by entering | via | west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig |
| 14125556 | 14140365 | 2005-05-23 20:14:41 | 1 days 10:42:33 | 54820 | 1 | ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ | german democratic republic | | east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but | |
| 14140365 | 14260653 | 2005-05-24 02:16:18 | 0 days 06:01:37 | 6661 | 1 | berliner mauer ' ' ) , was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ | german democratic republic | | east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but | |
| 15054564 | 15054752 | 2005-06-12 05:48:45 | 0 days 04:11:01 | 5016 | 13 | ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect | a part | an [[ exclave ]] | of [[ west germany ]] and were completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] |
| 20 | professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected ) . this drain of labour | and economic output | threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the | ||||||
| 19262021 | 19641332 | 2005-07-26 13:36:24 | 5 days 14:51:51 | 0|212.112.232.175 | 0 | of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the | capital | seat of government | of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , |
| 24151055 | 24156661 | 2005-09-27 13:29:22 | 0 days 01:47:28 | 0|205.202.36.246 | 11 | mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of | [[ | east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection | |
| 48 | the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france | ( [[ | west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded | ||||||
| 51 | the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave | ]] | of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the | ||||||
| 52 | states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of | [[ | west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of | ||||||
| 24156661 | 24156863 | 2005-09-27 13:33:41 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 340905 | 10 | {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of | [[ | east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it | |
| 47 | airlift by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france | ( [[ | west berlin , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an exclave of west germany , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin | ||||||
| 49 | , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france west berlin , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an | [[ | exclave of west germany , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make bonn the seat of government | ||||||
| 50 | the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france west berlin , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an exclave | ]] | of west germany , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make bonn the seat of government of | ||||||
| 51 | three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france west berlin , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an exclave of | [[ | west germany , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make bonn the seat of government of west | ||||||
| 26467857 | 26918322 | 2005-10-30 22:25:26 | 5 days 02:16:53 | 0|205.188.116.204 | 27 | by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and | france | abel meeropol . abel meeropol wrote the classic anti - lynching anthem " strange fruit , " made famous by singer billie holiday . robert and michael co - wrote a book about the experience , we are your sons : the legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg | ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , |
| 26918978 | 27042249 | 2005-11-01 04:48:07 | 1 days 06:15:08 | 0|18.240.6.193 | 0 | the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with | scepticism | skepticism | even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the |
| 27806621 | 27817179 | 2005-11-09 13:03:31 | 0 days 03:09:55 | 287142 | 0 | german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with | skepticism | scepticism | even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the |
| 39793418 | 39818227 | 2006-02-16 01:44:54 | 0 days 03:14:56 | 0|68.18.147.5 | 0 | german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east | berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ' ( ' ' ' anti - fascist protection wall ' ' ' ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ 9 november ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' | [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter | |
| 40378504 | 40459448 | 2006-02-20 18:39:58 | 0 days 14:44:59 | 386031 | 4 | berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east | berlin | east ]] | and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around | |
| 40898814 | 40900018 | 2006-02-23 19:38:26 | 0 days 00:09:50 | 89179 | 10 | article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , | 000 people escaped into | masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of | west berlin . = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently |
| 40909194 | 40915337 | 2006-02-23 21:35:30 | 0 days 00:42:13 | 0|145.254.88.42 | 0 | east german citizens short of dispatching the army to use lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the | gaurds | guards | and the east berlin government were simply not willing to use lethal force so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and |
| 40915337 | 40944082 | 2006-02-24 01:02:35 | 0 days 03:27:05 | 304316 | 53 | - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station | , | in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ | |
| 40946642 | 40949144 | 2006-02-24 01:42:58 | 0 days 00:21:46 | 304316 | 13 | lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful | [[ escape ]] s | escapes | into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall |
| 40949144 | 40965017 | 2006-02-24 03:55:40 | 0 days 02:12:42 | 89179 | 0 | berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ | division | history _ | of germany | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled |
| 1 | east ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ division of | _ | germany | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers | ||||||
| 2 | ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ division of germany | _ since _ 1945 | | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between | ||||||
| 41675215 | 41710361 | 2006-03-01 05:34:43 | 0 days 05:27:08 | 0|68.77.149.177 | 2 | gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances | of a financially better life , and | for financial betterment ; | west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the |
| 44770674 | 44770960 | 2006-03-21 05:05:36 | 0 days 00:02:39 | 0|202.72.148.102 | 0 | , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the | long - time | leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days | |
| 46158765 | 46159568 | 2006-03-30 12:57:46 | 0 days 00:10:21 | 4388 | 0 | ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes | ( [[ illegal emigration ]] s ) | into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall | |
| 46159568 | 46159959 | 2006-03-30 13:02:23 | 0 days 00:04:37 | 4388 | 1 | permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( [[ illegal emigration ]] | s | ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / | |
| 47329140 | 47397931 | 2006-04-07 12:40:12 | 0 days 12:40:23 | 484982 | 0 | crossings and usage = = there used to be eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied | personal | personnel | into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality |
| 51998163 | 51999522 | 2006-05-07 16:44:07 | 0 days 00:11:36 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 25 | cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration | ]] | ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / | |
| 31 | [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an | [[ | east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the | ||||||
| 51999522 | 51999602 | 2006-05-07 16:44:48 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 223113 | 23 | for germans . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of illegal emigration | some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / | |
| 52367351 | 52419460 | 2006-05-10 02:13:47 | 0 days 05:54:41 | 0|71.235.38.203 | 0 | the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from | 1948 | 5932 | onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting |
| 52875779 | 52941290 | 2006-05-13 02:44:14 | 0 days 07:58:05 | 732708 | 0 | german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with | scepticism | skepticism | even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the |
| 53720035 | 53756081 | 2006-05-17 21:59:22 | 0 days 03:48:44 | 0|205.201.150.62 | 0 | = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was | a propaganda disaster | your mom | for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - |
| 53756081 | 53756513 | 2006-05-17 22:01:59 | 0 days 00:02:37 | 1008387 | 0 | = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was | your mom | a propaganda disaster | for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - |
| 54913899 | 54927268 | 2006-05-24 18:40:23 | 0 days 01:25:15 | 0|216.51.191.213 | 0 | system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial | betterment | improvement | ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized |
| 57484319 | 57663965 | 2006-06-09 06:58:07 | 1 days 01:49:03 | 0|203.51.41.247 | 9 | german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the | inner - german border | inn marielleborder | , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in |
| 57663965 | 57664095 | 2006-06-09 06:59:35 | 0 days 00:01:28 | 416594 | 8 | german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the | inn marielleborder | inner - german border | , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in |
| 58475278 | 58695039 | 2006-06-15 02:39:51 | 1 days 03:58:10 | 0|71.111.140.81 | 0 | 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the berlin wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ | east germany | rmany | | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ |
| 58695039 | 58695143 | 2006-06-15 02:40:33 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 245294 | 0 | 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the berlin wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ | rmany | east germany | | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ |
| 65633547 | 66079192 | 2006-07-27 02:02:21 | 2 days 04:22:24 | 0|202.89.36.170 | 10 | germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east | germany from | xxxxxxxxfrom | entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that |
| 66079192 | 66079583 | 2006-07-27 02:05:14 | 0 days 00:02:53 | 416594 | 8 | germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east | xxxxxxxxfrom | germany from | entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that |
| 67053691 | 67063468 | 2006-08-01 16:29:11 | 0 days 01:00:35 | 0|66.32.195.73 | 1 | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of | german states = = = from 1948 onwards | that shit | , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ |
| 69463997 | 69483685 | 2006-08-14 00:26:30 | 0 days 02:09:12 | 0|139.80.123.40 | 1 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east | and | to | west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased |
| 69483685 | 69484267 | 2006-08-14 00:30:06 | 0 days 00:03:36 | 0|139.80.123.40 | 1 | in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east | and | to | west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] |
| 70265945 | 70267189 | 2006-08-17 18:00:43 | 0 days 00:07:03 | 130684 | 0 | berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into | countries neighbouring | east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit | |
| 73698506 | 73756827 | 2006-09-04 13:59:49 | 0 days 09:12:50 | 0|75.13.49.14 | 0 | the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from | 1948 | 2006 | onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a |
| 73756827 | 73800540 | 2006-09-04 18:49:29 | 0 days 04:49:40 | 302522 | 0 | the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from | 2006 | 1948 | onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a |
| 79283264 | 79360490 | 2006-10-04 00:26:58 | 0 days 06:52:26 | 0|69.110.32.177 | 2 | in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , | each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | russians ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers | they loved | to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ |
| 82835134 | 82879500 | 2006-10-21 21:17:43 | 0 days 04:29:04 | 2542109 | 3 | , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . | conceived by | the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall | |
| 83835783 | 83837476 | 2006-10-26 13:23:30 | 0 days 00:13:08 | 686868 | 4 | the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the new krenz government decided to allow east | berliners to apply for visas to travel to | germany and | west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this |
| 89164714 | 89217707 | 2006-11-21 12:10:19 | 0 days 07:41:07 | 617480 | 0 | citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to | down under | germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration | |
| 89582444 | 89623581 | 2006-11-23 09:19:20 | 0 days 05:53:58 | 0|82.148.67.67 | 0 | the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from | 1948 onwards | 1978 downwards | , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ |
| 89651816 | 89652535 | 2006-11-23 14:25:10 | 0 days 00:06:26 | 0|71.3.64.103 | 0 | the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from | 1978 downwards | 1948 onwards | , west germany udeveloped onto a wild wild west capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and |
| 91359911 | 91362108 | 2006-12-01 12:08:57 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 15 | . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of | the | socialist east germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengtehened , turning from a usual wall into the system of impassable technical hindrances of traps | |
| 93817040 | 93876815 | 2006-12-12 19:37:36 | 0 days 04:55:33 | 0|158.123.252.2 | 2 | to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to | prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from | keep th | east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded |
| 7 | to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east | to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and | out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans | ||||||
| 97468702 | 97680129 | 2007-01-01 06:24:27 | 1 days 02:36:00 | 313006 | 0 | ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes | ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) | into west berlin . varying reports claim around 231 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history | |
| 100940597 | 100941637 | 2007-01-15 20:29:28 | 0 days 00:04:57 | 2181758 | 6 | and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries | neighbouring | neighboring | east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the |
| 100946186 | 100948158 | 2007-01-15 20:59:57 | 0 days 00:09:11 | 302522 | 8 | and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries | neighboring | neighbouring | east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the |
| 102975056 | 103018378 | 2007-01-24 23:30:28 | 0 days 03:06:23 | 1789938 | 0 | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an | [[ | enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 | |
| 1 | airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave | ]] | like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / | ||||||
| 105269225 | 105429213 | 2007-02-03 22:36:11 | 0 days 17:33:44 | 0|71.167.154.124 | 0 | roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , | an | a | [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to |
| 105429213 | 105532218 | 2007-02-04 08:28:36 | 0 days 09:52:25 | 302522 | 0 | roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , | a | an | [[ west german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to |
| 108231602 | 108231997 | 2007-02-15 02:15:41 | 0 days 00:02:04 | 3563780 | 2 | the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the | holy spirit | [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > | |
| 108231997 | 108232467 | 2007-02-15 02:18:06 | 0 days 00:02:25 | 506179 | 2 | [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold shrivelled penis ]] . conceived by the | holy spirit | [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > | |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 2 | ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , | [[ 1931 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | due to wolves | | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita |
| 12 | ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " | . in | the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall ! " ) | dissident from | west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the | |||||
| 13 | gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west | berlin , since 1992 }} {{ q | mr . gorbechev , tear down this wall ! tear it down ! reagan smash ! reagan smash ! | ronald reagan }} [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | the berlin wall circa 1961 . an east german soldier , dressed in full armor , is sneering at the west . ]] = = history = = the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was originally constructed in 230 [[ bce ]] by berlin citizens lead by [[ hadrian ]] whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of [[ stonehenge ]] and [[ hadrian ' s wall ]] . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those [[ chinese ]] that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kickass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese ' s wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germarmy was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over | germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east | ||||||
| 43 | stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and | east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years | ||||||
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 1 | {st@rt} {{ | q | lang - de | | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from |
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 2 | ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , | [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | due to wolves | | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita |
| 12 | ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " | . in | the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall ! " ) | dissident from | west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the | |||||
| 13 | gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west | berlin , since 1992 }} {{ q | mr . gorbechev , tear down this wall ! tear it down ! reagan smash ! reagan smash ! | ronald reagan }} [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | the berlin wall circa 1961 . an east german soldier , dressed in full armor , is sneering at the west . ]] = = history = = the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was originally constructed in 230 [[ bce ]] by berlin citizens lead by [[ hadrian ]] whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of [[ stonehenge ]] and [[ hadrian ' s wall ]] . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those [[ chinese ]] that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kickass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese ' s wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germarmy was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over | germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east | ||||||
| 43 | stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and | east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years | ||||||
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 1 | {st@rt} {{ | q | lang - de | | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from |
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 2 | ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , | [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | due to wolves | | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita |
| 12 | ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " | . in | the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall ! " ) | dissident from | west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the | |||||
| 13 | gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west | berlin , since 1992 }} {{ q | mr . gorbechev , tear down this wall ! tear it down ! reagan smash ! reagan smash ! | ronald reagan }} [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | the berlin wall circa 1961 . an east german soldier , dressed in full armor , is sneering at the west . ]] = = history = = the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was originally constructed in 230 [[ bce ]] by berlin citizens lead by [[ hadrian ]] whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of [[ stonehenge ]] and [[ hadrian ' s wall ]] . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those [[ chinese ]] that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kickass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese ' s wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germarmy was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over | germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east | ||||||
| 43 | stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and | east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years | ||||||
| 111079436 | 111080379 | 2007-02-26 14:54:17 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 0|193.194.158.107 | 1 | {st@rt} {{ | q | lang - de | | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from |
| 116509549 | 116565253 | 2007-03-20 17:15:05 | 0 days 04:56:43 | 0|63.172.4.6 | 0 | the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from | 1948 | 1946 | onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a |
| 116565409 | 116565581 | 2007-03-20 17:16:33 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 331742 | 0 | the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from | 1946 | 1948 | onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a |
| 116565581 | 116611927 | 2007-03-20 20:35:11 | 0 days 03:18:38 | 0|208.96.79.152 | 0 | august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the | fukk | [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east | |
| 116612198 | 116612926 | 2007-03-20 20:39:04 | 0 days 00:02:52 | 302522 | 1 | august 2006 ]] the fucking ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the | fukk | [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east | |
| 117073720 | 117077906 | 2007-03-22 17:49:00 | 0 days 00:18:56 | 0|147.31.4.47 | 3 | economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which | hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster | i just screwed up | for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high |
| 117077906 | 117078008 | 2007-03-22 17:49:26 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 492858 | 4 | | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny is a noob adn has nothin for the project but this which | i just screwed up | hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster | for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high |
| 117508444 | 117516576 | 2007-03-24 13:39:46 | 0 days 00:58:39 | 302522 | 7 | and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained | acendency | ascendancy | in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east german voters were convinced of the need for |
| 118635394 | 118639947 | 2007-03-28 23:11:07 | 0 days 00:19:40 | 0|65.24.114.248 | 0 | the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from | 1948 | 1917 | onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a |
| 118654236 | 118657778 | 2007-03-29 00:33:26 | 0 days 00:17:42 | 911178 | 0 | the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from | 1917 | 1948 | onwards , west germany mutated into a western communist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a |
| 118657778 | 119194198 | 2007-03-31 03:19:34 | 2 days 02:46:08 | 0|69.236.50.115 | 2 | [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ | east germany | las vegas , | | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita |
| 123239676 | 123290696 | 2007-04-16 17:02:47 | 0 days 03:41:47 | 0|206.82.21.217 | 0 | dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with | skepticism | respect | even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens |
| 123290696 | 123314173 | 2007-04-16 18:40:46 | 0 days 01:37:59 | 911178 | 0 | dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with | respect | skepticism | even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens |
| 123951114 | 124129045 | 2007-04-19 17:12:29 | 0 days 17:13:20 | 0|72.243.172.178 | 1 | prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . | across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] | my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe | . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political |
| 124287643 | 124348301 | 2007-04-20 13:09:14 | 0 days 07:51:17 | 4180587 | 0 | the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from | 1948 | 1998 | onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a |
| 124348704 | 124348759 | 2007-04-20 13:11:37 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 3184712 | 0 | the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from | 1998 | 1948 | onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a |
| 125578217 | 125579618 | 2007-04-24 18:08:41 | 0 days 00:06:04 | 0|205.124.85.3 | 0 | ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of | the berlin wall | lebron james | came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second |
| 125579618 | 125580463 | 2007-04-24 18:12:04 | 0 days 00:03:23 | 0|205.124.85.3 | 1 | background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] dirk nowistski . remained | of | a | nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ |
| 125580463 | 125580530 | 2007-04-24 18:12:21 | 0 days 00:00:17 | 238308 | 1 | deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] jake , who is a stupid suns fan , remained | a | of | nazi germany and divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ |
| 3 | ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of | lebron james | the berlin wall | came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second | |||||
| 127423904 | 127488333 | 2007-05-01 19:05:27 | 0 days 04:38:15 | 0|166.127.1.201 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | conceived by the | that dude was ugly | [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > |
| 127488333 | 127488398 | 2007-05-01 19:05:44 | 0 days 00:00:17 | 241822 | 0 | 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . | that dude was ugly | conceived by the | [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > |
| 129555771 | 129555882 | 2007-05-09 16:41:30 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 2 | being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to | the viability | eat cheese . one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all | of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america |
| 133070307 | 133071645 | 2007-05-24 01:14:15 | 0 days 00:07:09 | 441020 | 3 | 13 , 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 & mdash ; after several weeks of civil unrest | & mdash ; | , | that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere |
| 134354264 | 134363864 | 2007-05-29 17:58:08 | 0 days 00:45:42 | 2148063 | 0 | socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day on | alexander platz | [[ alexanderplatz ]] | in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new |
| 150365735 | 150415593 | 2007-08-10 16:13:56 | 0 days 06:20:47 | 6661 | 1 | | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in | the | [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] | |
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 30 | 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could | only | visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at | |
| 40 | advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and | [[ | west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ | ||||||
| 46 | [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including | [[ | east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with | ||||||
| 50 | colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of | [[ german democratic republic | | east germany ]] attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around | ||||||
| 66 | wall . ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an | [[ | east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the | ||||||
| 158482538 | 158483005 | 2007-09-17 12:39:37 | 0 days 00:03:02 | 0|86.148.90.145 | 1 | . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and | [[ | east germany . i was not here : p . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ | |
| 162088831 | 162097147 | 2007-10-03 21:04:01 | 0 days 00:39:48 | 400903 | 4 | , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ westberlin ]] }} ) and | the rest of | [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) including [[ east berlin ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war | |
| 5 | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ westberlin ]] | }} ) | and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) including [[ east berlin ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold | ||||||
| 163749827 | 163777834 | 2007-10-11 10:38:01 | 0 days 04:18:13 | 0|194.83.177.252 | 0 | intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with | skepticism | scepticism | even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing |
| 163777834 | 163818437 | 2007-10-11 15:16:59 | 0 days 04:38:58 | 5451838 | 0 | intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with | scepticism | skepticism | even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing |
| 165005884 | 165222233 | 2007-10-17 17:39:09 | 0 days 22:58:30 | 0|67.132.117.2 | 16 | berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into | countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access | to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the | |
| 165222233 | 165222438 | 2007-10-17 17:40:08 | 0 days 00:00:59 | 1285073 | 15 | berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into | countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access | to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the | |
| 167330987 | 167697778 | 2007-10-28 20:38:23 | 1 days 19:47:05 | 0|67.76.163.204 | 0 | 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same = = = divergence of german states = = = from | 1948 | 1949 | onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a |
| 170206355 | 170288054 | 2007-11-09 08:37:34 | 0 days 09:01:15 | 0|213.221.119.178 | 2 | 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee | the | east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe | |
| 174708204 | 174741786 | 2007-11-30 02:18:00 | 0 days 03:04:44 | 5918353 | 2 | powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the | federal republic of | demcratic | germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of |
| 174741786 | 174746112 | 2007-11-30 02:42:18 | 0 days 00:24:18 | 28422 | 2 | powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the | demcratic | federal republic of | germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of |
| 176484115 | 176514246 | 2007-12-08 04:57:07 | 0 days 03:34:06 | 3966201 | 0 | 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee | the | from | east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / |
| 178067328 | 178433514 | 2007-12-17 03:19:52 | 1 days 14:31:48 | 0|69.155.140.15 | 0 | discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory | of | ofgermans are such cool pepole } ]] | east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the |
| 178433514 | 178433680 | 2007-12-17 03:21:02 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 1473716 | 0 | discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory | ofgermans are such cool pepole } ]] | of | east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the |
| 178433680 | 178872694 | 2007-12-19 03:34:38 | 2 days 00:13:36 | 0|67.188.74.176 | 23 | the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not | encroach | encockroach | on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was |
| 178873340 | 178873918 | 2007-12-19 03:42:19 | 0 days 00:03:39 | 2537811 | 23 | the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not | encockroach | encroach | on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbi - wire fence was |
| 180988262 | 181089181 | 2007-12-31 00:22:51 | 0 days 09:30:36 | 0|208.104.149.90 | 2 | " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while | < big > | east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms | |
| 181089181 | 181089350 | 2007-12-31 00:23:54 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 0|208.104.149.90 | 2 | 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from | < i > | east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade | |
| 181090431 | 181090540 | 2007-12-31 00:31:22 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 2306142 | 3 | " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while | < big > | east germany < / big > became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier | |
| 190370753 | 190525831 | 2008-02-11 02:22:08 | 0 days 14:44:45 | 0|64.215.123.218 | 1 | http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the | cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east | berlin walll was really a stupid idea | germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history |
| 191709855 | 191873337 | 2008-02-16 16:30:04 | 0 days 20:21:25 | 0|209.162.56.146 | 0 | kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that | he got arrested and fought and also made it so | entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . | |
| 196946956 | 197071265 | 2008-03-09 20:31:11 | 0 days 14:27:18 | 0|98.17.134.249 | 1 | style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to | the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led | move | to east germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : |
| 197073715 | 197075558 | 2008-03-09 20:51:04 | 0 days 00:08:24 | 0|98.17.134.249 | 12 | a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming | the exodus of people from | defecting | east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency |
| 18 | chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs | and from chances for financial improvement | ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised | ||||||
| 197077024 | 197077031 | 2008-03-09 20:57:59 | 0 days 00:00:02 | 3622922 | 5 | chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs | and from chances for financial improvement | ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised | |
| 197732281 | 197732484 | 2008-03-12 15:23:12 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 3505251 | 0 | viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since the border basically was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for | citizens | residents | of west germany or west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html |
| 1 | skepticism even in east germany , even more so since the border basically was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for citizens of | west germany or | west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 | ||||||
| 199068719 | 199068893 | 2008-03-18 12:27:44 | 0 days 00:01:14 | 0|65.43.198.254 | 0 | > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east | and | andnononononono | west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image |
| 199069215 | 199071782 | 2008-03-18 12:47:15 | 0 days 00:17:16 | 686868 | 0 | > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east | andnononononono | and | west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image |
| 199166041 | 199176300 | 2008-03-18 21:01:00 | 0 days 00:40:04 | 0|84.92.120.196 | 1 | the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall brought = = east | = = | berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during | |
| 199200408 | 199351854 | 2008-03-19 14:59:00 | 0 days 16:26:29 | 0|65.43.197.150 | 0 | [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the | occupying | occupyingniggers die | powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the |
| 199351854 | 199351875 | 2008-03-19 14:59:07 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 1879647 | 0 | [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the | occupyingniggers die | occupying | powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the |
| 202827564 | 203047637 | 2008-04-03 14:22:40 | 0 days 22:05:23 | 0|208.108.155.10 | 0 | found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in | west | graciakspoopsy | germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere |
| 203047637 | 203047862 | 2008-04-03 14:23:55 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 203358 | 0 | found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in | graciakspoopsy | west | germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere |
| 203166960 | 203167170 | 2008-04-03 23:30:56 | 0 days 00:01:00 | 0|74.75.94.117 | 2 | considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . | " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east | he is so small | and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between |
| 211225942 | 211226287 | 2008-05-09 10:02:08 | 0 days 00:03:52 | 686868 | 0 | ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for tourist visits | of | restricted to | east berlin were issued in a simplified procedure at the same day . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany |
| 7 | , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that gave west berliners the chance to apply for visa for | travel to | east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already applicable for west germans . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans | ||||||
| 211252403 | 211252560 | 2008-05-09 13:29:34 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 686868 | 0 | western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for | tourist visits | day trips | restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . |
| 214991201 | 215551281 | 2008-05-28 18:27:39 | 2 days 12:19:20 | 355538 | 5 | miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 miles ) | which | actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers | |
| 227057942 | 227630794 | 2008-07-24 14:11:59 | 2 days 18:22:51 | 6285568 | 2 | 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , | [[ | east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany | |
| 235999012 | 236298450 | 2008-09-04 19:33:44 | 1 days 09:25:11 | 0|89.180.225.158 | 0 | the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from | west to | east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm | |
| 236298450 | 236302681 | 2008-09-04 19:55:48 | 0 days 00:22:04 | 5177550 | 1 | the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from | west to | east berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg | |
| 237420572 | 237421084 | 2008-09-10 02:42:59 | 0 days 00:04:00 | 7823265 | 9 | ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from | fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east | people bouncing up | and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s |
| 10 | the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and | west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east | down | and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of | |||||
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 5 | ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that | visits in | all gdr citizens could visit | west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory |
| 8 | control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers | originally intended | to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal | ||||||
| 9 | council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to | jointly | govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic | ||||||
| 12 | germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . | while | as | west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however | |||||
| 20 | . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border | to | with | west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to | |||||
| 21 | the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin | had been shut | was closed | . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and | |||||
| 27 | germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or | emigration | emigrate | to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners cut off from their jobs and from chances for | |||||
| 33 | eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits | of east german | by gdr | citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans | |||||
| 39 | ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four | motorways usable by west germans | [[ autobahn ]] s | connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ | |||||
| 50 | berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station | ]] | in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - | ||||||
| 56 | defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes | into | to | west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal | |||||
| 66 | while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . | however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east | germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in | ||||||
| 70 | for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners cut off from their jobs | and from chances for financial improvement | ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized | ||||||
| 239050940 | 239141721 | 2008-09-17 23:56:00 | 0 days 07:40:53 | 736477 | 5 | made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas | for | to enter | east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east |
| 239453915 | 239456329 | 2008-09-19 03:25:00 | 0 days 00:12:32 | 736477 | 29 | and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the border between | [[ | east germany | east ]] and [[ west germany ]] . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 | |
| 30 | rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the border between [[ east | germany | east ]] | and [[ west germany ]] . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , | ||||||
| 32 | 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , | [[ | east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] | ||||||
| 240240944 | 240242156 | 2008-09-22 15:58:49 | 0 days 00:07:42 | 736477 | 5 | territory = = out of citizen territory of [[ berlin ]] , the wall passed around the limits of 14 municipalities of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , | bordering with [[ | from | west berlin ]] . here is reported the list of bordering municipalities , subdivided for district , starting from north and proceding to south . * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel |
| 11 | crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as entry into | and | , | exit from east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied military traffic in such cases . for | |||||
| 12 | , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as entry into and exit from | , and presence within | east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied military traffic in such cases . for this reason | ||||||
| 241808916 | 241809073 | 2008-09-29 17:16:31 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 7966459 | 2 | east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from | the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . | your mom | an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed |
| 242557548 | 242755000 | 2008-10-03 14:42:47 | 0 days 19:46:38 | 7991946 | 8 | ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the | border between east | quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab | and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 35 | september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and | 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the bunny picnic ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ a muppet family christmas ]] ' ' ( 1987 ) : ' ' song of the cloud forest ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets at walt disney world ]] ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' the muppets celebrate jim henson ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' [[ mr . willowby ' s christmas tree ]] ' ' ( 1995 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ dylan | also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to | |
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 35 | september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and | 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the bunny picnic ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ a muppet family christmas ]] ' ' ( 1987 ) : ' ' song of the cloud forest ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets at walt disney world ]] ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' the muppets celebrate jim henson ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' [[ mr . willowby ' s christmas tree ]] ' ' ( 1995 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ dylan | also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to | |
| 252651691 | 252652021 | 2008-11-18 21:49:13 | 0 days 00:01:34 | 6892131 | 0 | this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass | demonstartions | demonstrations | within east germany itself . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader |
| 255210981 | 255259280 | 2008-12-01 19:38:59 | 0 days 04:33:01 | 0|137.118.202.208 | 0 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from | ' ' ' | west germany for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered | |
| 255707707 | 255794738 | 2008-12-04 06:17:39 | 0 days 09:10:08 | 0|24.150.100.199 | 0 | and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall | separated | separ - - [[ special : contributions / 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 | 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 ]] ( [[ user talk : 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 | talk ]] ) 06 : 17 , 4 december 2008 ( utc ) ated | east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was |
| 255794738 | 255794996 | 2008-12-04 06:19:57 | 0 days 00:02:18 | 241887 | 0 | and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall | separ - - [[ special : contributions / 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 | 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 ]] ( [[ user talk : 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 | talk ]] ) 06 : 17 , 4 december 2008 ( utc ) ated | separated | east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 year < nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > - |
| 258133599 | 258134007 | 2008-12-15 15:47:51 | 0 days 00:02:16 | 0|71.130.177.243 | 1 | and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall | separated | separatedfuccckkkkkkkkkkkk ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened |
| 258134336 | 258135144 | 2008-12-15 15:53:35 | 0 days 00:04:11 | 0|62.3.105.253 | 0 | and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall | separatedfuccckkkkkkkkkkkk ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | separated | east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened |
| 262762670 | 263247726 | 2009-01-10 21:42:09 | 2 days 06:10:03 | 5026668 | 0 | steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four | [[ autobahn ]] s | autobahns | connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of |
| 264375116 | 264375403 | 2009-01-16 01:26:43 | 0 days 00:01:47 | 0|76.202.130.24 | 0 | [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated | ! ! ! ! ! ! cailtin summer isabella cleboski was here ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened | |
| 264375403 | 264375430 | 2009-01-16 01:26:54 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 3136314 | 0 | [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated | ! ! ! ! ! ! cailtin summer isabella cleboski was here ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened | |
| 267776477 | 267777243 | 2009-02-01 05:59:00 | 0 days 00:06:41 | 214542 | 5 | . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the | long - time | longtime | leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker |
| 269767784 | 269853148 | 2009-02-10 21:25:40 | 0 days 07:23:39 | 0|76.118.246.211 | 4 | [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated | east | germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 | |
| 272811961 | 272928280 | 2009-02-24 09:23:02 | 0 days 11:42:35 | 0|122.106.253.141 | 0 | barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the | longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east | longt | and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately |
| 272928280 | 272928638 | 2009-02-24 09:25:38 | 0 days 00:02:36 | 3190204 | 0 | barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the | longt | longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east | and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately |
| 277226883 | 277227209 | 2009-03-14 18:24:10 | 0 days 00:02:02 | 6984319 | 0 | " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later | calimign | caliming | that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , |
| 277228770 | 277229162 | 2009-03-14 18:35:02 | 0 days 00:02:16 | 6984319 | 0 | " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later | caliming | claiming | that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , |
| 278131212 | 278138099 | 2009-03-18 16:52:35 | 0 days 00:35:23 | 6984319 | 1 | | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern europeans moving | westward in | to | west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref name = |
| 278138099 | 278326099 | 2009-03-19 13:41:18 | 0 days 20:48:43 | 3505251 | 1 | bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the | emigrants | number of gdr citizens | moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref |
| 278705102 | 278746206 | 2009-03-21 15:19:56 | 0 days 06:04:55 | 6984319 | 0 | > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of | gdr citizens | eastern bloc persons | moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref |
| 279058833 | 279124770 | 2009-03-23 10:55:07 | 0 days 09:35:13 | 3505251 | 0 | > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of | eastern bloc persons | gdr citizens | moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref |
| 279124770 | 279160858 | 2009-03-23 15:09:45 | 0 days 04:14:38 | 6984319 | 0 | > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of | gdr citizens | eastern bloc persons | moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref |
| 279160858 | 279162751 | 2009-03-23 15:21:43 | 0 days 00:11:58 | 3505251 | 0 | > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of | eastern bloc persons | gdr citizens | moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref |
| 282235707 | 282235824 | 2009-04-07 00:33:42 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 0|203.38.204.162 | 0 | and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated | ellery is gay | east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november | |
| 282235824 | 282235865 | 2009-04-07 00:33:54 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 3080493 | 0 | and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated | ellery is gay | east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november | |
| 283961086 | 284228283 | 2009-04-16 15:48:14 | 1 days 07:00:13 | 0|204.185.221.237 | 0 | republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . | = = = divergence of the two german states = = = | by by by | west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ |
| 284228388 | 284229554 | 2009-04-16 15:57:40 | 0 days 00:08:39 | 1099776 | 0 | republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . | by by by | = = = divergence of the two german states = = = | west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ |
| 284527500 | 284528364 | 2009-04-18 00:18:32 | 0 days 00:05:54 | 0|122.110.183.192 | 6 | starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - | german border , | scrotum incision | east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ |
| 284528364 | 284529573 | 2009-04-18 00:27:25 | 0 days 00:08:53 | 6984319 | 5 | starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - | scrotum incision | german border , | east germany , known in germany as the ' ' cock suckers ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned |
| 285004676 | 285014736 | 2009-04-20 13:59:36 | 0 days 01:10:28 | 0|206.183.139.124 | 0 | are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ | nazi | nazani | germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one |
| 285014736 | 285016585 | 2009-04-20 14:12:04 | 0 days 00:12:28 | 3505251 | 0 | are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ | nazani | nazi | germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one |
| 289370073 | 289417269 | 2009-05-12 07:29:26 | 0 days 06:12:49 | 1143897 | 1 | in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . | {{ cn }} | as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in | |
| 289417269 | 289461792 | 2009-05-12 13:40:30 | 0 days 06:11:04 | 433328 | 1 | germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . {{ | cn | fact | date = may 2009 | }} as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward |
| 289860859 | 290338187 | 2009-05-16 16:23:54 | 2 days 04:51:35 | 67136 | 1 | in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . | {{ fact | date = may 2009 }} | as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in | |
| 304807664 | 304813427 | 2009-07-29 04:28:07 | 0 days 00:41:10 | 6984319 | 6 | as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers | originally intended | , including the soviets ' refusal | to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal |
| 7 | of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to | jointly govern | agree to reconstruction plans making post - war | germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany | |||||
| 13 | intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the | federal republic of germany ( | west . < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " / > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials | and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence | |||||
| 14 | its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and | supplies from arriving in [[ | west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of | ||||||
| 23 | , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = | " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p | = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into | ||||||
| 37 | be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( | including | east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or | ||||||
| 41 | starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - | german border , | east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ | ||||||
| 43 | year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in | germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . | as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in | ||||||
| 306465427 | 306538732 | 2009-08-07 04:34:49 | 0 days 08:18:22 | 6984319 | 1 | east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall | ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east german ' s had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] , 1989 , the wall stopped most such emigration and | separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on | |
| 322000370 | 322274629 | 2009-10-27 03:17:35 | 1 days 06:39:48 | 82982 | 54 | to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : | ' ' ' | ; | transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' * ' ' ' road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha |
| 323358471 | 323393153 | 2009-11-02 01:53:39 | 0 days 03:22:26 | 10834630 | 1 | a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian | access | movement | in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref |
| 324422544 | 324469466 | 2009-11-07 15:15:06 | 0 days 07:49:57 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 4 | bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] | to escape | and escaped | into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated |
| 324735970 | 324762845 | 2009-11-09 02:09:24 | 0 days 02:37:38 | 10972407 | 3 | > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . | during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany | get drunk | and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next |
| 324892029 | 324899185 | 2009-11-09 20:08:59 | 0 days 00:38:36 | 10909561 | 2 | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz | demonstration | ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , | |
| 325038462 | 325038539 | 2009-11-10 13:09:01 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 10001091 | 0 | berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist authorities | , implying that the western countries were fascist | . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = | |
| 325101666 | 325109373 | 2009-11-10 20:21:24 | 0 days 00:40:22 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 2 | . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border between east | and | berlin into | west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of |
| 325152854 | 325158877 | 2009-11-11 01:05:56 | 0 days 00:38:14 | 0|72.204.68.174 | 0 | protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were fascist . the | fag | west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = | |
| 325158877 | 325158965 | 2009-11-11 01:06:32 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 10934116 | 0 | protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were fascist . the | fag | west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = | |
| 325185447 | 325190185 | 2009-11-11 05:02:52 | 0 days 00:42:42 | 0|210.3.39.29 | 12 | a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it | , | from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the | |
| 13 | barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east | it | germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death | ||||||
| 325364978 | 325366116 | 2009-11-12 02:34:13 | 0 days 00:08:51 | 0|202.158.12.194 | 0 | a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it | roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr | from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the | |
| 325445769 | 325472365 | 2009-11-12 18:02:47 | 0 days 02:47:09 | 505774 | 0 | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr | ) ( | , | [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included |
| 328161039 | 328175183 | 2009-11-27 08:04:52 | 0 days 02:29:59 | 0|117.199.145.237 | 0 | > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs | with a secret treaty | accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police | |
| 329391143 | 329423612 | 2009-12-03 09:06:23 | 0 days 04:27:09 | 6971250 | 1 | : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four | autobahns | [[ autobahn ]] s | connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of |
| 331714109 | 331722183 | 2009-12-15 01:19:38 | 0 days 00:50:20 | 0|76.174.34.173 | 1 | foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several other border crossings | existed | poped | between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for |
| 331722183 | 331722212 | 2009-12-15 01:19:49 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 10003852 | 0 | foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several other border crossings | poped | existed | between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for |
| 339044413 | 339045107 | 2010-01-20 22:50:54 | 0 days 00:03:53 | 10593201 | 0 | referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that | the western countries controlling | neighboring [[ | west berlin were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt |
| 340953570 | 341040429 | 2010-01-31 05:50:54 | 0 days 09:51:06 | 1372173 | 0 | 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : | history of | east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : | |
| 342377279 | 342523707 | 2010-02-07 18:24:32 | 0 days 19:12:24 | 0|76.125.156.121 | 0 | german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " | " | east germany " has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast | |
| 342987356 | 343216124 | 2010-02-10 20:39:19 | 1 days 01:22:07 | 0|90.196.219.218 | 0 | = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or | emigrate | immigrate | to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a |
| 343216124 | 343221538 | 2010-02-10 21:10:10 | 0 days 00:30:51 | 3308922 | 0 | = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or | immigrate | emigrate | to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a |
| 343535162 | 343773536 | 2010-02-13 17:47:19 | 1 days 04:57:14 | 5326371 | 35 | > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs | with a secret treaty | accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police | |
| 343773805 | 343774672 | 2010-02-13 17:52:53 | 0 days 00:04:12 | 5326371 | 1 | . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees | ' | leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref | |
| 5 | name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access | still available | to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref | ||||||
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 49 | of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs | ; | west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] | |
| 343780168 | 343781933 | 2010-02-13 18:30:31 | 0 days 00:10:12 | 5326371 | 1 | [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 | successful escapes | people successfully escaped | to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most |
| 347222818 | 347223391 | 2010-03-02 02:53:09 | 0 days 00:03:46 | 6123337 | 0 | defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 . ]] during the years of the wall , around 5 , 000 people successfully | escaped | defected | to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall , or as a result of the wall ' s existence , has been disputed . |
| 348215111 | 348460083 | 2010-03-08 03:32:31 | 1 days 01:59:40 | 0|67.168.201.198 | 0 | . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > on december 11 , 1957 east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees | ' | leaving eastern germany . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end | |
| 356959647 | 357048960 | 2010-04-19 19:23:06 | 0 days 08:34:34 | 0|131.122.46.127 | 0 | built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , | came down because michael porcelli was born on april 20 1989 | including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " | |
| 357048960 | 357049269 | 2010-04-19 19:24:45 | 0 days 00:01:39 | 0|131.122.45.212 | 0 | german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , came down because | michael porcelli was born on april 20 1989 | including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " | |
| 357189889 | 357297916 | 2010-04-20 22:55:47 | 0 days 10:34:21 | 0|75.164.161.4 | 0 | barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany | , came down because | ( | including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " |
| 359539163 | 359840875 | 2010-05-03 13:21:31 | 1 days 13:24:39 | 0|165.155.208.82 | 0 | a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from | ( grace ' s mom ! ) | east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the | |
| 359840875 | 359841081 | 2010-05-03 13:22:51 | 0 days 00:01:20 | 0|165.155.208.82 | 0 | a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from | ( grace ' s mom ! ) | east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the | |
| 362026715 | 362031754 | 2010-05-14 04:36:58 | 0 days 00:41:39 | 0|65.100.196.54 | 1 | ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , | [[ | to prevent citizens from | east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included |
| 362031754 | 362031860 | 2010-05-14 04:38:14 | 0 days 00:01:16 | 0|65.100.196.54 | 0 | concrete barrier built by the ussr , to prevent citizens from east germany escaping into west germany , that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it | west germany | from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as | |
| 362040150 | 362054246 | 2010-05-14 08:19:33 | 0 days 02:26:14 | 6971250 | 1 | ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the ussr that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it | west germany | from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as | |
| 367781258 | 367791089 | 2010-06-13 16:22:48 | 0 days 01:16:15 | 0|75.110.208.179 | 0 | > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . | the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " penis wall " because of all of the man made glory holes in the wall ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . | the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ | |
| 367791089 | 367791832 | 2010-06-13 16:28:21 | 0 days 00:05:33 | 764027 | 0 | > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . | the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf < / ref > | the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ | |
| 368159388 | 368177016 | 2010-06-15 13:56:04 | 0 days 02:01:59 | 89179 | 14 | restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could | from where they | travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west | |
| 35 | there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest | following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] | , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto | ||||||
| 395570081 | 395570204 | 2010-11-08 17:03:16 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 0|79.75.31.192 | 1 | on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . [[ oxford university press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on december | 11 , | 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of | |
| 395608167 | 395663125 | 2010-11-09 02:17:48 | 0 days 05:35:22 | 0|77.98.156.194 | 0 | was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that | neighboring | neighbouring | [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage . univie . ac . |
| 397878708 | 398109369 | 2010-11-21 20:00:14 | 1 days 04:13:56 | 653042 | 1 | orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border | between east and | with | west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could |
| 398244809 | 398275575 | 2010-11-22 17:08:51 | 0 days 03:12:44 | 0|217.86.65.6 | 1 | the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone | borders | ( wow that is a vey cool lamb . ) | in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and |
| 398275575 | 398275606 | 2010-11-22 17:09:04 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 13286072 | 2 | the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone | ( wow that is a vey cool lamb . ) | borders | in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and |
| 403665286 | 404621084 | 2010-12-28 11:37:15 | 6 days 04:15:39 | 13689206 | 1 | construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from | entering | fleeing to | west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of |
| 404621084 | 404623374 | 2010-12-28 12:03:13 | 0 days 00:25:58 | 6971250 | 0 | of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from | entering or | fleeing to west berlin . an east german [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of [[ republikflucht | | |
| 404839126 | 404839294 | 2010-12-29 17:09:46 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 0|24.73.214.82 | 0 | = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - | war | masturbation | germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of |
| 404839294 | 404839330 | 2010-12-29 17:09:55 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 13286072 | 0 | = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - | masturbation | war | germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of |
| 409807529 | 409894092 | 2011-01-25 02:57:27 | 0 days 07:58:13 | 0|99.254.100.33 | 1 | . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of | pre - war | fun land | germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of |
| 409894092 | 409905421 | 2011-01-25 04:13:27 | 0 days 01:16:00 | 5204750 | 1 | . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii on mars ]] , what remained of | fun land | pre - war | germany west of the [[ b - 0 - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by |
| 417972599 | 418362137 | 2011-03-11 22:01:37 | 2 days 06:12:12 | 14143658 | 3 | gmbh }} }} < / ref > by 4 november , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] | , a rally for change | in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via | |
| 435294058 | 435472529 | 2011-06-21 15:14:46 | 0 days 23:06:42 | 9771938 | 0 | berlin defence }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view | , | from the west berlin side , of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side | |
| 439163215 | 439164131 | 2011-07-12 22:17:43 | 0 days 00:06:00 | 42558 | 4 | of course meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . | " " | east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , | |
| 443416955 | 443420038 | 2011-08-06 22:56:21 | 0 days 00:23:24 | 16710 | 0 | constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east | [[ | germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / | |
| 444482392 | 444513279 | 2011-08-12 21:53:37 | 0 days 03:06:39 | 314721 | 3 | to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on 21 august , lyndon johnson left | a visibly reassured | west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and | |
| 445097289 | 445112728 | 2011-08-16 07:20:53 | 0 days 02:52:17 | 6971250 | 12 | }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = on august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of | communist | [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and | |
| 484827186 | 485297583 | 2012-04-03 07:36:00 | 2 days 21:10:00 | 6971250 | 2 | > an important reason the west berlin border was not closed earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . a new railway | around | bypassing | west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , was started to be built 1951 and when finished in 1961 , it was more practical to close the border . |
| 496565758 | 498211564 | 2012-06-18 17:43:49 | 10 days 09:10:45 | 131787 | 0 | shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to | freedom in | west germany on 24 august 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . < ref > | |
| 505248510 | 505389397 | 2012-08-02 07:46:43 | 0 days 19:46:28 | 1473712 | 0 | permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} west germans and citizens of other western countries could | in general | generally | visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued |
| 570854872 | 573618667 | 2013-09-19 09:59:56 | 19 days 13:49:41 | 18663209 | 0 | [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks in germany ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures | of | in | germany ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ |
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 32 | , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . east berliners and east germans could at first | not | , | travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these |
| 43 | to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train | which | that | transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] . ) the longtime | |||||
| 590849769 | 590964946 | 2014-01-16 13:37:35 | 0 days 19:20:34 | 736651 | 18 | 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the german democratic republic ( | [[ | east germany ]] ) was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but | |
| 31 | ]] and a high point of the [[ new frontier ]] . it was a great morale boost for west berliners , who lived in an [[ exclave ]] deep inside | [[ | east germany ]] and feared a possible east german occupation . in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " | ||||||
| 39 | government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . = = = 50th anniversary commemoration = = = on 13 august 2011 , germany marked the 50th anniversary of | [[ | east germany ]] beginning the erection of the berlin wall . chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with president [[ christian wulff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] at | ||||||
| 601584324 | 602473473 | 2014-04-02 21:12:35 | 5 days 20:45:18 | 10794898 | 0 | german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding | [[ | east [[ germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 | |
| 1 | democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east | [[ | germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 | ||||||
| 633074293 | 633082368 | 2014-11-09 12:29:03 | 0 days 02:03:34 | 21488686 | 0 | " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that | neighbouring | the [[ nato ]] countries and | [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac |
| 640243071 | 641499497 | 2015-01-08 00:05:29 | 8 days 09:29:01 | 2705932 | 10 | = de }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november , when half a million people gathered | to demand political change , | east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus | |
| 30 | effective immediately , without delay " . < ref name = " revolution1989 " / > after further questions from journalists , he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings | towards | through the wall into | west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( 21 october 2009 ) [ http : / / online . wsj . | |||||
| 36 | to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train | that transited | east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] . ) the longtime leader | ||||||
| 39 | would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations | broke out all over | east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus | ||||||
| 40 | the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november , when half a million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , | a rally for change in | east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and | ||||||
| 642549215 | 644581471 | 2015-01-28 17:52:02 | 13 days 15:00:39 | 3856999 | 0 | there to return to east germany . this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . only this time , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they | uses a | did so by | train east germany . this was followed by [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations ]] within east germany itself . protest demonstrations spread throughout east germany in september |
| 1 | to east germany . this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . only this time , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they uses a train | through | east germany . this was followed by [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations ]] within east germany itself . protest demonstrations spread throughout east germany in september 1989 | ||||||
| 693602945 | 693603737 | 2015-12-03 17:14:15 | 0 days 00:05:37 | 23149456 | 0 | west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the | demarcation | lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | |
| 693603737 | 693607098 | 2015-12-03 17:40:53 | 0 days 00:26:38 | 23149456 | 1 | | mi }} around the three western sectors , and the {{ convert | 43 | km | mi }} that divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built | slightly | inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later , it was built up into the wall proper | |
| 694124545 | 694466316 | 2015-12-09 12:48:38 | 2 days 05:54:29 | 9505858 | 0 | communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that | had | marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period , until prevented . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' | |
| 696790319 | 699008752 | 2016-01-09 17:51:08 | 14 days 18:40:46 | 6591525 | 0 | traveled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside | of | west berlin . in addition to persons traveling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the | |
| 748208128 | 748537843 | 2016-11-08 18:55:46 | 1 days 18:26:11 | 274535 | 0 | map en . svg | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ | plainlist | * {{ | flag | east germany }} < br > [[ file : flag of east berlin ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] | |
| 798241666 | 800698581 | 2017-09-15 03:51:19 | 14 days 08:23:33 | 10031342 | 8 | ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries | ( | and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to [[ fascism | fascists ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall | |
| 810575212 | 810709126 | 2017-11-16 23:24:54 | 0 days 20:00:20 | 6554947 | 1 | four other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into | the | west berlin . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the wall door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on | |
| 810990194 | 811107061 | 2017-11-19 15:29:48 | 0 days 18:45:36 | 6554947 | 0 | democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from | virtually all of | surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until government officials opened it in november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | | |
| 825804984 | 825807680 | 2018-02-15 15:11:19 | 0 days 00:20:57 | 5946478 | 1 | general frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american | battalion was rotated | battalions would rotate | into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for |
| 854069066 | 854070499 | 2018-08-08 19:24:22 | 0 days 00:12:58 | 3563616 | 3 | shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four - year - old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree | canal | ]] | to west germany on 24 august 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . < ref |
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| 102788 | 102790 | 2002-06-22 18:16:03 | 5 days 16:18:17 | 59 | 6 | the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . the wall | ' ' ' | was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering the american , british or french sectors | |
| 1012031 | 1092751 | 2003-06-08 12:37:20 | 31 days 17:34:08 | 9244 | 16 | " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up to the fourth generation wall | " | , begun in 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of | |
| 27 | opened access points and allowed them through . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the fall of the wall | . the destruction of the berlin wall was | , | the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing | |||||
| 1596460 | 1596496 | 2003-10-20 16:27:26 | 0 days 00:10:19 | 26248 | 2 | considered the date when the wall fell . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the fall of the wall | , | was | the first step to the [[ reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . < div style = |
| 3800134 | 3800736 | 2004-05-31 10:22:36 | 0 days 18:49:48 | 3808 | 21 | of people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . | = = celebrations = = | on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven | |
| 4016799 | 4016817 | 2004-06-10 12:41:35 | 0 days 00:00:49 | 0|151.188.16.51 | 0 | in [[ 1952 ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = | led to azn pryde baby | construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] | |
| 4016827 | 4016839 | 2004-06-10 12:44:19 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 0|151.188.16.51 | 1 | in [[ 1952 ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = | led to azn pryde baby | construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] | |
| 4067832 | 4160094 | 2004-06-13 09:23:06 | 1 days 00:12:45 | 47506 | 6 | right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 | ) ' ' < / center > < / div > | ]] | not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer |
| 4160094 | 4160113 | 2004-06-18 18:58:20 | 5 days 09:35:14 | 12028 | 0 | [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . = = the fall of the wall = = | [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | the fall of the berlin wall marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east | |
| 4217580 | 4226911 | 2004-06-22 08:54:23 | 2 days 00:36:09 | 51336 | 0 | ]] with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in | [[ | potsdamer platz on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guest including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . the | |
| 5558538 | 5637404 | 2004-08-31 05:30:13 | 1 days 13:54:09 | 28107 | 0 | border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls ( [[ ddr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = | [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] | the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a | |
| 5637810 | 5637884 | 2004-09-03 21:35:33 | 0 days 00:03:51 | 49471 | 1 | surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " | , | intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that it was created to prevent the citizens of east germany , especially the professionally skilled workers , the majority | |
| 9 | west berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . during the construction of the wall | , | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to | ||||||
| 5637884 | 5787721 | 2004-09-03 21:39:12 | 0 days 00:03:39 | 49471 | 3 | after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned , and tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall | , | where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas | |
| 7264727 | 7264768 | 2004-11-09 17:56:20 | 0 days 00:13:20 | 0|217.9.29.249 | 1 | a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where | the | they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed | border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , |
| 9112336 | 9112364 | 2005-01-05 02:44:12 | 0 days 00:05:27 | 0|67.164.50.76 | 4 | , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall | , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging | on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards | |
| 9112487 | 9156541 | 2005-01-05 02:49:50 | 0 days 00:04:52 | 615 | 1 | berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] monkeys took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee on the wall | , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging | on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december 25 , | |
| 2 | , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] monkeys took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee on the wall on the | wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland | major crossing points | . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end | |||||
| 9533284 | 9533310 | 2005-01-21 15:56:43 | 0 days 00:34:18 | 26468 | 10 | on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . | the wall | it | physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east german officials claimed that |
| 13 | surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection | the wall | was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east | ||||||
| 15 | . east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was | however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view | that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s | ||||||
| 21 | ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " | . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies | . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | | ||||||
| 22 | , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge [[ east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist wall of protection | barrier | " rather than the western view that the wall was essentially meant to turn the east into a giant prison . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial . | ||||||
| 9658614 | 9762535 | 2005-01-26 01:42:57 | 0 days 06:03:58 | 26468 | 12 | known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , | known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . | begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 | |
| 10084995 | 10087212 | 2005-02-09 02:20:03 | 0 days 00:06:45 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 12 | divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an [[ enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall | [[ | national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect | |
| 10091995 | 10144491 | 2005-02-09 07:09:31 | 0 days 03:18:09 | 28107 | 58 | it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an enclave in east germany . during the construction of the wall | [[ | national people ' s army | nva and kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . the construction | |
| 10478724 | 10524355 | 2005-02-21 00:56:44 | 0 days 02:48:43 | 114861 | 0 | wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] | [[ af : berlynse muur ]] | [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; | |
| 11746206 | 11747812 | 2005-04-01 03:30:23 | 2 days 11:22:10 | 225848 | 9 | the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = | [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] the impetus | for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction | |
| 15 | dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall | , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany was widely seen as being closer to the truth | . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr | ||||||
| 17 | germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = | { | align = " right " | - | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | - | [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] | } | the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , | ||||||
| 19 | restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall | , though all but two of these were reserved for germans | . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstadt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered | ||||||
| 26 | [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . | in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . | = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | ||||||
| 27 | of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = | [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east | ||||||
| 11747812 | 11751790 | 2005-04-01 04:25:04 | 0 days 00:54:41 | 28107 | 5 | majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . = = construction of the wall = = | whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . | the idea for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for | |
| 6 | of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . = = construction of the wall = = the | idea | [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] the impetus | for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction | |||||
| 12 | dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall | , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany was widely seen as being closer to the truth | . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations . = = how | ||||||
| 14 | length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations . = = how the wall worked = = | { | align = " right " | - | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | - | [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] | } | = = how the wall worked = = the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel | ||||||
| 16 | restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall | , though all but two of these were reserved for germans | . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstadt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt ]] [[ autobahn ]] . a crossing | ||||||
| 21 | [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . | the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | the creation of the wall had important implications for both the germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to | ||||||
| 22 | the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . = = the fall of the wall = = | in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . | = = the fall of the wall = = on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , | ||||||
| 11891869 | 11896685 | 2005-04-04 23:02:50 | 0 days 02:59:21 | 90610 | 1 | ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall | ]] | " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or | |
| 11896685 | 11902442 | 2005-04-05 01:20:09 | 0 days 02:17:19 | 0|4.239.237.190 | 2 | germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = | { | align = " right " | - | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | - | [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] | } | the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , | |
| 3 | of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = | [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east | ||||||
| 11902442 | 12289902 | 2005-04-05 04:33:38 | 0 days 03:13:29 | 28107 | 2 | germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = | { | align = " right " | - | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | - | [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] | } | the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , | |
| 3 | of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = | [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east | ||||||
| 13526362 | 13526688 | 2005-05-10 21:14:05 | 1 days 04:12:08 | 0|12.18.80.13 | 0 | the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although | allied | alliedddd | military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement |
| 13526688 | 13553729 | 2005-05-10 21:22:48 | 0 days 00:08:43 | 26468 | 0 | the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although | alliedddd | allied | military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement |
| 14485555 | 14486009 | 2005-05-31 11:55:14 | 3 days 15:09:00 | 0|206.246.197.250 | 0 | berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . | = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) | = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation | |
| 14486009 | 14506036 | 2005-05-31 12:16:48 | 0 days 00:21:34 | 26468 | 0 | berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . | = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) | = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation | |
| 14541749 | 14541815 | 2005-06-01 19:19:18 | 0 days 20:46:26 | 0|66.30.82.215 | 1 | the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = | [[ image : berlin - wall - map | . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east | |
| 2 | because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - map . | png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | construction of the 28 - mile barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at | ||||||
| 3 | germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , | ||||||
| 4 | of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = | [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . | the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] | ||||||
| 14541815 | 14704826 | 2005-06-01 19:21:05 | 0 days 00:01:47 | 7891 | 1 | the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = | [[ image : berlin - wall - map | . construction of the 28 - mile barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , | |
| 2 | whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = . | png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | construction of the 28 - mile barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at | ||||||
| 3 | germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , | ||||||
| 4 | of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = | [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . | the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] | ||||||
| 14830564 | 14834006 | 2005-06-07 04:56:11 | 0 days 06:28:40 | 0|81.180.132.3 | 1 | and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked | = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , | |
| 14834006 | 14943216 | 2005-06-07 06:53:53 | 0 days 01:57:42 | 8780 | 1 | between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . how the wall worked | = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , | |
| 15055113 | 15059402 | 2005-06-12 06:08:12 | 0 days 00:13:20 | 5016 | 7 | , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall | , where | and demanded entry into west berlin . | they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors |
| 15881315 | 15902037 | 2005-06-26 21:50:58 | 0 days 18:23:00 | 44454 | 18 | = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 | & nbsp ; | km ( 96 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the | |
| 19641332 | 19932121 | 2005-07-30 18:00:26 | 4 days 04:24:02 | 0|84.166.136.157 | 0 | communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ | image | bild | : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] the impetus for the creation of |
| 21258944 | 21322221 | 2005-08-18 22:36:07 | 0 days 20:46:23 | 0|207.233.67.107 | 0 | erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall | , | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to | |
| 23670283 | 23800298 | 2005-09-23 02:17:16 | 1 days 14:31:34 | 0|129.15.210.172 | 1 | gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “sometime every wall falls down | some time | ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex | |
| 23800298 | 23800360 | 2005-09-23 02:18:19 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 0|129.15.210.172 | 0 | pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls | down | some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' | |
| 24151055 | 24156661 | 2005-09-27 13:29:22 | 0 days 01:47:28 | 0|205.202.36.246 | 14 | germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall | ) ' ' | . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to | |
| 61 | and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked | = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up | ||||||
| 62 | = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 | & nbsp ; | km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further | ||||||
| 24156661 | 24156863 | 2005-09-27 13:33:41 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 340905 | 13 | separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall | ) ' ' | . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit | |
| 60 | had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . how the wall worked | = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | the wall was over 155 km 96 miles long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses | ||||||
| 61 | communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 | & nbsp ; | km 96 miles long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn | ||||||
| 24618114 | 24828196 | 2005-10-05 18:04:22 | 2 days 13:19:55 | 0|24.51.178.10 | 1 | whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = | [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] | the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for | |
| 2 | germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up | ||||||
| 3 | : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = | [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] | during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 | ||||||
| 5 | of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = | [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east | ||||||
| 24828196 | 24828244 | 2005-10-05 18:05:02 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 94806 | 1 | whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = | [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] | the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for | |
| 2 | germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up | ||||||
| 3 | : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = | [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] | during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 | ||||||
| 5 | of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = | [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east | ||||||
| 24828279 | 24828564 | 2005-10-05 18:10:39 | 0 days 00:05:08 | 0|24.51.178.10 | 2 | whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = | [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] | the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for | |
| 4 | germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up | ||||||
| 5 | : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = | [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] | during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 | ||||||
| 7 | of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = | [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east | ||||||
| 24828564 | 24828569 | 2005-10-05 18:10:52 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 94806 | 2 | whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = | [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] | the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for | |
| 4 | whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations = = how the wall worked = = | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up | ||||||
| 5 | : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = | [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] | during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 | ||||||
| 7 | of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = | [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] | on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east | ||||||
| 25233466 | 25265043 | 2005-10-11 09:09:45 | 0 days 09:58:48 | 223783 | 0 | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] | * [[ der tunnel ]] , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel | * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley | |
| 27602033 | 27631342 | 2005-11-07 16:17:07 | 0 days 08:57:24 | 0|204.38.129.10 | 0 | a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin & mdash ; by autobahn , to demonstrate allied rights . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " | antifascist | anti - fascist | protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship |
| 27850846 | 27851902 | 2005-11-09 20:43:14 | 0 days 00:11:23 | 140548 | 1 | ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] | ' ' | in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison | |
| 27851902 | 27852065 | 2005-11-09 20:45:02 | 0 days 00:01:48 | 140548 | 0 | portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * | ' ' | [[ der tunnel ]] , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost | |
| 28791862 | 28792067 | 2005-11-20 01:04:12 | 0 days 00:04:02 | 0|201.252.93.29 | 19 | and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , | the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . the streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their | |
| 28792067 | 28792082 | 2005-11-20 01:04:30 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 159620 | 18 | and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , | the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . the streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected | |
| 30122085 | 30233828 | 2005-12-05 16:40:11 | 1 days 00:11:43 | 276745 | 4 | ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) | ' ' | . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to | |
| 31977221 | 32072733 | 2005-12-20 06:48:52 | 0 days 14:47:13 | 28107 | 1 | ] * [ http : / / http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin and the wall in the early | 80 ' s ] | 1980s | [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures |
| 32108451 | 32117880 | 2005-12-20 16:57:51 | 0 days 01:28:03 | 0|216.167.223.130 | 0 | worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was | over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down | stupid | and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " |
| 32117880 | 32117997 | 2005-12-20 16:59:00 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 655783 | 1 | border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . the wall was | stupid | over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down | and everyone who liked it was stupid = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ |
| 2 | east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . the wall was stupid and | everyone who liked | their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . | it was stupid = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps | |||||
| 35373255 | 35495895 | 2006-01-17 03:54:16 | 0 days 20:31:45 | 0|208.180.17.49 | 0 | [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ | image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on | vin diesel ]] knocked down | the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more |
| 35495895 | 35495922 | 2006-01-17 03:54:31 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 130135 | 0 | [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ | vin diesel ]] knocked down | image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on | the berlin wall because he " didn ' t like the way it was looking at him " . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 |
| 36157802 | 36216587 | 2006-01-22 13:39:02 | 0 days 12:07:40 | 480942 | 3 | and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in | people ' s heads | the head | " . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by |
| 37796162 | 37796258 | 2006-02-02 04:38:08 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 21887 | 3 | ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the antifaschistischer schutzwall ( anti - fascist protection wall | ' ' ' | ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the | |
| 38772044 | 38772210 | 2006-02-08 15:31:51 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 92511 | 1 | ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the latest phase of the wall | ´ s deveopment | , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was | |
| 38772210 | 38772277 | 2006-02-08 15:32:35 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 92511 | 0 | = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s | deveopment | development | , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was |
| 40007654 | 40007809 | 2006-02-17 13:21:28 | 0 days 00:01:26 | 0|142.227.187.189 | 0 | widely seen as being the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and | brandon ' s a pig | other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | | |
| 40249035 | 40378504 | 2006-02-20 03:54:59 | 0 days 21:59:43 | 386031 | 0 | : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = | [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] | during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 | |
| 40785084 | 40814212 | 2006-02-23 04:37:43 | 0 days 04:17:05 | 386031 | 3 | is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . | = = passage = | but it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell | |
| 40814212 | 40814314 | 2006-02-23 04:38:46 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 386031 | 33 | the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall | and demanded | demanding | entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued |
| 45 | . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and | physically demolishing | gardually knocked | it , section by section . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in | |||||
| 62 | " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 | & nbsp ; | km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further | ||||||
| 40819190 | 40854169 | 2006-02-23 12:53:40 | 0 days 07:25:34 | 0|210.146.8.103 | 0 | party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and | gardually | gradually | knocked it down . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 |
| 40902989 | 40903227 | 2006-02-23 20:05:14 | 0 days 00:02:00 | 89179 | 0 | one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = | passage | official crossing points and escape attempts | = = during most the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the |
| 40903298 | 40903474 | 2006-02-23 20:07:14 | 0 days 00:01:23 | 89179 | 3 | was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | = = = = remains of the wall = = = = | little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] | |
| 40904306 | 40904452 | 2006-02-23 20:14:54 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 89179 | 0 | is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . | = | = = official crossings and usage = = during most the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . | |
| 40904452 | 40904768 | 2006-02-23 20:17:12 | 0 days 00:02:18 | 89179 | 2 | just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = | legacy | = = remains of the wall = = = = little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations | |
| 3 | [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = = = remains of the wall = = | = museum | = = little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter section near [[ potsdamer | ||||||
| 40904768 | 40905200 | 2006-02-23 20:20:49 | 0 days 00:03:37 | 89179 | 1 | 20wall & ct = ] however , its miles of concrete and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall | was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it | became a focus of anti - communist reformers between the 1960s and 1990s . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of the [[ | |
| 2 | ct = ] however , its miles of concrete and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall became a | focus | key symbol | of anti - communist reformers between the 1960s and 1990s . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of the [[ soviet union ]] | |||||
| 40915337 | 40944082 | 2006-02-24 01:02:35 | 0 days 03:27:05 | 304316 | 29 | celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " eventually all walls fall | ” | " | ]] on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ |
| 31 | ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall | remembered | for | those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] . | |||||
| 71 | of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was | physically | destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the | ||||||
| 41710361 | 41742631 | 2006-03-01 12:26:13 | 0 days 06:51:30 | 0|212.219.250.36 | 0 | is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . | = = | = = = official crossings and usage = = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie | |
| 41742909 | 41746791 | 2006-03-01 13:16:11 | 0 days 00:46:41 | 524922 | 0 | is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . | = = = | = = official crossings and usage = = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] | |
| 41746791 | 41761508 | 2006-03-01 15:37:50 | 0 days 02:21:39 | 24373 | 16 | : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * | {{ cite book | first = | curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ | |
| 44770428 | 44770612 | 2006-03-21 05:02:30 | 0 days 00:01:49 | 0|68.154.38.227 | 5 | , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier | ! | = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but | |
| 44770612 | 44770674 | 2006-03-21 05:02:57 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 410083 | 5 | , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier | ! | = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but | |
| 46949495 | 46980459 | 2006-04-04 20:49:17 | 0 days 03:42:44 | 686868 | 0 | a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers | in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were called " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . however , technically the wall remained guarded for some while , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , | and gradually knocked it down . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , | |
| 1 | celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and | gradually knocked it down | guards tolerated the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes more and more | . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = | |||||
| 47397931 | 47528615 | 2006-04-08 08:27:20 | 0 days 19:47:08 | 686868 | 0 | wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were called " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . | however | the gdr announced to open new border crossings the following weekend | , technically the wall remained guarded for some while , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , east german military even tried to repair some |
| 51987616 | 51996698 | 2006-05-07 16:20:15 | 0 days 01:14:54 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 0 | , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , | [[ | nva ( | national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who |
| 51997271 | 51997348 | 2006-05-07 16:25:49 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 223113 | 0 | , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , | nva ( | [[ | national people ' s army ) and kda ( combat groups of the working class ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect |
| 51997348 | 51998094 | 2006-05-07 16:31:49 | 0 days 00:06:00 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 1 | # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " | , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) | , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall | |
| 51998094 | 51998163 | 2006-05-07 16:32:31 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 223113 | 0 | # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " | , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) | , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete | |
| 53157399 | 53158185 | 2006-05-14 15:22:04 | 0 days 00:06:42 | 0|202.156.6.54 | 0 | germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = hakki kazanci began the construction of the wall | ! ! | . | construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the |
| 53158185 | 53168999 | 2006-05-14 16:51:13 | 0 days 01:29:09 | 215504 | 0 | germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = hakki kazanci began the construction of the wall | . | ! ! | construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the |
| 53469237 | 53500500 | 2006-05-16 13:10:13 | 0 days 05:20:12 | 0|204.10.216.173 | 2 | government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was | an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means | super stupid yo ! it also messed up most | of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both |
| 53500500 | 53500522 | 2006-05-16 13:10:22 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 385115 | 1 | fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . < font size = 36 > < center > basically this wall was | super stupid yo ! it also messed up most | an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means | of germay which is also stupid ! = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious |
| 61913575 | 62970501 | 2006-07-10 01:30:19 | 6 days 03:58:22 | 0|144.134.226.244 | 0 | in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | |
| 62970664 | 62972351 | 2006-07-10 01:45:34 | 0 days 00:14:02 | 1008387 | 0 | in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | |
| 64681432 | 64682237 | 2006-07-19 16:07:06 | 0 days 00:04:50 | 157842 | 2 | people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = portion of wall at westminster college = = a small portion of the wall can | also bee | be | seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] . westminster college is know for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( |
| 65188164 | 65633170 | 2006-07-24 21:37:45 | 2 days 11:24:57 | 0|65.112.106.194 | 0 | in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] | speach | speech | at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret thatcher ]] , amony others . the piece of the wall |
| 70719276 | 70719583 | 2006-08-20 06:10:41 | 0 days 00:03:00 | 157842 | 0 | came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall | peckers | woodpeckers | ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ |
| 79671529 | 79693278 | 2006-10-05 18:34:20 | 0 days 02:09:44 | 0|64.251.50.130 | 0 | , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = | immigration | the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed | |
| 79757994 | 79788367 | 2006-10-06 04:25:13 | 0 days 03:33:32 | 21887 | 0 | , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = | immigration | the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed | |
| 81768427 | 81865132 | 2006-10-16 21:32:20 | 0 days 09:55:34 | 2496238 | 4 | jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : | across | the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links | |
| 5 | / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the | inside story | face | of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ | |||||
| 82212056 | 82214449 | 2006-10-18 14:32:16 | 0 days 00:13:43 | 21887 | 0 | many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . | on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . | later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports | |
| 82286839 | 82294966 | 2006-10-18 21:56:50 | 0 days 00:43:30 | 0|208.49.95.12 | 0 | the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall | had | hadd | important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however |
| 82294966 | 82295314 | 2006-10-18 21:58:40 | 0 days 00:01:50 | 0|208.49.95.12 | 0 | the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall | hadd | had | important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however |
| 82429985 | 82453547 | 2006-10-19 17:14:13 | 0 days 02:20:43 | 0|81.99.104.254 | 1 | | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a | < s > ' ' [[ | clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of | |
| 85064024 | 85132084 | 2006-11-01 22:40:02 | 0 days 05:42:40 | 309674 | 1 | [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to | make way for new ( | reinstate | old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of |
| 2 | platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall | elements | away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it | ||||||
| 86125050 | 86126158 | 2006-11-06 21:09:35 | 0 days 00:04:58 | 350153 | 6 | inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall | , | and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = | |
| 87780800 | 87780827 | 2006-11-14 16:24:25 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 0|63.253.45.100 | 3 | is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . | = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held | the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . | |
| 87780827 | 87781196 | 2006-11-14 16:26:39 | 0 days 00:02:14 | 572610 | 0 | is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . | = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held | the would cross on flying skateboards to get to freedom = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | | |
| 1 | the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the | would cross on flying skateboards | necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according | to get to freedom = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the | |||||
| 89219950 | 89358889 | 2006-11-22 02:08:27 | 0 days 13:36:15 | 0|72.146.48.170 | 1 | nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > the wall was a | long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin | crap | , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( |
| 89652535 | 89680810 | 2006-11-23 17:51:23 | 0 days 03:26:13 | 2829981 | 0 | was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = | legacy | trivia | = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near |
| 89680810 | 89730172 | 2006-11-23 23:26:40 | 0 days 05:35:17 | 99351 | 0 | was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = | trivia | legacy | = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near |
| 91359911 | 91362108 | 2006-12-01 12:08:57 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 4 | wall : to hinder the people of the socialist east germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengtehened , turning from a usual wall into | the | a | system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signalisation , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and perfidious shooting automata , which killed |
| 11 | became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only with the impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at the back . the wall meant | : | that the | system , that the communists had built , attracted no - one . it pushed away . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' | |||||
| 12 | human beings can be kept in a communist society only with the impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at the back . the wall meant : system | , that | which | the communists had built , attracted no - one . it pushed away . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter | |||||
| 94446525 | 94713870 | 2006-12-16 15:50:39 | 1 days 11:16:16 | 984181 | 0 | [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] | [[ image : berlinwall madness . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | griffati on the wall ]] | on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | | |
| 97680129 | 97683569 | 2007-01-01 06:59:32 | 0 days 00:35:05 | 386031 | 0 | [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] | [[ image : berlinwall madness . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | graffiti on the wall ]] | on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | | |
| 98199588 | 98226397 | 2007-01-03 18:47:23 | 0 days 02:19:08 | 873891 | 0 | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall | considerably changed traffic patterns in the city | altered road | and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was |
| 98226397 | 98227262 | 2007-01-03 18:51:51 | 0 days 00:04:28 | 873891 | 12 | authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . also at a turn in the wall | a woman named frau bailey worked | was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on | the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) |
| 20 | br > [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall | in berlin | , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the | ||||||
| 98453918 | 98470052 | 2007-01-04 19:21:16 | 0 days 01:21:18 | 873891 | 16 | [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was | subsequently | destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ | |
| 100252017 | 100252090 | 2007-01-12 17:15:38 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 0|207.195.51.191 | 0 | , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | , and mandy enjoys skateing | ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] | |
| 100252090 | 100259657 | 2007-01-12 17:54:56 | 0 days 00:39:18 | 74123 | 0 | , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | , and mandy enjoys skateing | ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] | |
| 100887174 | 100916417 | 2007-01-15 18:33:14 | 0 days 02:34:19 | 2810123 | 23 | is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . | jones soda co . | = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and | |
| 100916417 | 100920432 | 2007-01-15 18:53:45 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 23 | is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . | jones soda co . | = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and | |
| 104156137 | 104347998 | 2007-01-30 16:01:13 | 0 days 19:49:57 | 3399845 | 0 | permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by | a euphoric public over | juggernaut from | the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] |
| 104347998 | 104367345 | 2007-01-30 17:39:18 | 0 days 01:38:05 | 2077184 | 0 | permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by | juggernaut from | a euphoric public over | the x - men , as he rammed through the wall with his head . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb |
| 104454782 | 104530997 | 2007-01-31 07:15:15 | 0 days 07:06:02 | 0|67.85.38.29 | 0 | ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall | and was needed again to reconnect the underground line | . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( | |
| 104591095 | 104658046 | 2007-01-31 20:12:43 | 0 days 04:51:01 | 441020 | 1 | ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall | and | that | was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections |
| 109201627 | 109202413 | 2007-02-19 01:53:52 | 0 days 00:04:12 | 0|68.41.174.194 | 0 | both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall | was | proved | a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 11 | , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | ]] | ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( | " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or |
| 18 | challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall | ' | dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin , who were already starving to death in a pool of their own [[ feces ]] , but for american - controlled west berlin it was a bit of a downer . america attempted to solve the problem by shouting , swearing and blowing stuff up , but found their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry | s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | |||||
| 19 | mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s | creation led directly | . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred | to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august | |||||
| 29 | clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall | meant | . it was later identified as the section | that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' | |||||
| 30 | became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that | the system which the communists | noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] | had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = | |||||
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 22 | what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall | ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( | ]] | " the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall |
| 27 | prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant wall | dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin , who were already starving to death in a pool of their own [[ feces ]] , but for american - controlled west berlin it was a bit of a downer . america attempted to solve the problem by shouting , swearing and blowing stuff up , but found their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry | ' | s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to | |||||
| 39 | = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall | . it was later identified as the section | meant | that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about | |||||
| 65 | was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and | something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in | its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic | ||||||
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 11 | , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | ]] | ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( | " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or |
| 18 | challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall | ' | dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin , who were already starving to death in a pool of their own [[ feces ]] , but for american - controlled west berlin it was a bit of a downer . america attempted to solve the problem by shouting , swearing and blowing stuff up , but found their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry | s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | |||||
| 19 | mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s | creation led directly | . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred | to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august | |||||
| 29 | clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall | meant | . it was later identified as the section | that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' | |||||
| 30 | became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that | the system which the communists | noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] | had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = | |||||
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 22 | what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall | ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( | ]] | " the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall |
| 27 | prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant wall | dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin , who were already starving to death in a pool of their own [[ feces ]] , but for american - controlled west berlin it was a bit of a downer . america attempted to solve the problem by shouting , swearing and blowing stuff up , but found their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry | ' | s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to | |||||
| 39 | = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall | . it was later identified as the section | meant | that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about | |||||
| 65 | was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and | something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in | its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic | ||||||
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 11 | , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | ]] | ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( | " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or |
| 18 | challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall | ' | dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin , who were already starving to death in a pool of their own [[ feces ]] , but for american - controlled west berlin it was a bit of a downer . america attempted to solve the problem by shouting , swearing and blowing stuff up , but found their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry | s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | |||||
| 19 | mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s | creation led directly | . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred | to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august | |||||
| 29 | clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall | meant | . it was later identified as the section | that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' | |||||
| 30 | became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that | the system which the communists | noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] | had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = | |||||
| 111079436 | 111080379 | 2007-02-26 14:54:17 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 0|193.194.158.107 | 22 | cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall | ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( | ]] | " the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall |
| 27 | prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant wall | dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin , who were already starving to death in a pool of their own [[ feces ]] , but for american - controlled west berlin it was a bit of a downer . america attempted to solve the problem by shouting , swearing and blowing stuff up , but found their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry | ' | s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to | |||||
| 39 | = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall | . it was later identified as the section | meant | that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about | |||||
| 56 | was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and | something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in | its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic | ||||||
| 113088445 | 113088743 | 2007-03-06 16:40:46 | 0 days 00:02:26 | 0|206.123.204.226 | 2 | of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | you suck | | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last | |
| 113088743 | 113094185 | 2007-03-06 17:09:02 | 0 days 00:28:16 | 441020 | 3 | of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | you suck | | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last | |
| 113385689 | 113462887 | 2007-03-08 01:21:56 | 0 days 05:35:39 | 0|134.161.77.27 | 5 | october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall | would stand for a " hundred more years " if | . followed shortly by | the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 |
| 114231078 | 114232094 | 2007-03-11 04:46:14 | 0 days 00:06:38 | 0|192.176.11.14 | 6 | berlin wall . late in the night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first blow of preston ' s sledgehammer or power struck the wall | . followed shortly by | would stand for a " hundred more years " if | the continuous blows between funke and preston ' s hammers , the wall came down and germany was reunited . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | |
| 114232094 | 114799754 | 2007-03-13 14:22:26 | 2 days 09:36:12 | 0|199.185.84.10 | 0 | wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall | ´ | ' | s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ |
| 115708771 | 115802630 | 2007-03-17 15:36:20 | 0 days 12:35:58 | 0|91.64.129.222 | 0 | would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was | destroyed | chipped away at | by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 |
| 115803261 | 115804646 | 2007-03-17 15:49:40 | 0 days 00:09:19 | 54809 | 0 | would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was | chipped away at | destroyed | by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for |
| 115804646 | 115804866 | 2007-03-17 15:50:50 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 54809 | 0 | would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was | destroyed | chipped away at | by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 |
| 117050585 | 117050800 | 2007-03-22 15:47:00 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 0|70.151.77.127 | 0 | erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = | the | impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed | |
| 117050800 | 117051528 | 2007-03-22 15:50:23 | 0 days 00:03:23 | 302522 | 0 | erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = | the | impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed | |
| 117078008 | 117092475 | 2007-03-22 18:53:59 | 0 days 01:04:33 | 0|168.9.22.104 | 0 | erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = | after the war hitler hidin my house | the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions | |
| 117092475 | 117094380 | 2007-03-22 19:02:10 | 0 days 00:08:11 | 1038313 | 0 | erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = | after the war hitler hidin my house | the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions | |
| 117508444 | 117516576 | 2007-03-24 13:39:46 | 0 days 00:58:39 | 302522 | 1 | border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall | was | were | chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared |
| 10 | permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away | at | by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for | ||||||
| 121815930 | 121816065 | 2007-04-10 23:58:38 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 1587622 | 3 | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : juan stupid . . belin wall sucks . | ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known | in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] | |
| 128043670 | 128043972 | 2007-05-03 20:31:17 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 1 | october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall | would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day | feel | on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated |
| 128044131 | 128044281 | 2007-05-03 20:32:24 | 0 days 00:00:32 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 3 | - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one | most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . | stipud idoits | = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and |
| 129132550 | 129200391 | 2007-05-08 09:53:55 | 0 days 07:19:12 | 0|74.104.211.66 | 0 | east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall | h | were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared the way for | |
| 129200391 | 129201765 | 2007-05-08 10:05:21 | 0 days 00:11:26 | 506179 | 0 | east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall | h | were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared the way for | |
| 129554566 | 129554675 | 2007-05-09 16:36:47 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 1 | : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was | over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . | here | = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and |
| 129631895 | 129687968 | 2007-05-10 00:29:29 | 0 days 03:29:06 | 0|87.196.210.146 | 0 | position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a | means | mean | of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both |
| 129687968 | 129771459 | 2007-05-10 08:06:57 | 0 days 07:37:28 | 302522 | 0 | position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a | mean | means | of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both |
| 130458885 | 130564003 | 2007-05-13 16:31:28 | 0 days 13:32:50 | 0|12.217.208.120 | 0 | west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at | decreasing emigration | making people eat breakfast and lunch . | ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . |
| 130580466 | 130631022 | 2007-05-13 22:03:26 | 0 days 04:04:04 | 0|24.15.11.254 | 0 | west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at | making people eat breakfast and lunch . | decreasing emigration | ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . |
| 131539503 | 131601711 | 2007-05-17 19:08:06 | 0 days 05:01:05 | 0|67.80.211.47 | 0 | the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( | 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image | cacacacacacacacacacacacacacacimage | of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " |
| 131601711 | 131603145 | 2007-05-17 19:14:03 | 0 days 00:05:57 | 416811 | 0 | the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( | cacacacacacacacacacacacacacacimage | 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image | of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " |
| 131840168 | 131841026 | 2007-05-18 19:16:02 | 0 days 00:04:01 | 0|24.56.168.165 | 0 | erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = | . . . ryan tentis has a small penis . . . | the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions | |
| 131841026 | 131841083 | 2007-05-18 19:16:22 | 0 days 00:00:20 | 224287 | 0 | erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = | . . . ryan tentis has a small penis . . . | the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions | |
| 132997348 | 133070307 | 2007-05-24 01:07:06 | 0 days 05:44:33 | 129409 | 29 | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , | and were | joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters | |
| 133073625 | 133074114 | 2007-05-24 01:27:50 | 0 days 00:02:33 | 715870 | 6 | ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used | in this context | . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 | |
| 133074927 | 133075428 | 2007-05-24 01:35:04 | 0 days 00:03:00 | 715870 | 0 | inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall | , | and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = | |
| 1 | this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was | really | a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was | ||||||
| 146681751 | 146909614 | 2007-07-25 03:10:31 | 0 days 23:47:33 | 0|204.52.215.107 | 0 | bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall | ' ' en situ ' ' | , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer | |
| 146909614 | 146909803 | 2007-07-25 03:11:36 | 0 days 00:01:05 | 0|204.52.215.107 | 0 | bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall | ' ' en situ ' ' | at its original site | , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer |
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 68 | gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 | . | ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and | |
| 153394593 | 153504805 | 2007-08-25 06:15:36 | 0 days 12:00:47 | 621721 | 1 | conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the fall of the wall in 1989 ]] | --> | protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! | |
| 153595819 | 153780641 | 2007-08-26 17:53:06 | 0 days 22:54:33 | 0|70.246.156.12 | 4 | torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . | everyone thought it was a piece of shit . | it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups | |
| 153783102 | 153784826 | 2007-08-26 18:19:24 | 0 days 00:10:45 | 1718065 | 6 | the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the wall . | everyone thought it was a piece of shit . | it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups | |
| 157861460 | 157861519 | 2007-09-14 15:23:47 | 0 days 00:00:17 | 0|216.174.135.206 | 0 | and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . | [[ link title ]] | = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and | |
| 157863537 | 157865984 | 2007-09-14 15:48:40 | 0 days 00:13:50 | 302522 | 3 | and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . | [[ link title ]] | = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and | |
| 160249046 | 160281991 | 2007-09-25 16:59:42 | 0 days 03:03:10 | 0|150.135.169.11 | 3 | [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s | development , the | infamous | " shank strip " between josh and bear was horrible bloody and deadthly . [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of |
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 47 | 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by | west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht | searching wikipedia | ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] |
| 57 | ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . | ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ | c . sizonenko | new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title | |||||
| 162838184 | 162853255 | 2007-10-07 12:35:47 | 0 days 02:20:42 | 0|81.101.130.198 | 0 | | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ | lauren | west berlin | ]] from [[ tony ]] and the rest of [[ tony ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east |
| 163840161 | 163840479 | 2007-10-11 17:09:40 | 0 days 00:01:36 | 0|65.43.199.13 | 0 | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its | original | origiinal | site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a |
| 163840479 | 163881129 | 2007-10-11 20:22:05 | 0 days 03:12:25 | 400903 | 0 | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its | origiinal | original | site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a |
| 166091165 | 166163043 | 2007-10-21 23:35:42 | 0 days 05:37:26 | 0|76.211.17.132 | 11 | the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall | being dismantled | in the heads " . but during the november of 1989 , almost everyone was overwhelmed by happiness - a national and emotional exception . the 9th of november was a thursday in 1989 , and i was still | at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] |
| 29 | " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on | [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions | that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned | ||||||
| 166163043 | 166165378 | 2007-10-21 23:47:46 | 0 days 00:12:04 | 605084 | 14 | resulting in widespread chaos . later - much later - normality took hold again . later , the bickering started , and later , there was talk of a " wall | in the heads " . but during the november of 1989 , almost everyone was overwhelmed by happiness - a national and emotional exception . the 9th of november was a thursday in 1989 , and i was still | being dismantled | at school . but on friday , i managed to get a seat on a flight to berlin , and i stayed there for the weekend . i didn ' t |
| 166497056 | 166497071 | 2007-10-23 12:34:08 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 0|208.108.159.217 | 0 | and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . | loserssssss | = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and | |
| 166499429 | 166499521 | 2007-10-23 12:51:14 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 0|195.110.70.55 | 0 | and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . | loserssssss | = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and | |
| 167330269 | 167330987 | 2007-10-27 00:51:18 | 0 days 00:04:40 | 50001 | 5 | , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the wall | . | | tear down this wall ]] " | ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german |
| 167928156 | 167930832 | 2007-10-29 21:17:19 | 0 days 00:11:04 | 0|156.108.140.131 | 0 | tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by | the east german military | , bill cosby , | began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter |
| 167972708 | 167973779 | 2007-10-30 00:26:05 | 0 days 00:04:35 | 4906799 | 0 | tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by | , bill cosby , | the east german military | began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter |
| 168310153 | 168657217 | 2007-11-02 03:20:22 | 1 days 12:20:34 | 1262389 | 0 | and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . | oddly enough , people on the west side of the wall did not toss empty beer bottles and such similar trash over the wall to try to set off boobytraps in the dead mans zone as pranks and games . | = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and | |
| 172487319 | 172497386 | 2007-11-19 15:37:56 | 0 days 01:09:20 | 0|65.87.105.7 | 0 | and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . | oddly enough , people on the west side of the wall did not toss empty beer bottles and such similar trash over the wall to try to set off boobytraps in the dead mans zone as pranks and games . {{ fact }} | = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and | |
| 173333858 | 173353310 | 2007-11-23 21:37:46 | 0 days 01:57:04 | 137113 | 0 | stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , | economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . | communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ | |
| 173361813 | 173363844 | 2007-11-23 22:40:54 | 0 days 00:12:24 | 137113 | 0 | erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = | on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > | the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions | |
| 173976252 | 174038726 | 2007-11-27 01:38:24 | 0 days 04:25:19 | 0|68.99.109.136 | 3 | the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important | ' ' | implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in | |
| 174038726 | 174056095 | 2007-11-27 03:11:09 | 0 days 01:32:45 | 2004568 | 5 | three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the ' ' creation of the wall had important | ' ' | implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in | |
| 175077307 | 175287228 | 2007-12-02 16:51:05 | 1 days 00:13:19 | 0|99.252.83.148 | 0 | erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = | haha | on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister | |
| 175287228 | 175289114 | 2007-12-02 17:02:33 | 0 days 00:11:28 | 137113 | 0 | erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = | haha | on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister | |
| 179441714 | 179812877 | 2007-12-23 18:12:04 | 1 days 22:51:24 | 0|190.70.124.194 | 0 | the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic | sabotage | problems | caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist |
| 180667940 | 180750297 | 2007-12-29 05:30:00 | 0 days 09:05:10 | 0|71.219.233.192 | 0 | general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall | ! | ]] " ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik | |
| 184758308 | 184758682 | 2008-01-16 16:34:31 | 0 days 00:01:38 | 0|74.94.86.57 | 0 | / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = | funny bones , | on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister | |
| 184758682 | 184759898 | 2008-01-16 16:39:18 | 0 days 00:04:47 | 4088067 | 0 | / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = | funny bones , | on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister | |
| 186825343 | 186825645 | 2008-01-25 15:38:27 | 0 days 00:01:39 | 6283973 | 1 | charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] | ] | * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 | |
| 186825645 | 186825748 | 2008-01-25 15:39:05 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 6283973 | 1 | charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ [ tear down this wall | ]] | ] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | | |
| 186825748 | 186825868 | 2008-01-25 15:39:42 | 0 days 00:00:37 | 6283973 | 1 | checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [ tear down this wall | ] | ]] | * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 |
| 188405306 | 188405481 | 2008-02-01 16:55:05 | 0 days 00:00:50 | 134937 | 1 | strip " ]] sdsddthe ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating | chicken | [[ west berlin ]] | from [[ beef ] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder |
| 188831750 | 189293337 | 2008-02-05 17:22:49 | 2 days 00:13:36 | 0|190.40.211.238 | 22 | the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " | ]] | another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east | |
| 190525831 | 190526102 | 2008-02-11 02:23:39 | 0 days 00:01:31 | 0|24.91.51.85 | 0 | a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ | whats up | cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in | the berlin walll was really a stupid idea germany ) ) |
| 196612887 | 196838468 | 2008-03-08 19:57:53 | 0 days 22:53:39 | 6483803 | 0 | international notoriety , 1962 . ]] early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall | improved | was fortified | . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west |
| 197073715 | 197075558 | 2008-03-09 20:51:04 | 0 days 00:08:24 | 0|98.17.134.249 | 22 | , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | ]] | " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or | |
| 197077024 | 197077031 | 2008-03-09 20:57:59 | 0 days 00:00:02 | 3622922 | 17 | in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged the east germans to " tear down this wall | ]] | " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or | |
| 197716228 | 197723011 | 2008-03-12 14:33:43 | 0 days 00:38:28 | 3505251 | 0 | germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = proposed barrier | between east and west germany | = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' | |
| 197723532 | 197732281 | 2008-03-12 15:22:03 | 0 days 00:45:35 | 3505251 | 6 | position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was | really | mainly | a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . however , to describe the wall as simply |
| 197765151 | 197766061 | 2008-03-12 18:07:59 | 0 days 00:04:21 | 0|65.87.105.7 | 1 | , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht | ]] , | stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall | |
| 198984976 | 198994478 | 2008-03-18 01:49:15 | 0 days 01:49:34 | 0|63.174.41.113 | 0 | ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall | more then 400 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000 germans crossed | , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was | |
| 199087135 | 199097590 | 2008-03-18 15:10:52 | 0 days 00:51:54 | 3505251 | 0 | ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall | more then germans crossed | , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was | |
| 214991201 | 215551281 | 2008-05-28 18:27:39 | 2 days 12:19:20 | 355538 | 9 | were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall | . it physically divided | proper , | the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working |
| 221970072 | 223245034 | 2008-07-03 06:09:59 | 6 days 07:29:21 | 3622922 | 2 | ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall | , 1989 ; it would begin | being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border | |
| 3 | to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being | dismantled at | physically torn apart in | the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ | |||||
| 228709022 | 229166509 | 2008-08-01 04:21:54 | 2 days 04:18:13 | 89777 | 1 | in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall | were taken and sold around the world . appearing | both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . | |
| 238394911 | 238395802 | 2008-09-14 17:25:20 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 0|75.81.195.4 | 2 | döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight | , your mom and i snuck out the do the dirty , | the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin | |
| 238395802 | 238395861 | 2008-09-14 17:25:38 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 5549726 | 2 | döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight | , your mom and i snuck out the do the dirty , | the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin | |
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 67 | döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight | the army | , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been | |
| 239453915 | 239456329 | 2008-09-19 03:25:00 | 0 days 00:12:32 | 736477 | 34 | , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = barrier between | east and west germany = = = | on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] | |
| 240240944 | 240242156 | 2008-09-22 15:58:49 | 0 days 00:07:42 | 736477 | 3 | the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = territory = = out of citizen territory of [[ berlin ]] , the wall | passed around the limits of | also separated | 14 municipalities of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , bordering with [[ west berlin ]] . here is reported the list of bordering municipalities , subdivided for district |
| 241809073 | 241809182 | 2008-09-29 17:16:58 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 5549726 | 2 | , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref the berlin wall is a wall that | kept me | the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression | from your mom an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of |
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 63 | , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . | if | . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and | |
| 106 | , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . | they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west | . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall | ||||||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 63 | , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . | if | . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and | |
| 106 | , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . | they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west | . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall | ||||||
| 248618478 | 248619037 | 2008-10-30 14:29:35 | 0 days 00:03:40 | 0|217.42.107.75 | 2 | away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the great wall | of china | paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 34 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 | |
| 256070488 | 256154730 | 2008-12-06 01:40:12 | 0 days 08:28:17 | 0|68.164.228.214 | 1 | [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was | over | more than | 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further |
| 27 | it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall | went | evolved | through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' | |||||
| 28 | - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four | distinct phases | versions | : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' | |||||
| 256154730 | 256157274 | 2008-12-06 02:00:28 | 0 days 00:20:16 | 911178 | 0 | karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than | {{ convert | | 140 kilometers ( 96 miles ) long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some 91 meters ( 100 yards ) farther in east german territory was | |
| 257291690 | 257299643 | 2008-12-11 16:51:58 | 0 days 00:45:33 | 352579 | 14 | - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 15 , 000 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into | ' ' ' | west berlin ' ' ' , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 20 , 000 people were killed trying to flee | |
| 262136422 | 262136515 | 2009-01-05 18:46:36 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 1064243 | 2 | {st@rt} the berlin wall was the biggest wall ever built . | it stretched from hamas to south china | jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin | , then to italy but it stopped in ireland for some alcoholic beverages . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than |
| 264171111 | 264173997 | 2009-01-15 02:17:34 | 0 days 00:17:04 | 0|67.184.63.75 | 0 | [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] | . | " . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border | |
| 266478122 | 266480479 | 2009-01-26 07:26:56 | 0 days 00:20:28 | 119438 | 2 | " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof | ]] | in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ | |
| 267068810 | 267088797 | 2009-01-29 00:28:28 | 0 days 01:43:51 | 0|67.177.48.176 | 0 | mega - concert celebrating the event , at which [[ roger waters ]] of [[ pink floyd ]] performed selections from the album , " [[ the wall ]] " . | * it is rumored that stunt cyclist [[ evel knievel ]] proposed a stunt cycle jump over the berlin wall , but changed his mind when it was suggested that he would be shot down in midair by soldiers . | * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octopussy ]] . * television talk show | |
| 267773611 | 267775034 | 2009-02-01 05:39:44 | 0 days 00:12:12 | 214542 | 4 | . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would | presumably | have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' | |
| 267777243 | 267777804 | 2009-02-01 06:03:25 | 0 days 00:04:25 | 214542 | 1 | of a mega - concert celebrating the event , at which [[ roger waters ]] of [[ pink floyd ]] performed selections from the album , " [[ the wall ]] | " | ' ' | . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octopussy ]] . * television talk |
| 269234850 | 269655083 | 2009-02-09 23:54:08 | 1 days 22:58:44 | 0|72.144.60.91 | 1 | ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was | an " anti - fascist | very big | protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe |
| 269767784 | 269853148 | 2009-02-10 21:25:40 | 0 days 07:23:39 | 0|76.118.246.211 | 0 | ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ | west berlin | the republic of dave | ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the |
| 269853148 | 269853251 | 2009-02-10 21:26:08 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 0|76.118.246.211 | 0 | yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating | [[ | the republic of dave ]] from the russian communist headquarters ( in berlin ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner | |
| 269853251 | 269858109 | 2009-02-10 21:45:42 | 0 days 00:19:34 | 5047767 | 0 | yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating | the republic of dave | [[ west berlin ]] | from the russian communist headquarters ( in berlin ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the |
| 279717613 | 279717789 | 2009-03-26 01:54:23 | 0 days 00:01:16 | 6984319 | 0 | | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall " = = | {{ main | tear down this wall }} | an seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the | |
| 281352956 | 281436189 | 2009-04-03 03:59:52 | 0 days 08:04:14 | 0|71.163.159.52 | 0 | 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall | ! | " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} an seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the | |
| 282254554 | 282598973 | 2009-04-08 18:13:01 | 1 days 15:44:39 | 0|72.141.255.158 | 0 | the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} | an | a | seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th |
| 289779382 | 289779432 | 2009-05-14 00:08:09 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 1233313 | 1 | be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! | " | = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg | |
| 289779598 | 289779731 | 2009-05-14 00:10:13 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 1233313 | 3 | , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall | " | at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) | |
| 5 | the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall | " | along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly | ||||||
| 7 | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head | " | ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by | ||||||
| 290338187 | 290358741 | 2009-05-16 18:33:13 | 0 days 02:09:19 | 6984319 | 0 | shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! = = | [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the [[ berlin wall ]] in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] | {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on | |
| 298845873 | 298939014 | 2009-06-27 14:00:54 | 0 days 14:17:19 | 1439530 | 1 | = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 | calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to | : | “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the |
| 299164112 | 299165691 | 2009-06-28 19:04:01 | 0 days 00:10:50 | 0|75.2.134.42 | 3 | " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . | in order | to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows | |
| 5 | in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers | in order | to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed | ||||||
| 300057708 | 300312703 | 2009-07-04 23:02:58 | 1 days 08:14:41 | 0|86.163.75.210 | 3 | caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' | |||
| 300312703 | 300317419 | 2009-07-04 23:35:29 | 0 days 00:32:31 | 911178 | 3 | caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' | |||
| 304771896 | 304807664 | 2009-07-29 03:46:57 | 0 days 04:27:09 | 6984319 | 0 | in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] | completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from | erected by | the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between |
| 304813680 | 305113230 | 2009-07-30 17:36:15 | 1 days 13:06:13 | 0|155.188.247.7 | 1 | wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was | [[ ronald reagan ]] | david hasselhoff | ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier |
| 305113230 | 305113464 | 2009-07-30 17:37:36 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 6803532 | 1 | wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was | david hasselhoff | [[ ronald reagan ]] | ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , hasselhoff challenged soviet premier |
| 305130153 | 305728347 | 2009-08-03 00:58:10 | 3 days 05:42:38 | 0|67.163.100.198 | 1 | | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ | ronald reagan | harry truman | ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet |
| 305728482 | 305747833 | 2009-08-03 03:24:25 | 0 days 02:25:00 | 0|71.60.203.1 | 0 | | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ | harry s . truman | ronald reagan | ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , truman challenged soviet |
| 306953410 | 306954476 | 2009-08-09 10:28:44 | 0 days 00:09:41 | 72905 | 0 | 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide | area ( later to be known as the " | death strip containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people | |
| 311192075 | 311278175 | 2009-09-01 14:03:37 | 0 days 12:33:20 | 6971250 | 2 | / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall | is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous iron curtain speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of | were ground up as | the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university |
| 3 | of the famous iron curtain speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was | created by the granddaughter | being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list | of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece | |||||
| 313129853 | 313154666 | 2009-09-11 08:28:09 | 0 days 04:25:20 | 6971250 | 0 | wall was fortified . to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had | to have their | its | windows boarded up ( the authorities would later brick up windows ) . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to |
| 313610213 | 313669540 | 2009-09-13 22:22:26 | 0 days 04:23:37 | 0|65.188.151.195 | 1 | / ref > }} = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , | 1989 | 1988 | ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , |
| 3 | caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' | ||||||||
| 313669540 | 313670259 | 2009-09-13 22:26:13 | 0 days 00:03:47 | 142444 | 1 | / ref > }} = = the fall , 1988 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , | 1988 | 1989 | ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , 1988 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , |
| 3 | caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' | ||||||||
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 143 | celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , | including | which included the final movement of | [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' |
| 169 | festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city | center | centre | and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " | |||||
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 2 | {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , | which included the final movement of | including | [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , ' ' an die freude ' ' ( " |
| 21 | festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city | centre | center | and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " | |||||
| 318872025 | 319488273 | 2009-10-12 20:24:27 | 3 days 06:02:12 | 3058538 | 30 | ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 | ( german text ) | ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group | |
| 320971298 | 320975384 | 2009-10-20 09:57:52 | 0 days 00:48:13 | 3058538 | 3 | http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | ] < / ref > | and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments | |
| 324105954 | 324119733 | 2009-11-05 18:01:53 | 0 days 01:22:11 | 0|12.165.250.13 | 0 | by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} | in | a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while | |
| 10 | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} a | seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s | speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev | ||||||
| 324158162 | 324158226 | 2009-11-05 21:48:34 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 1675595 | 1 | {st@rt} stuppid wall full of | shit | graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of | berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders |
| 324361293 | 324361439 | 2009-11-06 22:47:14 | 0 days 00:00:58 | 0|38.107.109.130 | 0 | = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = owqstzgkbiy ] how the wall worked . | ] | 3d virtual realization * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] | |
| 324838927 | 324838954 | 2009-11-09 13:55:51 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 0|213.64.19.23 | 1 | mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html deutsche welle , the berlin wall in detail , | animeted | animated | video ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on |
| 324843477 | 324844080 | 2009-11-09 14:36:35 | 0 days 00:05:26 | 6971250 | 0 | which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the | [[ topography of terror ]] | site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the | |
| 324851832 | 324852165 | 2009-11-09 15:31:23 | 0 days 00:02:15 | 6971250 | 2 | ref > the european music awards , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed | on | at | the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining |
| 324962097 | 324962711 | 2009-11-10 01:50:50 | 0 days 00:03:42 | 1723027 | 3 | german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign | is | was | focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and students at over 20 universities will participate in " freedom without walls " events |
| 4 | | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise " – journey of the wall | takes | took | place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks are being sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where | |||||
| 5 | , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise " – journey of the wall takes place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks | are being | were | sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in | |||||
| 325048424 | 325048650 | 2009-11-10 14:22:47 | 0 days 00:01:33 | 3308922 | 1 | west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s | big | erection over the female wall ha ha , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into | |
| 325218548 | 325218944 | 2009-11-11 09:54:29 | 0 days 00:05:02 | 6971250 | 6 | corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall | ' ' ' | " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others | |
| 8 | german production , 2006 , link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] | * | ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off | ||||||
| 330704150 | 330959486 | 2009-12-10 22:37:11 | 1 days 03:59:53 | 0|142.29.101.33 | 0 | plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall | after i raped it with my footcock | at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of | |
| 330959486 | 330959637 | 2009-12-10 22:37:49 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 7821268 | 0 | plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall | after i raped it with my footcock | at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of | |
| 338404595 | 338517464 | 2010-01-18 07:45:03 | 0 days 12:54:09 | 6971250 | 0 | nationale volksarmee ]] on april 1963 . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . | she | he | was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards , but a west german policeman returned fire and rescued him from the vehicle , which became entangled in the barbed wire |
| 343535162 | 343773536 | 2010-02-13 17:47:19 | 1 days 04:57:14 | 5326371 | 5 | and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away | by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters | parts of the wall | ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was |
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 39 | ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) | ' ' | . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the | |
| 343780168 | 343781933 | 2010-02-13 18:30:31 | 0 days 00:10:12 | 5326371 | 2 | . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall | , | or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum | |
| 3 | around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence | , | has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , | ||||||
| 13 | line , but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied | , | and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border | ||||||
| 343784334 | 343784856 | 2010-02-13 18:48:35 | 0 days 00:03:09 | 5326371 | 0 | / 2193355 / story . html < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " | , | to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students | |
| 5 | | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise " – journey of the wall | ) | took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks were sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where | ||||||
| 7 | tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . | [[ | palestinians in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , west bank pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] , in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of | ||||||
| 8 | hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . palestinians | ]] | in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , west bank pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] , in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of the | ||||||
| 343784856 | 343787074 | 2010-02-13 18:58:31 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 5326371 | 6 | of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and | some were | sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service | |
| 10 | = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated | , | however that only about a tenth of the population was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences | ||||||
| 11 | 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated however | , | that only about a tenth of the population was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are | ||||||
| 346183823 | 346309252 | 2010-02-25 15:48:21 | 0 days 16:39:59 | 150129 | 1 | identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell | , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately | in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people | |
| 2 | checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . | starting that evening , and | . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks | ||||||
| 346309531 | 346312588 | 2010-02-25 16:08:16 | 0 days 00:18:19 | 6971250 | 0 | the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers | or otherwise hammers and chisels | to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) | |
| 347222818 | 347223391 | 2010-03-02 02:53:09 | 0 days 00:03:46 | 6123337 | 3 | - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , | they | westerners | could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in |
| 353501999 | 353624591 | 2010-04-02 22:18:41 | 0 days 15:54:29 | 0|99.140.180.150 | 0 | the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , | steps , and floors . | which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] | |
| 353624591 | 353630554 | 2010-04-02 23:02:46 | 0 days 00:44:05 | 262550 | 0 | the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , | steps , and floors . | which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] | |
| 361169935 | 361170062 | 2010-05-09 23:35:33 | 0 days 00:01:00 | 0|91.46.248.24 | 0 | | raffia wall remembering to berlin wall at a snack bar on stuttgart spring festival 2010 ]] a snack bar on stuttgart spring festival 2010 used as fence a wall of | raria | raffia | , remembering to berlin wall . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse |
| 363922912 | 364011539 | 2010-05-24 22:54:04 | 0 days 09:03:26 | 591174 | 8 | . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall | stopped | prevented | almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , |
| 366083032 | 366099790 | 2010-06-04 23:09:49 | 0 days 01:59:54 | 0|93.220.100.2 | 1 | elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which | circumscribed | circumscized | a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and |
| 3 | west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the | governments | who | later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on | |||||
| 366099790 | 366102397 | 2010-06-04 23:28:49 | 0 days 00:19:00 | 262550 | 1 | [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from two area codes . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which | circumscized | circumscribed | a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and |
| 3 | wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , the who chipped away parts of the wall ; the | who | governments | later used industrial guitars to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on | |||||
| 375939454 | 376102866 | 2010-07-29 15:22:43 | 0 days 22:13:10 | 12757693 | 0 | 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls | < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > | , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds | |
| 379192505 | 379212179 | 2010-08-16 12:59:13 | 0 days 02:54:24 | 0|80.254.147.156 | 1 | built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later it was built up into the wall | proper | , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( | |
| 386987387 | 387039407 | 2010-09-26 01:09:06 | 0 days 05:47:45 | 2991287 | 1 | tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * * " the boy and the wall | " | ' ' | spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . com ] < |
| 3 | * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 - dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by | r . s . | [[ roland suso | richter * some novels specifically about the berlin wall : * * [[ john le carré ]] , ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' | |||||
| 389131965 | 389132726 | 2010-10-06 17:04:20 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|204.81.225.153 | 2 | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall fell | , | but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with | |
| 389132750 | 389329152 | 2010-10-07 14:59:01 | 0 days 21:54:30 | 0|141.43.69.1 | 1 | [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall | was demolished in 1990 - 1991 , many remnants and traces can be found all around west berlin . the border wall facing towards west - berlin is preserved in three locations : | at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of | |
| 2 | checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall at | its original site | [ bernauer straße ]] north of the city centre | , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost | |||||
| 8 | of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall | facing towards east berlin is preserved | along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north | ||||||
| 389330154 | 389349828 | 2010-10-07 16:55:20 | 0 days 01:50:48 | 3308922 | 14 | near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > although most of the wall | was demolished in 1990 - 1991 , many remnants and traces can be found all around west berlin . the border wall facing towards west - berlin is preserved in three locations : | at [ bernauer straße ]] north of the city centre , in the context of a designed landscape of memory being created since 2009 ; an 80 - metre ( 263 | |
| 17 | [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; and a third section in liesenstraße . a long stretch of the wall | facing towards east berlin is preserved | along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin | ||||||
| 398353025 | 398385508 | 2010-11-23 04:49:31 | 0 days 03:36:19 | 0|188.220.233.153 | 0 | their work and expression was destroyed , the two men did not care . in fact they were over joyed to see the fall of the hideous , boring wall . | {{ citation needed }} | = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by | |
| 399053190 | 399263461 | 2010-11-28 03:49:19 | 1 days 02:48:10 | 0|65.10.168.8 | 0 | by theirry noir ) the paints they used would eat away at the wall . the men also screwed in a basin , urinal , and shoes into the wall . | of | of these things they did to the wall proved that the wall was destructible and could not remain for ever . = = = influence = = = [ http : | |
| 400152873 | 400183850 | 2010-12-02 20:01:38 | 0 days 02:55:53 | 0|207.177.214.199 | 2 | to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall | back up | ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this | |
| 400183850 | 400217192 | 2010-12-02 23:10:07 | 0 days 03:08:29 | 3308922 | 2 | person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . kuzmanov , put the wall | back up | ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this | |
| 400552075 | 400658430 | 2010-12-05 12:28:18 | 0 days 15:06:17 | 11119670 | 0 | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall | ! | }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http | |
| 401679143 | 401702145 | 2010-12-11 00:44:02 | 0 days 02:56:40 | 0|75.3.1.224 | 2 | to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall | ! | back up - sn0w | " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall |
| 401702145 | 401710678 | 2010-12-11 01:55:35 | 0 days 01:11:33 | 5177550 | 2 | person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . kuzmanov , put the wall | back up - sn0w | ! | " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall |
| 411812580 | 411997999 | 2011-02-04 16:42:23 | 0 days 23:14:31 | 0|70.60.134.66 | 0 | [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = | * * ' ' a new muli - player map in [ call of duty : black ops ] is named and made after the berlin wall | * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special | |
| 411997999 | 411998374 | 2011-02-04 16:45:00 | 0 days 00:02:37 | 732608 | 0 | [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = | * * ' ' a new muli - player map in [ call of duty : black ops ] is named and made after the berlin wall | * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special | |
| 411998374 | 411998401 | 2011-02-04 16:45:09 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 0|70.60.134.66 | 0 | [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = | * a new muli - player map in ' ' [[ call of duty : black ops ]] ' ' is named and made after the berlin wall | * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special | |
| 411998401 | 411998597 | 2011-02-04 16:46:19 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 1798612 | 0 | [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = | * a new muli - player map in ' ' [[ call of duty : black ops ]] ' ' is named and made after the berlin wall | * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special | |
| 423139570 | 423927215 | 2011-04-13 21:33:51 | 4 days 14:30:42 | 257873 | 0 | to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall | ! | " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | |
| 423927215 | 423927349 | 2011-04-13 21:34:39 | 0 days 00:00:48 | 257873 | 0 | to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall | . | " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | |
| 429104564 | 429636376 | 2011-05-17 22:46:18 | 3 days 05:51:37 | 207712 | 20 | charlie stand - off | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall | - | – | live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = * some films specifically |
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 151 | * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at | [[ | youtube ]] * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s | |
| 438816969 | 439163215 | 2011-07-12 22:11:43 | 1 days 23:24:49 | 42558 | 14 | immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall | and at the six checkpoints between east and west | , demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their | |
| 446494769 | 446625722 | 2011-08-25 09:16:56 | 0 days 18:38:38 | 156106 | 0 | on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for | a | 50 or 100 more years < ref > {{ cite web | title = sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa | |
| 446625722 | 448621897 | 2011-09-05 18:48:00 | 11 days 09:31:04 | 723354 | 0 | elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall | also | served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii | |
| 452185719 | 453915570 | 2011-10-04 15:32:13 | 10 days 02:59:14 | 9135213 | 0 | from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice , the wall | also | served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii | |
| 463351419 | 463995141 | 2011-12-04 09:44:14 | 3 days 13:23:45 | 6331042 | 2 | . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] | ” | " | ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald |
| 465859664 | 466218868 | 2011-12-16 21:24:32 | 2 days 02:49:22 | 8436524 | 0 | }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , | 1989 ; | days before they began to tear | it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at the [[ |
| 466218868 | 466656797 | 2011-12-19 08:25:36 | 2 days 11:01:04 | 6971250 | 0 | foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall | , | in the | days before they began to tear it down . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] |
| 2 | / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , days before | they began to tear | it down . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ | ||||||
| 477490937 | 477491005 | 2012-02-18 06:09:38 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 11922695 | 0 | / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . the chinese government quickly shut down access to the twitter wall | it | after masses of chinese users began using it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . rsf . org | |
| 503485036 | 504102528 | 2012-07-25 12:13:15 | 3 days 15:45:07 | 2300502 | 0 | of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall ]] . [[ | history ( u . s . tv channel ) | | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and | |
| 505558329 | 506362125 | 2012-08-08 08:38:19 | 4 days 22:07:23 | 9013713 | 0 | = = [[ file : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : " [[ tear down this wall | ! ]] " ]] {{ listen | . ogv | | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at |
| 514816402 | 515867543 | 2012-10-03 22:20:21 | 6 days 06:52:08 | 609725 | 4 | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall | distance | length | : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi | abbr |
| 529724987 | 531002642 | 2013-01-03 00:01:58 | 8 days 08:25:09 | 38455 | 1 | * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = | = | * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special | |
| 549885004 | 551472710 | 2013-04-21 15:51:53 | 9 days 21:23:52 | 1108424 | 0 | . jpg | caption = view from the west berlin side of [[ berlin wall graffiti art | graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s | infamous | " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the [[ luisenstadt canal ]] ( filled in 1932 ) . | image | |
| 568939424 | 569120812 | 2013-08-18 19:36:42 | 1 days 04:36:40 | 59005 | 0 | unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall | was | marked | the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file |
| 1 | [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first | critical | step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin | ||||||
| 575021955 | 575031930 | 2013-09-29 18:28:06 | 0 days 01:27:14 | 1108424 | 1 | of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] and a [[ guard tower ]] | and a cleared area | . photo by george garrigues ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en | |
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 26 | pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines | and no | nor | [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak |
| 580930170 | 580957593 | 2013-11-09 22:18:25 | 0 days 03:47:52 | 400707 | 0 | publisher = german world | date = 13 august 2011 | accessdate = 13 august 2011 }} < / ref > = = media relating to the wall = = * | some | documentary | films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film |
| 590964946 | 593520854 | 2014-02-02 02:00:13 | 16 days 12:22:38 | 14347385 | 1 | germans and the soviets had only divided berlin without taking any action against west berlin ' s access to the west . however he denounced the berlin wall , whose erection | worsend | worsened | the relations between the united states and the soviet union . < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " > {{ cite web | title = berlin crisis after dividing berlin , |
| 610979419 | 613835077 | 2014-06-21 17:55:33 | 20 days 21:06:01 | 15420856 | 2 | weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the physical wall | itself | was primarily destroyed in 1990 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = | |
| 613835077 | 615294848 | 2014-07-02 13:43:53 | 10 days 19:48:20 | 7669583 | 7 | " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] atop the wall . | bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / uk _ news / magazine / 3465301 . stm | title = did david hasselhoff really help end the cold war ? | work = bbc news | date = 2004 - 02 - 06 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > | . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / | |
| 631869000 | 631992977 | 2014-11-01 09:37:20 | 0 days 23:37:50 | 18865486 | 1 | weeks , euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the physical wall | was primarily destroyed | itself began | in 1990 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = |
| 631993537 | 632215818 | 2014-11-03 00:37:18 | 1 days 14:51:48 | 18865486 | 0 | ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] | that existed between 1961 and 1990 < | constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin | |
| 3 | souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the destruction of the wall itself began in | [[ | 1989 . | summer 1990 ]] and lasted until 1992 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary | |||||
| 632625944 | 632819951 | 2014-11-07 12:27:32 | 1 days 12:22:45 | 687585 | 0 | , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with | sledgehammers or otherwise hammers and chisels | various tools | to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) |
| 633021579 | 633040519 | 2014-11-09 02:15:56 | 0 days 02:47:56 | 10340692 | 7 | / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] | website for the state capital of berlin | ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall – official homepage * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . | |
| 30 | / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] | most | comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin | ||||||
| 633124700 | 633132744 | 2014-11-09 20:10:48 | 0 days 00:59:02 | 2012100 | 5 | 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall | with | woodpeckers ) using | various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall |
| 7 | various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall | television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the | wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / topics | ||||||
| 17 | brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate | old | ancient | roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new | |||||
| 19 | cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the wall | officially | remained guarded for some time after 9 november , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the | ||||||
| 22 | , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " | . | ; | gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on 13 june 1990 , the | |||||
| 32 | , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall | away | to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new | ||||||
| 35 | evening of 9 november and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded | for some time after 9 november , though | at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually | ||||||
| 633183384 | 633189879 | 2014-11-10 04:55:00 | 0 days 01:15:20 | 1833 | 6 | area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall | also ended | , completing the job | in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west |
| 635851215 | 636736384 | 2014-12-05 09:55:06 | 6 days 06:44:14 | 18865486 | 0 | ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that | existed | divided berlin | from 1961 through 1989 , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / |
| 640243071 | 641499497 | 2015-01-08 00:05:29 | 8 days 09:29:01 | 2705932 | 32 | open . " < ref name = revolution1989 / > < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall | and | , | at the six checkpoints between east and west , demanding that border guards immediately open the gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed |
| 650206237 | 650207536 | 2015-03-06 22:07:12 | 0 days 00:09:31 | 24044265 | 0 | ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . | in his book ' ' ' ' ' empires and walls ' ' ' ' ' , chaichian ( 2014 : chapters 4 - 5 ) provides a comprehensive historical background to the events that led to the walls ' construction , as well as a detailed account of its architecture and design . | through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( | |
| 650210446 | 650219949 | 2015-03-06 23:43:55 | 0 days 01:14:21 | 84417 | 0 | ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . | in his book ' ' ' ' ' empires and walls ' ' ' ' ' , chaichian ( 2014 : chapters 4 - 5 ) provides a comprehensive historical background to the events that led to the walls ' construction , as well as a detailed account of its architecture and design . | through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( | |
| 656846739 | 659612103 | 2015-04-28 03:39:31 | 11 days 00:23:37 | 24802543 | 25 | . jpg | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 file : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall | . | file : destruction of the wall ( using magnetised iron _ filings and particles from the berlin wall ) . jpg | sandpainting of the destruction of the wall by brian | |
| 660351082 | 661693734 | 2015-05-10 13:03:06 | 8 days 11:12:57 | 12634201 | 0 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall | - | – | bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert |
| 664678445 | 665650877 | 2015-06-05 18:14:52 | 6 days 10:44:50 | 2901026 | 4 | for west berliners , who lived in an [[ exclave ]] deep inside east germany and feared a possible east german occupation . in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate | ]] | commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news | |
| 699406529 | 699409408 | 2016-01-12 03:57:00 | 0 days 00:27:33 | 111277 | 1 | | publisher = german foreign office | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall – bruce springsteen | visit | , 1988 = | = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played a live concert in |
| 699437997 | 699450456 | 2016-01-12 11:34:51 | 0 days 02:17:59 | 111277 | 0 | earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin , played a concert close to the wall . this was attended by thousands of eastern concertgoers across the wall , | < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . vox . com / 2016 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | website = vox | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 11 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last = fisher | first = max }} < / ref > | followed by violent rioting in east berlin . according to tobias ruther , these protests in east berlin were the first in the sequence of riots that led to those of | |
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 1 | - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = | [[ | chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic | |
| 14 | | url = http : / / www . vox . com / 2016 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | | work = [[ vox ( | website = vox | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of | ||||||
| 18 | | url = http : / / www . theweek . co . uk / 25027 / did - bowie - bring - down - berlin - wall | publisher = | [[ | the week | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 15 december 2008 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | title = germany : thank | ||||||
| 702892130 | 702892497 | 2016-02-02 06:58:20 | 0 days 00:04:04 | 13816079 | 4 | berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done | so as | to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall ]] . [[ history ( u . s . | |
| 733515231 | 734284492 | 2016-08-13 08:26:57 | 4 days 22:04:07 | 80913 | 14 | / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] | - | – | a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the |
| 752045266 | 760657011 | 2017-01-18 08:28:16 | 50 days 03:00:30 | 29937011 | 1 | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | | german ]] , berlin mauer ) was a | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / | |
| 760740289 | 761201385 | 2017-01-21 15:51:57 | 2 days 19:27:40 | 96897 | 7 | [[ sharemap : public / west and east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( in [[ separation barrier | | german ]] , berlin mauer ) was a | barrier that divided [[ east germany | germany ]] and separated [[ east berlin ]] < nowiki / > from [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of | |
| 774994359 | 774996064 | 2017-04-11 23:54:04 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 204692 | 5 | in a wooded area to the north of east berlin . there {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . | {{ fact }} | at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august , the border with west berlin | |
| 774997638 | 774997751 | 2017-04-12 00:08:06 | 0 days 00:01:12 | 204692 | 0 | . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall | . | in | late november 1989 . file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | a crane removes a section of the wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 |
| 774997751 | 774997908 | 2017-04-12 00:09:36 | 0 days 00:01:30 | 204692 | 1 | 21 / entertainment / ca - 413 _ 1 _ berlin - wall | title = crosby , stills and nash sound a positive note at berlin wall | work = | la | los angeles | times | date = 1989 - 11 - 21 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] |
| 774997908 | 774999975 | 2017-04-12 00:29:40 | 0 days 00:20:04 | 7611264 | 4 | wooded area to the north of east berlin . there {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . {{ fact | | date = april 2017 | }} at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august , the border with west | |
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 22 | reagan presidential foundation | deadurl = no | df = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = | hungary effectively disabled | in june 1989 the hungarian government began dismantling the barbed - wire fence along | its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref |
| 781720399 | 781994310 | 2017-05-24 10:32:44 | 1 days 13:37:04 | 4082870 | 0 | , and [[ bernauer straße ]] . crowds gathered on both sides of the historic crossings waiting for hours to cheer the bulldozers that tore down portions of the wall to | reinstate ancient | reconnect the divided | roads . while the wall officially remained guarded at a decreasing intensity , new border crossings continued for some time , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . initially |
| 783600048 | 783600846 | 2017-06-03 11:56:09 | 0 days 00:08:12 | 31190988 | 0 | ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . | about 45 . 1 kilometres of the wall are at the centre strips of berlin , and 112 . 7 kilometres crossing through the berlin outer circle . 63 . 8 km of the frontier were in built , 32 km in wooded and 22 . 65 km in open terrain and 37 . 95 km of the boundary lay in or on rivers , lakes and canals . most of them were dismantled beginning with the wall peckers as souvenirs from 11 november 1989 , then dismantling the metal mesh fence along the death strip all the way until 22 december 1989 . observation towers began to be dismantled all the way till april 1990 . dismantling of the wall is shown at the below mentioned section ( [[ berlin wall # demolition | demolition ]] . some of them were sold for scrap including the anti - tank wall , normal walls were sent to storage area in the southern part of germany till it was auctioned and collected ( [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] ) . | through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} * wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) * | |
| 791152467 | 791624973 | 2017-07-21 12:53:48 | 2 days 23:28:39 | 38496 | 0 | = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = concerts by western artists and growing anti - wall sentiment = = | < center > {{ cquote | text = ' ' every stone bears witness to the moral bankruptcy of the society it encloses ' ' }} < small > — margaret thatcher commenting about the wall , west berlin , 1982 < ref > [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / 1982 / 10 / 30 / world / mrs - thatcher - visits - the - berlin - wall . html mrs . thatcher visits the berlin wall ] , ' ' [[ the new york times ]] ' ' , october 30 , 1982 < / ref > < / small > < / center > | = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin | |
| 791624973 | 793523187 | 2017-08-02 08:44:50 | 11 days 19:51:02 | 38455 | 14 | nail / mauer . htm | first = norbert | last = nail | title = meine mauer – deutsche bilder aus der vergangenheit | trans - title = my wall | - | — | german pictures from the past | language = de | publisher = [[ university of marburg ]] }} {{ berlin wall }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} |
| 798241666 | 800698581 | 2017-09-15 03:51:19 | 14 days 08:23:33 | 10031342 | 3 | ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the [[ eastern bloc ]] claimed that the wall | was erected to protect | as protecting | its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice , |
| 803403568 | 806256977 | 2017-10-20 19:49:09 | 18 days 10:02:36 | 26248 | 0 | flash video | video ]] ) | work = multimedia }} * [ https : / / www . openstreetmap . org / relation / 6651797 berlin wall on openstreetmap ] | ( zoomable and scrollable ) | * other resources : * * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / | |
| 809974101 | 809997471 | 2017-11-12 20:33:02 | 0 days 02:43:53 | 6554947 | 3 | border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall | by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders | . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and sidewalks not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > https : | |
| 810072027 | 810126141 | 2017-11-13 13:53:41 | 0 days 08:16:58 | 6554947 | 0 | ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > as was the case with the inner german border , a strip of gdr territory was left outside the wall | , but | . | unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders |
| 3 | meters wide . the strip was used by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall | and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall | . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . | ||||||
| 4 | wide . the strip was used by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall . | again , in contrast to the inner german border , | little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < | ||||||
| 810127095 | 810174887 | 2017-11-13 19:23:40 | 0 days 05:21:42 | 6554947 | 3 | was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . | again , | in contrast to the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets | |
| 810222160 | 810225119 | 2017-11-14 01:14:33 | 0 days 00:20:34 | 6554947 | 1 | german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall and | was | used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / | |
| 810311833 | 810314862 | 2017-11-14 14:34:29 | 0 days 00:28:01 | 6554947 | 0 | generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and | was | later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer edge of the strip . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com | |
| 810314862 | 810320431 | 2017-11-14 15:18:54 | 0 days 00:44:25 | 6554947 | 2 | publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > the strip was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall | the intra - german border 1961 - 89 | first = gordon l | and was accessed from east germany by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . | |
| 4 | workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed from east germany by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . | < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg = pt61 & dq = berlin + wall + outside + maintenance & source = bl & ots = e1vx - kbsf4 & sig = vzusis2injtqnywsqt9wjcxjdf0 & hl = en & sa = x & ved = 0ahukewjsvstlxbnxahvtzgmkhuuiclyq6aeitdaj # v = onepage & q = berlin + wall + outside + maintenance & f = false | title = the berlin wall and the intra - german border 1961 - 89 | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > | one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was | ||||||
| 810320431 | 810341648 | 2017-11-14 17:57:15 | 0 days 02:38:21 | 6554947 | 1 | s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall | when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into west berlin . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the wall door into the death strip , | and was later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer edge of the strip . < ref > https : / / www . upi | |
| 2 | generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and | was | later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer edge of the strip . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com | ||||||
| 810990194 | 811107061 | 2017-11-19 15:29:48 | 0 days 18:45:36 | 6554947 | 1 | subscription = yes }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall | completely | cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until government officials opened it in november 1989 . | |
| 825795679 | 825799159 | 2018-02-15 14:02:55 | 0 days 00:30:54 | 5946478 | 9 | in a wooded area to the north of east berlin . there {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} | < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > | at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august , the border with west berlin |
| 825833265 | 825837217 | 2018-02-15 18:34:55 | 0 days 00:25:53 | 5946478 | 0 | | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ' ' ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) . | " | it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . {{ citation | |
| 826899654 | 827316878 | 2018-02-24 01:04:34 | 2 days 08:38:31 | 508734 | 56 | allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = | " | sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - | |
| 63 | from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 | & nbsp ; | km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . various military units dismantled the berlin | ||||||
| 837089893 | 837372486 | 2018-04-20 12:27:41 | 1 days 19:19:05 | 27577674 | 0 | ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . | about 45 . 1 kilometres of the wall are at the centre strips of berlin , and 112 . 7 kilometres crossing through the berlin outer circle . 63 . 8 & nbsp ; km of the frontier were in built , 32 & nbsp ; km in wooded and 22 . 65 & nbsp ; km in open terrain and 37 . 95 & nbsp ; km of the boundary lay in or on rivers , lakes and canals . most of them were dismantled beginning with the wall peckers as souvenirs from 11 november 1989 , then dismantling the metal mesh fence along the death strip all the way until 22 december 1989 . observation towers began to be dismantled all the way till april 1990 . dismantling of the wall is shown at the below mentioned section ( [[ berlin wall # demolition | demolition ]] . some of them were sold for scrap including the anti - tank wall , normal walls were sent to storage area in the southern part of germany till it was auctioned and collected ( [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] ) . | through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : < ref name = " thoughtco . com " > https : / / www . thoughtco . com | |
| 843144692 | 843537822 | 2018-05-29 19:55:32 | 2 days 14:29:27 | 30675059 | 0 | of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > {{ citation | last = levine | first = marilyn | title = something to do with the wall | | http : / / rossmcelwee . com / somethingtodowiththewall . html | | title = something to do with the wall | date = 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title | |
| 845242425 | 845346007 | 2018-06-11 05:24:11 | 0 days 16:38:45 | 508734 | 7 | 2057 - 0 }} . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = = how khrushchev – kennedy relations affected the construction of the wall = = = | < p > | in april 1961 , khrushchev gained an impression that kennedy ' ' is not very smart ' ' when he saw washington supporting the failed invasion of cuba by anti - | |
| 848432637 | 848888136 | 2018-07-05 01:44:51 | 3 days 04:12:56 | 32396418 | 0 | 2057 - 0 }} . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = = how khrushchev – kennedy relations affected the construction of the wall = = = | {{ confusing }} | in april 1961 , khrushchev gained an impression that kennedy ' ' is not very smart ' ' when he saw washington supporting the failed invasion of cuba by anti - | |
| 854964841 | 854965000 | 2018-08-15 00:20:32 | 0 days 00:01:47 | 5839510 | 0 | {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) . | " | it was the first time the colloquial term {{ lang | de | mauer }} ( wall ) had been used in this context " . < ref > {{ cite |
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| 102788 | 102790 | 2002-06-22 18:16:03 | 5 days 16:18:17 | 59 | 4 | , treptow , and weissensee . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted | , | ; | the border between east and west germany was closed in 1952 and the attractiveness of the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . | |
| 732530 | 732537 | 2003-03-08 21:13:53 | 0 days 02:40:23 | 4388 | 13 | towers , and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners , at friedrichstrasse ; the western powers opened two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the | country | border and dreilinden in berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) . during the wall ' | ||
| 774894 | 794829 | 2003-03-25 12:08:24 | 0 days 15:45:48 | 0|62.253.64.7 | 3 | , at friedrichstrasse ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at helmstedt on the border between east - germany and the main part of west - germany and dreilinden | ]] | on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and [[ checkpoint charlie | charlie ]] ( | ||
| 2661588 | 2729115 | 2004-03-07 04:57:41 | 12 days 12:44:58 | 49486 | 1 | into an island in the eastern territories . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . it was | clear from the beginning that this justification served as a cover for the fact that | created to prevent | the citizens of east germany had to be prevented from entering west berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest | |
| 5203633 | 5222965 | 2004-08-14 16:36:40 | 0 days 02:41:31 | 12741 | 1 | and [[ 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard conrad schumann | ]] | leaps to the west over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , | ||
| 7053303 | 7075809 | 2004-11-02 10:04:22 | 0 days 14:07:00 | 0|62.214.27.246 | 4 | orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls ( | see | [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px | left | the | ||
| 7369764 | 7466688 | 2004-11-12 05:56:03 | 2 days 07:30:17 | 6661 | 0 | berlin . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps | to the | into [[ | west over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] | |
| 7466728 | 7503798 | 2004-11-14 23:26:34 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 0|69.47.128.99 | 0 | connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for | a | new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] not much is | ||
| 9533284 | 9533310 | 2005-01-21 15:56:43 | 0 days 00:34:18 | 26468 | 27 | . east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was | created to prevent | the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen | ||
| 9614078 | 9649252 | 2005-01-24 13:17:26 | 0 days 03:28:40 | 55217 | 1 | later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an | island | [[ enclave ]] | in the eastern territories . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in | |
| 10084995 | 10087212 | 2005-02-09 02:20:03 | 0 days 00:06:45 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 10 | was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an | [[ | enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood | ||
| 22 | the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see | [[ | gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = < table align = right > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin wall | |||||||
| 10941618 | 11082921 | 2005-03-09 00:51:33 | 2 days 12:58:15 | 137113 | 0 | fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to | avoid | dissuade | aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , | |
| 11181817 | 11639377 | 2005-03-16 02:13:46 | 0 days 01:47:10 | 124371 | 1 | impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and | as | it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an [[ enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s | ||
| 11746206 | 11747812 | 2005-04-01 03:30:23 | 2 days 11:22:10 | 225848 | 14 | s creation was due partly to political expediency but largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily | . a few months after the barbed wire went up , the us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force | . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed | ||
| 11747812 | 11751790 | 2005-04-01 04:25:04 | 0 days 00:54:41 | 28107 | 11 | implicit acceptance of the wall ' s creation was largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily | . a few months after the barbed wire went up , the us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force | . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed | ||
| 11751790 | 11755198 | 2005-04-01 06:49:00 | 0 days 02:23:56 | 137616 | 0 | ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that | one quarter | 25 % | of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www | |
| 12585093 | 12587037 | 2005-04-20 22:44:28 | 1 days 22:40:22 | 0|208.38.64.76 | 0 | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the | surrounding | ding | territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the | |
| 12587037 | 12671729 | 2005-04-20 23:29:42 | 0 days 00:45:14 | 8780 | 0 | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the | ding | surrounding | territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the | |
| 13195082 | 13195297 | 2005-05-03 22:51:59 | 3 days 05:20:56 | 0|129.67.43.240 | 1 | fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was | undertaken | built | by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on | |
| 13207767 | 13207835 | 2005-05-04 04:55:42 | 0 days 01:03:36 | 0|129.67.43.240 | 6 | went up , the us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . | but it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell , after all the efforts of the [[ berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . so it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 - 9 ) and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at templehof airport on the afternoon of saturday 19 august . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers containing 1500 men , divided into 5 march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to helmstadt on the west german / east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was 100 miles long , and covered 110 miles from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday 21 august , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin - by autobahn , to demonstrate allied rights . | the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with | ||
| 15054564 | 15054752 | 2005-06-12 05:48:45 | 0 days 04:11:01 | 5016 | 16 | [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted | ; | . | the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . around 2 . 5 million east | |
| 15055113 | 15059402 | 2005-06-12 06:08:12 | 0 days 00:13:20 | 5016 | 0 | on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the | new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to | travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced | ||
| 4 | germans were lifted somewhat by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference | , televised live | shown | on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where they | ||||||
| 11 | guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge | numbers | crowd | of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back | ||||||
| 15881315 | 15902037 | 2005-06-26 21:50:58 | 0 days 18:23:00 | 44454 | 42 | in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 | & nbsp ; | km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image | ||
| 43 | june [[ 2003 ]] ]] little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of | 80m | 80 & nbsp ; meters | near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ | ||||||
| 18341759 | 18388981 | 2005-07-08 10:31:44 | 0 days 16:15:16 | 53921 | 4 | [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 100 miles long , and covered | 177 km ( ~ | 110 miles from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along | ||
| 24470268 | 24504807 | 2005-10-01 20:20:04 | 0 days 10:30:53 | 0|62.30.35.51 | 0 | over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new | west - | east - west connections . little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of | ||
| 26467857 | 26918322 | 2005-10-30 22:25:26 | 5 days 02:16:53 | 0|205.188.116.204 | 40 | east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . | around 2 | s | . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled | |
| 27841727 | 27841755 | 2005-11-09 18:39:37 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 0|209.18.49.15 | 1 | meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called | a ; lskflkfjas ; lkfjasdklfjsadlkvmxv , mz . x , vmwtipejgdflnkxfcghr ' eoflmegvc xokl4trgfvcopkj ; lmtrdfcxvpjikml ; , etrgdbfjpikml ; y , 5egrdfl ; mk , rgfdbv c | [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts | ||
| 27841755 | 27841848 | 2005-11-09 18:40:38 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 94147 | 1 | meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called | a ; lskflkfjas ; lkfjasdklfjsadlkvmxv , mz . x , vmwtipejgdflnkxfcghr ' eoflmegvc xokl4trgfvcopkj ; lmtrdfcxvpjikml ; , etrgdbfjpikml ; y , 5egrdfl ; mk , rgfdbv c | [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts | ||
| 35317181 | 35317828 | 2006-01-15 21:57:08 | 0 days 00:04:56 | 25568 | 0 | bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | | a temporary memorial of over | 1 , 000 crosses ]] [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the | ||
| 36650338 | 36652600 | 2006-01-25 15:46:06 | 0 days 00:20:05 | 0|194.232.85.82 | 5 | ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of | the | 45 km ( 28 mi . ) penis around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , | ||
| 38580965 | 38581150 | 2006-02-07 06:17:30 | 0 days 00:02:33 | 58229 | 0 | west - east connections . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 | & nbsp ; | meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called | ||
| 40378504 | 40459448 | 2006-02-20 18:39:58 | 0 days 14:44:59 | 386031 | 2 | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open | in [[ berlin ]] | . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 | ||
| 40814212 | 40814314 | 2006-02-23 04:38:46 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 386031 | 2 | able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements | & mdash ; | . | the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and | |
| 52 | ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of | reunification is | this decision was | that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = | ||||||
| 58 | except for three locations : one section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] | , the so - called | nicknamed | [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts | ||||||
| 59 | ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by | heavily | the | armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of | ||||||
| 67 | mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . | sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released & mdash ; for a price & mdash ; at one of the checkpoints . | at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . one of the locations where | |||||||
| 72 | wall to rescue their brother . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik ( | gst - | an [[ east german ]] youth military training organisation ) at [[ raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east | |||||||
| 96 | line previously severed by the wall . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section | of 80 meters | near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] | |||||||
| 40915337 | 40944082 | 2006-02-24 01:02:35 | 0 days 03:27:05 | 304316 | 35 | air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the | barbed - wire | barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte | ||
| 47 | the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . | the | west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ | |||||||
| 41103735 | 41103875 | 2006-02-25 01:47:14 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 756170 | 0 | the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter | ( 300 ft ) | section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third | ||
| 41617772 | 41618920 | 2006-02-28 15:38:27 | 0 days 00:08:17 | 0|65.241.105.4 | 0 | part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive erection = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers | migrated | ejaculated | daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the | |
| 41619461 | 41619542 | 2006-02-28 15:44:33 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 800894 | 1 | part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive erection = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers | ejaculated | migrated | daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the | |
| 41675215 | 41710361 | 2006-03-01 05:34:43 | 0 days 05:27:08 | 0|68.77.149.177 | 0 | - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split | , | . | many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west | |
| 42336641 | 42377886 | 2006-03-05 19:53:32 | 0 days 06:47:09 | 0|63.243.163.194 | 0 | , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , providen they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to | used | use | it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was | |
| 48935289 | 49049354 | 2006-04-18 20:13:20 | 0 days 18:06:16 | 6661 | 5 | more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some while after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , | the | east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax | ||
| 49049354 | 49049560 | 2006-04-18 20:15:02 | 0 days 00:01:42 | 6661 | 1 | economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the | inner - german | border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most | ||
| 51987616 | 51996698 | 2006-05-07 16:20:15 | 0 days 01:14:54 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 9 | respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . | [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . | the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was | ||
| 51997271 | 51997348 | 2006-05-07 16:25:49 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 223113 | 9 | respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . | [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . | the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was | ||
| 51999522 | 51999602 | 2006-05-07 16:44:48 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 223113 | 12 | were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers | ]] | agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , | ||
| 31 | barricade at checkpoint charlie . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an | [[ | east german youth military training organization , at gatow airport . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete | |||||||
| 52419460 | 52431775 | 2006-05-10 03:47:28 | 0 days 01:33:41 | 145855 | 0 | the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from | 5932 | 1948 | onwards , north eastern germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth | |
| 52530486 | 52583154 | 2006-05-11 00:37:26 | 0 days 05:48:31 | 0|24.128.239.222 | 0 | , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of | hell | by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the | ||
| 52588372 | 52588401 | 2006-05-11 01:16:01 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 145855 | 0 | ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived | of hell | by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the | ||
| 53898145 | 54024343 | 2006-05-19 12:55:51 | 0 days 18:20:02 | 0|131.109.15.2 | 0 | prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . | conceived | cnceived | by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the | |
| 54024343 | 54024401 | 2006-05-19 12:56:22 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 0|131.109.15.2 | 0 | prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . | cnceived | conceived | by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the | |
| 55092631 | 55133900 | 2006-05-25 20:55:19 | 0 days 04:05:56 | 207712 | 0 | military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the | inner | inter | - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) | |
| 57040826 | 57243206 | 2006-06-06 21:05:19 | 1 days 02:00:04 | 300188 | 6 | and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there | used to be | were | eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits | |
| 58406027 | 58424207 | 2006-06-13 17:38:35 | 0 days 02:00:38 | 59264 | 4 | , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which | permanently | closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii | ||
| 61222332 | 61268904 | 2006-06-29 21:36:02 | 0 days 04:46:15 | 158241 | 0 | . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways | useable | usable | by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the | |
| 65633170 | 65633547 | 2006-07-24 21:39:57 | 0 days 00:02:12 | 0|65.112.106.194 | 1 | idea of placing a piece of the wall at the westminster college campus . with the support of westminster college , sandys and her husband , richard kaplan , met with | of | officials in [[ east berlin ]] in february 1990 . upon arrival in berlin , the couple realized their plans to secure large portions of the wall would be costly , | ||
| 65633547 | 66079192 | 2006-07-27 02:02:21 | 2 days 04:22:24 | 0|202.89.36.170 | 3 | border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country | in | ixxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxn | the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - | |
| 8 | directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one | stood | stxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxood | next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier | ||||||
| 66079192 | 66079583 | 2006-07-27 02:05:14 | 0 days 00:02:53 | 416594 | 2 | border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country | ixxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxn | in | the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - | |
| 7 | directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one | stxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxood | stood | next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier | ||||||
| 71084944 | 71157100 | 2006-08-22 12:32:56 | 0 days 10:37:45 | 416054 | 0 | ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by | [[ grepo | | east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for | ||
| 71312889 | 71494775 | 2006-08-24 00:29:38 | 0 days 20:29:43 | 0|24.192.17.34 | 0 | the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built | a little way | slightly | inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( | |
| 75549141 | 75891347 | 2006-09-15 15:07:31 | 1 days 20:43:11 | 0|66.4.85.2 | 0 | u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade | ||
| 75891347 | 76033450 | 2006-09-16 11:30:16 | 0 days 20:22:45 | 302522 | 0 | u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade | ||
| 83835783 | 83837476 | 2006-10-26 13:23:30 | 0 days 00:13:08 | 686868 | 1 | of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the new krenz government | and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz | decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of | ||
| 2 | that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the new krenz government decided | on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 | to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing | |||||||
| 3 | that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the new krenz government decided to allow | refugees exit directly through crossing points between | east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; | |||||||
| 86125050 | 86126158 | 2006-11-06 21:09:35 | 0 days 00:04:58 | 350153 | 2 | ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that the united states could only really hope to defend | only | west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length | ||
| 89218590 | 89218869 | 2006-11-21 12:21:30 | 0 days 00:02:25 | 617480 | 0 | in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees | to | exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified that proposal to include private travels . | ||
| 91705950 | 91759195 | 2006-12-03 09:19:05 | 0 days 06:55:28 | 2915417 | 0 | fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections | in | of | the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august | |
| 91852808 | 92184997 | 2006-12-05 08:29:50 | 1 days 11:28:15 | 0|80.208.142.253 | 0 | no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . | i hump turtles ! | construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning | ||
| 92185548 | 92186033 | 2006-12-05 08:40:28 | 0 days 00:04:39 | 302522 | 1 | no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . | i hump turtles ! | construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning | ||
| 93817040 | 93876815 | 2006-12-12 19:37:36 | 0 days 04:55:33 | 0|158.123.252.2 | 4 | / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is | torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on | because | the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr | |
| 94196691 | 94201247 | 2006-12-14 02:48:46 | 0 days 00:25:10 | 0|198.166.35.145 | 0 | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet unionpenisdibnshdgband economic output associated with the daily migration of huge | numbers of professionals and skilled workers | poo | from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . | |
| 94201247 | 94257285 | 2006-12-14 10:16:18 | 0 days 07:27:32 | 302522 | 1 | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet unionpenisdibnshdgband economic output associated with the daily migration of huge | poo | numbers of professionals and skilled workers | from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . | |
| 95349461 | 95481558 | 2006-12-20 08:21:44 | 0 days 13:51:07 | 0|84.64.31.22 | 1 | mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . | at | the border section in [[ potsdam ]] where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] | ||
| 98226397 | 98227262 | 2007-01-03 18:51:51 | 0 days 00:04:28 | 873891 | 3 | wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) | section | piece | near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section | |
| 23 | 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of | continuing | cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' | |||||||
| 98453918 | 98470052 | 2007-01-04 19:21:16 | 0 days 01:21:18 | 873891 | 2 | economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which | had political and economic consequences for | hurt | the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million | |
| 5 | particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to | relaxed | relax | border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted | ||||||
| 8 | border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted | was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , | . | masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a | ||||||
| 100887174 | 100916417 | 2007-01-15 18:33:14 | 0 days 02:34:19 | 2810123 | 6 | no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . | jesus . | construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning | ||
| 9 | the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . | jesus . | the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwand " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression | |||||||
| 36 | wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . | dell . | the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz | |||||||
| 100916417 | 100920432 | 2007-01-15 18:53:45 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 6 | no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . | jesus . | construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning | ||
| 9 | the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . | jesus . | the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwand " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression | |||||||
| 36 | wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . | dell . | the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz | |||||||
| 100940597 | 100941637 | 2007-01-15 20:29:28 | 0 days 00:04:57 | 2181758 | 7 | some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " | unauthorised | unauthorized | " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ | |
| 100946186 | 100948158 | 2007-01-15 20:59:57 | 0 days 00:09:11 | 302522 | 9 | some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " | unauthorized | unauthorised | " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ | |
| 104915381 | 104916475 | 2007-02-01 20:26:17 | 0 days 00:05:07 | 911178 | 0 | wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . | [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] | the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz | ||
| 108633355 | 108863312 | 2007-02-17 16:52:01 | 1 days 00:05:47 | 26468 | 0 | , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ | gdr | inner german | border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and | |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 22 | " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or | rapprochement | the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand | with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut | |
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 2 | {st@rt} {{ q | | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin | ||
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 22 | " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or | rapprochement | the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand | with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut | |
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 2 | {st@rt} {{ q | | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin | ||
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 22 | " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or | rapprochement | the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand | with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut | |
| 111079436 | 111080379 | 2007-02-26 14:54:17 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 0|193.194.158.107 | 2 | {st@rt} {{ q | | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin | ||
| 111501017 | 111501811 | 2007-02-28 04:01:21 | 0 days 00:04:18 | 0|24.15.5.210 | 0 | crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west | fuck | germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the | ||
| 111501811 | 111502458 | 2007-02-28 04:04:47 | 0 days 00:03:26 | 911178 | 0 | crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west | fuck | germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the | ||
| 111885825 | 112425768 | 2007-03-03 22:40:12 | 2 days 03:34:32 | 0|24.85.243.4 | 0 | economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the | significantly more prosperous | west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner | ||
| 112425768 | 112425941 | 2007-03-03 22:41:00 | 0 days 00:00:48 | 0|24.85.243.4 | 0 | | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly | more prosperous | wealthier | west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner | |
| 114062117 | 114069880 | 2007-03-10 15:09:53 | 0 days 00:56:10 | 3748830 | 3 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | | hinomaru ! ]] ] < / ref > . according to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million | stop | east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german | |
| 197073715 | 197075558 | 2008-03-09 20:51:04 | 0 days 00:08:24 | 0|98.17.134.249 | 0 | km ( 27 mi . ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built | very well | by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin | ||
| 19 | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere | , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well - financed federal republic | . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | | |||||||
| 197077024 | 197077031 | 2008-03-09 20:57:59 | 0 days 00:00:02 | 3622922 | 13 | a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming | defecting | the exodus of people from | east germans , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency | |
| 21 | ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . | basic , initial fortifications | the west germans deported him to east germany . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were | |||||||
| 24 | km ( 27 mi . ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built | very well | by east german construction workers . it was built right outside west berlin . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , | |||||||
| 197723532 | 197732281 | 2008-03-12 15:22:03 | 0 days 00:45:35 | 3505251 | 9 | the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . | however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , a [[ separation barrier ]] was needed to curtail western [[ espionage ]] and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw pact ]] nations . the wall also marked the frontier in the cold war which would likely play a major role in hostilities or the start of a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the gdr and ussr considered the new west germany to be largely a militarized [[ puppet state ]] which had not been properly [[ denazification | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well - financed federal republic . | an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed | ||
| 197733354 | 197765151 | 2008-03-12 18:03:38 | 0 days 02:35:47 | 0|65.87.105.7 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view | in 1986 | from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' | ||
| 197799039 | 197872871 | 2008-03-13 02:03:44 | 0 days 05:41:57 | 3554446 | 1 | . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , many | east germans wanted to move to west germany . and some | west germans wanted to move to east germany . and some east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans | ||
| 198983944 | 198984976 | 2008-03-17 23:59:41 | 0 days 00:04:51 | 911178 | 23 | planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany and escape the bad conditions , or to continue their jobs on | thw west . | and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed | ||
| 198994478 | 198994578 | 2008-03-18 01:49:42 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 0|63.174.41.113 | 0 | [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall more then | 400 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000 | germans crossed , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . | ||
| 198994578 | 199037463 | 2008-03-18 07:10:15 | 0 days 05:20:33 | 0|123.2.89.10 | 1 | {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in | = = headline text = = | 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall | ||
| 202525275 | 202536820 | 2008-04-01 13:23:40 | 0 days 01:09:16 | 0|208.182.113.239 | 1 | = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , | many families were split | five chicken , eight rihnos , four hippos , one | and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against | |
| 5 | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a | speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners | cat | and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the | ||||||
| 203261930 | 204483075 | 2008-04-09 16:39:02 | 5 days 05:37:54 | 137113 | 0 | the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . | us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the ddr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < ref > | the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = | ||
| 205859140 | 209942770 | 2008-05-03 18:05:52 | 17 days 22:14:05 | 3136084 | 2 | topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill | ]] attempted defectors | orders which gdr officials have denied exist | . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . | |
| 210716210 | 210716844 | 2008-05-07 02:17:19 | 0 days 00:03:50 | 911178 | 3 | government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had not expected to be | killed and then the bodies | sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move | ||
| 210975287 | 211222812 | 2008-05-09 09:24:57 | 1 days 03:28:16 | 686868 | 7 | ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | ' ' ' | could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; | ||
| 211225942 | 211226287 | 2008-05-09 10:02:08 | 0 days 00:03:52 | 686868 | 4 | in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that gave west berliners the chance to apply for | visa | visas | for travel to east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already applicable for west germans . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' | |
| 214991201 | 215551281 | 2008-05-28 18:27:39 | 2 days 12:19:20 | 355538 | 3 | had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of | east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the | 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km | ||
| 4 | [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors | began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which | and the | 43 km ( 27 miles ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built | ||||||
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 29 | = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split | and | , while | east berliners cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall | |
| 32 | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner | - | german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = | |||||||
| 49 | - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at | [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | | friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | | |||||||
| 51 | east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however | , | east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at | |||||||
| 54 | first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 | , | negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 | |||||||
| 65 | republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west | germany . | the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = | |||||||
| 71 | portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the | [[ | inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage | |||||||
| 239050940 | 239141721 | 2008-09-17 23:56:00 | 0 days 07:40:53 | 736477 | 6 | , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas for east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . | however , | east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel | ||
| 239163147 | 239319359 | 2008-09-18 16:33:40 | 0 days 14:49:37 | 736477 | 0 | elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by | ' ' ' | western allied military personnel assigned to the military liaison missions accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted | ||
| 239453915 | 239456329 | 2008-09-19 03:25:00 | 0 days 00:12:32 | 736477 | 28 | from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the | remainder of the | border between [[ east germany | east ]] and [[ west germany ]] . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated the two german | ||
| 239564841 | 239565752 | 2008-09-19 14:02:18 | 0 days 00:03:46 | 0|209.174.67.217 | 6 | trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to | flee | nana | from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / | |
| 239565752 | 239565807 | 2008-09-19 14:02:30 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 1395162 | 6 | trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to | nana | flee | from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / | |
| 239832687 | 239837716 | 2008-09-20 19:14:07 | 0 days 00:29:33 | 2519868 | 1 | . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . there are 2 , 000 walls that | seperated | separated | the east from the west because they liked there private space the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on | |
| 240240944 | 240242156 | 2008-09-22 15:58:49 | 0 days 00:07:42 | 736477 | 16 | brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , bordering with [[ west berlin ]] . here is reported the list of bordering municipalities , subdivided for district , starting from north | and proceding | to south . * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke | ||
| 240572171 | 240734559 | 2008-09-24 19:49:47 | 0 days 19:24:02 | 0|67.191.11.141 | 2 | , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , | 1947 | 1948 | . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the | |
| 240734559 | 240735201 | 2008-09-24 19:53:18 | 0 days 00:03:31 | 911178 | 2 | , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1946 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , | 1948 | 1947 | . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the | |
| 241070670 | 241767736 | 2008-09-29 13:45:21 | 3 days 07:40:47 | 0|66.147.49.74 | 1 | economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the | inner - german | iman | border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - | |
| 241767736 | 241768925 | 2008-09-29 13:52:49 | 0 days 00:07:28 | 1489190 | 1 | economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the | iman | inner - german | border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - | |
| 241809073 | 241809182 | 2008-09-29 17:16:58 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 5549726 | 3 | ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref the berlin wall is a wall that kept me from | your mom | the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . | an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed | |
| 242557548 | 242755000 | 2008-10-03 14:42:47 | 0 days 19:46:38 | 7991946 | 7 | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' | ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated | t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with | the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe | |
| 243043238 | 244846230 | 2008-10-12 21:06:42 | 7 days 23:06:51 | 82982 | 0 | | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer | ' ' ' ' | [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between | ||
| 248089272 | 248095035 | 2008-10-28 00:19:45 | 0 days 00:29:50 | 0|98.15.190.110 | 2 | known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . | begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . | tehehehehhe | = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg | |
| 248612893 | 248617031 | 2008-10-30 14:17:25 | 0 days 00:25:35 | 0|209.174.67.217 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in | 1986 | 19864 | from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - | |
| 248617031 | 248618478 | 2008-10-30 14:25:55 | 0 days 00:08:30 | 1271891 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in | 19864 | 1986 | from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " happy strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - | |
| 248619037 | 248638203 | 2008-10-30 16:20:12 | 0 days 01:50:37 | 352579 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in | 1986 | 1986 | from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " happy strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - | |
| 250828512 | 252650442 | 2008-11-18 21:41:19 | 8 days 13:56:15 | 6892131 | 0 | top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its | physical | border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations | ||
| 252652689 | 252747077 | 2008-11-19 08:55:37 | 0 days 11:02:54 | 3131841 | 2 | top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its | physical | border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the | ||
| 252776451 | 253365461 | 2008-11-22 10:00:59 | 2 days 20:12:06 | 6892131 | 0 | top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its | physical | border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations | ||
| 255510724 | 255707690 | 2008-12-03 21:07:26 | 0 days 22:36:05 | 0|164.116.126.140 | 1 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in | 1986 | it ! though most of them die | from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | |
| 256070488 | 256154730 | 2008-12-06 01:40:12 | 0 days 08:28:17 | 0|68.164.228.214 | 7 | over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) | further into | farther in | east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers | |
| 256154730 | 256157274 | 2008-12-06 02:00:28 | 0 days 00:20:16 | 911178 | 3 | ) ]] the berlin wall was more than 140 kilometers ( 96 miles ) long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some 91 meters ( 100 | yards ) | | m | yd }} | farther in east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land ]] | |
| 4 | berlin wall was more than 140 kilometers ( 96 miles ) long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some 91 meters ( 100 yards ) farther | in | into | east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land ]] that later | ||||||
| 257284183 | 257291690 | 2008-12-11 16:06:25 | 0 days 00:50:25 | 0|71.130.177.243 | 13 | , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , | 1947 | 1955 | . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the | |
| 257291690 | 257299643 | 2008-12-11 16:51:58 | 0 days 00:45:33 | 352579 | 10 | , 1991 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , | 1955 | 1947 | . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the | |
| 257299643 | 258133599 | 2008-12-15 15:45:35 | 3 days 22:53:37 | 0|71.130.177.243 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 | everyone fucked the berlin wall | from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | ||
| 258133599 | 258134007 | 2008-12-15 15:47:51 | 0 days 00:02:16 | 0|71.130.177.243 | 8 | economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the | inner | inigggggggggerrrrrrrrrrnner | - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a | |
| 10 | democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually | ' ' ' | improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = | |||||||
| 258135144 | 258137090 | 2008-12-15 16:03:25 | 0 days 00:09:50 | 1430004 | 4 | growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic ]] miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the | inigggggggggerrrrrrrrrrnner | inner | - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian governmnigger ! ! | |
| 12 | ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ent with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually | ' ' ' | improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . ]] = = = erection of the inner - german border | |||||||
| 258174101 | 258203997 | 2008-12-15 21:27:47 | 0 days 02:21:00 | 0|76.217.13.119 | 1 | [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron | curtain | shit | ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than | |
| 258206239 | 258209070 | 2008-12-15 21:49:42 | 0 days 00:12:46 | 5177550 | 2 | [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron | shit | curtain | ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the shit that was laid by east germans separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany | |
| 263247726 | 263617505 | 2009-01-12 17:24:52 | 1 days 19:42:43 | 0|86.91.116.102 | 1 | erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the | poop | border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and | ||
| 263617505 | 263617744 | 2009-01-12 17:26:10 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 911178 | 1 | erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the | poop | border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and | ||
| 266386611 | 266392994 | 2009-01-25 21:46:14 | 0 days 00:33:28 | 240413 | 2 | the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . | ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . | = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg | ||
| 267775871 | 267776359 | 2009-02-01 05:51:18 | 0 days 00:04:09 | 214542 | 1 | germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition | to visit | on visiting | western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' | |
| 271135545 | 271232481 | 2009-02-17 00:15:38 | 0 days 08:10:12 | 0|134.53.244.52 | 0 | to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " | unauthorised | unauthorized | " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july | |
| 271265000 | 271489755 | 2009-02-18 02:49:35 | 0 days 23:33:42 | 0|98.217.163.171 | 3 | memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 | image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | a large piece of the berlin wall at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in | [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long | ||
| 274322212 | 274328124 | 2009-03-02 03:04:29 | 0 days 00:26:42 | 0|64.92.142.206 | 5 | 1990 . kkk = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , | 1947 | 2008 | . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the | |
| 274344223 | 274348982 | 2009-03-02 04:57:55 | 0 days 00:27:39 | 96897 | 4 | , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 2001 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , | 2008 | 1947 | . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the | |
| 274521235 | 274696419 | 2009-03-03 15:08:15 | 0 days 18:11:26 | 0|200.156.17.1 | 1 | . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of | the inner - | german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s | ||
| 276397704 | 276398047 | 2009-03-10 23:50:41 | 0 days 00:01:38 | 0|68.81.17.165 | 1 | just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , | ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet | wikipedia is | for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet | |
| 277908940 | 277909503 | 2009-03-17 17:47:21 | 0 days 00:02:21 | 6984319 | 0 | border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and | the | [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the western [[ allies of wwii ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany | ||
| 278889365 | 279055999 | 2009-03-23 01:01:44 | 0 days 19:26:50 | 0|24.211.61.230 | 0 | , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to | the | closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split | ||
| 279055999 | 279056685 | 2009-03-23 01:06:16 | 0 days 00:04:32 | 0|24.211.61.230 | 0 | , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to | ass holes in the war | closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split | ||
| 283120128 | 283243378 | 2009-04-11 21:03:54 | 0 days 16:01:05 | 7992897 | 1 | {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) | ( [[ east germany ]] ) | , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the | ||
| 283243474 | 283243810 | 2009-04-11 21:06:20 | 0 days 00:01:52 | 4156654 | 2 | {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) | ( [[ east germany ]] ) | , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the | ||
| 289417269 | 289461792 | 2009-05-12 13:40:30 | 0 days 06:11:04 | 433328 | 3 | and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 | & nbsp ; | km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly | ||
| 4 | make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 | & nbsp ; | km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not | |||||||
| 296786653 | 296786942 | 2009-06-16 16:57:50 | 0 days 00:01:45 | 9600753 | 0 | east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall | separating | separated | east pakistan from west stefanvile for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ | |
| 298471958 | 298471974 | 2009-06-25 01:02:50 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 64463 | 2 | was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > kill the bushpigs st . | george illawara dragon fuck melbourne storm | jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " ( bed of nails ) under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . | = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg | |
| 303768537 | 303768713 | 2009-07-23 17:06:35 | 0 days 00:00:51 | 0|212.58.193.36 | 0 | 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner | - | german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting | ||
| 303769141 | 303769382 | 2009-07-23 17:10:33 | 0 days 00:01:39 | 0|212.58.193.36 | 0 | name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the | [[ | inner german border officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the | ||
| 304807664 | 304813427 | 2009-07-29 04:28:07 | 0 days 00:41:10 | 6984319 | 29 | economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the | * {{ harvard reference | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = | the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government | ||
| 30 | starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - | cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} | - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a | |||||||
| 40 | economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the | inner | - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a | |||||||
| 306465427 | 306538732 | 2009-08-07 04:34:49 | 0 days 08:18:22 | 6984319 | 10 | schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . | < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > | the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which | ||
| 308484644 | 308602478 | 2009-08-18 02:36:12 | 0 days 12:03:29 | 6984319 | 0 | defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . | when | during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , | the east german government [[ november 9th in german history | announced on 9 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens | |
| 308602478 | 308630655 | 2009-08-18 06:07:14 | 0 days 03:31:02 | 0|76.102.223.241 | 0 | 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > and prior official figures listed 98 as being killed | . | the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which | ||
| 310535257 | 310542124 | 2009-08-28 13:41:55 | 0 days 00:58:35 | 0|150.199.203.189 | 0 | west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west | germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided | brandy is very lazyided | [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence | |
| 310542124 | 310542185 | 2009-08-28 13:42:23 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 7746361 | 0 | west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west | brandy is very lazyided | germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided | [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence | |
| 312587321 | 312588680 | 2009-09-08 13:57:31 | 0 days 00:10:56 | 0|194.202.122.223 | 2 | crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange | a further | at least dm | 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to | |
| 7 | , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further 25 | dm | into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east | |||||||
| 312588680 | 312604952 | 2009-09-08 15:42:25 | 0 days 01:44:54 | 6971250 | 3 | city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . it was | was | forbidden to export east german currency out of the east but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had | ||
| 313044179 | 313129853 | 2009-09-11 04:02:49 | 0 days 09:42:44 | 43300 | 2 | brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 | – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie | ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ | ||
| 313610213 | 313669540 | 2009-09-13 22:22:26 | 0 days 04:23:37 | 0|65.188.151.195 | 5 | removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , | 1989 | 1988 | ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer | |
| 313669540 | 313670259 | 2009-09-13 22:26:13 | 0 days 00:03:47 | 142444 | 5 | removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , | 1988 | 1989 | ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer | |
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 115 | removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , | [[ | 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ | ||
| 153 | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of | the | political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur | |||||||
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 169 | 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > , often initiated by former members of | the | political opposition in east germany < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 | ||
| 318091580 | 318274763 | 2009-10-06 16:40:43 | 0 days 22:27:51 | 1476858 | 0 | networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = | ' ' ' | west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa | ||
| 10 | ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other | ' ' ' | east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied | |||||||
| 18 | elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by | ' ' ' | western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] | |||||||
| 321098233 | 321105192 | 2009-10-21 00:32:13 | 0 days 00:45:23 | 0|121.216.117.21 | 0 | wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that | 25 | 95 | % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east and west should be separated again by a " wall " . < ref > {{ cite web | |
| 321105192 | 321105598 | 2009-10-21 00:35:09 | 0 days 00:02:56 | 5519174 | 0 | wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that | 95 | 25 | % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east and west should be separated again by a " wall " . < ref > {{ cite web | |
| 322959932 | 323262651 | 2009-11-01 11:50:25 | 1 days 17:53:01 | 0|89.240.74.46 | 1 | . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . | [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' {{ lang | de | ich bin ein berliner }} ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > | the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ' | ||
| 323262651 | 323263727 | 2009-11-01 12:02:04 | 0 days 00:11:39 | 5812172 | 0 | . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . | [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' {{ lang | de | ich bin ein berliner }} ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > | the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ' | ||
| 323401873 | 323432547 | 2009-11-02 07:13:32 | 0 days 04:22:39 | 8694237 | 0 | gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner | - | german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the | ||
| 323432547 | 323501406 | 2009-11-02 17:20:49 | 0 days 10:07:17 | 1051513 | 0 | gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner | - | german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western | ||
| 323760074 | 323771791 | 2009-11-03 21:37:36 | 0 days 01:01:38 | 6340927 | 0 | , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a | member of | spokesperson for | the east german politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . < ref | |
| 324203689 | 324244003 | 2009-11-06 08:52:13 | 0 days 06:20:34 | 6971250 | 0 | ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 | % | percent | of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east and west should be separated again by a " wall " . < ref > {{ cite web | | |
| 324251250 | 324280095 | 2009-11-06 14:30:34 | 0 days 04:23:51 | 492987 | 3 | divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . | the berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) , expressing their view that the western countries were fascist . | an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed | ||
| 324510511 | 324609028 | 2009-11-08 07:55:36 | 0 days 11:57:27 | 0|139.168.50.53 | 0 | through a tunnel * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] | * [[ cold war ]] | * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom | ||
| 324812165 | 324812241 | 2009-11-09 09:28:10 | 0 days 00:00:37 | 0|76.179.160.225 | 0 | portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the | [[ | inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa | ||
| 2 | | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner | - | german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > | |||||||
| 324817690 | 324817873 | 2009-11-09 10:28:16 | 0 days 00:02:01 | 0|68.62.159.89 | 0 | vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) | demarcated | divided | the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] | |
| 324817873 | 324817912 | 2009-11-09 10:28:47 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 6971250 | 0 | vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) | divided | demarcated | the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] | |
| 324825497 | 324827069 | 2009-11-09 12:08:34 | 0 days 00:14:59 | 0|86.134.221.35 | 0 | several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by | minge | west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir | ||
| 324827399 | 324827563 | 2009-11-09 12:13:30 | 0 days 00:01:29 | 0|81.110.92.189 | 0 | several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by | minge | west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir | ||
| 324902901 | 324906773 | 2009-11-09 20:48:34 | 0 days 00:19:35 | 0|128.237.250.231 | 1 | - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could hope to defend | only | west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length | ||
| 324968388 | 324972093 | 2009-11-10 02:50:04 | 0 days 00:22:49 | 67136 | 1 | & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with | vopos ( | east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just | ||
| 325363892 | 325364899 | 2009-11-12 02:24:44 | 0 days 00:07:00 | 0|202.158.12.194 | 5 | later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the | separate and much longer | son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is that while the character is called armor king the taurents in the | [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between | |
| 325364899 | 325364978 | 2009-11-12 02:25:22 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 10122993 | 4 | " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . roger jr . is the | son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is that while the character is called armor king the taurents in the | separate and much longer | [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between | |
| 325364978 | 325366116 | 2009-11-12 02:34:13 | 0 days 00:08:51 | 0|202.158.12.194 | 2 | , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over | roger jr | the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its | ||
| 6 | to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the | son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall | western countries controlling west berlin were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by | |||||||
| 325366116 | 325367008 | 2009-11-12 02:40:35 | 0 days 00:06:22 | 4916882 | 5 | , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over | roger jr | the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its | ||
| 9 | [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that theroger jr . is the | son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall | western countries controlling west berlin were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by | |||||||
| 325493685 | 325525469 | 2009-11-12 23:17:32 | 0 days 02:59:55 | 0|193.198.179.247 | 0 | the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . | [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | right | west germans curiously peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall ]] | west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved | ||
| 330019766 | 330331803 | 2009-12-07 22:49:51 | 1 days 15:59:29 | 0|71.50.18.192 | 4 | divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . | p | an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed | ||
| 330331803 | 330332083 | 2009-12-07 22:51:06 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 17447 | 6 | a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . and , i love you . i hope you know that . | ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | : p an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | ||
| 338786950 | 339044413 | 2010-01-20 22:47:01 | 1 days 05:12:50 | 10593201 | 2 | the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc | ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of the political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary | ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin | ||
| 4 | erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ | revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the | eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and | |||||||
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 4 | make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors | , | divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point | ||
| 11 | cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = | with | of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , | |||||||
| 29 | ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear | , with | . | east german police watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before | ||||||
| 44 | wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) | which actually | divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point | |||||||
| 48 | don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = because of the | closure | of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , | |||||||
| 343780168 | 343781933 | 2010-02-13 18:30:31 | 0 days 00:10:12 | 5326371 | 17 | soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . he was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards | , | . | but a west german policeman returned fire and rescued him from the vehicle , which had become entangled in the barbed wire . < ref > hertle , hans - hermann | |
| 26 | ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line , but these ended as the wall was fortified . | to solve these simple escape attempts , | east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 | |||||||
| 343781933 | 343782709 | 2010-02-13 18:35:30 | 0 days 00:04:59 | 5326371 | 1 | the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes | " | ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < | ||
| 343784856 | 343787074 | 2010-02-13 18:58:31 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 5326371 | 2 | [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] | , | nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , | ||
| 9 | = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , there still was talk in germany | of | talked about | cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' | ||||||
| 346490813 | 346769100 | 2010-02-27 23:01:03 | 1 days 09:04:54 | 0|68.57.126.209 | 1 | the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had | avoided | tried to dance | [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . | |
| 346769100 | 346776955 | 2010-02-27 23:47:20 | 0 days 00:46:17 | 3308922 | 1 | the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s recreation , 3 . 5 million east germans had | tried to dance | avoided | [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the fbi , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . | |
| 347118696 | 347133221 | 2010-03-01 18:21:46 | 0 days 01:20:59 | 0|65.204.21.235 | 0 | chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . | this stinks | the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historicly significant locations ( [[ potsdamer | ||
| 347133221 | 347136856 | 2010-03-01 18:40:55 | 0 days 00:19:09 | 5177550 | 9 | chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . | this stinks | the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historicly significant locations ( [[ potsdamer | ||
| 356774242 | 356873882 | 2010-04-18 22:59:22 | 0 days 10:36:32 | 0|68.98.156.176 | 0 | chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . | penis | the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer | ||
| 356873882 | 356874702 | 2010-04-18 23:04:35 | 0 days 00:05:13 | 134937 | 0 | chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . | penis | the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer | ||
| 357055327 | 357189867 | 2010-04-20 12:21:14 | 0 days 16:23:35 | 0|98.140.186.218 | 0 | chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . | this is where the plastic spoon was used and invented to take the wall down by galileo . this . . . is . . . sparta ! ! ! ! ! ! | the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer | ||
| 357189867 | 357189889 | 2010-04-20 12:21:26 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 4928500 | 0 | chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . | this is where the plastic spoon was used and invented to take the wall down by galileo . this . . . is . . . sparta ! ! ! ! ! ! | the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer | ||
| 357496729 | 357497351 | 2010-04-21 22:36:29 | 0 days 00:03:11 | 0|71.111.55.161 | 0 | chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . | the berlin wall was sad for people to think adout . | the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer | ||
| 357497351 | 357513678 | 2010-04-22 00:03:45 | 0 days 01:27:16 | 0|69.114.95.116 | 1 | in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the berlin wall was sad for people to think | adout | about | . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ | |
| 358499716 | 358561588 | 2010-04-27 02:56:21 | 0 days 05:24:16 | 67403 | 0 | chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . | the berlin wall was often found to be sad for people to think about . | the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer | ||
| 359062196 | 359062397 | 2010-04-29 14:20:09 | 0 days 00:01:08 | 0|66.109.249.254 | 0 | into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = kate weav | and todd baily | {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on | ||
| 359268235 | 359268680 | 2010-04-30 15:25:56 | 0 days 00:02:37 | 0|169.204.164.80 | 0 | . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german | erection for naivn ' s | border fuck you = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , | ||
| 359268680 | 359268782 | 2010-04-30 15:26:35 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 11386456 | 2 | of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = the inner german | erection for naivn ' s | border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ | ||
| 363922912 | 364011539 | 2010-05-24 22:54:04 | 0 days 09:03:26 | 591174 | 5 | the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had | avoided | circumvented | [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . | |
| 365177188 | 365278437 | 2010-05-31 19:57:13 | 0 days 11:45:06 | 0|204.40.1.129 | 0 | the world . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the [[ | the | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] | ||
| 368159388 | 368177016 | 2010-06-15 13:56:04 | 0 days 02:01:59 | 89179 | 9 | vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) | along with | demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc | ||
| 12 | longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] | " | between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] nations . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had circumvented [[ eastern bloc | |||||||
| 27 | the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] nations . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans | had | circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin | |||||||
| 389132750 | 389329152 | 2010-10-07 14:59:01 | 0 days 21:54:30 | 0|141.43.69.1 | 9 | checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , | nicknamed | known as the | [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in | |
| 389330154 | 389349828 | 2010-10-07 16:55:20 | 0 days 01:50:48 | 3308922 | 6 | and a third section in liesenstraße . a long stretch of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , | known as the | nicknamed | [[ east side gallery ]] . a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web | |
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 70 | the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border ; and by sunday morning , august | 13 , | the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , | ||
| 397878109 | 397878286 | 2010-11-20 15:43:36 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 0|79.74.81.116 | 1 | border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august | , | the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles and | ||
| 397878708 | 398109369 | 2010-11-21 20:00:14 | 1 days 04:13:56 | 653042 | 0 | in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields and other obstacles were installed along the length of | the inner - german | east germany ' s western | border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority | |
| 399052561 | 399053190 | 2010-11-27 01:01:09 | 0 days 00:05:12 | 16710 | 0 | " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | | upright | | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high | ||
| 405915858 | 405917459 | 2011-01-04 17:13:40 | 0 days 00:08:19 | 0|72.10.120.200 | 0 | both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before my erection , 3 . 5 | weed smokers | million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin | ||
| 405917459 | 405917577 | 2011-01-04 17:14:21 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 260144 | 1 | both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before my erection , 3 . 5 | weed smokers | million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin | ||
| 406120287 | 406120386 | 2011-01-05 18:08:02 | 0 days 00:00:35 | 7609840 | 1 | on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the line of the long | close | closed | [[ luisenstädtischer canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of | |
| 407086637 | 407087862 | 2011-01-10 16:04:26 | 0 days 00:08:20 | 0|74.93.241.241 | 0 | for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 | ( over 9000 ! ) | east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep | ||
| 407087862 | 407087919 | 2011-01-10 16:04:54 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 6239596 | 0 | for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 | ( over 9000 ! ) | east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep | ||
| 409986742 | 409988007 | 2011-01-25 16:13:41 | 0 days 00:07:17 | 8542716 | 0 | chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . | one of them was the german artist [[ horst walter ]] who later founded the first mauerspecht - museum in berlin . | the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer | ||
| 409990269 | 409992456 | 2011-01-25 16:40:55 | 0 days 00:13:44 | 6971250 | 0 | chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . | one of them was the german artist [[ horst walter ]] who later founded the first mauerspecht - museum in berlin . | the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer | ||
| 417384558 | 417599598 | 2011-03-07 13:39:04 | 1 days 07:43:33 | 0|27.33.232.92 | 0 | < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line , but these ended as the wall was | fortified | retarded | . east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied , and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on | |
| 417599598 | 417600357 | 2011-03-07 13:46:24 | 0 days 00:07:20 | 3308922 | 0 | < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line , but these ended as the wall was | retarded | fortified | . east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied , and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on | |
| 418752147 | 419497837 | 2011-03-18 18:18:18 | 4 days 09:24:38 | 9109115 | 1 | 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of | political changes ]] occurred in the | [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in | ||
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 1 | to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 | & nbsp ; | million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin | ||
| 7 | border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 | & nbsp ; | million east germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = | |||||||
| 9 | , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 | & nbsp ; | billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses | |||||||
| 443414712 | 443416955 | 2011-08-06 22:32:57 | 0 days 00:17:32 | 16710 | 2 | german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . = = = demolition = = = [[ file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | | upright | | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] [[ file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg | ||
| 443416955 | 443420038 | 2011-08-06 22:56:21 | 0 days 00:23:24 | 16710 | 4 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders | ( [[ schießbefehl | ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as " shoot to kill " orders . gdr officials denied issuing the latter . in | ||
| 10 | | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the | [[ | eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " | |||||||
| 444513435 | 444513653 | 2011-08-12 21:55:51 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 314721 | 0 | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = | {{ unreferenced | section | date = august 2011 }} | west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance | ||
| 446394338 | 446494769 | 2011-08-24 14:38:18 | 0 days 16:16:15 | 506179 | 0 | the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans make similar distinctions between | [[ northern germany | | north and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = | ||
| 446625722 | 448621897 | 2011-09-05 18:48:00 | 11 days 09:31:04 | 723354 | 1 | later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the | soviet - dominated | [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a | ||
| 448750565 | 448751555 | 2011-09-06 14:09:31 | 0 days 00:08:17 | 723354 | 8 | declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets | had unlimited power over the occupation regime and | penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < | ||
| 448751555 | 448907770 | 2011-09-07 08:59:45 | 0 days 18:50:14 | 6971250 | 1 | miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living | continually | steadily | improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and | |
| 484827186 | 485297583 | 2012-04-03 07:36:00 | 2 days 21:10:00 | 6971250 | 0 | million east germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > an important reason | that | the west berlin border was not closed earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . a new railway around west berlin , | ||
| 499242068 | 499662251 | 2012-06-27 21:31:47 | 2 days 15:13:16 | 24902 | 0 | country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ | see | further | | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} {{ eastern bloc sidebar }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] headed a union of nations on his western | |
| 1 | = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ | see | further | | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting emigration , was emulated by most | ||||||
| 2 | in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ | see | further | | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | ||||||
| 3 | commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , it was more practical to close the border . = = = brain drain = = = {{ | see | further | | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in east germany | ||||||
| 504102528 | 505248510 | 2012-08-01 12:00:15 | 6 days 23:47:00 | 17222084 | 14 | : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims of the wall , with graffiti , 1982 | . | ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along | ||
| 505248510 | 505389397 | 2012-08-02 07:46:43 | 0 days 19:46:28 | 1473712 | 3 | {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa | ]] | at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing | ||
| 505389806 | 505558329 | 2012-08-03 10:30:56 | 1 days 02:39:43 | 339081 | 0 | = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} west germans and citizens of other western countries could generally visit east germany , often after applying for a [[ visa | ( document ) | visa | ]] at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border | ||
| 506362125 | 506391596 | 2012-08-08 13:37:36 | 0 days 04:59:17 | 1749498 | 0 | on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long | closed | terminated | [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . | image _ map = berlin - wall - map . png | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall , | |
| 506391596 | 506391748 | 2012-08-08 13:38:55 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 1749498 | 0 | on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long | - | terminated [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . | image _ map = berlin - wall - map . png | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall | ||
| 514816402 | 515867543 | 2012-10-03 22:20:21 | 6 days 06:52:08 | 609725 | 0 | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * | length of | border distance around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ | ||
| 515867543 | 518733755 | 2012-10-19 17:13:15 | 15 days 18:52:54 | 2705932 | 1 | ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the | long - terminated | [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . | image _ map = berlin - wall - map . png | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall , | ||
| 538062628 | 538916225 | 2013-02-18 19:08:38 | 5 days 03:00:19 | 10728040 | 30 | 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | upright | west germans curiously peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall | ]] | west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that | ||
| 545455691 | 545505302 | 2013-03-19 20:14:52 | 0 days 04:03:53 | 15130 | 0 | it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . | [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | right | 480 | berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard ]] | west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that | ||
| 560696523 | 560697108 | 2013-06-20 02:48:53 | 0 days 00:07:08 | 5681311 | 4 | chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . | < / ref > | the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer | ||
| 560703430 | 560704004 | 2013-06-20 04:18:37 | 0 days 00:07:34 | 5681311 | 4 | chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . | < / ref > | the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer | ||
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 22 | . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard | , | so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > " rise and fall of the berlin wall " . | ||
| 28 | of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , | other | west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that | |||||||
| 600160165 | 601584324 | 2014-03-28 00:27:17 | 9 days 10:05:54 | 18779361 | 6 | august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s | . | ]] west germans and citizens of other western countries could generally visit east germany , often after applying for a [[ visa ( document ) | visa ]] at an east | ||
| 8 | berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | | memorial to the victims of the wall , with [[ graffiti ]] , 1982 | . | ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a [[ night crossing | hot air | |||||||
| 618841270 | 619750670 | 2014-08-04 01:20:28 | 6 days 08:25:14 | 14405583 | 0 | | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = | * | {{ bulleted list | | border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border length between west berlin and east germany : {{ | |
| 632389254 | 632625944 | 2014-11-06 00:04:47 | 1 days 16:32:07 | 67616 | 0 | in the 1980s ]] west germans and citizens of other western countries could generally visit east germany , often after applying for a [[ visa ( document ) | visa ]] | < ref name = willis > {{ cite book | last1 = willis | first1 = jim | title = daily life behind the iron curtain | date = march 19 , 1946 | publisher = abc - clio | location = santa barbara , california | isbn = 9780313397639 | url = http : / / books . google . com / books ? id = j - i99v70m0sc & pg = pt45 & lpg = pt45 & dq = visa + to + visit + west + germany + from + east & source = bl & ots = - cd9vypaag & sig = hgjwnita1hbl1dpcb _ n6jaatqu4 & hl = en & sa = x & ei = w7lavp3rd4ihntotgrao & ved = 0cdwq6aewba # v = onepage & q = visa % 20to % 20visit % 20west % 20germany % 20from % 20east & f = false | accessdate = 5 november 2014 | ref = willis }} < / ref > | at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing | ||
| 633124700 | 633132744 | 2014-11-09 20:10:48 | 0 days 00:59:02 | 2012100 | 20 | the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after 9 november , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , | new border crossings continued for some time , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . initially | the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , | ||
| 36 | , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after 9 november , though at a decreasing intensity | . in the first months | , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax | |||||||
| 633183384 | 633189879 | 2014-11-10 04:55:00 | 0 days 01:15:20 | 1833 | 10 | spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . on 13 june 1990 , the | official dismantling of the wall by the | east german military began in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the | ||
| 640243071 | 641499497 | 2015-01-08 00:05:29 | 8 days 09:29:01 | 2705932 | 3 | east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this | occasion | time | , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within | |
| 656846739 | 659612103 | 2015-04-28 03:39:31 | 11 days 00:23:37 | 24802543 | 8 | august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s | . | ]] west germans and citizens of other western countries could generally visit east germany , often after applying for a [[ visa ( document ) | visa ]] < ref name | ||
| 11 | berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | | memorial to the victims of the wall , with [[ graffiti ]] , 1982 | . | ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a [[ night crossing | hot air | |||||||
| 19 | . [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard | . | ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions | |||||||
| 678905413 | 681654466 | 2015-09-18 16:10:47 | 17 days 05:51:57 | 204692 | 0 | responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return to east germany . this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . only this time | , however | , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by train through east germany . this was followed by [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | ||
| 699308679 | 699406529 | 2016-01-12 03:29:27 | 0 days 11:43:07 | 111277 | 4 | 1987 = = having earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was | accompanied with | attended by thousands of eastern concertgoers across the wall , followed by | violent rioting in east berlin . according to tobias ruther , these protests in east berlin were the first in the sequence of riots that led to those of november 1989 | |
| 702890848 | 702890979 | 2016-02-02 06:41:00 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 13816079 | 1 | democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = with the closing of the | [[ | inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > | ||
| 702891453 | 702891834 | 2016-02-02 06:51:07 | 0 days 00:04:31 | 13816079 | 1 | march units — left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german | / | - | east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was {{ convert | 160 | km | mi }} long , and covered {{ convert | 177 | |
| 733423677 | 733487340 | 2016-08-08 04:39:46 | 0 days 10:04:30 | 264323 | 1 | its standard of living steadily improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | article | | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after the soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in | ||
| 733515231 | 734284492 | 2016-08-13 08:26:57 | 4 days 22:04:07 | 80913 | 8 | = http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html | title = palestinians break israel ' s wall | - | – | middle east | publisher = al jazeera english | date = 9 november 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] | |
| 760740289 | 761201385 | 2017-01-21 15:51:57 | 2 days 19:27:40 | 96897 | 1 | | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( in [[ separation barrier | german ]] , berlin mauer ) was a barrier | ]] | that divided [[ east germany | germany ]] and separated [[ east berlin ]] < nowiki / > from [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of the | ||
| 762042542 | 762133796 | 2017-01-26 21:32:20 | 0 days 13:17:01 | 8852898 | 0 | declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets | penetrated | permeated | east german administrative , military and secret police structures and had full control . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = | |
| 774994359 | 774996064 | 2017-04-11 23:54:04 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 204692 | 13 | eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | {{ fact }} | = = = crossing = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go | ||
| 14 | possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . | {{ fact }} | west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all – all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in | |||||||
| 16 | to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . | {{ fact }} | east berliners and east germans could not , at first , travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of | |||||||
| 22 | of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin to help alleviate this situation . | {{ fact }} | citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied | |||||||
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 18 | ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in | the [[ | nearby | eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ | |
| 34 | 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] | occurred | in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the | |||||||
| 37 | deadurl = no | df = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = hungary effectively disabled its | physical | border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ | |||||||
| 781715128 | 781720399 | 2017-05-22 20:55:40 | 0 days 00:38:03 | 8719036 | 2 | = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = in june 1989 the hungarian government began dismantling the | barbed - wire | electrified | fence along its border with austria ( with western tv crews present ) , and then , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary | |
| 787409030 | 787409131 | 2017-06-25 06:56:40 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 31190988 | 3 | german states . * the former management station [[ bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in a already reforested area of | the | the | border strip . the [[ german forest jungle | german forestry youth ]] . * the only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( bt - 11 ) in the | |
| 4 | * the former management station [[ bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in a already reforested area of the border strip | . | and is used together with surrounding terrain as a nature protection tower by | the [[ german forest jungle | german forestry youth ]] . * the only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( bt - 11 ) in the erna - berger | ||||||
| 793675442 | 795297023 | 2017-08-13 09:19:52 | 10 days 01:27:47 | 26598670 | 2 | the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of | the | democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = berlin emigration loophole = = = with the closing of the inner | ||
| 810072027 | 810126141 | 2017-11-13 13:53:41 | 0 days 08:16:58 | 6554947 | 5 | to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip | , and | ; even | the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / | |
| 810126141 | 810127095 | 2017-11-13 14:01:58 | 0 days 00:08:17 | 6554947 | 3 | of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . again , in contrast to the inner german border , little interest was shown by | the | east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | | ||
| 810127095 | 810174887 | 2017-11-13 19:23:40 | 0 days 05:21:42 | 6554947 | 1 | was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . | with | the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran | ||
| 4 | to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . again , in contrast | to | the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran | |||||||
| 810187128 | 810222160 | 2017-11-14 00:53:59 | 0 days 04:11:16 | 6554947 | 1 | the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the | exact | de jure border appears to have been undemarcated . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off | ||
| 810227691 | 810229030 | 2017-11-14 01:44:18 | 0 days 00:10:08 | 6554947 | 0 | / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 – ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > as was the case with the inner german border , | a | an unfortified | strip of east german territory was left outside the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was never more than about four meters wide , | |
| 812527422 | 812547586 | 2017-11-28 13:23:01 | 0 days 03:35:56 | 917354 | 10 | at the centre strips of berlin , and 112 . 7 kilometres crossing through the berlin outer circle . 63 . 8 km of the frontier were in built , 32 | & nbsp ; | km in wooded and 22 . 65 km in open terrain and 37 . 95 km of the boundary lay in or on rivers , lakes and canals . most of | ||
| 11 | and 112 . 7 kilometres crossing through the berlin outer circle . 63 . 8 km of the frontier were in built , 32 km in wooded and 22 . 65 | & nbsp ; | km in open terrain and 37 . 95 km of the boundary lay in or on rivers , lakes and canals . most of them were dismantled beginning with the wall | |||||||
| 12 | berlin outer circle . 63 . 8 km of the frontier were in built , 32 km in wooded and 22 . 65 km in open terrain and 37 . 95 | & nbsp ; | km of the boundary lay in or on rivers , lakes and canals . most of them were dismantled beginning with the wall peckers as souvenirs from 11 november 1989 , | |||||||
| 825795679 | 825799159 | 2018-02-15 14:02:55 | 0 days 00:30:54 | 5946478 | 6 | ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > | = = = eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} [[ file : sfp 186 - brandenburger tor . ogv | ||
| 825816472 | 825816787 | 2018-02-15 16:14:01 | 0 days 00:02:04 | 5946478 | 0 | eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} | < ref > https : / / history . howstuffworks . com / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > | = = = crossing = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go | |
| 825816787 | 825818178 | 2018-02-15 16:22:29 | 0 days 00:08:28 | 5946478 | 0 | to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} | < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > | east berliners and east germans could not , at first , travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of | |
| 825818178 | 825819094 | 2018-02-15 16:28:37 | 0 days 00:06:08 | 5946478 | 0 | possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} | < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > | west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all – all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in | |
| 2 | of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin to help alleviate this situation . | {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} | < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > | citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied | ||||||
| 825819301 | 825820281 | 2018-02-15 16:36:38 | 0 days 00:06:43 | 5946478 | 3 | gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . {{ citation needed | date = | april 2017 }} | the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location | west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that | |
| 825837217 | 825837597 | 2018-02-15 18:37:11 | 0 days 00:02:16 | 5946478 | 0 | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context " . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the berlin wall and the intra - | germa | german | border 1961 - 1989 | last = rottman | first = gordon | publisher = osprey publishing | year = 2008 | location = oxford uk | pages = 29 | | |
| 826899654 | 827316878 | 2018-02-24 01:04:34 | 2 days 08:38:31 | 508734 | 62 | berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 | & nbsp ; | km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . various | ||
| 64 | berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 | & nbsp ; | km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , | |||||||
| 845242425 | 845346007 | 2018-06-11 05:24:11 | 0 days 16:38:45 | 508734 | 6 | that - divided - east - and - west - 9847347 . html < / ref > = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | article | | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after the soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in | ||
| 848901284 | 849362847 | 2018-07-08 13:15:35 | 3 days 09:30:23 | 32436778 | 0 | / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs / 9799537166800 / < / ref > noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] has reported having often been | perused | pursued | there by east german soldiers . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / gallery / 2014 / apr / 03 / thierry - | |
| 854069066 | 854070499 | 2018-08-08 19:24:22 | 0 days 00:12:58 | 3563616 | 2 | be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four - year - old tailor . he attempted to swim across the | [[ | spree canal to west germany on 24 august 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . | ||
| 854965000 | 855994232 | 2018-08-22 05:55:57 | 7 days 05:35:25 | 817684 | 1 | [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . this meant that the news was broadcast to | [[ tal der ahnungslosen | | nearly all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman [[ hanns joachim friedrichs ]] proclaimed |
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| 19641332 | 19932121 | 2005-07-30 18:00:26 | 4 days 04:24:02 | 0|84.166.136.157 | 2 | because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - map . | png | right | 250px | jpg | | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] |
| 82833738 | 82835134 | 2006-10-21 16:48:39 | 0 days 00:09:25 | 443684 | 2 | [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . | gif | png | | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had |
| 114062117 | 114069880 | 2007-03-10 15:09:53 | 0 days 00:56:10 | 3748830 | 1 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . | jpg | svg | | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg |
| 114069880 | 114078012 | 2007-03-10 16:07:11 | 0 days 00:57:18 | 3322661 | 1 | {st@rt} [[ image : flag of japan . | svg | jpg | | thumb | 300px | right | hinomaru ! ]] * [ http : / |
| 57 | * [[ bear in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www | ||||||||
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 56 | ]] * [[ bear in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = | ebay | * [ http : / | |
| 57 | * [[ bear in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www | ||||||||
| 245418082 | 245491777 | 2008-10-15 18:28:25 | 0 days 07:42:49 | 0|216.82.180.21 | 0 | berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . | itgo | soaringdevelopment | . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : |
| 1 | / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . | itgo | soaringdevelopment | . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info | |||||
| 276265321 | 276265514 | 2009-03-10 13:29:47 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 11 | began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . | com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 | . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the | |
| 278326464 | 278326603 | 2009-03-19 13:45:28 | 0 days 00:01:08 | 3505251 | 0 | 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf | bayrisches | bayerisches | staatsministerium für arbeit , familie und soziales , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref |
| 281090935 | 281109932 | 2009-04-01 17:12:18 | 0 days 01:48:07 | 9358984 | 0 | en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html | ] | / | freedom without walls : german mission in the united states * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de |
| 308887262 | 309060395 | 2009-08-20 13:05:07 | 0 days 22:19:29 | 6971250 | 1 | start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = | http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / | |
| 3 | start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = | http : / / www | . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin | ||||||
| 310125952 | 310318597 | 2009-08-27 07:01:23 | 0 days 22:10:20 | 0|79.220.97.128 | 1 | chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . | eu | info | / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / |
| 318872025 | 319488273 | 2009-10-12 20:24:27 | 3 days 06:02:12 | 3058538 | 10 | . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm | {{ fr icon }} | photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos | |
| 14 | , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm | {{ de icon }} | photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . | ||||||
| 320971298 | 320975384 | 2009-10-20 09:57:52 | 0 days 00:48:13 | 3058538 | 2 | > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | berlin wall | ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . | |
| 6 | ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the | ||||||
| 22 | > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | < / ref > | it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 | ||||||
| 320975384 | 320978520 | 2009-10-20 10:32:07 | 0 days 00:34:15 | 3058538 | 3 | en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html | / | freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / | |
| 321121389 | 321122011 | 2009-10-21 02:36:40 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 835543 | 1 | towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html | " | did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] < / ref > [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin | |
| 322000370 | 322274629 | 2009-10-27 03:17:35 | 1 days 06:39:48 | 82982 | 34 | < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html | {{ lang | de | | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it | |
| 324762845 | 324762884 | 2009-11-09 02:09:39 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 4928500 | 4 | 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . get drunk and watch meatspin ( www . | meatspin | stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals — engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 mi ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 mi ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide | . com ) |
| 324838628 | 324838831 | 2009-11-09 13:54:45 | 0 days 00:01:28 | 0|213.64.19.23 | 1 | . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html | ] | deutsche welle , the berlin wall in detail , animeted video * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - | |
| 324838927 | 324838954 | 2009-11-09 13:55:51 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 0|213.64.19.23 | 0 | popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html deutsche welle , | the inrastrucure of | the berlin wall in detail , animeted video ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - | |
| 324839056 | 324839194 | 2009-11-09 13:57:56 | 0 days 00:01:08 | 0|213.64.19.23 | 0 | . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html | deutsche welle , | explore | the " infrastrucure " and technique of the berlin wall in detail , animated video ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin |
| 324932966 | 324937840 | 2009-11-09 23:32:03 | 0 days 00:24:17 | 16710 | 1 | century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | | title = | freedom ! - time ] < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with | |
| 4 | most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | | title = | facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " | ||||||
| 7 | http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | berlin wall ] < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | |||||||
| 10 | states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | | title = | fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe | ||||||
| 13 | watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | | title = | " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version | ||||||
| 20 | young people to tackle the 「wall」 phenomenon . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm | | title = | the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut ] < / ref > to | ||||||
| 325218548 | 325218944 | 2009-11-11 09:54:29 | 0 days 00:05:02 | 6971250 | 7 | link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : / | / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / | * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through | |
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 8 | [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang de | | | icon }} | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by |
| 29 | 「wall」 phenomenon . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm | | title = the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > | in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of | ||||||
| 64 | cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = | " | the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - | ||||||
| 68 | 「wall」 phenomenon . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm | | title = the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > | to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in virtual berlin . < ref | ||||||
| 374862385 | 375059882 | 2010-07-23 16:43:29 | 1 days 01:43:12 | 0|156.56.137.240 | 3 | < ref > [ http : / / www . alliiertenmuseum . de / en / 4 _ 3 . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 | | title = american commemorative stamps presented to the museum | accessdate = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ | ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ | |
| 376102866 | 376154207 | 2010-07-29 21:06:22 | 0 days 05:43:39 | 9540157 | 6 | org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt = hot _ author worldcat . org ] * {{ | cite book | | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = | |
| 43 | org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt = hot _ author worldcat . org ] * {{ | citation | | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year | ||||||
| 398787758 | 398858085 | 2010-11-25 20:48:26 | 0 days 10:28:08 | 12323565 | 1 | http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | | archiveurl = | | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > it was | |
| 398858085 | 399051464 | 2010-11-27 00:47:52 | 1 days 03:59:26 | 16710 | 3 | nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | < / ref > | ] | the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ |
| 4 | ref > {{ cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | | title = the berlin wall : | november | history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} {{ dead link | |||||
| 15 | 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ' ' , [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s | ] | east germany to the 1990s ( open library ) ] < / ref > | the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , 9780850582451 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = | |||||
| 18 | 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [ http : | / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / commons / 6 / 6f / | map - germany - 1945 . svg map - germany - 1945 ] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin | ||||||
| 399051464 | 399052561 | 2010-11-27 00:55:57 | 0 days 00:08:05 | 16710 | 10 | resist glasnost ? ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s | east germany to the 1990s ( open library ) ] < / ref > | the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , 9780850582451 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = | |
| 428575817 | 428576147 | 2011-05-11 12:54:42 | 0 days 00:02:47 | 10714345 | 2 | > lars von törne in berlin newspaper [ http : / / www . tagesspiegel . de / berlin / die - mauer - als - muse / 821970 . html | " die mauer als muse " ] | der tagespiegel on 13 march 2007 ( in german ) , starting with " die mauer fiel am 18 . juni 1982 " ( the wall fell on june 18th 1982 | |
| 429104564 | 429636376 | 2011-05-17 22:46:18 | 3 days 05:51:37 | 207712 | 9 | . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut | - | – | topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' |
| 32 | , 1999 [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html nyt review ] | - | – | an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' ( published as ' ' | |||||
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 14 | / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | archivedate = | 13 september | 2006 - 09 - 13 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | | |
| 17 | / web . archive . org / web / 20071012011801 / http : / / die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archivedate = | 12 october | 2007 - 10 - 12 | title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | ||||||
| 32 | / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = | 22 june | 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / | ||||||
| 68 | | url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = | 6 november | 2006 - 11 - 06 }} < / ref > a recent poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than half of all russians do not know | ||||||
| 441951679 | 443412986 | 2011-08-06 22:01:43 | 8 days 23:04:20 | 16710 | 1 | < ref > [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html | {{ cite web | url = | record of the conversation ] < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative western reaction . what | |
| 9 | web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm | < ref > {{ cite web | url = | goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . | ||||||
| 12 | < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html | {{ de icon }} | < ref > {{ cite web | url = | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . | |||||
| 31 | west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | | title = | klein orkest biography ] < / ref > = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em | ||||||
| 43 | < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html | montrealgazette . com ] < / ref > | in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of | ||||||
| 443412986 | 443413503 | 2011-08-06 22:05:52 | 0 days 00:04:09 | 16710 | 1 | web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm | http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm | archivedate = 2008 - 04 - 09 | | title = goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 2008 - 04 - | |
| 507301035 | 508690466 | 2012-08-22 22:16:31 | 8 days 21:06:49 | 7661756 | 8 | . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm | archivedate = | 9 april | 2008 - 04 - 09 | title = goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date | |
| 529700077 | 529724987 | 2012-12-25 15:36:49 | 0 days 06:28:33 | 10434788 | 10 | ' , 1999 [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html nyt review | ] | < ref > http : / / www . nytimes . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html < / ref > | – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' ( published as ' |
| 18 | / ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away | url = http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = - ummj _ jnway | ' ' , | < / ref > | a song by tom fedora , as performed by [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album | |||||
| 577726713 | 578192175 | 2013-10-22 00:51:09 | 3 days 08:58:25 | 13799985 | 1 | and east berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _ and _ east _ berlin | | | interactive map ] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the | |
| 3 | file : west and east berlin . svg | thumb | < center > west and east berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [ http : | / / sharemap . org / | public / west _ and _ east _ berlin interactive map ] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner | ||||||
| 582077499 | 582290546 | 2013-11-19 00:00:39 | 1 days 06:02:40 | 88026 | 0 | > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm | archiveurl = | http : | / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 | |
| 1 | cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archiveurl = | http : | / / web . archive . org / web / 20071012011801 / http : / / die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archivedate | ||||||
| 2 | = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archiveurl = | http : | / / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate | ||||||
| 590849769 | 590964946 | 2014-01-16 13:37:35 | 0 days 19:20:34 | 736651 | 8 | url = http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = | 19 | june 19 , 2013 }} < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , | |
| 602473473 | 602872991 | 2014-04-05 15:12:03 | 2 days 17:59:28 | 88026 | 13 | }} [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ] * [ http : / / www . youtube | . com / watch ? v = | o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western | |
| 21 | . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube | . com / watch ? v = | 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at youtube * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of | ||||||
| 632340179 | 632389254 | 2014-11-04 07:32:40 | 0 days 09:03:37 | 14508071 | 4 | contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until summer 1990 and was not completed until 1992 < ref > {{ cite web | url = | http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary / ct - myths - berlin - wall - fall - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = | " | chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > . the fall of the berlin |
| 633021579 | 633040519 | 2014-11-09 02:15:56 | 0 days 02:47:56 | 10340692 | 8 | ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html | berlin wall memorial ] | official homepage * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 | |
| 31 | ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html | the berlin wall ] official website berlin . de * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle | of the wall * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ | ||||||
| 41 | ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ | fr icon | }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html | ||||||
| 633066096 | 633074293 | 2014-11-09 10:25:29 | 0 days 01:56:33 | 115938 | 2 | = http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html | title = | record | transcript | of the conversation | language = de | publisher = welt . de | date = 30 may 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > however |
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 32 | / 6519769 / east - germans - may - have - arrived - in - west - berlin - hours - before - previously - thought . html | newspaper = | [[ | the telegraph | date = 7 november 2009 | accessdate = 7 november 2014 }} < / ref > this may explain reports of east berliners appearing in west berlin earlier | |
| 62 | the lenné triangle < ref > http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html # lenne | < / ref > | that is now much of the [[ potsdamer platz ]] development . later , the initial barrier was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large | ||||||
| 706975021 | 707177225 | 2016-02-27 07:39:45 | 0 days 22:24:26 | 16283967 | 10 | [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | ] {{ dead link | | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] | |
| 15 | > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . | com ] {{ dead link | | date = august 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " | ||||||
| 714997403 | 722498372 | 2016-05-28 14:48:32 | 45 days 12:07:39 | 27823944 | 6 | . org / web / 20110920132624 / http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | archivedate = | 20 september 2011 | medic | }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined |
| 9 | = http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html | date = | 20111130150904 | may 2016 | | df = y }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , | |||||
| 734284492 | 734407317 | 2016-08-14 03:25:55 | 0 days 18:58:58 | 4977632 | 8 | - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / | de / start / index / id / 652147 / | | title = | chronicle of the wall ] – a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . |
| 28 | berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm | {{ de icon | }} photos of the berlin wall ( 1962 – 1990 ) ] * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold | ||||||
| 738865701 | 738877220 | 2016-09-11 16:07:47 | 0 days 01:20:46 | 27015025 | 0 | > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm | archiveurl = | https : | / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 | |
| 2 | cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archiveurl = | https : | / / web . archive . org / web / 20071012011801 / http : / / die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archivedate | ||||||
| 4 | = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archiveurl = | https : | / / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate | ||||||
| 738877220 | 747090507 | 2016-10-31 11:11:18 | 49 days 19:03:31 | 27015025 | 2 | " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . first place winner of the [[ freedom without walls speaking contest ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = | http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 09 _ _ press _ _ infocus _ _ interviews / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html | http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 09 _ _ press _ _ infocus _ _ interviews / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html | | title = german missions in the united states – home | publisher = | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > robert cannon received a free trip |
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 13 | > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = | 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = | 22 | may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it |
| 781715128 | 781720399 | 2017-05-22 20:55:40 | 0 days 00:38:03 | 8719036 | 0 | . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / 8698446 / berlin - wall - five - things - you - might - not - know . html | | accrssdate | accessdate | = 22 may 2017 }} < / ref > along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) , which demarcated the border between east |
| 825801993 | 825804625 | 2018-02-15 14:47:39 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5946478 | 2 | : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < | / ref > | the barrier was built inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . generally , the wall was only | |
| 825811905 | 825814813 | 2018-02-15 16:00:22 | 0 days 00:19:34 | 5946478 | 4 | = micah | date = 1996 | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | url = https : | / / scholarship | vol | . law . cornell . edu / cgi / viewcontent . cgi ? article = 1391 & context = cilj | journal = | volume = 29 | issue = 3 |
| 826899654 | 827316878 | 2018-02-24 01:04:34 | 2 days 08:38:31 | 508734 | 3 | : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < | < ref name = " cnn . com " / > | people attempted to escape and over 5 , 000 people succeeded in escaping over the wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik | |
| 16 | / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref | name = " cnn . com " / | > it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . | ||||||
| 81 | : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < | / | ref > it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 | ||||||
| 95 | / index . html < / ref > < ref > https : / / history . howstuffworks . com / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < | / ref > | non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected | ||||||
| 851852657 | 851989261 | 2018-07-25 21:40:39 | 0 days 20:27:10 | 27823944 | 0 | / somethingtodowiththewall . html | title = something to do with the wall | last = mcelwee | first = ross | date = | website = rossmcelwee . com | | archive - url = | archive - date = | dead - url = | | access - date = 2018 - 05 - 29 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| from revision id | to revision id | timestamp | timegap | editor | |||||
| 5185067 | 5185087 | 2004-08-13 16:19:44 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 56563 | 0 | the ' ' ' [[ berlin ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long | [[ | barrier ]] sealing [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 | |
| 5185087 | 5185152 | 2004-08-13 16:21:24 | 0 days 00:01:40 | 56563 | 0 | the ' ' ' [[ berlin ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long | [[ separation | barrier sealing [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] | |
| 24151055 | 24156661 | 2005-09-27 13:29:22 | 0 days 01:47:28 | 0|205.202.36.246 | 5 | ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long | [[ | separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it | |
| 24156661 | 24156863 | 2005-09-27 13:33:41 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 340905 | 4 | {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long | [[ | separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall | |
| 42535304 | 42688356 | 2006-03-07 20:01:34 | 0 days 22:53:47 | 0|66.252.130.177 | 0 | of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a | long | short | [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for |
| 42688356 | 42688981 | 2006-03-07 20:05:43 | 0 days 00:04:09 | 292494 | 0 | of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a | short | long | [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for |
| 100540454 | 100620191 | 2007-01-14 07:58:48 | 0 days 08:30:58 | 717294 | 0 | / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a | long | [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east | |
| 101350909 | 101358812 | 2007-01-17 16:56:42 | 0 days 00:38:15 | 0|207.106.216.11 | 0 | div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ | separation | separdfgp ' idfg ; n | barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | |
| 101358927 | 101360999 | 2007-01-17 17:07:46 | 0 days 00:10:26 | 416594 | 0 | div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ | separdfgp ' idfg ; n | separation | barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | |
| 108230331 | 108230538 | 2007-02-15 02:08:09 | 0 days 00:01:16 | 3563780 | 0 | > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a | giant penis | [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east | |
| 108230972 | 108231602 | 2007-02-15 02:13:37 | 0 days 00:03:16 | 506179 | 1 | div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' oooorshhhhfssseargshhh ' ' ) was a | giant penis | [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east | |
| 108231602 | 108231997 | 2007-02-15 02:15:41 | 0 days 00:02:04 | 3563780 | 0 | > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a | giant vaginal | [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east | |
| 108231997 | 108232467 | 2007-02-15 02:18:06 | 0 days 00:02:25 | 506179 | 1 | > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a | giant vaginal | [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east | |
| 113475444 | 113475667 | 2007-03-08 02:25:16 | 0 days 00:01:08 | 0|68.18.0.87 | 1 | west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = | proposed | poopsed | barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] |
| 113475754 | 113475882 | 2007-03-08 02:26:18 | 0 days 00:00:35 | 902207 | 4 | west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = | poopsed | proposed | barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] |
| 113475882 | 113476082 | 2007-03-08 02:27:18 | 0 days 00:01:00 | 0|68.18.0.87 | 0 | west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = | proposed | pooped | barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] |
| 113476082 | 113476232 | 2007-03-08 02:28:02 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 2198470 | 0 | west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = | pooped | proposed | barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] |
| 117051528 | 117073720 | 2007-03-22 17:30:04 | 0 days 01:39:41 | 0|147.31.4.47 | 0 | the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was | kenny your | a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] |
| 153229321 | 153248597 | 2007-08-23 23:46:44 | 0 days 01:52:32 | 1054259 | 0 | rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a | mythical | [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | |
| 197716228 | 197723011 | 2008-03-12 14:33:43 | 0 days 00:38:28 | 3505251 | 2 | the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = | proposed | barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin | |
| 198120276 | 198121023 | 2008-03-14 03:55:26 | 0 days 00:05:14 | 0|203.19.252.190 | 0 | east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . | yatzi is a fun game ! ! ! ! ! | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in | |
| 198121023 | 198121037 | 2008-03-14 03:55:31 | 0 days 00:00:05 | 4928500 | 1 | east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . | yatzi is a fun game ! ! ! ! ! | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in | |
| 198121037 | 198121293 | 2008-03-14 03:57:58 | 0 days 00:02:27 | 0|203.19.252.190 | 0 | east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . | lilko was here 08 | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in | |
| 198121293 | 198121387 | 2008-03-14 03:58:43 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 690391 | 0 | east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . | lilko was here 08 | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in | |
| 201146819 | 201207548 | 2008-03-27 01:13:30 | 0 days 04:15:21 | 0|41.233.103.133 | 0 | to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany | . | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in | |
| 201207652 | 201208461 | 2008-03-27 01:17:50 | 0 days 00:03:50 | 3622922 | 0 | to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany | . | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in | |
| 201315598 | 201457792 | 2008-03-28 00:18:49 | 0 days 10:53:41 | 0|76.244.31.154 | 0 | east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . | most of the moons atmosphere is surrounded by people in hot costumes . | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in | |
| 201457792 | 201457969 | 2008-03-28 00:19:41 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 0|76.244.31.154 | 0 | germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . most of the moons atmosphere is surrounded by people in hot costumes . | also , a young historian called yuri was the most dominant of his time . | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in | |
| 201457969 | 201458661 | 2008-03-28 00:22:56 | 0 days 00:03:15 | 0|76.244.31.154 | 0 | east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . | most of the moons atmosphere is surrounded by people in hot costumes . also , a young historian called yuri was the most dominant of his time . | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in | |
| 203050714 | 203051174 | 2008-04-03 14:41:51 | 0 days 00:02:38 | 0|76.181.66.248 | 0 | on the wall ' s infamous " bananas " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | big fat | [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' | |
| 203051174 | 203051200 | 2008-04-03 14:41:57 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 6388591 | 1 | on the wall ' s infamous " bananas " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | big fat | [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' | |
| 227636388 | 228703750 | 2008-07-29 23:28:06 | 5 days 08:40:26 | 7362628 | 0 | the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . | nazi | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin |
| 228703750 | 228709022 | 2008-07-30 00:03:41 | 0 days 00:35:35 | 5177550 | 0 | the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | nazi | = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin |
| 234024667 | 234342320 | 2008-08-26 12:58:37 | 1 days 13:34:56 | 0|88.89.69.40 | 0 | germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . | fu | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on 1 april , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; | |
| 234342320 | 234342442 | 2008-08-26 12:59:19 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 0|88.89.69.40 | 0 | germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . | fu | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on 1 april , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; | |
| 236916475 | 236982267 | 2008-09-08 01:47:17 | 0 days 06:11:13 | 0|60.234.117.23 | 0 | germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . | and also there once was a man who ran down the road because he had no toilet paper | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; | |
| 236982267 | 236982290 | 2008-09-08 01:47:22 | 0 days 00:00:05 | 2372780 | 0 | germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . | and also there once was a man who ran down the road because he had no toilet paper | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; | |
| 236982290 | 236982477 | 2008-09-08 01:48:24 | 0 days 00:01:02 | 0|60.234.117.23 | 0 | the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; | |
| 236982477 | 236982486 | 2008-09-08 01:48:28 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 2372780 | 0 | the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . | = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; | |
| 237637573 | 237717024 | 2008-09-11 14:31:11 | 0 days 11:23:16 | 0|208.108.156.160 | 0 | germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . | ' ' ' lalalalalalalallala ! bored la ! ' ' ' | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; | |
| 237717789 | 237718671 | 2008-09-11 14:40:48 | 0 days 00:04:48 | 0|195.137.194.64 | 0 | germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . | ' ' ' lalalalalalalallala ! bored la ! ' ' ' | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; | |
| 239453915 | 239456329 | 2008-09-19 03:25:00 | 0 days 00:12:32 | 736477 | 0 | the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | physical | [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' | |
| 11 | [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the | east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . | inner - german border | = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; | |||||
| 240527995 | 240571674 | 2008-09-24 00:23:26 | 0 days 03:27:09 | 0|67.191.11.141 | 0 | the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | physical | hello kitty | [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] |
| 240571674 | 240572171 | 2008-09-24 00:25:45 | 0 days 00:02:19 | 911178 | 0 | the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | hello kitty | physical | [[ separation barrier | barr * * * * * * shalalala * * * * * * * ier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic |
| 257065090 | 257165827 | 2008-12-11 00:05:45 | 0 days 08:37:29 | 0|67.8.35.37 | 1 | with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | physical | diva ima ima diva | [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] |
| 257165827 | 257165857 | 2008-12-11 00:05:55 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 1395162 | 0 | the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was for a | diva ima ima diva | physical | [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] |
| 268042073 | 268073835 | 2009-02-02 18:25:08 | 0 days 03:18:56 | 0|219.89.250.213 | 0 | with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | physical | phashizzle manizzle | [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] |
| 268073835 | 268074198 | 2009-02-02 18:26:51 | 0 days 00:01:43 | 911178 | 0 | with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | phashizzle manizzle | physical | [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] |
| 268961174 | 269234820 | 2009-02-08 00:55:12 | 1 days 06:33:13 | 0|68.94.13.35 | 0 | ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation | barrier | aid | | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer |
| 284342000 | 284454003 | 2009-04-17 17:07:08 | 0 days 14:29:03 | 0|69.70.181.106 | 0 | the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical | [[ separation | penis erection that took over the world ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the |
| 284454003 | 284454026 | 2009-04-17 17:07:16 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5026668 | 0 | the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical | penis erection that took over the world ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | [[ separation | barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the |
| 320965013 | 320970960 | 2009-10-20 09:05:52 | 0 days 01:12:19 | 0|220.244.220.2 | 0 | multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | physical | physsical | [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from |
| 320970960 | 320971298 | 2009-10-20 09:09:39 | 0 days 00:03:47 | 8918196 | 0 | multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | physsical | physical | [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from |
| 322275480 | 322559477 | 2009-10-28 16:28:57 | 1 days 13:04:50 | 0|173.9.15.5 | 0 | the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was | a physical | part of game called call of duty world at war | [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from |
| 322559477 | 322559727 | 2009-10-28 16:30:25 | 0 days 00:01:28 | 0|173.9.15.5 | 0 | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was part of game called call of duty world at war | ( this game owns halo 3 ) | [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from | |
| 641744226 | 642368255 | 2015-01-13 22:11:05 | 4 days 06:12:32 | 12404882 | 0 | east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ | border | separation | barrier | barrier ]] that divided berlin from 1961 to 1989 , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / |
| 752045266 | 760657011 | 2017-01-18 08:28:16 | 50 days 03:00:30 | 29937011 | 0 | map {{ nowrap | ( [[ sharemap : public / west and east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( | {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | in | [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url |
| 760740289 | 761201385 | 2017-01-21 15:51:57 | 2 days 19:27:40 | 96897 | 0 | map {{ nowrap | ( [[ sharemap : public / west and east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( | in | {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | [[ separation barrier | german ]] , berlin mauer ) was a barrier that divided [[ east germany | germany ]] and separated [[ east berlin ]] < nowiki / > |
| 771798170 | 772547948 | 2017-03-27 22:54:22 | 4 days 07:02:04 | 25744646 | 0 | and east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a | guarded concrete | [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url |
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| 110144912 | 110985984 | 2007-02-26 03:01:15 | 3 days 06:29:01 | 0|193.242.104.9 | 0 | incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] | * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] | = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite | |
| 127423687 | 127423836 | 2007-05-01 14:26:55 | 0 days 00:00:46 | 0|74.62.85.206 | 0 | [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] | what ? ? ? ? ? ? | = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite | |
| 127423836 | 127423904 | 2007-05-01 14:27:12 | 0 days 00:00:17 | 4131122 | 0 | [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] | what ? ? ? ? ? ? | = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite | |
| 130121166 | 130122735 | 2007-05-11 16:44:50 | 0 days 00:06:52 | 0|209.184.226.15 | 0 | [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] | boooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo texas | = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite | |
| 130122735 | 130122861 | 2007-05-11 16:45:26 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 2073927 | 0 | [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] | boooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo texas | = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite | |
| 155853769 | 156050532 | 2007-09-06 13:50:20 | 0 days 22:20:57 | 0|69.246.212.189 | 0 | [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] | the berlin wall was | = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last | |
| 173866475 | 173866573 | 2007-11-26 10:46:20 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 137113 | 0 | ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] | * [[ eastern bloc ]] | = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last | |
| 173976252 | 174038726 | 2007-11-27 01:38:24 | 0 days 04:25:19 | 0|68.99.109.136 | 4 | [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ | eastern bloc ]] | epublisher | = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last |
| 174038726 | 174056095 | 2007-11-27 03:11:09 | 0 days 01:32:45 | 2004568 | 1 | william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | | publisher | = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last | |
| 6 | berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | astern bloc ]] | = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last | ||||||
| 188831750 | 189293337 | 2008-02-05 17:22:49 | 2 days 00:13:36 | 0|190.40.211.238 | 20 | schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] | * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . | = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last | |
| 253365461 | 253836110 | 2008-11-24 18:53:03 | 2 days 08:52:04 | 5823453 | 0 | [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . | * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . | = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last | |
| 262390357 | 262557442 | 2009-01-07 17:16:31 | 0 days 19:21:16 | 8627252 | 0 | waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . | * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] | = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last | |
| 279835940 | 280035881 | 2009-03-27 16:45:12 | 0 days 23:02:09 | 0|62.172.227.2 | 0 | waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . | * [[ neil adlam thinks it was built in ' 69 ]] , | = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation | |
| 280035881 | 280036083 | 2009-03-27 16:46:18 | 0 days 00:01:06 | 911178 | 0 | waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . | * [[ neil adlam thinks it was built in ' 69 ]] , | = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation | |
| 284935878 | 284964859 | 2009-04-20 06:53:35 | 0 days 04:00:42 | 0|122.108.181.87 | 0 | waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . | . . . . . . | = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation | |
| 284964859 | 285004676 | 2009-04-20 12:49:08 | 0 days 05:55:33 | 1304569 | 0 | waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . | . . . . . . | = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation | |
| 299569196 | 299792508 | 2009-07-02 00:04:58 | 1 days 03:56:40 | 10013224 | 0 | waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . | * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , [[ 1991 ]] * [[ paradigm shift ]] | = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation | |
| 325158965 | 325184727 | 2009-11-11 04:14:33 | 0 days 03:08:01 | 0|74.185.149.36 | 0 | the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . | = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ paradigm shift ]] | = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation | |
| 325184727 | 325185245 | 2009-11-11 04:18:45 | 0 days 00:04:12 | 4916882 | 0 | the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . | = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ paradigm shift ]] | = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation | |
| 365688710 | 365700329 | 2010-06-02 20:18:32 | 0 days 01:13:37 | 0|76.112.3.161 | 0 | stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] | * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] | it never happened | = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = < references / > * {{ citation | last = böcker | first = |
| 365700486 | 365700612 | 2010-06-02 20:20:02 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 1306352 | 1 | stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] | it never happened | * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] | = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = < references / > * {{ citation | last = böcker | first = |
| 406373425 | 406433716 | 2011-01-07 05:26:52 | 0 days 06:17:13 | 1655427 | 0 | ' , 1984 ( german : ' ' der mauerspringer ' ' , 1982 ) - the wall plays a central role in this novel set in berlin of the 1980s | * music related to the berlin wall * * " [[ holidays in the sun ]] " , a song by the english [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the berlin wall . | = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = | |
| 417326916 | 417379200 | 2011-03-06 05:07:01 | 0 days 06:34:03 | 14132516 | 0 | [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . | * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . | = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = | |
| 417379200 | 417379742 | 2011-03-06 05:11:45 | 0 days 00:04:44 | 103044 | 0 | [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . | * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . | = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = | |
| 417379742 | 417381511 | 2011-03-06 05:26:57 | 0 days 00:15:12 | 14132516 | 0 | [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . | * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . | = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = | |
| 417381511 | 417382702 | 2011-03-06 05:37:17 | 0 days 00:10:20 | 2483182 | 0 | [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . | * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . | = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = | |
| 417382702 | 417383047 | 2011-03-06 05:40:38 | 0 days 00:03:21 | 14132516 | 0 | [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . | * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . | = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = | |
| 417383047 | 417383763 | 2011-03-06 05:47:32 | 0 days 00:06:54 | 103044 | 0 | [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . | * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . | = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = | |
| 417383763 | 417384031 | 2011-03-06 05:50:17 | 0 days 00:02:45 | 14132516 | 0 | [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . | * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . | = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = | |
| 417384031 | 417384558 | 2011-03-06 05:55:31 | 0 days 00:05:14 | 10808929 | 0 | [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . | * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . | = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = | |
| 422046953 | 422449918 | 2011-04-05 04:30:06 | 2 days 06:10:27 | 14132516 | 0 | [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . | * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . | = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = | |
| 422449918 | 422503582 | 2011-04-05 12:49:24 | 0 days 08:19:18 | 6971250 | 0 | [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . | * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . | = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = | |
| 428589131 | 429104564 | 2011-05-14 16:54:41 | 3 days 02:15:46 | 2544934 | 0 | [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . | * * ' ' over de muur ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band [[ klein orkest ]] , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html klein orkest biography ] < / ref > | = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = | |
| 453939231 | 454528682 | 2011-10-08 11:06:51 | 3 days 17:07:39 | 10714345 | 0 | 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > | * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist [[ stephan elsner | elsner ]] created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " border injuries " . on one of his actions he even tore down a large part of the wall , < ref name = mauerfall > {{ cite web | title = die mauer als muse | url = http : / / www . tagesspiegel . de / berlin / die - mauer - als - muse / 821970 . html | work = the wall fell on july 18th 1982 | publisher = lars von törne in der tagesspiegel | accessdate = 13 march 2007 }} < / ref > installed a prepared foil of 3x2m in it and finished the painting there before the border soldiers on patrol could detect him . this performance was even recorded on video . < ref name = elsnerworks > {{ cite web | title = elsner ' s border injuries | url = http : / / www . galerie - son . com / artists / elsner / elsner _ works . html | work = artworks & video documentation | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > his actions are well - documented both in newspapers from that time and in recent scientific publications . < ref name = elsnerpress > {{ cite web | title = elsner | url = http : / / www . galerie - son . com / artists / elsner / elsner _ press . html | work = press archive | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > | = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | | |
| 816797571 | 816797805 | 2017-12-23 19:37:49 | 0 days 00:02:02 | 11112747 | 0 | reunification of jerusalem ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) {{ div col end }} = = notes | ' ' ' | notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | | |
| 5 | ]] * [[ reunification of jerusalem ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) {{ div col end }} | = = | notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | |
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| 19641332 | 19932121 | 2005-07-30 18:00:26 | 4 days 04:24:02 | 0|84.166.136.157 | 1 | and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : | berlin - wall - map | karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en | . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east | |||
| 27932542 | 27961254 | 2005-11-10 21:55:35 | 0 days 05:43:07 | 0|67.38.154.248 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : | berlin - wall2 | clown | . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' | |||
| 27961463 | 27961518 | 2005-11-10 21:58:24 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 0|67.38.154.248 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : | clown | mountain dew | . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall | |||
| 27961518 | 27961562 | 2005-11-10 21:58:43 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 0|67.38.154.248 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : | mountain dew | mountaindew | . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall | |||
| 27961562 | 27961617 | 2005-11-10 21:59:11 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 0|67.38.154.248 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : | mountaindew | clown | . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall | |||
| 27961617 | 27964176 | 2005-11-10 22:22:28 | 0 days 00:23:17 | 246113 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : | clown | berlin - wall2 | . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall | |||
| 28613740 | 28625733 | 2005-11-17 22:55:55 | 0 days 03:04:31 | 587675 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : | berlin - wall2 | other | . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' | |||
| 51292245 | 51426490 | 2006-05-03 21:35:36 | 0 days 20:18:45 | 0|24.17.214.125 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : | berlin wall | big boy | . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave | |||
| 51426490 | 51435137 | 2006-05-03 22:33:50 | 0 days 00:58:14 | 294180 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : | big boy | berlin wall | . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave | |||
| 64682848 | 64683314 | 2006-07-19 16:13:35 | 0 days 00:02:48 | 157842 | 0 | . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : | reaganwall | churchwall | . jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] delivering a speech during the presentation of the " breakthrough " monuement at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster | |||
| 82833738 | 82835134 | 2006-10-21 16:48:39 | 0 days 00:09:25 | 443684 | 0 | the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : | deutschland | besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of | ||||
| 1 | first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen | ohne text | 1945 1946 | . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 | ||||||||
| 98151344 | 98168334 | 2007-01-03 13:13:54 | 0 days 02:24:35 | 2113027 | 0 | ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : | berlin entering | checkpoint charlie sign | . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military | |||
| 111086584 | 111137285 | 2007-02-26 19:31:02 | 0 days 03:58:19 | 157842 | 0 | 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : | berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip | berlinermauer | . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave | |||
| 111355342 | 111374935 | 2007-02-27 18:15:45 | 0 days 01:31:27 | 0|168.11.47.3 | 0 | 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : | my nigga homie . reconizlle | berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall | ||||
| 111374935 | 111378516 | 2007-02-27 18:32:08 | 0 days 00:16:23 | 0|168.11.47.3 | 0 | 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : | my nigga homie . reconizlle | berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall | ||||
| 114062117 | 114069880 | 2007-03-10 15:09:53 | 0 days 00:56:10 | 3748830 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : | berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 | flag of japan | . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer | |||
| 114069880 | 114078012 | 2007-03-10 16:07:11 | 0 days 00:57:18 | 3322661 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : | flag of japan | berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 | . svg | thumb | 300px | right | hinomaru ! ]] ] < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to shoot and kill | ]] | attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / | |
| 194820568 | 194823668 | 2008-02-29 03:51:36 | 0 days 00:18:15 | 3622922 | 11 | , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | | 200px | | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | | ||||
| 194823948 | 194824075 | 2008-02-29 03:53:54 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 3622922 | 0 | director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | | 150px | | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] early successful | ||||
| 196608741 | 196612887 | 2008-03-07 21:04:14 | 0 days 00:18:19 | 0|79.0.146.173 | 1 | ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] | bw | photo gallery . * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of | ||||
| 198362532 | 198983944 | 2008-03-17 23:54:50 | 2 days 17:32:57 | 0|76.205.75.132 | 3 | wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in | 1989 | 1984 | . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : | |||
| 4 | berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least | 133 | 143 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world | ||||||||
| 8 | subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the | 1947 | 1948 | borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin | ||||||||
| 17 | 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ | staatsrat | staitsrat | ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has | ||||||||
| 18 | before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter | ulbricht | elbe | ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a | ||||||||
| 20 | unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die | absicht | elsich | , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' | ||||||||
| 23 | ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ | döllnsee | dillnsee | ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , | ||||||||
| 198983944 | 198984976 | 2008-03-17 23:59:41 | 0 days 00:04:51 | 911178 | 3 | wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 27 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 11 ]] [[ 1963 ]] until it was dismantled in | 1984 | 1989 | . during this period at least 143 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : | |||
| 4 | berlin ]] for 27 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 11 ]] [[ 1963 ]] until it was dismantled in 1984 . during this period at least | 143 | 133 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world | ||||||||
| 8 | subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the | 1948 | 1947 | borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin | ||||||||
| 15 | 1963 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ | staitsrat | staatsrat | ]] chairman [[ walter elbe ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niende hat die elsich , neine mauer ich iterich ! " ( no one has | ||||||||
| 16 | before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staitsrat ]] chairman [[ walter | elbe | ulbricht | ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niende hat die elsich , neine mauer ich iterich ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a | ||||||||
| 18 | unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staitsrat ]] chairman [[ walter elbe ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niende hat die | elsich | absicht | , neine mauer ich iterich ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' | ||||||||
| 21 | ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ | dillnsee | döllnsee | ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , | ||||||||
| 199352175 | 199352310 | 2008-03-19 15:01:19 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 0|65.43.197.150 | 0 | east germans wanted to move to west germany . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans | [ cack ] | from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ | ||||
| 199352310 | 199352643 | 2008-03-19 15:03:08 | 0 days 00:01:49 | 2372780 | 1 | east germans wanted to move to west germany . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans | [ cack ] | from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ | ||||
| 200567003 | 200626917 | 2008-03-24 20:41:25 | 0 days 04:15:07 | 0|69.249.55.70 | 0 | ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border | defences | defenses | , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one | |||
| 205709007 | 205856138 | 2008-04-15 19:38:21 | 0 days 16:21:25 | 3313221 | 1 | restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] | subway ( u - bahn ) station and | ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany | ||||
| 205856138 | 205859140 | 2008-04-15 19:51:47 | 0 days 00:13:26 | 911178 | 2 | according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous were the [[ friedrichstraße ]] | subway ( u - bahn ) station and | ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which were restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany | ||||
| 219331289 | 221468000 | 2008-06-24 17:05:45 | 9 days 22:22:33 | 950512 | 0 | you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an | escaper | escapee | was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear | |||
| 229217140 | 229650556 | 2008-08-03 21:25:53 | 2 days 08:34:27 | 577301 | 48 | the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the | [[ | united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire | ||||
| 51 | via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france | ]] | and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s | |||||||||
| 73 | kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin | ]] | z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his | |||||||||
| 86 | it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with | [[ | austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the | |||||||||
| 87 | begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria | ]] | , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in | |||||||||
| 115 | december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former | [[ | united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] | |||||||||
| 155 | 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = | [[ | new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title | |||||||||
| 159 | * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = | [[ | london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title | |||||||||
| 161 | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = | [[ | london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos | |||||||||
| 162 | 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london | ]] | | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | | |||||||||
| 231229792 | 231306460 | 2008-08-11 20:55:47 | 0 days 06:58:00 | 0|67.71.86.16 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 133 | 134 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world | |||
| 231306460 | 231330152 | 2008-08-11 23:02:46 | 0 days 02:06:59 | 911178 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 134 | 125 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world | |||
| 231331197 | 231331673 | 2008-08-11 23:12:06 | 0 days 00:03:03 | 911178 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 125 | 136 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world | |||
| 232899157 | 232899836 | 2008-08-19 13:21:34 | 0 days 00:02:46 | 4630363 | 1 | ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , british | ]] | , french and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into | ||||
| 235938341 | 235999012 | 2008-09-03 10:08:33 | 0 days 08:46:05 | 0|124.189.34.199 | 0 | berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over | 155 | 140 | kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into | |||
| 237718671 | 237718950 | 2008-09-11 14:42:15 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 0|65.43.198.120 | 0 | attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at | [[ | tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ | ||||
| 237723180 | 237727651 | 2008-09-11 15:28:32 | 0 days 00:22:43 | 0|97.96.27.131 | 0 | attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at | [[ | tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ | ||||
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 14 | 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | | gdr state council | ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has | ||||
| 43 | west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt | ]] and [[ marienborn | ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( | |||||||||
| 46 | [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at | [[ | dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers | |||||||||
| 239050940 | 239141721 | 2008-09-17 23:56:00 | 0 days 07:40:53 | 736477 | 22 | connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of | [[ | helmstedt ]] and [[ marienborn ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west | ||||
| 23 | berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of [[ helmstedt | ]] | and [[ marienborn ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was | |||||||||
| 24 | west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of [[ helmstedt ]] and | [[ | marienborn ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible | |||||||||
| 25 | , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of [[ helmstedt ]] and [[ marienborn | ]] | ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway | |||||||||
| 239453915 | 239456329 | 2008-09-19 03:25:00 | 0 days 00:12:32 | 736477 | 25 | german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the | [[ | military liaison missions accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling | ||||
| 26 | engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the military liaison missions | ]] | accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or | |||||||||
| 38 | s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting the sum of | 100 | dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this | |||||||||
| 242504717 | 242549390 | 2008-10-02 18:18:54 | 0 days 03:32:39 | 0|205.174.114.144 | 0 | both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for | 28 | 97 | years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime | |||
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 102 | available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for | [[ | the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) | ||||
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 102 | available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for | [[ | the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) | ||||
| 245491946 | 245504609 | 2008-10-15 19:33:55 | 0 days 01:04:43 | 0|65.173.65.22 | 0 | deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy | blah blah blahhhh | grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = | ||||
| 245504609 | 245504761 | 2008-10-15 19:34:39 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 1398 | 0 | deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy | blah blah blahhhh | grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = | ||||
| 255064232 | 255192882 | 2008-12-01 12:37:17 | 0 days 15:07:28 | 0|195.192.242.6 | 0 | introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the | gdr | ddr | . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between | |||
| 255192882 | 255210778 | 2008-12-01 15:04:41 | 0 days 02:27:24 | 0|70.91.241.121 | 5 | symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for 28 years and | 1 | 2 | day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the | |||
| 255210778 | 255210981 | 2008-12-01 15:05:58 | 0 days 00:01:17 | 3290566 | 3 | . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water separated eastital from westitaly for | 40 | 28 | years and 2 day , from the day construction began on august 16 , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime | |||
| 4 | came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water separated eastital from westitaly for 40 years and | 2 | 1 | day , from the day construction began on august 16 , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the | ||||||||
| 258133599 | 258134007 | 2008-12-15 15:47:51 | 0 days 00:02:16 | 0|71.130.177.243 | 4 | two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western | [[ | capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . | ||||
| 7 | ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic | ]] | miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche | |||||||||
| 258135144 | 258137090 | 2008-12-15 16:03:25 | 0 days 00:09:50 | 1430004 | 9 | = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( ' ' ' federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western | [[ | capitalist country with asshole bitchmarket economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' # redirect [[ in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government | ||||
| 11 | [[ in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic | ]] | miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inigggggggggerrrrrrrrrrnner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche | |||||||||
| 258476585 | 258713332 | 2008-12-18 03:11:39 | 1 days 02:06:04 | 0|65.34.164.186 | 0 | ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than | 28 | 25 | years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / | |||
| 258713483 | 258713491 | 2008-12-18 03:12:34 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 0|24.215.119.11 | 0 | introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the | ddr | gdr | . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between | |||
| 258720479 | 258721141 | 2008-12-18 04:03:40 | 0 days 00:05:01 | 0|65.34.164.186 | 0 | ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in | [[ | döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at | ||||
| 1 | ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee | ]] | , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , | |||||||||
| 258721141 | 258721821 | 2008-12-18 04:08:41 | 0 days 00:05:01 | 352579 | 0 | ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in | [[ | döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight | ||||
| 1 | wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee | ]] | , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , | |||||||||
| 262762670 | 263247726 | 2009-01-10 21:42:09 | 2 days 06:10:03 | 5026668 | 3 | rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy | ]] | had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up | ||||
| 7 | berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia | ]] | , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november | |||||||||
| 12 | an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between | [[ | checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke | |||||||||
| 13 | meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie | ]] | and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ | |||||||||
| 14 | barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to | [[ | checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to | |||||||||
| 15 | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie | ]] | , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the | |||||||||
| 264375430 | 264816330 | 2009-01-18 05:46:05 | 2 days 04:19:11 | 430807 | 0 | at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the berlin wall located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley | ]] | , california , usa ]] ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an | ||||
| 1 | jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the berlin wall located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california , usa ]] | ]] | little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft | |||||||||
| 266356606 | 266377425 | 2009-01-25 20:25:05 | 0 days 01:48:15 | 0|70.111.64.105 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 136 | 765 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people | |||
| 266377425 | 266386611 | 2009-01-25 21:12:46 | 0 days 00:47:41 | 911178 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 765 | 136 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people | |||
| 266478122 | 266480479 | 2009-01-26 07:26:56 | 0 days 00:20:28 | 119438 | 1 | plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near | [[ | ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] | ||||
| 267773340 | 267773611 | 2009-02-01 05:27:32 | 0 days 00:02:04 | 214542 | 0 | the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a | [[ | western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government | ||||
| 267777243 | 267777804 | 2009-02-01 06:03:25 | 0 days 00:04:25 | 214542 | 5 | letterman ]] logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode of the 1980s revival of [[ mission | : | impossible ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a | ||||
| 272467225 | 272476022 | 2009-02-22 11:42:29 | 0 days 01:00:09 | 0|93.132.133.36 | 0 | . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david | hasslehoff | hasselhoff | sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album | |||
| 273674256 | 273674565 | 2009-02-27 15:58:19 | 0 days 00:01:44 | 9091630 | 2 | formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . it was built by oliver smith , who resided in hampshire , uk . in the 1950 ' s it was used by | [ | retards ] who used to headbutt it . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany | ||||
| 3 | on october 3 , 1990 . it was built by oliver smith , who resided in hampshire , uk . in the 1950 ' s it was used by [ retards | ] | who used to headbutt it . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of | |||||||||
| 274919769 | 274964752 | 2009-03-04 17:35:23 | 0 days 04:23:28 | 0|66.220.117.199 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 136 | 135 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people | |||
| 274964752 | 274979258 | 2009-03-04 18:46:02 | 0 days 01:10:39 | 3505251 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 135 | 136 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people | |||
| 274979258 | 274981620 | 2009-03-04 18:57:41 | 0 days 00:11:39 | 3505251 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 136 | 98 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people | |||
| 276192508 | 276263944 | 2009-03-10 13:19:55 | 0 days 09:26:58 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 1 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 98 | 6 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people | |||
| 276263944 | 276264216 | 2009-03-10 13:21:29 | 0 days 00:01:34 | 1298255 | 1 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 6 | 98 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people | |||
| 276264216 | 276264493 | 2009-03-10 13:23:14 | 0 days 00:01:45 | 0|76.74.69.103 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 98 | 69 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people | |||
| 276264493 | 276264581 | 2009-03-10 13:23:50 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 1298255 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 69 | 98 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 3 , | |||
| 276588032 | 276588904 | 2009-03-11 20:35:55 | 0 days 00:04:01 | 0|68.81.17.165 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 98 | 198 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people | |||
| 276588904 | 276589440 | 2009-03-11 20:38:26 | 0 days 00:02:31 | 1298255 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 198 | 98 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people | |||
| 277225789 | 277226111 | 2009-03-14 18:17:29 | 0 days 00:01:54 | 6984319 | 2 | 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " / > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further | [[ | sovietization with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | | ||||
| 3 | in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " / > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further sovietization | ]] | with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | |||||||||
| 6 | " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 | totalled | totaled | approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin | ||||||||
| 278705102 | 278746206 | 2009-03-21 15:19:56 | 0 days 06:04:55 | 6984319 | 7 | in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and | 331 | 339 | , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für | |||
| 278854882 | 278889365 | 2009-03-22 05:34:54 | 0 days 03:58:53 | 0|98.210.160.132 | 0 | including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a | quandry | quandary | for some eastern bloc stated that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural - - especially between where no | |||
| 279058833 | 279124770 | 2009-03-23 10:55:07 | 0 days 09:35:13 | 3505251 | 7 | germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and | 339 | 331 | , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für | |||
| 279124770 | 279160858 | 2009-03-23 15:09:45 | 0 days 04:14:38 | 6984319 | 7 | in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and | 331 | 339 | , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für | |||
| 279160858 | 279162751 | 2009-03-23 15:21:43 | 0 days 00:11:58 | 3505251 | 7 | germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and | 339 | 331 | , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für | |||
| 280576244 | 280625910 | 2009-03-30 11:26:09 | 0 days 07:02:28 | 0|87.38.134.112 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 98 | 5million | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people | |||
| 280625910 | 280626722 | 2009-03-30 11:32:07 | 0 days 00:05:58 | 3505251 | 0 | article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least | 5million | 98 | people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin and over , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than | |||
| 281274792 | 281321501 | 2009-04-02 17:04:49 | 0 days 05:18:00 | 0|91.45.99.171 | 0 | ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a | 30 | 20 | - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known | |||
| 283525851 | 283525990 | 2009-04-13 08:36:55 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 0|194.144.117.217 | 4 | thousends of [[ gdr | east germans ]] started to cross the austro - hungarian border to emigrate to [[ west germany ]] . that event caused popular demonstration and a | unreversible | irreversible | political crisis in the government of [[ gdr ]] . when the east german government announced on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that | |||
| 283525990 | 283526349 | 2009-04-13 08:41:16 | 0 days 00:04:21 | 0|194.144.117.217 | 1 | e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall started in hungary , where a reformist government started to dismantle the | [[ | iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austrian - hungarian governmental meeting ( [[ | ||||
| 2 | ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall started in hungary , where a reformist government started to dismantle the iron curtain | ]] | , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austrian - hungarian governmental meeting ( [[ august 23 | |||||||||
| 283682015 | 283682122 | 2009-04-14 00:19:14 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 1099776 | 0 | - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system preceded the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ | girmann | girrmann | group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the | |||
| 284229554 | 284272784 | 2009-04-16 20:08:28 | 0 days 04:10:48 | 0|194.144.117.217 | 3 | s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall started in hungary | ]] | , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic | ||||
| 284527500 | 284528364 | 2009-04-18 00:18:32 | 0 days 00:05:54 | 0|122.110.183.192 | 1 | the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying | cock suckers | [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] | ||||
| 284528364 | 284529573 | 2009-04-18 00:27:25 | 0 days 00:08:53 | 6984319 | 8 | the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four tities zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying | cock suckers | [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] | ||||
| 289227657 | 289234167 | 2009-05-11 11:21:40 | 0 days 01:02:52 | 0|189.13.118.213 | 0 | the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . | gorbachev | gorbacheves | , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald | |||
| 289234383 | 289234676 | 2009-05-11 11:27:00 | 0 days 00:03:10 | 1099776 | 0 | the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . | gorbacheves | gorbachev | , tear down this walleroul ? " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald | |||
| 289355710 | 289364057 | 2009-05-12 00:38:50 | 0 days 00:47:25 | 0|98.225.29.84 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the | adggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg | [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation | ||||
| 289364057 | 289364265 | 2009-05-12 00:40:05 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 1148898 | 0 | [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the | adggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg | [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation | ||||
| 296568780 | 296636215 | 2009-06-15 22:23:42 | 0 days 05:53:37 | 0|74.75.170.166 | 0 | travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated | enclave | enslave | in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for | |||
| 296636337 | 296640805 | 2009-06-15 22:50:58 | 0 days 00:26:32 | 6984319 | 0 | travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated | enslave | enclave | in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for | |||
| 296826843 | 296827382 | 2009-06-16 20:47:53 | 0 days 00:02:48 | 8219500 | 0 | world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . and his opposing force the russians , ruled by | dymitry | dmitriy | kotov . each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ | |||
| 299532247 | 299536269 | 2009-06-30 17:00:50 | 0 days 00:23:45 | 3308922 | 3 | th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : | బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] | bức tường | [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin wall was built in the 60 ' s and knocked down inthe | |||
| 303808186 | 304663759 | 2009-07-28 11:59:39 | 4 days 15:12:50 | 1301909 | 0 | wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was | [[ | ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged | ||||
| 1 | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan | ]] | ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier | |||||||||
| 306539582 | 306540083 | 2009-08-07 04:46:29 | 0 days 00:04:37 | 6984319 | 2 | truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr | travellers | travelers | could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for | |||
| 8 | to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such | travellers | travelers | , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | ||||||||
| 9 | some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by | [[ | thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , | |||||||||
| 10 | through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by [[ thomas krüger | ]] | , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow | |||||||||
| 306540083 | 306540519 | 2009-08-07 04:51:04 | 0 days 00:04:35 | 6984319 | 0 | record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in | [[ | döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at | ||||
| 1 | the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee | ]] | , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , | |||||||||
| 306559902 | 306561115 | 2009-08-07 08:07:14 | 0 days 00:12:37 | 6984319 | 1 | / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = | = | besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - | ||||
| 309060395 | 309060752 | 2009-08-20 13:07:43 | 0 days 00:02:36 | 6971250 | 0 | ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " | [[ | peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | ||||
| 311933846 | 311938724 | 2009-09-05 01:38:14 | 0 days 00:34:56 | 6984319 | 0 | {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | | 300px | | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | - | [[ file : berlin - wall | ||||
| 315256133 | 315256267 | 2009-09-21 08:20:13 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 204692 | 1 | mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | | fakir | beds ]] " ( bed of nails ) under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref | ||||
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 111 | the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . | [[ | november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , | ||||
| 112 | and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 | ]] | is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy | |||||||||
| 122 | the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 | ]] | . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange | |||||||||
| 318872025 | 319488273 | 2009-10-12 20:24:27 | 3 days 06:02:12 | 3058538 | 22 | / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = | bymnvtvgssg | video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang | ||||
| 321159821 | 321240166 | 2009-10-21 18:41:22 | 0 days 09:53:36 | 0|204.9.147.124 | 0 | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | ktjg | = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and | ||||
| 321240166 | 321246464 | 2009-10-21 19:17:49 | 0 days 00:36:27 | 8918196 | 0 | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | ktjg | = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and | ||||
| 322000370 | 322274629 | 2009-10-27 03:17:35 | 1 days 06:39:48 | 82982 | 65 | 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and | [[ | france ]] ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 | ||||
| 66 | 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and [[ france | ]] | ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the | |||||||||
| 323263727 | 323358471 | 2009-11-01 22:31:13 | 0 days 10:29:09 | 0|24.130.32.235 | 1 | name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the benelux | ]] | countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction | ||||
| 323772254 | 323786711 | 2009-11-03 23:02:23 | 0 days 01:22:16 | 0|24.196.134.2 | 0 | ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between | 98 | 100 | and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after | |||
| 323839905 | 323840518 | 2009-11-04 05:01:42 | 0 days 00:04:34 | 10519822 | 5 | the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , | separating | it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . during a [[ revolutions of | ||||
| 324105954 | 324119733 | 2009-11-05 18:01:53 | 0 days 01:22:11 | 0|12.165.250.13 | 1 | }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the | [[ | brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the | ||||
| 324827614 | 324827738 | 2009-11-09 12:15:29 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 0|92.27.168.55 | 0 | [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . archive . org / download / fallofberlinwall / heikoonfallofberlinwall . mp3 ] a unique documentary radio show | ] | on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans modrow * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter | ||||
| 324845496 | 324845643 | 2009-11-09 14:48:08 | 0 days 00:01:02 | 1467447 | 0 | / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with | prophetic | graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight | ||||
| 324851832 | 324852165 | 2009-11-09 15:31:23 | 0 days 00:02:15 | 6971250 | 1 | = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the european music awards | ]] | , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed on the brandenburg gate , and | ||||
| 324852165 | 324854673 | 2009-11-09 15:48:05 | 0 days 00:16:42 | 0|115.187.16.3 | 0 | > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . | roshan dhakal | during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of | ||||
| 324854673 | 324855461 | 2009-11-09 15:53:16 | 0 days 00:05:11 | 6971250 | 0 | > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . | roshan dhakal | during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of | ||||
| 324866697 | 324867570 | 2009-11-09 17:10:05 | 0 days 00:06:11 | 0|139.91.185.41 | 0 | < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " | [[ | loophole " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by | ||||
| 1 | ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole | | loophole ]] | " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 | |||||||||
| 324899230 | 324902376 | 2009-11-09 20:26:10 | 0 days 00:16:57 | 0|68.211.97.75 | 4 | ] < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around | 100 | 200 | and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after | |||
| 5 | / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and | 200 | 300 | . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks | ||||||||
| 324902376 | 324902901 | 2009-11-09 20:28:59 | 0 days 00:02:49 | 118722 | 4 | ] < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around | 200 | 100 | and 300 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after | |||
| 5 | / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 200 and | 300 | 200 | . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks | ||||||||
| 324940062 | 324941032 | 2009-11-09 23:48:24 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 16710 | 0 | , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | | 200px | | memorial to the victims with graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial | ||||
| 324942089 | 324949378 | 2009-11-10 00:33:49 | 0 days 00:39:52 | 0|71.112.226.115 | 2 | attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without | fervour | fervor | , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the | |||
| 324951791 | 324951813 | 2009-11-10 00:48:35 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 8214624 | 4 | up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration protested the construction of the wall at length via the usual channels , but without | fervor | fervour | , despite being a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of | |||
| 325109635 | 325109943 | 2009-11-10 20:24:36 | 0 days 00:01:50 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 0 | the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist | gdr | authorities , implying that the western countries were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by | ||||
| 325110541 | 325134416 | 2009-11-10 22:41:29 | 0 days 02:13:40 | 0|68.187.237.50 | 0 | metre ( 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between | [[ | checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ | ||||
| 1 | 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between checkpoint charlie | ]] | and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side | |||||||||
| 325134416 | 325134523 | 2009-11-10 22:42:03 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 0|68.187.237.50 | 0 | barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to | [[ | checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee | ||||
| 1 | . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie | ]] | , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the | |||||||||
| 325134523 | 325134867 | 2009-11-10 22:44:03 | 0 days 00:02:00 | 0|68.187.237.50 | 1 | boat using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie | ]] | . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - | ||||
| 3 | , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * checkpoint charlie | ]] | ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the western allies accredited to their respective | |||||||||
| 4 | to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to | [[ | checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = | |||||||||
| 5 | from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie | ]] | . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image | |||||||||
| 326099578 | 326127754 | 2009-11-16 08:11:30 | 0 days 04:37:23 | 6971250 | 2 | the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall segments | institutions around the world | ]] | since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see | ||||
| 329016614 | 329269841 | 2009-12-02 17:04:32 | 1 days 04:54:39 | 0|60.48.217.81 | 0 | the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the | [[ | brandenburg gate . a high point was when over 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 8 feet tall , that were stacked along the former route of the | ||||
| 1 | anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the brandenburg gate | ]] | . a high point was when over 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 8 feet tall , that were stacked along the former route of the wall in | |||||||||
| 333120077 | 333200585 | 2009-12-22 05:32:46 | 0 days 08:46:35 | 0|64.41.2.99 | 0 | betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , | [ | junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ | ||||
| 333200951 | 333201260 | 2009-12-22 05:38:54 | 0 days 00:02:59 | 0|64.41.2.99 | 0 | what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [[ | junkers | junker | ]] , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ | |||
| 336036763 | 336116479 | 2010-01-06 01:24:41 | 0 days 07:15:22 | 0|72.240.215.207 | 0 | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the | soviets | viets | ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets | |||
| 336116479 | 336116760 | 2010-01-06 01:26:24 | 0 days 00:01:43 | 9600753 | 0 | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the | viets | soviets | ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets | |||
| 338203675 | 338404513 | 2010-01-17 18:50:17 | 1 days 01:45:58 | 0|174.118.160.52 | 0 | > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . | jarrod breau | during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of | ||||
| 338404513 | 338404595 | 2010-01-17 18:50:54 | 0 days 00:00:37 | 0|174.118.160.52 | 0 | > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . | jarrod breau | during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of | ||||
| 343773805 | 343774672 | 2010-02-13 17:52:53 | 0 days 00:04:12 | 5326371 | 4 | < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway | ]] | train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < | ||||
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 3 | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border | ; | and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory | ||||
| 36 | a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors , later treated as acts of | [[ | murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . | |||||||||
| 37 | whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors , later treated as acts of murder | ]] | by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | |||||||||
| 343780168 | 343781933 | 2010-02-13 18:30:31 | 0 days 00:10:12 | 5326371 | 6 | ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in | [[ | potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start | ||||
| 7 | ( in german ) ] < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam | ]] | has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / | |||||||||
| 346312588 | 346406413 | 2010-02-26 00:47:21 | 0 days 08:39:05 | 0|203.167.218.218 | 0 | the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in | 1964 | 1965 | * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . | |||
| 349037490 | 349037712 | 2010-03-10 17:57:53 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 0|204.39.61.253 | 0 | berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all | balllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllsssss | such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . | ||||
| 349037712 | 349038136 | 2010-03-10 18:00:02 | 0 days 00:02:09 | 3308922 | 0 | berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all | balllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllsssss | such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . | ||||
| 352269379 | 352335796 | 2010-03-27 13:55:04 | 0 days 11:23:56 | 12006406 | 0 | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of | [[ | graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin | ||||
| 19 | > [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through | [[ | checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated | |||||||||
| 31 | 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had | [[ | u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall | |||||||||
| 32 | - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 | ]] | and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " | |||||||||
| 33 | 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 and | [[ | tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . | |||||||||
| 34 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel | ]] | perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . [[ palestinians | |||||||||
| 52 | | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = | [[ | princeton university press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john | |||||||||
| 53 | harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = princeton university press | ]] | | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | |||||||||
| 54 | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de | demographe | démographie | | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ citation | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of | ||||||||
| 67 | by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > " conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes " ; [ north sports final edition | ] | associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape was | |||||||||
| 353439052 | 353501899 | 2010-04-02 06:23:08 | 0 days 07:34:21 | 12056309 | 1 | outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism | ]] | became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under | ||||
| 356954794 | 356955360 | 2010-04-19 10:07:14 | 0 days 00:05:19 | 0|86.52.84.163 | 0 | topography of terror ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over a thousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who | suck cock | died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a | ||||
| 356955360 | 356955672 | 2010-04-19 10:10:04 | 0 days 00:02:50 | 6971250 | 0 | topography of terror ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over a thousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who | suck cock | died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a | ||||
| 357513678 | 357565538 | 2010-04-22 05:45:43 | 0 days 05:41:58 | 0|60.50.122.175 | 0 | time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist | [[ | riccardo ehrman , the berlin correspondent of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording | ||||
| 360333645 | 360334342 | 2010-05-05 18:00:52 | 0 days 00:03:30 | 0|199.197.101.239 | 0 | {st@rt} jonathan is really cool | wiggie | weege | and i built the wall haha this is cooldefence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | | |||
| 362093204 | 362093344 | 2010-05-14 13:55:43 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 0|208.108.154.247 | 2 | " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in | 1989 | 2011 | , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil | |||
| 362093344 | 362094029 | 2010-05-14 14:00:38 | 0 days 00:04:55 | 334792 | 3 | " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in | 2011 | 1989 | , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil | |||
| 362094029 | 362122734 | 2010-05-14 17:09:13 | 0 days 03:08:35 | 0|209.181.40.252 | 0 | east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public | tonto | and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the | ||||
| 362122734 | 362122979 | 2010-05-14 17:10:47 | 0 days 00:01:34 | 0|209.181.40.252 | 0 | east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public | tonto | and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the | ||||
| 365278437 | 365278672 | 2010-05-31 19:58:36 | 0 days 00:01:23 | 0|204.40.1.129 | 0 | . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the [[ the pentagon | | pentagon | ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * | ||||
| 366962573 | 367011049 | 2010-06-09 16:36:07 | 0 days 06:20:21 | 12536139 | 1 | anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students . students at over | 20 | 30 | universities participated in " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info | |||
| 367791832 | 367995322 | 2010-06-14 16:31:11 | 1 days 00:02:50 | 0|76.126.226.142 | 0 | | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border | defences | defenses | with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down | |||
| 368159388 | 368177016 | 2010-06-15 13:56:04 | 0 days 02:01:59 | 89179 | 19 | the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization | ]] | of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby | ||||
| 373492661 | 374861638 | 2010-07-22 14:54:33 | 7 days 19:35:53 | 0|76.248.68.144 | 1 | / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > the international spy museum | ]] | in washington dc hosted a trabant car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . rides were raffled every half | ||||
| 2 | . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > the international spy museum in washington dc hosted a | [[ | trabant car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . rides were raffled every half hour and a trabant crashed | |||||||||
| 3 | net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > the international spy museum in washington dc hosted a trabant | ]] | car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . rides were raffled every half hour and a trabant crashed through | |||||||||
| 375060179 | 375362871 | 2010-07-25 12:39:13 | 1 days 19:53:47 | 13978 | 0 | a trabant crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse . the | [[ | allied museum in the [[ dahlem ( berlin ) | dahlem ]] district of berlin hosted a number of events to mark the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the berlin | ||||
| 1 | crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse . the allied museum | ]] | in the [[ dahlem ( berlin ) | dahlem ]] district of berlin hosted a number of events to mark the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . | |||||||||
| 387772513 | 387831168 | 2010-09-30 01:12:25 | 0 days 06:30:27 | 0|71.231.56.253 | 0 | ]] on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman | waka flocka | [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} | ||||
| 387831168 | 387833321 | 2010-09-30 01:28:23 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 911178 | 0 | ]] on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman | waka flocka | [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} | ||||
| 389408893 | 389817938 | 2010-10-10 03:28:43 | 2 days 05:08:29 | 0|72.64.191.249 | 0 | known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . the death strip was covered with raked sand or gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice , easing the detection of | trespasser | trespassers | and also enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , | |||
| 391495052 | 391570615 | 2010-10-19 02:52:26 | 0 days 07:37:51 | 0|98.233.138.27 | 1 | page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by wolfgang engels | ]] | , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was | ||||
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 5 | " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans who had left by 1961 | totaled | totalled | approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern | |||
| 16 | " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that | favors | favours | a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and | ||||||||
| 23 | writers , etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr | travelers | travellers | could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for | ||||||||
| 54 | 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , | 9 | november 9 is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , and the date of the 1918 | |||||||||
| 55 | ]] , and the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , | 9 | november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of the nazis | |||||||||
| 56 | pogrom ]] s of the nazis in 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] criticized the first euphoria , noting that " they forgot that | 9 | nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title | |||||||||
| 69 | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border | ; | and by sunday morning , august 13 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border | |||||||||
| 100 | right | west germans curiously peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december | 23 | . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange | |||||||||
| 105 | the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after november | 9 | , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " | |||||||||
| 113 | - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , november | 9 | is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , and the date of the 1918 abdication of | |||||||||
| 115 | , and the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , november | 9 | is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of the nazis in 1938 | |||||||||
| 116 | s of the nazis in 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] criticized the first euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . | 9 | has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york | |||||||||
| 392382924 | 392383335 | 2010-10-23 10:45:05 | 0 days 00:03:40 | 0|79.75.3.228 | 0 | attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without | fervor | fervour | . the wall violated postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . a | |||
| 399052561 | 399053190 | 2010-11-27 01:01:09 | 0 days 00:05:12 | 16710 | 3 | < / ref > [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | | upright | | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press | ||||
| 400152873 | 400183850 | 2010-12-02 20:01:38 | 0 days 02:55:53 | 0|207.177.214.199 | 0 | / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . | gorbachev | kuzmanov | , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : | |||
| 401679143 | 401702145 | 2010-12-11 00:44:02 | 0 days 02:56:40 | 0|75.3.1.224 | 0 | / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . | gorbachev | kuzmanov | , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : | |||
| 406194201 | 406278034 | 2011-01-06 13:48:31 | 0 days 12:30:53 | 7609840 | 0 | wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ | luisenstädtischer | luisenstadt | canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin | |||
| 407561958 | 408378962 | 2011-01-17 11:51:49 | 4 days 12:12:05 | 0|82.194.213.82 | 0 | = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the | penis | soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting | ||||
| 408378962 | 408381263 | 2011-01-17 12:15:19 | 0 days 00:23:30 | 6971250 | 0 | = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the | penis | soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting | ||||
| 409807529 | 409894092 | 2011-01-25 02:57:27 | 0 days 07:58:13 | 0|99.254.100.33 | 3 | of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four | hundered | occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet | ||||
| 409894092 | 409905421 | 2011-01-25 04:13:27 | 0 days 01:16:00 | 5204750 | 5 | [[ b - 0 - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four | hundered | occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ cast | ||||
| 422046294 | 422046414 | 2011-04-02 22:15:20 | 0 days 00:00:56 | 1426328 | 0 | . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by | [[ | john f . kennedy , 26 june 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein | ||||
| 427752945 | 427753574 | 2011-05-06 14:38:50 | 0 days 00:04:15 | 13543148 | 0 | in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon | krenz | kremnz | ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " {{ citation _ needed | | |||
| 427753745 | 428575817 | 2011-05-11 12:51:55 | 4 days 22:11:59 | 10714345 | 0 | in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon | kremnz | krenz | ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a 50 or 100 more years < ref > {{ cite | |||
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 78 | german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between | [[ | western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | | ||||
| 83 | zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the | [[ | united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ | |||||||||
| 89 | german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting | [[ | emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | |||||||||
| 91 | in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of | [[ | murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en | |||||||||
| 92 | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of [[ murder | ]] | by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | |||||||||
| 114 | dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe | ]] | , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! | |||||||||
| 435751856 | 435754285 | 2011-06-23 04:17:02 | 0 days 00:23:42 | 736651 | 1 | opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september 1989 , [[ british prime minister | ]] | [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that she wanted the soviet leader to do | ||||
| 438816969 | 439163215 | 2011-07-12 22:11:43 | 1 days 23:24:49 | 42558 | 2 | ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on 17 november 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson for the | sed | politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref | ||||
| 443416955 | 443420038 | 2011-08-06 22:56:21 | 0 days 00:23:24 | 16710 | 7 | ]] * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off | | | ]] | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] | |||
| 11 | }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc | ]] | , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > | |||||||||
| 17 | of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ paradigm shift ]] * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] | * [[ schießbefehl ]] | * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ | |||||||||
| 445097289 | 445112728 | 2011-08-16 07:20:53 | 0 days 02:52:17 | 6971250 | 6 | merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom and a minute of silence | speeches | honored those who died trying to flee to the west . " it is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations | ||||
| 446394338 | 446494769 | 2011-08-24 14:38:18 | 0 days 16:16:15 | 506179 | 1 | unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans make similar distinctions between north | ]] | and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = 5 | ||||
| 448907770 | 449034599 | 2011-09-08 00:59:47 | 0 days 16:00:02 | 10996774 | 1 | replied , " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last name = sebetsyen | first | name | = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | year = 2009 | ||||
| 449034599 | 449778448 | 2011-09-11 09:15:56 | 3 days 08:16:09 | 1119028 | 0 | travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated | enclave | [[ exclave ]] | in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) willy brandt , who | |||
| 499054497 | 499130826 | 2012-06-24 13:05:40 | 0 days 14:00:21 | 1708682 | 1 | via canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at [[ checkpoint charlie | ]] | . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - | ||||
| 505248510 | 505389397 | 2012-08-02 07:46:43 | 0 days 19:46:28 | 1473712 | 2 | = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a | [[ | visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border | ||||
| 529700077 | 529724987 | 2012-12-25 15:36:49 | 0 days 06:28:33 | 10434788 | 4 | a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] [[ file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | | upright | | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] the date on which the wall fell is considered to have | ||||
| 545505652 | 545756761 | 2013-03-20 19:26:16 | 0 days 23:09:44 | 13884762 | 1 | publisher = bbc | date = 12 august 2007 | accessdate = 12 august 2007 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime | ]] | gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < | ||||
| 553106649 | 553801374 | 2013-05-06 16:29:15 | 4 days 18:39:32 | 3106684 | 3 | isbn = 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters | — by most accounts | , [[ nbc ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw ]] — asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be | ||||
| 560696523 | 560697108 | 2013-06-20 02:48:53 | 0 days 00:07:08 | 5681311 | 5 | sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes | mislabelled | mislabeled | " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , | |||
| 560698146 | 560703430 | 2013-06-20 04:11:03 | 0 days 01:09:43 | 1108424 | 5 | sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes | mislabeled | mislabelled | " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , | |||
| 560703430 | 560704004 | 2013-06-20 04:18:37 | 0 days 00:07:34 | 5681311 | 5 | sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes | mislabelled | mislabeled | " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , | |||
| 568314024 | 568939424 | 2013-08-17 15:00:02 | 4 days 09:38:27 | 5979365 | 1 | , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon | ]] | , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , | ||||
| 574067499 | 574620114 | 2013-09-26 15:58:31 | 3 days 22:46:22 | 678051 | 0 | visit = = 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert , which was attended by 300 , | 0000 | 000 | in person , and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , " i ' m not here for or against any government , | |||
| 574665859 | 574666082 | 2013-09-26 22:32:27 | 0 days 00:01:50 | 16715243 | 0 | this warning reached not u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the | [[ | kennedy home [[ hyannis port ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he was relieved that the east germans and the soviets had only divided | ||||
| 580857229 | 580930170 | 2013-11-09 18:30:33 | 0 days 12:13:30 | 4783993 | 1 | passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , u . s . president | ]] [[ | john f . kennedy visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of 450 , 000 he declared | ||||
| 590849769 | 590964946 | 2014-01-16 13:37:35 | 0 days 19:20:34 | 736651 | 33 | = 9 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , | [[ | hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to | ||||
| 34 | february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary | ]] | effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . | |||||||||
| 41 | , " entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom , | ” | proclaimed president wulff . " < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe | |||||||||
| 618841270 | 619750670 | 2014-08-04 01:20:28 | 6 days 08:25:14 | 14405583 | 12 | abbr = on }} * column track length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * number of watch towers : 302 | * | | | number of bunkers : 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building | |||
| 631993537 | 632215818 | 2014-11-03 00:37:18 | 1 days 14:51:48 | 18865486 | 8 | away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the destruction of the wall itself began in [[ summer 1990 | ]] | and lasted until 1992 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary / ct - | ||||
| 633124700 | 633132744 | 2014-11-09 20:10:48 | 0 days 00:59:02 | 2012100 | 23 | ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards | [[ | german reunification , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution of east germany and the official reunification of the german state along the | ||||
| 633132744 | 633141598 | 2014-11-09 21:12:28 | 0 days 01:01:40 | 13734125 | 1 | when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of defection , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot | ]] | ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and windscreen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they | ||||
| 633141598 | 633168677 | 2014-11-10 01:12:55 | 0 days 04:00:27 | 10340692 | 0 | wall ( " berlin wall " ) = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] | * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] | * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ | ||||
| 633183384 | 633189879 | 2014-11-10 04:55:00 | 0 days 01:15:20 | 1833 | 12 | around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december | 1990 | . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border | ||||
| 659612103 | 660351082 | 2015-05-02 01:50:09 | 3 days 22:10:38 | 11963162 | 1 | e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on 9 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s | ]] | plan to close the intra - berlin border between east and west berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the | ||||
| 664678445 | 665650877 | 2015-06-05 18:14:52 | 6 days 10:44:50 | 2901026 | 1 | to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to | [[ | checkpoint charlie ]] . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = defection attempts = = | ||||
| 2 | west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to [[ checkpoint charlie | ]] | . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | |||||||||
| 5 | the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the | [[ | brandenburg gate ]] . a high point was when over 1 , 000 colourfully designed foam domino tiles , each over {{ convert | 8 | ft | m }} tall | |||||||||
| 6 | of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the [[ brandenburg gate | ]] | . a high point was when over 1 , 000 colourfully designed foam domino tiles , each over {{ convert | 8 | ft | m }} tall , that were | |||||||||
| 7 | | - long }} piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , halfway between | [[ | checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , | |||||||||
| 8 | }} piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , halfway between [[ checkpoint charlie | ]] | and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east | |||||||||
| 9 | the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at | [[ | bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none | |||||||||
| 10 | ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße | ]] | , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents | |||||||||
| 11 | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to | [[ | checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they temporarily erected more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to | |||||||||
| 12 | museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie | ]] | , although not in the location of the original wall . they temporarily erected more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the | |||||||||
| 13 | east germany beginning the erection of the berlin wall . chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with president [[ christian wulff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] at the | [[ | bernauer straße ]] memorial park to remember lives and liberty . speeches extolled freedom and a minute of silence at noon honored those who died trying to flee to the west | |||||||||
| 14 | the erection of the berlin wall . chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with president [[ christian wulff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] at the [[ bernauer straße | ]] | memorial park to remember lives and liberty . speeches extolled freedom and a minute of silence at noon honored those who died trying to flee to the west . " it | |||||||||
| 688485144 | 688492814 | 2015-11-01 08:32:20 | 0 days 01:49:12 | 9048060 | 1 | = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 11 september 2009 | work = michael binyon | work = times | ]] | | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we | ||||
| 4 | united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = helen nugent | work = times | ]] | | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = | |||||||||
| 693973160 | 693973403 | 2015-12-06 06:17:52 | 0 days 00:02:45 | 30225 | 2 | % of the world ' s oil radioactive for decades . the title character of the movie has a team break into a missile silo in [[ smith center , kansas | [[ | ]] | to obtain independent launch capability . , then he and an israeli security agent drive an automobile from west germany ' ' over the berlin wall into east germany ' ' | |||
| 694466316 | 695438983 | 2015-12-16 02:07:04 | 6 days 13:18:26 | 14376642 | 0 | = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall – bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , | [[ | bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person , and broadcast delayed | ||||
| 1 | }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall – bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen | ]] | and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person , and broadcast delayed on television | |||||||||
| 699459845 | 699459916 | 2016-01-12 13:18:35 | 0 days 00:00:51 | 19338611 | 1 | the local - germany ' s news in english | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its fdj | ]] | youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped that by letting springsteen in , they could improve their sentiment among east germans . however , this | ||||
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 23 | n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 – usatoday . com | accessdate = 19 february 2008 | work = | [[ | usa today | date = 12 june 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ u . s . president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ | ||||
| 36 | der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix | | last1 = | kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 | |||||||||
| 38 | + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan | | last2 = | posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 / http : | |||||||||
| 51 | east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | publisher = | [[ | the globe and mail | date = 26 october 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | location = toronto }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : | |||||||||
| 67 | article6828556 . ece | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = | [[ | the times ]] | location = london | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = | |||||||||
| 68 | | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = [[ the times | ]] | | location = london | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = | |||||||||
| 708557629 | 710470018 | 2016-03-17 03:45:27 | 10 days 20:34:11 | 25794403 | 1 | or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | | 300px | 220px | | [[ universal newsreel ]] of the 1st anniversary of the berlin wall ]] the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency that was aware that east | |||
| 710470018 | 712353861 | 2016-03-28 16:31:53 | 11 days 12:46:26 | 11324670 | 1 | = on june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin , played a concert close to the wall | ]] | . this was attended by thousands of eastern concertgoers across the wall , < ref name = " fisher " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / | ||||
| 722498372 | 724165325 | 2016-06-07 14:47:00 | 9 days 23:58:28 | 5288432 | 0 | - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route . * * ' ' [[ the soldier ( | 1982 | film ) | the soldier ]] ' ' , 1982 - a renegade kgb team put nuclear weapons in saudi arabia to force america to make the israelis pull out of | ||||
| 780019390 | 781687181 | 2017-05-22 17:34:23 | 10 days 04:39:20 | 8719036 | 1 | " ) = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] | * | * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ | ||||
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 16 | ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . | revolutions | of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) , which demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] | ||||
| 38 | no | df = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border | defenses | with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite news | |||||||||
| 781715128 | 781720399 | 2017-05-22 20:55:40 | 0 days 00:38:03 | 8719036 | 3 | = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = in june 1989 the hungarian government began dismantling the barbed - wire fence along its border with austria | ]] | ( with western tv crews present ) , and then , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > | ||||
| 787409030 | 787409131 | 2017-06-25 06:56:40 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 31190988 | 1 | brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration . * the former management office [[ nieder neuendorf # bauwerke | nieder neuendorf ]] , in the district of [ hennigsdorf | ] | ]] | of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states . * the former management station [[ bergfelde ]] | |||
| 787409131 | 787409166 | 2017-06-25 06:57:14 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 31190988 | 2 | . the memorial site , which is run by the initiative of his brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration . * the former management office [[ nieder neuendorf | ]] | , in the district of [[ hennigsdorf ]] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states . | ||||
| 3 | ]] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states . * the former management station [[ bergfelde | ]] | , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in an already reforested area of the border strip and is used together with surrounding terrain as | |||||||||
| 800698581 | 802359764 | 2017-09-25 17:45:53 | 10 days 13:54:34 | 30928445 | 0 | ( as per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the | [[ | united states , the united kingdom , france and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , | ||||
| 810126141 | 810127095 | 2017-11-13 14:01:58 | 0 days 00:08:17 | 6554947 | 0 | border , however , this strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the de jure border appears to have been | unmarked | undemarcated | . the strip was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in | |||
| 810187128 | 810222160 | 2017-11-14 00:53:59 | 0 days 04:11:16 | 6554947 | 2 | border , however , this strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the de jure border appears to have been | undemarcated | unmarked | . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west | |||
| 810231237 | 810234613 | 2017-11-14 02:24:09 | 0 days 00:25:23 | 6554947 | 4 | faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch , who was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and later convicted of | unlawfully | illegally | crossing the de jure border . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - | |||
| 810308903 | 810309981 | 2017-11-14 13:50:38 | 0 days 00:08:41 | 6554947 | 0 | the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and later convicted of illegally crossing the | [[ | de jure border . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs / | ||||
| 810347455 | 810347639 | 2017-11-14 18:41:08 | 0 days 00:01:22 | 6554947 | 0 | generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been chased , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist | [[ | thierry noir reports having been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / gallery / 2014 / | ||||
| 1 | - faire attitude toward the strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been chased , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist thierry noir | ]] | reports having been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / gallery / 2014 / apr / | |||||||||
| 810347639 | 810351013 | 2017-11-14 19:06:27 | 0 days 00:25:19 | 6554947 | 3 | google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been | chased | persued | , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports having been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref > https | |||
| 810365760 | 810394251 | 2017-11-15 00:08:21 | 0 days 03:27:26 | 6554947 | 0 | location of the actual border appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping | foreigners | outsiders | off the outer strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . | |||
| 813824036 | 814525068 | 2017-12-09 09:23:38 | 3 days 21:00:13 | 9236845 | 0 | - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the [[ eastern bloc ]] portrayed the wall as protecting its population from | [[ fascism | | fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice , the wall served | ||||
| 1 | vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the [[ eastern bloc ]] portrayed the wall as protecting its population from fascist | ]] | elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice , the wall served to | |||||||||
| 822507011 | 823238815 | 2018-01-31 01:46:26 | 4 days 06:04:21 | 32940610 | 0 | beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december | 1990 | . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that | ||||
| 824236669 | 825606275 | 2018-02-14 10:16:19 | 8 days 06:43:34 | 21948199 | 13 | beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december | 1990 | . according to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1 . 7 million tonnes of building rubble was produced . unofficially , the demolition of the bornholmer | ||||
| 826083240 | 826247392 | 2018-02-18 02:11:01 | 0 days 23:16:36 | 32940610 | 0 | 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in | [[ | bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december . various | ||||
| 1 | 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in bernauer straße | ]] | and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december . various military units | |||||||||
| 2 | beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december | 1990 | . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that | |||||||||
| 838879438 | 838895196 | 2018-04-29 23:54:28 | 0 days 02:14:24 | 19082616 | 2 | - 6 }} < / ref > = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | | 220px | | [[ universal newsreel ]] of the 1st anniversary of the berlin wall ]] the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency that was aware that east | ||||
| 854070499 | 854078225 | 2018-08-08 20:29:20 | 0 days 01:04:58 | 3563616 | 6 | registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on it by [[ royal air force | raf ]] | airmen | , such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - |
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| 18341759 | 18388981 | 2005-07-08 10:31:44 | 0 days 16:15:16 | 53921 | 5 | helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 100 miles long , and covered 110 | miles | mi ) | from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the |
| 10 | barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; | metre | metres | long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by | |||||
| 20450326 | 20486751 | 2005-08-07 18:01:17 | 0 days 14:42:46 | 133515 | 0 | barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; | metres | metre | long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by |
| 24151055 | 24156661 | 2005-09-27 13:29:22 | 0 days 01:47:28 | 0|205.202.36.246 | 63 | berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km | ( | 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further in , | |
| 24156661 | 24156863 | 2005-09-27 13:33:41 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 340905 | 64 | particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km 96 miles | ) | long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their | |
| 27820034 | 27831852 | 2005-11-09 16:41:48 | 0 days 02:52:45 | 0|68.78.185.254 | 2 | city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km | ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) | , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections . little is left | |
| 37710041 | 37796162 | 2006-02-02 04:37:22 | 0 days 09:53:21 | 21887 | 0 | allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of 45 km ( 28 | mi . | miles | ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east |
| 1 | to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 | mi | miles | ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from | |||||
| 2 | border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 | mi | miles | ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . | |||||
| 40915337 | 40944082 | 2006-02-24 01:02:35 | 0 days 03:27:05 | 304316 | 69 | changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train ]] systemaround 1 . 6 km ( 1 [[ mile | | mile ]] | ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed | |
| 150879717 | 150880869 | 2007-08-13 02:41:42 | 0 days 00:07:57 | 400934 | 0 | berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 | km | kilometers | ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east |
| 1 | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; | miles | mi | ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in | |||||
| 197872871 | 197873819 | 2008-03-13 02:08:59 | 0 days 00:05:15 | 3554446 | 0 | ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 | mi . | miles | ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and |
| 256070488 | 256154730 | 2008-12-06 01:40:12 | 0 days 08:28:17 | 0|68.164.228.214 | 2 | mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 | & nbsp ; mi | miles | ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in |
| 322000370 | 322274629 | 2009-10-27 03:17:35 | 1 days 06:39:48 | 82982 | 16 | begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; | km | kilometres | ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was |
| 17 | up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; km ( 97 | miles | mi | ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside | |||||
| 18 | , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; | km | kilometres | ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach | |||||
| 19 | install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; km ( 27 | miles | mi | ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin | |||||
| 40 | next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; | km | kilometres | ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( | |||||
| 41 | ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 | miles | mi | ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) | |||||
| 42 | u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; | km | kilometres | ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] | |||||
| 43 | personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 | miles | mi | ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along | |||||
| 324911705 | 324911771 | 2009-11-09 21:14:34 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 0|216.239.87.133 | 8 | up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 | mi | miles | ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 mi ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside |
| 9 | install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 mi ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 | mi | miles | ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin | |||||
| 636736464 | 638716252 | 2014-12-19 00:55:57 | 13 days 14:59:40 | 1469567 | 0 | | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | border length between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | | mi | 1 | | abbr = on }} | border length through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | concrete segment |
| 2 | of wall length : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | | mi | 1 | | abbr = on }} | anti - vehicle trenches length : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | contact / signal | |||||
| 3 | {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | contact / signal fence length : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | | mi | 1 | | abbr = on }} | column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | yd | abbr = on }} | column track length : {{ convert | | |||||
| 4 | column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | yd | abbr = on }} | column track length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | | mi | 1 | | abbr = on }} | number of watch towers : 302 | number of bunkers : 20 }} | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | | |||||
| 5 | | mi | abbr = on }} | number of watch towers : 302 | number of bunkers : 20 }} | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | | mi | 1 | | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = wall }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg |
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| 3800134 | 3800736 | 2004-05-31 10:22:36 | 0 days 18:49:48 | 3808 | 1 | on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the | [[ | soviet union , the usa , the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and | |
| 25 | ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the | [[ weimar | republic in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , october 3 was chosen instead . the fall | ||||||
| 7274428 | 7274470 | 2004-11-09 22:05:43 | 0 days 00:01:56 | 0|84.57.81.84 | 2 | ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the | first german republic , the | [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , [[ october 3 ]] | |
| 7274640 | 7274734 | 2004-11-09 22:10:20 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 0|84.57.81.84 | 1 | ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , as well as the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors | , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany | . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their | |
| 9338110 | 9340902 | 2005-01-13 15:39:41 | 1 days 13:58:21 | 0|198.20.32.180 | 4 | [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the | [[ | soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the | |
| 9340902 | 9400082 | 2005-01-13 19:37:16 | 0 days 03:57:35 | 28107 | 4 | ii , berlin , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the | [[ | soviet union , the united states , the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest | |
| 10084850 | 10084995 | 2005-02-09 02:13:18 | 0 days 00:02:21 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 2 | [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the | [[ | soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the | |
| 10087212 | 10087443 | 2005-02-09 03:43:17 | 0 days 01:23:14 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 21 | rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the | [[ | cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . the creation of the wall had important implications for both the germanies . by stemming the | |
| 10087443 | 10091995 | 2005-02-09 03:51:22 | 0 days 00:08:05 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 8 | september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the | [[ | german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , | |
| 10091995 | 10144491 | 2005-02-09 07:09:31 | 0 days 03:18:09 | 28107 | 4 | ii , berlin , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the | [[ | soviet union , the united states , the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest | |
| 31 | eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade | ]] | by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( west | ||||||
| 111 | september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the | [[ | german democratic republic , erich honecker , resigned on october 18 , 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later | ||||||
| 11746206 | 11747812 | 2005-04-01 03:30:23 | 2 days 11:22:10 | 225848 | 7 | . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . | this had ramifications for | the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = | |
| 11763678 | 11767213 | 2005-04-01 16:17:51 | 0 days 06:38:20 | 0|168.9.35.14 | 0 | - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for | the sexy | russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , | |
| 11767213 | 11865420 | 2005-04-01 18:19:35 | 0 days 02:01:44 | 44020 | 0 | - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for | the sexy | russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , | |
| 12869629 | 12869650 | 2005-04-27 04:17:18 | 0 days 12:41:29 | 0|210.11.188.18 | 2 | november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the | rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany | link below www | . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under |
| 3 | , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . | the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control | hl2 - cheats | . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - | |||||
| 13195297 | 13205916 | 2005-05-03 22:57:43 | 0 days 00:05:44 | 0|129.67.43.240 | 0 | [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during | the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and | the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . the creation of the wall had important implications for both the germanies . by | |
| 13207767 | 13207835 | 2005-05-04 04:55:42 | 0 days 01:03:36 | 0|129.67.43.240 | 5 | that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . a few months after the barbed wire went up , the us government | informed | would inform | the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the |
| 24151055 | 24156661 | 2005-09-27 13:29:22 | 0 days 01:47:28 | 0|205.202.36.246 | 25 | [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the | [[ | soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one | |
| 29 | city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the | [[ | soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . | ||||||
| 24156661 | 24156863 | 2005-09-27 13:33:41 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 340905 | 24 | , 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the | [[ | soviet army during the closing months of world war ii . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , | |
| 28 | city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the | [[ | soviet union , the united states , the united kingdom , and [[ france each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly | ||||||
| 42 | as the early phases of the cold war unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a currency reform in 1948 prompted the berlin blockade | ]] | by the soviet union and led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after 1949 , the three sectors | ||||||
| 26467857 | 26918322 | 2005-10-30 22:25:26 | 5 days 02:16:53 | 0|205.188.116.204 | 4 | . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was | deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by | born on may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from | the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors |
| 9 | area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the | city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by | americans did not share information or seek assistance from | the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a | |||||
| 19 | all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the | western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] | russian program ? recent scholarship has suggested that greenglass and the rosenbergs actually knew very little about the workings of the atomic weapons aside from basic concepts that the russians had already acquired through other espionage sources anyway ( or would have likely figured out fairly quickly on their own once their atomic bomb project was put into full production ) , and compared to the information given | by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] | |||||
| 47 | . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the | soviet sector of germany . the [[ | soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . | ||||||
| 26918322 | 26918978 | 2005-10-30 22:32:59 | 0 days 00:07:33 | 67107 | 9 | world war ii , the ussr and the usa were allies in war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions . as such , the | americans did not share information or seek assistance from | city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by | the soviet union for the manhattan project . the soviets were aware of the project as a result of espionage penetration of the us government , however , and had made |
| 10 | allies in war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions . as such , the americans did not share information or seek assistance from the | soviet sector of germany . the [[ | soviet union for the manhattan project . the soviets were aware of the project as a result of espionage penetration of the us government , however , and had made a | ||||||
| 47 | ( or would have likely figured out fairly quickly on their own once their atomic bomb project was put into full production ) , and compared to the information given by | fuchs and theodore hall , it is unlikely that the rosenberg / greenglass data would have significantly aided | the soviet project . even the detailed information given by fuchs and hall seems to have only marginally sped up the soviet project , as it was heavily distrusted by project | ||||||
| 48 | information given by fuchs and theodore hall , it is unlikely that the rosenberg / greenglass data would have significantly aided the soviet project . even the detailed information given by | fuchs and hall seems to have only marginally sped up | the soviet project , as it was heavily distrusted by project leader lavrenty beria . this , of course , is a question not necessarily related to their guilt or sentencing | ||||||
| 27042249 | 27080524 | 2005-11-01 16:01:19 | 0 days 11:13:12 | 0|64.9.53.34 | 2 | article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to | be overrun by the | hump it expect it was a asshole instead of a clit so he licked his brothers asshole | [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , |
| 27080524 | 27085773 | 2005-11-01 17:19:14 | 0 days 01:17:55 | 0|24.165.111.223 | 2 | background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ clit ]] , was deep within the | area which the penis was planning to hump it expect it was a asshole instead of a clit so he licked his brothers asshole | [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , | |
| 28791862 | 28792067 | 2005-11-20 01:04:12 | 0 days 00:04:02 | 0|201.252.93.29 | 10 | demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , | was captured by | the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors | |
| 28792067 | 28792082 | 2005-11-20 01:04:30 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 159620 | 8 | wall ) ' ' . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] , [[ berlin ]] , | was captured by | the [[ soviet ]] army duringof [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was , one for each , although berlin was on all sides by | |
| 31042058 | 31084094 | 2005-12-12 19:26:03 | 0 days 06:57:07 | 549849 | 4 | the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . | thus | the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their | |
| 36484473 | 36496005 | 2006-01-24 13:11:47 | 0 days 02:45:35 | 0|68.88.99.4 | 0 | = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by | dont touch my willie ! | the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , | |
| 36496005 | 36500191 | 2006-01-24 14:03:59 | 0 days 00:52:12 | 0|129.104.247.2 | 0 | = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by | dont touch my willie ! | the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , | |
| 36650338 | 36652600 | 2006-01-25 15:46:06 | 0 days 00:20:05 | 0|194.232.85.82 | 0 | the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , | who sought the approval of | approved by | soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . after he got done masturbating khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air |
| 40378504 | 40459448 | 2006-02-20 18:39:58 | 0 days 14:44:59 | 386031 | 23 | prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc | ]] | and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was | |
| 24 | lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the | [[ | soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all | ||||||
| 26 | because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to | [[ | poland and the soviet union . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | | ||||||
| 27 | east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to poland | ]] | and the soviet union . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position | ||||||
| 40946642 | 40949144 | 2006-02-24 01:42:58 | 0 days 00:21:46 | 304316 | 2 | germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ | east germany | | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1949 onwards , the federal | |
| 44113664 | 44126829 | 2006-03-16 23:24:43 | 0 days 01:31:01 | 0|152.163.100.73 | 0 | divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a | [[ | [ | democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the |
| 44178144 | 44190650 | 2006-03-17 09:49:27 | 0 days 02:45:19 | 1097544 | 0 | divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a | [ | [[ | democracy | democratic ] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " across the border , the german democratic republic |
| 44190650 | 44191484 | 2006-03-17 09:59:44 | 0 days 00:10:17 | 1097544 | 0 | brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; | likewhise | likewise | soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; |
| 44251332 | 44255513 | 2006-03-17 20:05:59 | 0 days 00:33:10 | 97 | 0 | could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries | [[ | poland , czechoslovakia , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west | |
| 1 | be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries poland | ]] | , czechoslovakia , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin | ||||||
| 2 | used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries poland , | [[ | czechoslovakia , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste | ||||||
| 46947936 | 46949495 | 2006-04-04 17:06:33 | 0 days 00:11:44 | 97676 | 0 | was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by | [[ | soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany , which permanently closed the border between | |
| 2 | tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of the | [[ | soviet union ]] , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that | ||||||
| 51928692 | 51987616 | 2006-05-07 15:05:21 | 0 days 11:26:57 | 0|80.134.172.176 | 0 | ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of | what western powers regarded as | communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of | |
| 51998163 | 51999522 | 2006-05-07 16:44:07 | 0 days 00:11:36 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 5 | could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries | [[ | poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings | |
| 6 | used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland | ]] | , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened | ||||||
| 7 | transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , | [[ | czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow | ||||||
| 51999522 | 51999602 | 2006-05-07 16:44:48 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 223113 | 4 | could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries | [[ | poland , czechoslovakia , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west | |
| 5 | be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries poland | ]] | , czechoslovakia , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin | ||||||
| 6 | used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries poland , | [[ | czechoslovakia , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste | ||||||
| 52187835 | 52187983 | 2006-05-08 19:25:32 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 0|156.63.113.54 | 0 | until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward | eating bologna | [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . | |
| 52187983 | 52196151 | 2006-05-08 20:15:27 | 0 days 00:49:55 | 0|147.4.184.14 | 0 | until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward | eating bologna | [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . | |
| 52230634 | 52245238 | 2006-05-09 01:36:36 | 0 days 01:48:21 | 389512 | 0 | ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of | what western powers regarded as | communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of | |
| 57040826 | 57243206 | 2006-06-06 21:05:19 | 1 days 02:00:04 | 300188 | 3 | collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being | subsidized | subsidised | by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = |
| 57484319 | 57663965 | 2006-06-09 06:58:07 | 1 days 01:49:03 | 0|203.51.41.247 | 7 | , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones | to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding | mareille | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . |
| 57663965 | 57664095 | 2006-06-09 06:59:35 | 0 days 00:01:28 | 416594 | 6 | , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones | mareille | to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . |
| 64681432 | 64682237 | 2006-07-19 16:07:06 | 0 days 00:04:50 | 157842 | 18 | in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former [[ president ]] ronald reagan , [[ senator ]] [[ john ashcroft ]] and | [[ | german ]] [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . fourty - four years after her grandfather warned of an | |
| 65633547 | 66079192 | 2006-07-27 02:02:21 | 2 days 04:22:24 | 0|202.89.36.170 | 1 | what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the | decline | declinxxxxxxxxxxxxxxe | of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement |
| 66079192 | 66079583 | 2006-07-27 02:05:14 | 0 days 00:02:53 | 416594 | 0 | what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the | declinxxxxxxxxxxxxxxe | decline | of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement |
| 67053691 | 67063468 | 2006-08-01 16:29:11 | 0 days 01:00:35 | 0|66.32.195.73 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | = = = divergence | and , after all | of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft |
| 82835134 | 82879500 | 2006-10-21 21:17:43 | 0 days 04:29:04 | 2542109 | 4 | however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western | powers | regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the | |
| 82879500 | 82879607 | 2006-10-21 21:18:28 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 2179786 | 4 | however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western | powers | regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the | |
| 84628126 | 84628356 | 2006-10-30 15:08:34 | 0 days 00:01:17 | 0|216.79.72.2 | 1 | output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east | germany ' s economy was being | subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | |
| 84630440 | 84632700 | 2006-10-30 15:33:12 | 0 days 00:13:01 | 1008387 | 2 | to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east | germany ' s economy was being | subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . | |
| 86125050 | 86126158 | 2006-11-06 21:09:35 | 0 days 00:04:58 | 350153 | 3 | states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government | would inform | informed | the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the |
| 88527357 | 88544994 | 2006-11-18 02:06:45 | 0 days 01:51:34 | 0|82.2.80.207 | 0 | < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the | former | formerz | [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and |
| 88544994 | 88545100 | 2006-11-18 02:07:24 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 0|82.2.80.207 | 0 | < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the | formerz | former | [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and |
| 89218090 | 89218590 | 2006-11-21 12:19:05 | 0 days 00:05:01 | 617480 | 0 | jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , | the | communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass | |
| 94444270 | 94444428 | 2006-12-15 04:19:37 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 0|71.251.242.195 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | = = = = = = = = | divergence of german states from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' | |
| 95268385 | 95268482 | 2006-12-19 07:38:35 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 125534 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | = = | = = = | divergence of german states = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft |
| 99165555 | 99378492 | 2007-01-08 19:24:41 | 0 days 22:43:14 | 29695 | 1 | div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ | separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | | german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and was | |
| 100940597 | 100941637 | 2007-01-15 20:29:28 | 0 days 00:04:57 | 2181758 | 1 | collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being | subsidised | subsidized | by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union |
| 100946186 | 100948158 | 2007-01-15 20:59:57 | 0 days 00:09:11 | 302522 | 3 | collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being | subsidized | subsidised | by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union |
| 105035085 | 105154435 | 2007-02-02 19:13:09 | 0 days 12:40:40 | 3436457 | 4 | flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall | was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] | and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] | |
| 109201627 | 109202413 | 2007-02-19 01:53:52 | 0 days 00:04:12 | 0|68.41.174.194 | 5 | stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster | for east germany and | for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would | |
| 7 | control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of | what western powers regarded as | communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in | ||||||
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 6 | drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | oscar wilde }} {{ q | | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . |
| 40 | | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = | {{ | german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before | ||||||
| 52 | | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . | although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east | ||||||
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 6 | drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | oscar wilde }} {{ q | | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . |
| 40 | | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = | {{ | german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before | ||||||
| 52 | | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . | although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east | ||||||
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 6 | drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | oscar wilde }} {{ q | | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . |
| 40 | | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = | {{ | german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before | ||||||
| 52 | | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . | although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east | ||||||
| 113384513 | 113385689 | 2007-03-07 19:46:17 | 0 days 00:05:21 | 3511275 | 1 | known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the | [[ east germany | | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ | |
| 115431184 | 115431288 | 2007-03-15 23:17:11 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 3849022 | 0 | powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of | lolerskates | the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , | |
| 115431288 | 115431424 | 2007-03-15 23:17:47 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 911178 | 0 | powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of | lolerskates | the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , | |
| 115708771 | 115802630 | 2007-03-17 15:36:20 | 0 days 12:35:58 | 0|91.64.129.222 | 5 | were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the | first step toward | way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east german voters were convinced of the need for | [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 |
| 115803261 | 115804646 | 2007-03-17 15:49:40 | 0 days 00:09:19 | 54809 | 2 | away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the | way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east german voters were convinced of the need for | first step toward | [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 |
| 115804646 | 115804866 | 2007-03-17 15:50:50 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 54809 | 5 | were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the | first step toward | way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east german voters were convinced of the need for | [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 |
| 118657778 | 119194198 | 2007-03-31 03:19:34 | 2 days 02:46:08 | 0|69.236.50.115 | 14 | , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | | french | ryan ross | ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly |
| 17 | remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : | the | [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of | ||||||
| 121573836 | 121815930 | 2007-04-10 23:58:00 | 0 days 22:34:01 | 0|71.251.78.138 | 7 | wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . | ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known | in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] | |
| 129554675 | 129554933 | 2007-05-09 16:37:49 | 0 days 00:01:02 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 7 | from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) | and a | - - | [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' |
| 8 | , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ | democracy | user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder | |||||
| 131729416 | 131817337 | 2007-05-18 17:31:59 | 0 days 09:55:25 | 0|68.188.181.146 | 0 | _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what | phillip isaac smith | territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers | |
| 131817337 | 131817727 | 2007-05-18 17:33:44 | 0 days 00:01:45 | 0|68.188.181.146 | 0 | 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what phillip isaac smith | territorially | terpooooooooopritorially | remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : |
| 131817727 | 131817837 | 2007-05-18 17:34:15 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 0|68.188.181.146 | 0 | _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what | phillip isaac smith | adam | terpooooooooopritorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers |
| 131817837 | 131818104 | 2007-05-18 17:35:20 | 0 days 00:01:05 | 302522 | 0 | _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what | adam terpooooooooopritorially | territorially | remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : |
| 132997348 | 133070307 | 2007-05-24 01:07:06 | 0 days 05:44:33 | 129409 | 32 | were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared the way for | nationalist tendencies , which gained ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for | [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ | |
| 133269284 | 133325186 | 2007-05-25 02:50:26 | 0 days 05:03:52 | 0|75.86.171.178 | 0 | _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what | territorially | territrially | remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : |
| 133345721 | 133347493 | 2007-05-25 04:59:29 | 0 days 00:12:33 | 715870 | 0 | _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what | territrially | territorially | remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : |
| 148832356 | 148832459 | 2007-08-03 00:22:10 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 4436820 | 0 | ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the | [[ | soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ | |
| 150365735 | 150415593 | 2007-08-10 16:13:56 | 0 days 06:20:47 | 6661 | 2 | mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in the [[ | east germany | | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . | |
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 2 | - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of | [[ | nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ | |
| 38 | powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the | [[ west germany | | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | ||||||
| 42 | , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the | [[ | soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = | ||||||
| 44 | west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the | [[ east germany | | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany | ||||||
| 69 | of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the | still | communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly | ||||||
| 165410058 | 165410165 | 2007-10-18 14:23:17 | 0 days 00:00:37 | 0|89.240.178.51 | 1 | one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | | french | ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided | |
| 165598417 | 165643339 | 2007-10-19 15:25:00 | 0 days 05:20:28 | 2073927 | 2 | controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france | | french | ]] and [[ soviet union ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four | |
| 166091165 | 166163043 | 2007-10-21 23:35:42 | 0 days 05:37:26 | 0|76.211.17.132 | 0 | sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on | [[ august 23 ]] [[ | the 9th of november , | 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to |
| 23 | gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 | ]] | , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . | ||||||
| 173256912 | 173333858 | 2007-11-23 19:40:42 | 0 days 09:28:53 | 0|72.90.88.128 | 1 | acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged | western powers used it as a symbol of | [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' | |
| 4 | the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . | western powers used it as a symbol of | communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ | ||||||
| 173333858 | 173353310 | 2007-11-23 21:37:46 | 0 days 01:57:04 | 137113 | 3 | the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . | western powers used it as a symbol of | [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' | |
| 173360419 | 173360555 | 2007-11-23 22:21:06 | 0 days 00:00:48 | 137113 | 0 | entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 spelled out the official line to [[ socialist unity party | of germany | | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr | |
| 173360784 | 173361439 | 2007-11-23 22:26:15 | 0 days 00:03:47 | 137113 | 1 | citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . an east german propaganda booklet published in [[ 1955 ]] spelled out the | official line | seriousness of [[ republikfluckt | ' fleeing the republic ' ]] | to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the |
| 174746112 | 174834859 | 2007-11-30 14:39:05 | 0 days 11:56:47 | 137113 | 0 | ]] power of the capitalist sphere , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well | - | financed federal republic . an east german propaganda booklet published in [[ 1955 ]] outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist | |
| 175551251 | 175552021 | 2007-12-03 19:57:45 | 0 days 00:03:16 | 0|24.207.26.4 | 2 | deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] sebastian adugalski [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially | remained | emained | of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies |
| 175552021 | 175559970 | 2007-12-03 20:31:20 | 0 days 00:33:35 | 2537811 | 2 | 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] nic beck and matthew baena [[ ended of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially | emained | remained | of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies |
| 175957057 | 175993501 | 2007-12-05 20:16:36 | 0 days 02:49:49 | 0|147.133.205.61 | 1 | was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the | idiotic | soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a | |
| 175993501 | 176001287 | 2007-12-05 20:51:38 | 0 days 00:35:02 | 2537811 | 1 | a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , retarded east german leaders met the | idiotic | soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a | |
| 181089181 | 181089350 | 2007-12-31 00:23:54 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 0|208.104.149.90 | 4 | . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by | < font color = red > | soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was | |
| 181090431 | 181090540 | 2007-12-31 00:31:22 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 2306142 | 15 | impetus for the creation of the berlin wall < / b > came from < i > east german leader < / i > [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by | < font color = red > | soviet leader < / font > [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction | |
| 182408420 | 182439802 | 2008-01-06 02:14:09 | 0 days 02:36:33 | 1131347 | 0 | - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established a | tyrannical | authoritarian | government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of |
| 186163693 | 186265094 | 2008-01-23 02:51:18 | 0 days 08:06:59 | 0|71.98.41.151 | 0 | [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] | , [[ africa ]] | and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into | |
| 186280526 | 186281600 | 2008-01-23 04:36:51 | 0 days 00:07:43 | 0|209.202.16.80 | 0 | [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] | , [[ africa ]] | and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into | |
| 199352072 | 199352175 | 2008-03-19 15:00:38 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 0|65.43.197.150 | 0 | french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed | [ cack ] | the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ | |
| 199352310 | 199352643 | 2008-03-19 15:03:08 | 0 days 00:01:49 | 2372780 | 0 | french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed | [ cack ] | the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ | |
| 201855946 | 202125951 | 2008-03-30 19:58:57 | 1 days 01:48:56 | 0|76.104.54.6 | 3 | germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to | cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met | share with | the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce |
| 204493107 | 204725508 | 2008-04-10 16:47:10 | 0 days 23:17:59 | 137113 | 0 | not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the | ddr | gdr | and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about |
| 1 | soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a | ddr | gdr | / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unneccessary move if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility | |||||
| 210686797 | 210716210 | 2008-05-07 02:13:29 | 0 days 02:42:09 | 0|76.246.244.54 | 0 | government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had | not | expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long | |
| 210975287 | 211222812 | 2008-05-09 09:24:57 | 1 days 03:28:16 | 686868 | 2 | : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel | relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , lorry drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of ' ' other east european countries ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' | allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a | |
| 9 | [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of | the history of the wall , | allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a | ||||||
| 229217140 | 229650556 | 2008-08-03 21:25:53 | 2 days 08:34:27 | 577301 | 25 | occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french | ]] | and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into | |
| 85 | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 | ]] | , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . | ||||||
| 231117861 | 231118376 | 2008-08-10 23:37:03 | 0 days 00:02:48 | 0|75.72.179.139 | 0 | in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at | [[ | marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column | |
| 1 | a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn | ]] | , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was | ||||||
| 232402597 | 232464684 | 2008-08-17 09:31:07 | 0 days 09:15:29 | 0|144.138.73.137 | 1 | public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for | < < thats a true story . . btu little did any one knw | [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | | |
| 232464684 | 232470905 | 2008-08-17 10:38:36 | 0 days 01:07:29 | 0|92.226.201.206 | 1 | almost all of the rest of it . but did little did any one know that this stuff is boring 1 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for | < < thats a true story . . btu little did any one knw | [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | | |
| 232501695 | 232899157 | 2008-08-19 13:18:48 | 1 days 22:15:36 | 7593190 | 0 | ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , | [[ united kingdom | | british ]] , french and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly | |
| 237420572 | 237421084 | 2008-09-10 02:42:59 | 0 days 00:04:00 | 7823265 | 12 | svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and | soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , french and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed | the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' | |
| 237533048 | 237592228 | 2008-09-10 22:31:33 | 0 days 05:13:54 | 0|76.101.200.188 | 0 | = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west | retarded gay weenies called | german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin | |
| 237592228 | 237592256 | 2008-09-10 22:31:42 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 1395162 | 0 | = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west | retarded gay weenies called | german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin | |
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 62 | administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what | territorially | remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ | |
| 239453915 | 239456329 | 2008-09-19 03:25:00 | 0 days 00:12:32 | 736477 | 6 | ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of | the two | german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with | |
| 239907895 | 240013658 | 2008-09-21 15:30:01 | 0 days 13:46:07 | 6660588 | 0 | one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , | [[ | french and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four | |
| 1 | of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , french | ]] | and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors | ||||||
| 240013658 | 240013759 | 2008-09-21 15:30:32 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 6660588 | 1 | the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ french | ]] | ]] | and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors |
| 240013759 | 240014029 | 2008-09-21 15:32:09 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 6660588 | 0 | , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the | [[ | german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' | |
| 246474803 | 246619818 | 2008-10-21 00:19:35 | 0 days 13:12:14 | 736477 | 2 | : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) | . | . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' | |
| 3 | - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . | military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers | soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' | ||||||
| 257231828 | 257283627 | 2008-12-11 15:12:00 | 0 days 08:02:47 | 0|168.184.255.133 | 0 | berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the | single bitches and hoes bouncing on | german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east | |
| 257283627 | 257283841 | 2008-12-11 15:13:34 | 0 days 00:01:34 | 7873346 | 1 | berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the | single bitches and hoes bouncing on | german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ eas ' s t berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the | |
| 258212113 | 258364412 | 2008-12-16 15:00:50 | 0 days 16:57:59 | 836916 | 0 | = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader | [[ | [ joseph [ | stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits |
| 258364412 | 258364484 | 2008-12-16 15:01:19 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 836916 | 0 | = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader | [ | [[ | joseph [ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes |
| 262762670 | 263247726 | 2009-01-10 21:42:09 | 2 days 06:10:03 | 5026668 | 6 | in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through | [[ | czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided | |
| 10 | ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward | [[ | german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 | ||||||
| 264168087 | 264168961 | 2009-01-15 01:48:54 | 0 days 00:04:47 | 0|72.70.166.111 | 0 | [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the | ' ' suck my nuts town | ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german | |
| 264168961 | 264171111 | 2009-01-15 02:00:30 | 0 days 00:11:36 | 352579 | 0 | [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the | ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' | ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german | |
| 269853148 | 269853251 | 2009-02-10 21:26:08 | 0 days 00:00:28 | 0|76.118.246.211 | 1 | ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ the republic of dave | ]] | from the russian communist headquarters ( in berlin ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the | |
| 272689603 | 272715063 | 2009-02-23 13:40:22 | 0 days 03:46:07 | 0|65.111.197.38 | 0 | , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party | of hitler homie | of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand | |
| 272732729 | 272750101 | 2009-02-23 17:00:36 | 0 days 01:30:33 | 96897 | 0 | , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party | of hitler homie | of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand | |
| 274328124 | 274331717 | 2009-03-02 03:21:55 | 0 days 00:17:26 | 0|98.114.196.225 | 0 | wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the | big balls | soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system | |
| 274331717 | 274331907 | 2009-03-02 03:22:50 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 0|98.114.196.225 | 0 | wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the | big balls | soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system | |
| 274696419 | 274698765 | 2009-03-03 15:20:19 | 0 days 00:12:04 | 2372780 | 0 | . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of | the inner - | german testicle = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s | |
| 277679396 | 277800121 | 2009-03-17 04:26:35 | 0 days 11:03:29 | 0|72.12.135.231 | 0 | . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] | ( and it ' s allies ) | and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 | |
| 277800121 | 277801434 | 2009-03-17 04:37:08 | 0 days 00:10:33 | 0|72.12.135.231 | 1 | the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] ( and it ' s allies | ) | of wwii ] | and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 |
| 277801434 | 277873616 | 2009-03-17 15:02:57 | 0 days 10:25:49 | 0|203.186.188.171 | 0 | borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ allies of wwii | ] | ]] | and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 |
| 277902757 | 277903755 | 2009-03-17 17:22:39 | 0 days 00:04:22 | 3505251 | 1 | west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between | the | [[ allies of wwii ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day | |
| 277907821 | 277908340 | 2009-03-17 17:42:14 | 0 days 00:02:00 | 3505251 | 1 | to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ allies of wwii ]] and | the | [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , | |
| 2 | symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ allies of wwii ]] and [[ | the | soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until | ||||||
| 277908340 | 277908940 | 2009-03-17 17:45:00 | 0 days 00:02:46 | 6984319 | 2 | borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ usa ]] and | [[ | the [[ soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , | |
| 3 | came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ usa ]] and the | [[ | soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until | ||||||
| 277908940 | 277909503 | 2009-03-17 17:47:21 | 0 days 00:02:21 | 6984319 | 2 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the western | european | [[ allies of wwii ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day | |
| 280764248 | 280886430 | 2009-03-31 16:22:09 | 0 days 15:34:58 | 9349949 | 1 | and well educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then | the | the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent august 28 , 1958 , | |
| 282782058 | 282826152 | 2009-04-09 19:19:39 | 0 days 04:02:27 | 9418822 | 1 | : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by | the | german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index | |
| 289234263 | 289234383 | 2009-05-11 11:23:50 | 0 days 00:01:08 | 0|189.13.118.213 | 1 | make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek | prosperity | prosperitydade | for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . |
| 289234383 | 289234676 | 2009-05-11 11:27:00 | 0 days 00:03:10 | 1099776 | 2 | would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general de dimizione secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek | prosperitydade | prosperity | for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . |
| 289279765 | 289306528 | 2009-05-11 19:12:08 | 0 days 02:32:05 | 0|70.91.110.14 | 0 | that event caused popular demonstration and a irreversible political crisis in the government of [[ gdr ]] . when the east german government announced on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 , | after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for | [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | |
| 289306528 | 289308987 | 2009-05-11 19:25:55 | 0 days 00:13:47 | 1099776 | 0 | that event caused popular demonstration and a irreversible political crisis in the government of [[ gdr ]] . when the east german government announced on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 , | after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for | [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | |
| 304807664 | 304813427 | 2009-07-29 04:28:07 | 0 days 00:41:10 | 6984319 | 1 | allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and | the | [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the | |
| 17 | of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , | excluding the soviet zone , which then formed | stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > | the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as | |||||
| 21 | berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the | two | soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east | german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) | |||||
| 36 | the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to | be formed into | the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin | ||||||
| 304813680 | 305113230 | 2009-07-30 17:36:15 | 1 days 13:06:13 | 0|155.188.247.7 | 2 | [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , | reagan | hasselhoff | challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together |
| 305113230 | 305113464 | 2009-07-30 17:37:36 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 6803532 | 2 | wall was david hasselhoff ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , | hasselhoff | reagan | challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together |
| 305130153 | 305728347 | 2009-08-03 00:58:10 | 3 days 05:42:38 | 0|67.163.100.198 | 2 | [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , | reagan | truman | challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together |
| 305747907 | 305749049 | 2009-08-03 03:34:07 | 0 days 00:09:09 | 118722 | 1 | [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , | truman | reagan | challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together |
| 308260646 | 308268690 | 2009-08-16 08:48:10 | 0 days 01:33:41 | 0|219.90.152.79 | 0 | ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , | france | francejack rocks your sock in 2009 | , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . |
| 308268690 | 308269713 | 2009-08-16 09:00:19 | 0 days 00:12:09 | 4916882 | 0 | ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , | francejack rocks your sock in 2009 | france | , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . |
| 315251624 | 315252773 | 2009-09-21 07:40:18 | 0 days 00:13:20 | 204692 | 0 | " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , | < ref name = " turner47 " / > | including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > | |
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 177 | november ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of | the first german republic , | the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ | |
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 15 | november ]] is also the date of the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration of | the first german republic , | the [[ weimar republic ]] in 1918 , the date of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht | |
| 318091580 | 318274763 | 2009-10-06 16:40:43 | 0 days 22:27:51 | 1476858 | 16 | allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , | ' ' ' | soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area | |
| 319547768 | 319594440 | 2009-10-13 09:35:29 | 0 days 07:09:46 | 0|60.50.80.80 | 0 | ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan | challenged | commanded | soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together |
| 319594440 | 319596946 | 2009-10-13 10:03:35 | 0 days 00:28:06 | 6971250 | 0 | ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan | commanded | challenged | soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together |
| 319914673 | 320139365 | 2009-10-16 02:25:06 | 1 days 02:44:15 | 10688538 | 0 | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the | [[ | german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . | |
| 320139365 | 320144857 | 2009-10-16 03:10:47 | 0 days 00:45:41 | 506179 | 1 | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the | [[ | german democratic republic ]] ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] | |
| 323786711 | 323839905 | 2009-11-04 04:57:08 | 0 days 05:54:45 | 0|210.3.39.29 | 2 | polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' | ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by | t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in | the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] |
| 323948489 | 323949018 | 2009-11-04 20:09:02 | 0 days 00:03:13 | 0|90.212.100.1 | 0 | < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , | soviet leader | the pedo | [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and |
| 323949018 | 323949431 | 2009-11-04 20:11:21 | 0 days 00:02:19 | 10519822 | 0 | < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , | the pedo | soviet leader | [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and |
| 324105954 | 324119733 | 2009-11-05 18:01:53 | 0 days 01:22:11 | 0|12.165.250.13 | 7 | wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of | berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate | the [[ communist party of | the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human |
| 324382889 | 324397109 | 2009-11-07 03:15:39 | 0 days 02:01:42 | 0|64.231.186.162 | 0 | area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by | craig robertson for sucking cock | the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] | |
| 324397109 | 324397140 | 2009-11-07 03:15:53 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 1469567 | 0 | area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by | craig robertson for sucking cock | the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] | |
| 324808994 | 324812165 | 2009-11-09 09:27:33 | 0 days 00:32:19 | 0|220.239.172.251 | 1 | , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what | remained | remianed | of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one |
| 324812241 | 324813463 | 2009-11-09 09:40:48 | 0 days 00:12:38 | 0|121.220.121.181 | 1 | , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = aftre the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what | remianed | remained | of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into fore occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one |
| 324813463 | 324815104 | 2009-11-09 09:59:16 | 0 days 00:18:28 | 4638533 | 1 | , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what | remained | remained | of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into fore occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one |
| 324827897 | 324833446 | 2009-11-09 13:09:56 | 0 days 00:52:45 | 0|71.206.91.10 | 1 | 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained | of y | of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one | |
| 324833446 | 324833874 | 2009-11-09 13:13:44 | 0 days 00:03:48 | 0|192.234.149.250 | 1 | = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = ou hate me after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained | of y | of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one | |
| 324923860 | 324923936 | 2009-11-09 22:20:37 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 6774658 | 1 | lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the | country | city | of [[ yugoslavia ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ north dakota ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large styrofoam walls , which circumscribed a |
| 325185447 | 325190185 | 2009-11-11 05:02:52 | 0 days 00:42:42 | 0|210.3.39.29 | 4 | soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by | in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of | the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including | |
| 5 | . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german | was built into a brick | democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east | ||||||
| 325190185 | 325190637 | 2009-11-11 05:07:12 | 0 days 00:04:20 | 10857892 | 9 | caused mass depression in germany . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by | the german | democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east | |
| 325364978 | 325366116 | 2009-11-12 02:34:13 | 0 days 00:08:51 | 0|202.158.12.194 | 13 | soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the | ruling | rulroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin walling | communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . |
| 15 | in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal | roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall | republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | | ||||||
| 325366116 | 325367008 | 2009-11-12 02:40:35 | 0 days 00:06:22 | 4916882 | 2 | soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the | rulroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin walling | ruling | communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . |
| 12 | miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and theroger jr . is the | son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall | [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] | ||||||
| 15 | in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal | roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall | republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | | ||||||
| 325566075 | 325566396 | 2009-11-13 04:30:57 | 0 days 00:03:13 | 0|150.101.251.68 | 1 | plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet | leader | penis | [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary |
| 325566396 | 325566439 | 2009-11-13 04:31:24 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 8214624 | 2 | the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = james davis has no penis . {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet | penis | leader | [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled penises on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary |
| 342118264 | 342118535 | 2010-02-05 16:25:39 | 0 days 00:01:34 | 0|207.35.35.12 | 2 | zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the | german | quebecers | democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin |
| 342119150 | 342120204 | 2010-02-05 16:35:38 | 0 days 00:06:25 | 3505251 | 2 | zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berline walle ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a wood barrier built by the | quebecers | german | democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin |
| 343782709 | 343784334 | 2010-02-13 18:45:26 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 5326371 | 2 | of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and the declaration of | the [[ weimar republic ]] , | the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and | |
| 15 | response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen | instead | as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of | ||||||
| 346182156 | 346183678 | 2010-02-24 23:07:35 | 0 days 00:08:59 | 0|202.134.38.186 | 0 | marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , | the hot and sexy horny | soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland | |
| 346183678 | 346183823 | 2010-02-24 23:08:22 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 262550 | 1 | marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , | the hot and sexy horny | soviet leader [[ keeley hazell ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland | |
| 347939480 | 348149387 | 2010-03-06 19:00:07 | 1 days 01:15:05 | 0|92.21.148.209 | 0 | the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war | ii , | i | soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland |
| 348149387 | 348149601 | 2010-03-06 19:01:27 | 0 days 00:01:20 | 7181920 | 0 | the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war | i | ii , | soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland |
| 350436271 | 350486746 | 2010-03-17 22:19:33 | 0 days 04:37:00 | 0|74.69.108.53 | 0 | . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german | ( nazi ! ) | democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin | |
| 350486746 | 350487874 | 2010-03-17 22:25:23 | 0 days 00:05:50 | 11628032 | 0 | . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german | ( nazi ! ) | democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin | |
| 362884229 | 362884424 | 2010-05-18 21:04:16 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 0|74.177.76.63 | 1 | . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) nigga are soooooooo awsome because we are black | " | by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including | |
| 363608452 | 363705343 | 2010-05-23 11:12:36 | 0 days 14:31:37 | 0|121.236.152.86 | 0 | bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a | protective | belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain | |
| 363705343 | 363705709 | 2010-05-23 11:15:24 | 0 days 00:02:48 | 7007500 | 0 | bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a | protective | belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain | |
| 366804645 | 366959970 | 2010-06-09 09:44:43 | 0 days 18:24:23 | 0|122.106.230.43 | 0 | area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by | the | thhhhe | german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from |
| 366959970 | 366962573 | 2010-06-09 10:15:46 | 0 days 00:31:03 | 262550 | 0 | area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by | thhhhe | the | german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from |
| 368895969 | 369026140 | 2010-06-19 17:09:59 | 0 days 16:54:30 | 75287 | 0 | alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through | hungary via | czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 | |
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 76 | of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from | [[ fascism | | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , | |
| 88 | by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france | ]] | and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the | ||||||
| 435751856 | 435754285 | 2011-06-23 04:17:02 | 0 days 00:23:42 | 736651 | 2 | capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with | [[ | soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that she wanted the soviet leader to do what he could to stop it . | |
| 3 | time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president | ]] | [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that she wanted the soviet leader to do what he could to stop it . < ref name | ||||||
| 441085492 | 441951679 | 2011-07-28 22:57:23 | 4 days 23:08:48 | 85872 | 0 | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " | ' ' ' | [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not | |
| 448750565 | 448751555 | 2011-09-06 14:09:31 | 0 days 00:08:17 | 723354 | 7 | within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany | under communist control | within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the | |
| 457259952 | 457313507 | 2011-10-25 13:22:19 | 0 days 09:42:19 | 11498870 | 0 | , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ | west | germany | federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' | |
| 474175714 | 474175877 | 2012-01-31 07:55:10 | 0 days 00:02:21 | 6971250 | 0 | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " | ' ' ' | [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany | |
| 545505652 | 545756761 | 2013-03-20 19:26:16 | 0 days 23:09:44 | 13884762 | 0 | stm | publisher = bbc | date = 12 august 2007 | accessdate = 12 august 2007 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the | [[ | communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found | |
| 546489570 | 546994321 | 2013-03-26 00:13:50 | 2 days 16:58:12 | 1469567 | 7 | < br > [[ file : flag of east berlin ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ history of berlin | # the divided city | | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display | |
| 578192175 | 580038585 | 2013-11-03 18:43:22 | 12 days 17:52:13 | 6976187 | 0 | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " | ' ' ' | [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not | |
| 590849769 | 590964946 | 2014-01-16 13:37:35 | 0 days 19:20:34 | 736651 | 25 | could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland | ]] | , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , denmark ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to | |
| 632912474 | 633021579 | 2014-11-08 23:28:00 | 0 days 19:48:57 | 22901879 | 0 | union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location | , which was | fully within the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > | |
| 699450456 | 699459845 | 2016-01-12 13:17:44 | 0 days 01:42:53 | 19338611 | 0 | 2016 - 1 | publisher = business insider australia | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > on his death , the | [[ foreign office ( germany ) | | german foreign office tweeted " good - bye , david bowie . you are now among # heroes . thank you for helping to bring down the # wall . " | |
| 768011115 | 768242314 | 2017-03-02 17:22:33 | 1 days 10:25:12 | 17012175 | 0 | name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers | ' | parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on 28 august 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia | |
| 809997471 | 810009717 | 2017-11-12 21:51:49 | 0 days 01:18:47 | 96897 | 0 | referred to the berlin wall as the ' ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) , by implication | ranking | equating | the [[ nato ]] countries ( and [[ west germany ]] in particular ) equal to [[ fascism | fascists ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it |
| 822396886 | 822504643 | 2018-01-26 19:24:33 | 0 days 15:37:47 | 5841175 | 3 | = http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 | title = | center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in | todesopfer an der berliner mauer | language = | german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . |
| 834027685 | 836226216 | 2018-04-13 13:11:08 | 9 days 21:47:36 | 29980587 | 1 | }} * [[ file : flag of east berlin ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ allied occupation of berlin | # west and east germany ( 1945 – 1991 ) | | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | coordinates = {{ coord | 52 . 516111 | 13 . 376944 | region : de | display = inline |
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| 22800912 | 23087892 | 2005-09-12 07:03:09 | 4 days 08:34:02 | 156674 | 0 | former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] | {{ list fa | de }} | [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin | |
| 43981878 | 44017927 | 2006-03-16 07:30:34 | 0 days 05:25:41 | 271058 | 0 | ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] | [[ et : berliini müür ]] | [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ he : חומת | |
| 61388563 | 61679517 | 2006-07-02 12:25:06 | 1 days 20:39:13 | 271058 | 0 | [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] | [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] | [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de | |
| 70888588 | 71084944 | 2006-08-22 01:55:11 | 0 days 22:41:00 | 389639 | 0 | ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] | {{ link fa | el }} | [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo horma ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin | |
| 355152907 | 355153123 | 2010-04-10 15:27:52 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 0|89.129.52.24 | 0 | later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = | k guay k | el lucas | es axo = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of |
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| 40945287 | 40946332 | 2006-02-24 01:18:54 | 0 days 00:07:29 | 304316 | 0 | > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > | {{ web reference | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | publishyear = july 5 , 2005 | url = | http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin | ||||
| 40946332 | 40946642 | 2006-02-24 01:21:12 | 0 days 00:02:18 | 304316 | 0 | that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > | {{ web reference | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | publishyear = september 8 , 2004 | url = | http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " | ||||
| 51998163 | 51999522 | 2006-05-07 16:44:07 | 0 days 00:11:36 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 26 | were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > | < ref > | http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes | ||||
| 69973916 | 70133083 | 2006-08-17 00:49:53 | 0 days 16:42:24 | 617080 | 0 | ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > | {{ cite web | url = | " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < | http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | |||
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 24 | known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ | 1 ] ^ [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] ^ nikolaos a . patsopoulos , et al . ( aug 2007 ) . " claims of sex differences : an empirical assessment in genetic associations " . j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . | http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west | ||||
| 169684876 | 169684921 | 2007-11-06 21:22:10 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 4928500 | 2 | | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > | http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapers ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to | http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this | ||||
| 204485312 | 204485514 | 2008-04-09 16:50:31 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 137113 | 3 | , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ | < ref > [ | http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales | ||||
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 97 | . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ | http : | / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < | ||||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 97 | . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ | http : | / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < | ||||
| 274982026 | 274982274 | 2009-03-04 19:00:58 | 0 days 00:01:16 | 3505251 | 2 | , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > | ref | http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical | ||||
| 276379329 | 276395905 | 2009-03-10 23:41:05 | 0 days 01:19:49 | 0|68.81.17.165 | 0 | a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > | [ | . [ | http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > | [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / | http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of | |
| 321121389 | 321122011 | 2009-10-21 02:36:40 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 835543 | 0 | " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > | walker , marcus ( oct 21 , 2009 ) | [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] < / | ||||
| 324932966 | 324937840 | 2009-11-09 23:32:03 | 0 days 00:24:17 | 16710 | 0 | from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > | [ | {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = | http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time | |||
| 6 | of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > | [ | {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = | http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | ||||||||
| 9 | , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > | [ | {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = | http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . | [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] | |||||||
| 279835916 | 279835940 | 2009-03-26 17:43:03 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 2 | berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross | the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} an seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet block nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} [[ tear down this wall | the speech ]] is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . < ref > http : / / www . reaganlibrary . com / reagan / speeches / wall . asp < / ref > indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . | [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , | ||||
| 281153208 | 281274792 | 2009-04-02 11:46:49 | 0 days 14:45:34 | 0|195.127.17.245 | 0 | asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] | * [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] | = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de | ||||
| 282662590 | 282781427 | 2009-04-09 15:13:59 | 0 days 15:06:29 | 9418822 | 1 | / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ | http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] | = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de | ||||
| 282781427 | 282782058 | 2009-04-09 15:17:12 | 0 days 00:03:13 | 9418822 | 2 | . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ | http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] | = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de | ||||
| 301720848 | 301746617 | 2009-07-12 20:30:53 | 0 days 03:02:58 | 7669163 | 0 | image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' | ||||
| 311905684 | 311933749 | 2009-09-05 01:02:20 | 0 days 03:22:02 | 6877720 | 1 | image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | | - | | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite | ||||
| 2 | " death strip " ]] [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | | - | | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' | |||||||||
| 319488273 | 319547768 | 2009-10-13 02:25:43 | 0 days 06:01:16 | 3058538 | 0 | / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / {{ it icon }} borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 | bw | [[ black - and - white | b & w ]] | photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . | |||
| 325135734 | 325136551 | 2009-11-10 22:53:34 | 0 days 00:04:30 | 0|122.107.135.244 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = bum crap i like men after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals — engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20th . , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1st . , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , august 12th . , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13th . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15th . . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . | [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was | ||||
| 325136551 | 325136586 | 2009-11-10 22:53:45 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 4928500 | 0 | {st@rt} | {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals — engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20th . , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1st . , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , august 12th . , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13th . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15th . . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . | [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was | ||||
| 327857129 | 328159601 | 2009-11-27 05:22:19 | 1 days 16:07:01 | 11108349 | 0 | . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ | http : / / boondilexicon . blogspot . com / 2009 / 11 / berlin - wall - dr - ruwan - m - jayatunge . html / an essay on the berlin wall ] | = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display | ||||
| 328159601 | 328159849 | 2009-11-27 05:24:28 | 0 days 00:02:09 | 1623918 | 0 | ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ | http : / / boondilexicon . blogspot . com / 2009 / 11 / berlin - wall - dr - ruwan - m - jayatunge . html / an essay on the berlin wall ] | = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display | ||||
| 334210024 | 335311417 | 2010-01-01 17:48:40 | 5 days 12:24:02 | 11334648 | 0 | to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . | [[ image : berlin _ fallofwall _ emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] | [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] | ||||
| 346183823 | 346309252 | 2010-02-25 15:48:21 | 0 days 16:39:59 | 150129 | 4 | [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] | television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of november 9 , and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly | [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november | ||||
| 365688428 | 365688576 | 2010-06-02 19:04:03 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 0|198.237.49.215 | 1 | = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . | many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) willy brandt , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . | [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the | ||||
| 365688576 | 365688710 | 2010-06-02 19:04:55 | 0 days 00:00:52 | 4459901 | 0 | defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . | amoz hickmen is a gay fagit | = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany | . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting | |||
| 1 | walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . amoz hickmen is a gay fagit . | many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) willy brandt , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . | [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the | |||||||||
| 367011049 | 367156561 | 2010-06-10 07:15:07 | 0 days 14:39:00 | 962462 | 5 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} | [[ | image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " | ||||
| 367156561 | 367161807 | 2010-06-10 08:07:06 | 0 days 00:51:59 | 6971250 | 5 | {st@rt} | {{ infobox building | name = berlin wall | native _ name = {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | native _ name _ lang = | former _ names = | alternate _ names = | | image = berlinermauer . jpg | image _ alt = | caption = view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous | ||||
| 383513705 | 383560948 | 2010-09-08 01:26:37 | 0 days 05:12:57 | 12816601 | 0 | on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] | * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] | = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002 | ||||
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 99 | though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december | 22 , | 1989 . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | right | west germans | ||||
| 424745141 | 424745844 | 2011-04-18 20:47:36 | 0 days 00:04:33 | 14063214 | 0 | . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . | in 1961 , secretary of state dean rusk proclaimed , " the wall certainly ought not to be a permanent feature of the european landscape . i see no reason why the soviet union should think it is - - it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " [ http : / / www . upi . com / audio / year _ in _ review / events - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in - berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / ] | [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the | ||||
| 427753745 | 428575817 | 2011-05-11 12:51:55 | 4 days 22:11:59 | 10714345 | 1 | little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . = = = demolition = = = | " the wall fell in 1982 " : the german artist [[ stephan elsner ]] tore down a huge part of the berlin wall in the year 1982 , installed one of his artworks in the gap and finished it there before the border soldiers could detect him . this artwork was part of his famous work - series called " border injuries " ( german : " grenzverletzung " ) . < ref > lars von törne in berlin newspaper [ http : / / www . tagesspiegel . de / berlin / die - mauer - als - muse / 821970 . html " die mauer als muse " ] der tagespiegel on 13 march 2007 ( in german ) , starting with " die mauer fiel am 18 . juni 1982 " ( the wall fell on june 18th 1982 ) < / ref > | [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november | ||||
| 428576147 | 428589131 | 2011-05-11 14:38:55 | 0 days 01:44:13 | 6971250 | 0 | little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . = = = demolition = = = | " the wall fell in 1982 " : the german artist [[ stephan elsner ]] tore down a huge part of the berlin wall in the year 1982 , installed one of his artworks in the gap and finished it there before the border soldiers could detect him . this artwork was part of his famous work - series called " border injuries " ( german : " grenzverletzung " ) . < ref > " die mauer als muse " by lars von törne in berlin newspaper [ http : / / www . tagesspiegel . de / berlin / die - mauer - als - muse / 821970 . html der tagespiegel on 13 march 2007 ] ( in german ) , starting with " die mauer fiel am 18 . juni 1982 " ( the wall fell on june 18th 1982 ) < / ref > | [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november | ||||
| 444513279 | 444513435 | 2011-08-12 21:54:44 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 314721 | 0 | on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . = = = demolition = = = | {{ unreferenced | section | date = august 2011 }} | [[ file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | upright | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . | ||||
| 444513653 | 444591376 | 2011-08-13 07:47:29 | 0 days 09:51:38 | 7627982 | 0 | < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = | [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | east german [[ combat groups of the working class ]] close the border on 13 august 1961 in perparation of the berlin wall construction . ]] | [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 ]] on 15 june | ||||
| 454720816 | 455256380 | 2011-10-12 19:41:34 | 3 days 04:05:00 | 13791031 | 0 | wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . ]] | {{ wrapper }} { | - | | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] ]] | | ||||
| 1 | | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] ]] | | - | | [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | } | |||||||||
| 485297583 | 489424180 | 2012-04-27 04:49:49 | 23 days 21:13:49 | 14405583 | 12 | . ]] [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | ]] | [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' | ||||
| 515867543 | 518733755 | 2012-10-19 17:13:15 | 15 days 18:52:54 | 2705932 | 0 | the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long - terminated [[ luisenstadt canal ]] | ( filled in 1932 ) | . | image _ map = berlin - wall - map . png | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | ||||
| 538062628 | 538916225 | 2013-02-18 19:08:38 | 5 days 03:00:19 | 10728040 | 4 | seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] [[ file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | upright | a crane | < gallery > | file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | upright | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late | ||||
| 575032069 | 575047845 | 2013-09-29 20:48:17 | 0 days 02:18:48 | 1108424 | 0 | such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = | [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ axel springer ag ]] building , 1984 ]] | [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death _ strip , _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " | ||||
| 633124700 | 633132744 | 2014-11-09 20:10:48 | 0 days 00:59:02 | 2012100 | 33 | cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the wall | " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . | [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard ]] | ||||
| 774994359 | 774996064 | 2017-04-11 23:54:04 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 204692 | 31 | the " wall peckers " ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . | {{ fact }} | [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | a berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard | ||||
| 37 | found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . | {{ fact }} | [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , still in its original spot , 2016 ]] = = = 50th anniversary commemoration | |||||||||
| 820361257 | 820363656 | 2018-01-14 08:40:17 | 0 days 00:14:39 | 11104969 | 4 | 1a . jpg | juggling on the wall on 16 november 1989 . file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) | . | file : berlin 1989 , fall der mauer , chute du mur 18 . jpg | the fall of the wall ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > another border | ||||
| 825819094 | 825819301 | 2018-02-15 16:29:55 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 5946478 | 0 | / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > = = = crossing = = = | {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} | [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s . ]] west |
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| 238414 | 238415 | 2001-09-16 15:09:28 | 129 days 22:13:31 | 35 | 0 | {st@rt} built in | [[ berlin ]] on [[ august 13 ]] , | 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . it came down on november 9 , 1989 . see [[ berlin ]] . | |
| 1 | {st@rt} built in 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . | the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . | it came down on november 9 , 1989 . see [[ berlin ]] . | ||||||
| 102788 | 102790 | 2002-06-22 18:16:03 | 5 days 16:18:17 | 59 | 3 | , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors | , | but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted , the border between east and west germany was closed in 1952 and the attractiveness of the western sectors of | |
| 13 | . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . there was also | guarded by | mesh fencing , signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing | ||||||
| 16 | , 155 , 000 east german marks . there was also mesh fencing , signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers | , | and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners at friedrichstrasse , the western powers opened two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the country border and | ||||||
| 17 | signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners | , | at friedrichstrasse , the western powers opened two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the country border and dreilinden in berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , | ||||||
| 18 | and anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners at friedrichstrasse | , | ; | the western powers opened two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the country border and dreilinden in berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden | |||||
| 102790 | 206317 | 2002-06-22 18:16:41 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 59 | 0 | berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in | in | september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany begun in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned | |
| 732530 | 732537 | 2003-03-08 21:13:53 | 0 days 02:40:23 | 4388 | 6 | , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners , at friedrichstrasse ; the western powers opened two further checkpoints | , | at helmstedt on the country border and dreilinden in berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) | |
| 732537 | 732538 | 2003-03-08 21:16:43 | 0 days 00:02:50 | 4388 | 0 | by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee . from [[ | [ | 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , england and france ( [[ west - berlin ]] ) formed a part of [[ west germany ]] that was | |
| 774894 | 794829 | 2003-03-25 12:08:24 | 0 days 15:45:48 | 0|62.253.64.7 | 5 | ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' prevented the citizens of east germany from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic between west | - | berlin and the rest of west - germany ) . it first consisted of barbed wire , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the | |
| 6 | prevented the citizens of east germany from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic between west - berlin and the rest of west | - | germany ) . it first consisted of barbed wire , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city into west berlin and [[ east | ||||||
| 794829 | 794836 | 2003-04-01 13:39:02 | 7 days 01:30:38 | 0|204.218.227.5 | 1 | ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . | alexandrea elenora clinea was here . elenora , elenora , elenora ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! you ' ll be in the history books alex . . . . . . . yeah i know someone famous ! hey ron , jon , pete , chris i ' m talking to the newspaper guy and told him to write this isn ' t this cool ! ! ! | the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and | |
| 794836 | 794852 | 2003-04-01 13:43:16 | 0 days 00:04:14 | 7361 | 1 | ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . | alexandrea elenora clinea was here . elenora , elenora , elenora ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! you ' ll be in the history books alex . . . . . . . yeah i know someone famous ! hey ron , jon , pete , chris i ' m talking to the newspaper guy and told him to write this isn ' t this cool ! ! ! | the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and | |
| 1012031 | 1092751 | 2003-06-08 12:37:20 | 31 days 17:34:08 | 9244 | 26 | government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and many people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . | november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . | on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was | |
| 34 | finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the | lifting | declaration | of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = http : | |||||
| 46 | place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of | travel restrictions also being | the date of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = http : / / www . wall | ||||||
| 1282616 | 1282664 | 2003-08-13 04:46:25 | 6 days 13:51:34 | 7918 | 1 | ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction | , | it was regularly improved . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in 1975 , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 | |
| 2 | the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first | , | there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east | ||||||
| 2440574 | 2497657 | 2004-02-19 04:27:57 | 4 days 17:12:26 | 35188 | 8 | is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] and of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] | , | ; | thus giving a good profile of the good and evil in german history . instead , october 3 was chosen . the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in |
| 9 | ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] , thus giving a good profile of the good and evil in german history . instead , october 3 was chosen | instead | . the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations | ||||||
| 11 | the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] and of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] , thus | giving a good profile of the good and evil in german history . instead , | october 3 was chosen . the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system | ||||||
| 2661588 | 2729115 | 2004-03-07 04:57:41 | 12 days 12:44:58 | 49486 | 0 | western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . | the west claimed that | it was clear from the beginning that this justification served as a cover for the fact that the citizens of east germany had to be prevented from entering west berlin and | |
| 2729115 | 2729186 | 2004-03-12 04:12:38 | 4 days 23:14:57 | 50926 | 0 | german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers | , making the berlin wall on completetion reach 96 miles | . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at [[ helmstedt ]] on | |
| 1 | marks . the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . | 27 of this went through berlin , 23 went through residential zones | at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the | ||||||
| 2729186 | 2953568 | 2004-03-12 04:22:04 | 0 days 00:09:26 | 50926 | 1 | , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers , making the berlin wall on completetion reach 96 miles . | 27 of this went through berlin , 23 went through residential zones | at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the | |
| 3156940 | 3355675 | 2004-04-12 05:26:04 | 7 days 15:02:05 | 32383 | 0 | . some believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] | . however | , but also of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] ; thus october 3 was chosen instead . the fall of the | |
| 2 | november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] , but also | the anniversary | of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] ; thus october 3 was chosen instead . the fall of the wall considerably changed | ||||||
| 3416164 | 3551635 | 2004-05-02 09:12:00 | 3 days 12:28:42 | 4388 | 8 | east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty | bunkers | [[ bunker ]] s | . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at [[ helmstedt ]] on |
| 9 | 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further | checkpoints | [[ checkpoint ]] s | , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east - germany and the main part of west - germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin | |||||
| 3668312 | 3668416 | 2004-05-21 03:41:41 | 8 days 09:46:46 | 8780 | 1 | [[ 1948 ]] , the " [[ berlin blockade ]] " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states . from [[ 1949 ]] | , | the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent , were in effect a part of [[ west | |
| 3668416 | 3702165 | 2004-05-21 03:54:52 | 0 days 00:13:11 | 8780 | 0 | - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful | ' | [[ escape ]] s ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 | |
| 3800134 | 3800736 | 2004-05-31 10:22:36 | 0 days 18:49:48 | 3808 | 24 | with guest including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ | german reunification | | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 would have made a good german | |
| 27 | of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , october 3 was chosen instead . | = = aftermath = = | the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over | ||||||
| 4242660 | 4242842 | 2004-06-23 19:18:02 | 0 days 22:13:06 | 0|80.45.179.46 | 0 | soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km | ( 96 miles ) | long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in 1975 , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high | |
| 1 | stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km long | . | . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in 1975 , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and | ||||||
| 2 | attempted to defect . = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . | in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating what became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' between the two barriers | after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in 1975 , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed | ||||||
| 5 | s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . | successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on augist 17 [[ 1962 ]] . | = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | ||||||
| 4728651 | 4728678 | 2004-07-19 16:15:07 | 1 days 07:41:50 | 0|66.176.198.81 | 0 | 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard conrad schumann leaps to | freedom | capitalist oppresion | over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , |
| 4728678 | 4744244 | 2004-07-19 16:17:10 | 0 days 00:02:03 | 0|66.176.198.81 | 0 | 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard conrad schumann leaps to | capitalist oppresion | the west | over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , |
| 4780030 | 5169711 | 2004-07-22 08:08:47 | 0 days 00:02:51 | 0|217.169.121.37 | 0 | people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . | also the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls ( [[ ddr border system ]] ) . | = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . | |
| 5169711 | 5169825 | 2004-08-12 20:37:47 | 21 days 12:29:00 | 12741 | 0 | potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guest including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . | ( in fact , the wall ' s imagery is of a wall which keeps ' ' out ' ' rather than ' ' in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge the [[ ddr ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist wall of protection " rather than the western view . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial . ) | the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] | |
| 5174899 | 5178672 | 2004-08-13 02:09:23 | 0 days 05:23:15 | 37284 | 0 | on the border between east - germany and the main part of west - germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named | [[ phonetic alphabet | | phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and [[ checkpoint charlie | charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall | |
| 5185184 | 5185219 | 2004-08-13 16:25:13 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 56563 | 0 | changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was | deconstructed | demolished | just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ |
| 5637404 | 5637725 | 2004-09-03 21:15:48 | 3 days 15:45:35 | 0|217.231.7.192 | 0 | locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] | the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] | , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left no longer | |
| 5637725 | 5637810 | 2004-09-03 21:31:42 | 0 days 00:15:54 | 49471 | 1 | [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] ( as well as the rest of germany | ) | , | was divided into four sectors . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states | usa ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had |
| 3 | in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors | . however | , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in [[ 1952 ]] . around 2 . 5 | ||||||
| 6 | effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors , | but | as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in [[ 1952 ]] . around 2 . 5 million east | ||||||
| 5637810 | 5637884 | 2004-09-03 21:35:33 | 0 days 00:03:51 | 49471 | 0 | 1961 ]] , in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city | ; | and | as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall |
| 5637884 | 5787721 | 2004-09-03 21:39:12 | 0 days 00:03:39 | 49471 | 0 | ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . | the | leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short | |
| 2 | new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned | , and | . | tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the | |||||
| 6103099 | 6145320 | 2004-09-23 18:24:05 | 1 days 03:33:32 | 0|67.93.158.42 | 0 | chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ | magnetic _ levitation _ train | | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] . [[ image : berlin | |
| 7264727 | 7264768 | 2004-11-09 17:56:20 | 0 days 00:13:20 | 0|217.9.29.249 | 0 | shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned . | upon this news spreading , | tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when | |
| 7274103 | 7274236 | 2004-11-09 21:58:06 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 0|83.109.145.235 | 0 | = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | | american poststamp commemorating | the fall of the berlin wall marked the symbolic end of the cold war . american poststamp commemorating the event . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | |
| 7274341 | 7274428 | 2004-11-09 22:03:47 | 0 days 00:02:17 | 0|84.57.81.84 | 0 | with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge the [[ east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist wall of protection " rather than the western view | that the wall was essentially meant to turn the east into a giant prison | . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial . ) the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ | |
| 7275003 | 7275347 | 2004-11-09 22:18:09 | 0 days 00:03:28 | 0|84.57.81.84 | 1 | it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating a [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers | , which | became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . | |
| 8127109 | 8160484 | 2004-12-04 22:28:22 | 0 days 14:35:32 | 0|62.74.165.139 | 0 | allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied | souvereignity | sovereignty | , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all |
| 9220520 | 9263540 | 2005-01-09 04:58:30 | 2 days 07:45:20 | 0|63.231.146.138 | 1 | 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . | one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade . | the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august | |
| 9268476 | 9300388 | 2005-01-10 23:50:02 | 0 days 03:03:49 | 151197 | 5 | . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . | when exiting | a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan | |
| 6 | to careful checks both entering and leaving . a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . | east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released - - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ francis gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . | in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down | ||||||
| 9400082 | 9483884 | 2005-01-16 03:23:36 | 2 days 07:46:20 | 0|63.231.146.138 | 0 | escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade . | one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . | the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august | |
| 9533284 | 9533310 | 2005-01-21 15:56:43 | 0 days 00:34:18 | 26468 | 2 | jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of | the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for | a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which | |
| 3 | | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a | second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the | barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was | ||||||
| 6 | 1961 ]] construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed | - | wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western | ||||||
| 7 | ]] construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire | ]] | fence was erected | , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into | |||||
| 17 | people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . | was widely seen as being closer to the truth | . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with | ||||||
| 19 | the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . | the creation of the wall had important implications for both the germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . | in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down | ||||||
| 20 | , particularly during the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a | famous | speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . = = the fall of the wall | ||||||
| 9658614 | 9762535 | 2005-01-26 01:42:57 | 0 days 06:03:58 | 26468 | 6 | over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence | up to 100 yards further in | , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' | |
| 22 | the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ | tower | watchtower | ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had | |||||
| 10406521 | 10406619 | 2005-02-18 23:23:57 | 1 days 03:05:12 | 0|68.175.86.193 | 0 | and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . | berlin wall : first constructed by paul smith , 1989 . his father harry had induced sexual ramming on his asshole as a young child . that is what caused jake paul smith to become a homosexual at a later age . he loved doing men in the ass and making their tight sphinkter bleed like there is no tomorrow . | after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , | |
| 10406619 | 10465172 | 2005-02-18 23:27:51 | 0 days 00:03:54 | 191556 | 0 | and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . | berlin wall : first constructed by paul smith , 1989 . his father harry had induced sexual ramming on his asshole as a young child . that is what caused jake paul smith to become a homosexual at a later age . he loved doing men in the ass and making their tight sphinkter bleed like there is no tomorrow . | after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , | |
| 11639454 | 11652451 | 2005-03-29 06:12:33 | 0 days 00:03:21 | 0|24.42.224.161 | 0 | people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . | allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop | the construction of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ | |
| 11746206 | 11747812 | 2005-04-01 03:30:23 | 2 days 11:22:10 | 225848 | 0 | on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the | idea | for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction | |
| 1 | , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one | section | of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on | ||||||
| 6 | between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . | ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) | this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was | ||||||
| 8 | on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the | whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . | = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ | ||||||
| 10 | east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . | ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and | the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the | ||||||
| 22 | , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one | man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade . | one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by | ||||||
| 23 | low sports car underneath a barricade . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . | the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view | of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on | ||||||
| 31 | wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : | one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) | , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in | ||||||
| 11747812 | 11751790 | 2005-04-01 04:25:04 | 0 days 00:54:41 | 28107 | 3 | between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . | ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) | this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . = = construction of the wall = = the idea for the creation of the berlin wall came from east | |
| 4 | almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . | this had ramifications for | = = construction of the wall = = the idea for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval | ||||||
| 7 | east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . | ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and | the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on | ||||||
| 19 | , one by a family ) . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . | man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade . | one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall | ||||||
| 11865420 | 11885036 | 2005-04-04 06:48:52 | 2 days 12:29:17 | 0|139.168.103.36 | 1 | offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . | ( right so im so hot and sexy and see you later baby ) | over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall | |
| 11885036 | 11891869 | 2005-04-04 20:03:29 | 0 days 13:14:37 | 28107 | 1 | totally no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . | ( right so im so hot and sexy and see you later baby ) | over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall | |
| 11896685 | 11902442 | 2005-04-05 01:20:09 | 0 days 02:17:19 | 0|4.239.237.190 | 4 | . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . | [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] | not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer | |
| 11902442 | 12289902 | 2005-04-05 04:33:38 | 0 days 03:13:29 | 28107 | 4 | . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . | [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] | not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer | |
| 12310883 | 12498340 | 2005-04-14 19:41:28 | 0 days 11:53:58 | 137616 | 1 | west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east | . | ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this | |
| 12869629 | 12869650 | 2005-04-27 04:17:18 | 0 days 12:41:29 | 0|210.11.188.18 | 4 | soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . | the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] and were completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected ) . this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . | tk | = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the |
| 12910967 | 13036963 | 2005-04-28 01:57:47 | 0 days 03:20:14 | 0|192.211.25.9 | 0 | potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . | ( in fact , the wall ' s imagery is of a wall which keeps ' ' out ' ' rather than ' ' in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge [[ east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist protection barrier " rather than the western view that the wall was essentially meant to turn the east into a giant prison . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial . ) | the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] | |
| 13205916 | 13207767 | 2005-05-04 03:52:06 | 0 days 04:54:23 | 255801 | 0 | two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade | at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] | . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was | |
| 13207767 | 13207835 | 2005-05-04 04:55:42 | 0 days 01:03:36 | 0|129.67.43.240 | 0 | . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the | 28 - mile | barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been | |
| 13221226 | 13226026 | 2005-05-04 14:53:42 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 0|207.89.209.102 | 0 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . | in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , | |
| 13226026 | 13261937 | 2005-05-04 17:09:57 | 0 days 02:16:15 | 26468 | 0 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . | in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , | |
| 14016219 | 14054477 | 2005-05-21 09:53:43 | 0 days 00:01:58 | 0|216.27.183.43 | 1 | locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] | , | the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 | |
| 14269368 | 14269487 | 2005-05-26 16:36:03 | 0 days 04:31:25 | 0|164.68.120.3 | 1 | raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapers ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most | importantly | penis | , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 |
| 14269487 | 14269638 | 2005-05-26 16:38:51 | 0 days 00:02:48 | 0|164.68.120.3 | 3 | escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire | or leaping out of apartment windows along | the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , | |
| 14269815 | 14329087 | 2005-05-26 16:46:05 | 0 days 00:04:01 | 157530 | 1 | raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapers ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most | penis | importantly | , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 |
| 7 | escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously torched . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire | or leaping out of apartment windows along | the germans then tared and feathered them these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug | ||||||
| 15054564 | 15054752 | 2005-06-12 05:48:45 | 0 days 04:11:01 | 5016 | 2 | ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided | by the allies | into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the | |
| 3 | entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , | one for each , | although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] | ||||||
| 5 | = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was | completely | surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ | ||||||
| 11 | , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies | . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year | . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty | ||||||
| 15055113 | 15059402 | 2005-06-12 06:08:12 | 0 days 00:13:20 | 5016 | 3 | for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a | live | press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to | |
| 19 | ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . | upon this news spreading , | tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone | ||||||
| 24 | hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which | at that point | the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing | ||||||
| 15066593 | 15077566 | 2005-06-12 13:50:16 | 0 days 04:48:31 | 156968 | 1 | col glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers containing 1500 men , divided into | 5 | five | march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to helmstadt on the west german / east german border , us |
| 15268709 | 15268719 | 2005-06-16 03:27:29 | 3 days 07:41:28 | 0|66.159.212.9 | 0 | the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , | i ' m crazy about | the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . | |
| 15268719 | 15499413 | 2005-06-16 03:27:41 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 33103 | 0 | the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , | i ' m crazy about | the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . | |
| 15843218 | 15843238 | 2005-06-26 03:27:18 | 5 days 11:55:40 | 0|60.231.206.11 | 0 | on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep | with poo | within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital | |
| 15843238 | 15881315 | 2005-06-26 03:27:58 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 33103 | 0 | on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep | with poo | within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital | |
| 15881315 | 15902037 | 2005-06-26 21:50:58 | 0 days 18:23:00 | 44454 | 17 | streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday 21 august , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o | . | hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into | |
| 22 | of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m high and 1 . | 5m | 5 & nbsp ; m | wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult | |||||
| 35 | jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 | & nbsp ; | metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along | ||||||
| 38 | undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released - - for a price | - - | & mdash ; | at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] | |||||
| 41 | of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting | 3 | three | metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east | |||||
| 18248155 | 18341661 | 2005-07-07 18:15:00 | 1 days 09:05:21 | 5717 | 0 | began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was | briefly | replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas | |
| 1 | fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a | short - lived | successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin on | ||||||
| 18341759 | 18388981 | 2005-07-08 10:31:44 | 0 days 16:15:16 | 53921 | 1 | if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 28 | - mile | mi . ) | barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had |
| 2 | , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was | 160 km ( ~ | 100 miles long , and covered 110 miles from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to | ||||||
| 7 | over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards | ) | further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers | ||||||
| 18389045 | 18535564 | 2005-07-10 16:08:48 | 2 days 05:35:33 | 0|69.232.233.228 | 0 | respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . | besides , america had been caught off - balance , it being a sunday morning . | but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ july 25 | |
| 19067568 | 19111126 | 2005-07-18 22:42:07 | 0 days 14:30:41 | 0|12.36.31.246 | 0 | [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] | * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] | [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures | |
| 19111126 | 19261911 | 2005-07-20 22:42:15 | 2 days 00:00:08 | 0|195.4.0.21 | 6 | ]] . due to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv that all travel restrictions had been abandoned . | and at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when this would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just said " today " . | tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised | |
| 20652186 | 20668374 | 2005-08-10 03:32:17 | 0 days 04:36:14 | 0|70.30.191.58 | 9 | 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor | , [[ egon krenz ]] , | a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , | |
| 20668374 | 20669087 | 2005-08-10 03:48:06 | 0 days 00:15:49 | 21397 | 4 | , [[ 1989 ]] , after which the ruthless western capitalist blood - sucking world order finally capitulated to the glories of communism . he was briefly replaced by a successor | , [[ egon krenz ]] , | a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow west berliners to apply for visas to travel to east berlin . however , the bdr minister of propaganda | |
| 21195696 | 21210662 | 2005-08-17 11:33:46 | 0 days 06:34:46 | 272200 | 0 | which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . | [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliment in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] | for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and | |
| 21210662 | 21210896 | 2005-08-17 11:40:37 | 0 days 00:06:51 | 272200 | 0 | exclusively on the western side . [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu | parliment | parliament | in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' |
| 21742465 | 21743717 | 2005-08-24 18:44:35 | 0 days 00:20:22 | 0|81.76.91.63 | 0 | tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin there . | . | the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to reassert | |
| 21743717 | 21766368 | 2005-08-25 00:30:07 | 0 days 05:45:32 | 28107 | 0 | tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin there . | . | the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to reassert | |
| 22000754 | 22002423 | 2005-08-28 03:03:42 | 0 days 00:33:40 | 0|65.78.102.117 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . | hell | = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . | |
| 22002423 | 22002656 | 2005-08-28 03:08:43 | 0 days 00:05:01 | 21397 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . | hell | = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . | |
| 22154405 | 22164068 | 2005-08-30 09:13:25 | 0 days 03:52:46 | 92511 | 0 | soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . | the soviet sector was by far the largest and contained the traditional city center , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , and the eastern districts of berlin & mdash ; [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . | the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold | |
| 24086554 | 24088697 | 2005-09-26 16:47:20 | 0 days 00:31:05 | 90467 | 0 | potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . | also , [[ david hasselhof ]] performed his song ' ' looking for freedom ' ' , which was very popular in germany at that time , stand on the berlin wall . david hasselhof has later ( perhaps jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . | the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] | |
| 24143292 | 24150723 | 2005-09-27 11:35:46 | 0 days 02:38:27 | 0|212.219.59.226 | 1 | ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and | fortified | camply decorated | over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' |
| 24150980 | 24151055 | 2005-09-27 11:41:54 | 0 days 00:01:14 | 7580 | 1 | ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1066 ]] and | camply decorated | fortified | over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . years later , a crack team |
| 24151055 | 24156661 | 2005-09-27 13:29:22 | 0 days 01:47:28 | 0|205.202.36.246 | 50 | controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an | [[ | exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn | |
| 72 | offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . | over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 & ndash ; 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) | the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in | ||||||
| 24156661 | 24156863 | 2005-09-27 13:33:41 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 340905 | 21 | germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on november 9 , 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background | = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' | germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the soviet army during the closing months of world war | |
| 62 | bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km | ( | 96 miles long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down | ||||||
| 67 | soviet government . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km 96 miles long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres | ( | 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty no man ' s land was created between the two barriers | ||||||
| 71 | offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . | over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 & ndash ; 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) | the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in | ||||||
| 24470268 | 24504807 | 2005-10-01 20:20:04 | 0 days 10:30:53 | 0|62.30.35.51 | 1 | 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east | - west | connections . little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp | |
| 24618114 | 24828196 | 2005-10-05 18:04:22 | 2 days 13:19:55 | 0|24.51.178.10 | 8 | which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . | [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] | for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and | |
| 24828196 | 24828244 | 2005-10-05 18:05:02 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 94806 | 8 | which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . | [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] | for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and | |
| 24828279 | 24828564 | 2005-10-05 18:10:39 | 0 days 00:05:08 | 0|24.51.178.10 | 10 | which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . | [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] | for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and | |
| 24828564 | 24828569 | 2005-10-05 18:10:52 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 94806 | 10 | which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . | [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] | for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and | |
| 25804571 | 26041695 | 2005-10-20 21:39:48 | 2 days 16:02:29 | 0|68.158.10.85 | 0 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . | = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin | |
| 26041695 | 26041960 | 2005-10-20 21:42:56 | 0 days 00:03:08 | 43680 | 0 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . | = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin | |
| 26467857 | 26918322 | 2005-10-30 22:25:26 | 5 days 02:16:53 | 0|205.188.116.204 | 43 | the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( | see copyrights | for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do | |
| 48 | the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of | all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as | the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 | ||||||
| 26918322 | 26918978 | 2005-10-30 22:32:59 | 0 days 00:07:33 | 67107 | 0 | in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . | ethel and julius rosenberg from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia . jump to : navigation , search the rosenbergsethel greenglass rosenberg ( september 28 , 1915 – june 19 , 1953 ) and julius rosenberg ( may 12 , 1918 – june 19 , 1953 ) were american communists who were thrust into the world spotlight when they were tried , convicted , and executed for spying for the soviet union . the accuracy of these charges remains controversial , though decades later , soviet communications decrypted by the venona project became publicly available and appeared to indicate that at least julius rosenberg was actively involved in espionage ( although they provided no new evidence that he performed the specific acts of espionage for which he was convicted ) . specifically , the couple were charged with conspiracy to commit espionage and were accused of passing nuclear weapons secrets to russian agents . contents [ hide ] 1 background 2 trial and conviction 3 execution 4 posthumous revelations 5 controversy 6 the rosenbergs | = = | ' children 7 in fiction 8 see also 9 external links [ edit ] background julius rosenberg was born on may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from |
| 6 | at a shipping company . she became involved in labor disputes and joined the young communist league , where she first met julius . the rosenbergs had two sons . during | the closing months of [[ | world war ii , the ussr and the usa were allies in war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions . as such , the | ||||||
| 19 | nazi germany . in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their espionage in the context of | all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as | the cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian program ? recent scholarship has suggested | ||||||
| 20 | germany . in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their espionage in the context of the | early phases of the [[ | cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian program ? recent scholarship has suggested that | ||||||
| 46 | may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from the city college of new york with a degree in electrical engineering in 1939 and in 1940 joined the army | signal corps where he worked on radar equipment . he became a leader in the young communist league , where in 1936 he met ethel , whom he married three years later . ethel rosenberg was born on september 28 , 1915 in new york . she was an aspiring actress and singer , but eventually took a secretary job at a shipping company . she became involved in labor disputes and joined the young communist league , where she first met julius . the rosenbergs had two sons . | during world war ii , the ussr and the usa were allies in war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions . as such , | ||||||
| 49 | legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book in 2004 , an execution in the family : one son ' s journey . in | 1990 , robert founded | the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are left - wing activists involved in court cases . [ edit ] | ||||||
| 27631342 | 27636925 | 2005-11-07 17:51:57 | 0 days 01:34:50 | 0|71.14.47.35 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . | cinderella married swiss cheese . | = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . | |
| 27641530 | 27696666 | 2005-11-08 06:17:27 | 0 days 11:09:07 | 28107 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . | cinderella married swiss cheese . | = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . | |
| 27817381 | 27817703 | 2005-11-09 13:11:50 | 0 days 00:05:11 | 0|204.186.233.202 | 0 | soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . | chris fusco likes little boys . he has also tends to wipe his ass with his own fingers and licks them . | the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold | |
| 27817703 | 27818117 | 2005-11-09 13:18:04 | 0 days 00:06:14 | 0|165.21.154.9 | 0 | soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . | chris fusco likes little boys . he has also tends to wipe his ass with his own fingers and licks them . | the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold | |
| 27852065 | 27861475 | 2005-11-09 22:30:11 | 0 days 01:45:09 | 246113 | 2 | hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was | simply | handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross | |
| 8 | crucial point of the conference he was asked when this would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be the same day | based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effictive immedeatly , right now " | . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the | ||||||
| 27861475 | 27861622 | 2005-11-09 22:31:45 | 0 days 00:01:34 | 246113 | 0 | properly instructed first . the note was therefore was not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski nor was the information on the note itself . | when | at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be | |
| 28136750 | 28225109 | 2005-11-13 18:22:26 | 0 days 22:48:44 | 0|24.43.196.74 | 0 | ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " | ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) | , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , | |
| 28612782 | 28612923 | 2005-11-17 19:39:40 | 0 days 00:02:01 | 0|84.92.121.217 | 2 | [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , the people ' s favourite [[ robin hughes ]] | ' s rival | . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister | |
| 28791862 | 28792067 | 2005-11-20 01:04:12 | 0 days 00:04:02 | 0|201.252.93.29 | 6 | ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] | and fortified over the years | , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main | |
| 11 | , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was | specially divided by the allies into four sectors | , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] | ||||||
| 13 | . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under | their control | . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ | ||||||
| 14 | ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city | was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of | the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ | ||||||
| 17 | ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire | mathematics department | of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices | ||||||
| 28792067 | 28792082 | 2005-11-20 01:04:30 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 159620 | 10 | berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] , [[ berlin ]] , the [[ soviet ]] army duringof [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was | specially divided by the allies into four sectors | , one for each , although berlin was on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the | |
| 12 | . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under | their control | . the city the [[ cold war ]] a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the | ||||||
| 13 | soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under . the city | was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of | the [[ cold war ]] a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift | ||||||
| 16 | ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire | mathematics department | of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | | ||||||
| 30617126 | 30712796 | 2005-12-09 14:17:35 | 0 days 19:37:57 | 0|162.127.13.4 | 0 | soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . | an astonishing fact with the wall includes a man and the color pink . pink floyd invented a sound remniscent of the cries and sadness that accomponied many residents of berlin . they compiled this stature in a musical album named " the wall " . ay ! arriba y arriba ! the allies gained control of berlin in four sectors . | the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold | |
| 30712796 | 30712967 | 2005-12-09 14:19:52 | 0 days 00:02:17 | 270941 | 0 | soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . | an astonishing fact with the wall includes a man and the color pink . pink floyd invented a sound remniscent of the cries and sadness that accomponied many residents of berlin . they compiled this stature in a musical album named " the wall " . ay ! arriba y arriba ! the allies gained control of berlin in four sectors . | the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold | |
| 30712967 | 30713122 | 2005-12-09 14:21:45 | 0 days 00:01:53 | 0|162.127.13.4 | 0 | the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially | metallica ! | governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , | |
| 1 | the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the | electric sausages , a . k . a ' | united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] | ||||||
| 30713122 | 30713435 | 2005-12-09 14:26:15 | 0 days 00:04:30 | 0|69.69.208.24 | 0 | the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially | metallica ! | governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , | |
| 30713435 | 30713769 | 2005-12-09 14:31:31 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|162.127.13.4 | 0 | 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , | tomhas mcflarty masturbated intensly to a picture of marilon monroe . | at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . | |
| 1 | ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight | , he ejaculated on the floor by the door . when his barefoot mother walked in to wake him in the morning , she felt something slightly sticky and felt scared that tomhas would do such a thing . also occuring at midnight that morning | , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was | ||||||
| 30713769 | 30713813 | 2005-12-09 14:32:26 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 253590 | 0 | 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , | tomhas mcflarty masturbated intensly to a picture of marilon monroe . | at midnight , he ejaculated on the floor by the door . when his barefoot mother walked in to wake him in the morning , she felt something slightly sticky and | |
| 1 | began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , tomhas mcflarty masturbated intensly to a picture of marilon monroe . at midnight | , he ejaculated on the floor by the door . when his barefoot mother walked in to wake him in the morning , she felt something slightly sticky and felt scared that tomhas would do such a thing . also occuring at midnight that morning | , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was | ||||||
| 30713813 | 30713899 | 2005-12-09 14:33:52 | 0 days 00:01:26 | 253590 | 0 | the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the | electric sausages , a . k . a ' | united states ' , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave | |
| 31042058 | 31084094 | 2005-12-12 19:26:03 | 0 days 06:57:07 | 549849 | 5 | sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of | both | the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the | |
| 6 | of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the | country and the capital | city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early | ||||||
| 31292308 | 31377198 | 2005-12-14 21:31:01 | 0 days 16:16:15 | 0|130.88.163.211 | 0 | united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the country and the capital city under their control . the | city | penis | was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] |
| 31377198 | 31379015 | 2005-12-14 21:43:34 | 0 days 00:12:33 | 0|12.7.2.77 | 0 | united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the country and the capital city under their control . the | penis | city | was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] |
| 31751925 | 31893565 | 2005-12-18 22:19:25 | 1 days 03:59:55 | 34819 | 0 | . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] | - like | system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) , was demolished just months after its official opening in | |
| 32117997 | 32118097 | 2005-12-20 16:59:58 | 0 days 00:00:58 | 0|216.167.223.130 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . | also kelly vogel is the coolest girl i know , and melissa likes to annoy her , but kelly can beat her up and brittany wenzel is cooler then brittany loosbrock | = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . | |
| 32118097 | 32118174 | 2005-12-20 17:00:46 | 0 days 00:00:48 | 383700 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . | also kelly vogel is the coolest girl i know , and melissa likes to annoy her , but kelly can beat her up and brittany wenzel is cooler then brittany loosbrock | = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . | |
| 32118174 | 32118664 | 2005-12-20 17:05:29 | 0 days 00:04:43 | 0|216.167.223.130 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . | also kelly vogel is the coolest girl i know , and melissa likes to annoy her , but kelly can beat her up and brittany loosbrock is way cooler then brittany wenzel | = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . | |
| 32118664 | 32136740 | 2005-12-20 19:41:34 | 0 days 02:36:05 | 21397 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . | also kelly vogel is the coolest girl i know , and melissa likes to annoy her , but kelly can beat her up and brittany loosbrock is way cooler then brittany wenzel | = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . | |
| 32136740 | 32304770 | 2005-12-22 00:56:46 | 1 days 05:15:12 | 0|71.0.46.91 | 0 | barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | hi ! ! ! | construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . | |
| 32304770 | 32304897 | 2005-12-22 00:57:54 | 0 days 00:01:08 | 86765 | 0 | barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | hi ! ! ! | construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . | |
| 33736122 | 33943074 | 2006-01-05 06:28:36 | 1 days 14:14:12 | 0|68.40.48.206 | 0 | simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference | , | which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take | |
| 2 | to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski nor was the information on the note itself | ) | . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would | ||||||
| 35365337 | 35365390 | 2006-01-16 05:51:11 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 0|24.166.17.11 | 0 | was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof | airport | ]] airport on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , | |
| 1 | sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof ]] | airport | on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , which then | ||||||
| 35886672 | 35891937 | 2006-01-20 01:30:02 | 0 days 00:43:16 | 190603 | 0 | respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . | [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | former us president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on june 26th , 1963 ]] | but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ 25 july | |
| 36424070 | 36443285 | 2006-01-24 02:01:24 | 0 days 02:34:07 | 0|64.217.50.105 | 0 | [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . | the blockade was terrible and was bad and stuff . | after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - | |
| 36443285 | 36443385 | 2006-01-24 02:02:18 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 327150 | 0 | [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . | the blockade was terrible and was bad and stuff . | after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - | |
| 36500191 | 36641861 | 2006-01-25 14:02:24 | 0 days 23:58:25 | 0|194.232.85.82 | 1 | " ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] | and | , was | fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = |
| 36646630 | 36649007 | 2006-01-25 15:13:54 | 0 days 00:23:19 | 0|194.232.85.82 | 0 | after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in | the | marshall plan rebuilding the west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners | |
| 1 | happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in marshall plan rebuilding | the | west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin | ||||||
| 37108530 | 37108558 | 2006-01-28 19:11:20 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 340905 | 1 | [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' my them are huge | numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to poland and the soviet union . | = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin | |
| 37419687 | 37559437 | 2006-01-31 19:54:33 | 0 days 21:24:59 | 488078 | 0 | * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s | {{ cold war }} | [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures | |
| 38565790 | 38580629 | 2006-02-07 06:10:30 | 0 days 02:26:59 | 58229 | 0 | which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . | [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] | even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s | |
| 38581150 | 38618929 | 2006-02-07 14:55:48 | 0 days 08:38:18 | 69265 | 4 | via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( | for example , on | one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state | |
| 38619888 | 38769484 | 2006-02-08 15:06:48 | 1 days 00:02:04 | 0|84.64.190.165 | 0 | | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = | * [[ gdr border system ]] | * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through | |
| 38772277 | 38779795 | 2006-02-08 16:33:43 | 0 days 01:01:08 | 0|84.64.190.165 | 0 | barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . | another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik ( gst - an [[ east german ]] youth military training organisation ) at [[ raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airman such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . a plastic model kit of ddr - woh is available from the german toga model company . | the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august | |
| 39793418 | 39818227 | 2006-02-16 01:44:54 | 0 days 03:14:56 | 0|68.18.147.5 | 2 | of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied | powers . as the capital , berlin was also divided by the allies into four sectors , although berlin itself was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . thus the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the country and the capital city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets discontinued the blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west | germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ | |
| 40378504 | 40459448 | 2006-02-20 18:39:58 | 0 days 14:44:59 | 386031 | 28 | | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = | * [[ gdr border system ]] | * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through | |
| 40460981 | 40648652 | 2006-02-22 01:28:28 | 1 days 06:34:58 | 386031 | 0 | . it was finally reopened in [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently destroyed . from [[ 1949 ]] - [[ 1961 ]] 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west | [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] | , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . = = reason for the wall | |
| 3 | ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] | [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ] and completed about [[ 1980 ]] [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ] | , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 | ||||||
| 40814212 | 40814314 | 2006-02-23 04:38:46 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 386031 | 15 | & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial | runways ( one by two men | wires | , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when |
| 26 | instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . | he decided to read the note out loud | at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he did not really know so he just assumed it would be the | ||||||
| 42 | mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the | access points | checkpoints | and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a | |||||
| 68 | . de / en / fakten . html ] . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these | quickly | ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners | ||||||
| 69 | ] . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included | 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre | long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by | ||||||
| 70 | . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , | on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by | sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie | ||||||
| 73 | ]] airman such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . | a plastic model kit of ddr - woh is available from the german toga model company . | the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august | ||||||
| 74 | began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was | briefly | replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to | ||||||
| 80 | had not been fully updated on all the protesting or this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was | simply | handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , | ||||||
| 82 | cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards | would have to be properly instructed | first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at | ||||||
| 87 | on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed | , | people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , | ||||||
| 40898814 | 40900018 | 2006-02-23 19:38:26 | 0 days 00:09:50 | 89179 | 2 | ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] | and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] | . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany ' s border was closed in [[ 1952 | |
| 9 | . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and | barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall became a focus of anti - communist reformers between the 1960s and 1990s . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of the [[ soviet union ]] , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on november 9 , | 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers | ||||||
| 40900018 | 40900572 | 2006-02-23 19:43:11 | 0 days 00:04:45 | 89179 | 2 | the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = why it was built = = | = divergence of german states = = = from 1949 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = | from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding | |
| 40903298 | 40903474 | 2006-02-23 20:07:14 | 0 days 00:01:23 | 89179 | 4 | which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . | = = = = cultural differences = = = = | even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s | |
| 5 | . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . | = = = = museum = = = = | fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not | ||||||
| 40904220 | 40904306 | 2006-02-23 20:13:47 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 89179 | 0 | the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = later celebrations = = = | [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " eventually all walls fall ” ]] | on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig | |
| 40904452 | 40904768 | 2006-02-23 20:17:12 | 0 days 00:02:18 | 89179 | 7 | . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . | = = = = museum = = = = | fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not | |
| 40915337 | 40944082 | 2006-02-24 01:02:35 | 0 days 03:27:05 | 304316 | 8 | . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men , divided into five march units | , | and | left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . |
| 11 | 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . ]] during most | of | the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four | ||||||
| 13 | were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions | . | ; | all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it | |||||
| 16 | was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik ( an [[ east german ]] youth military training organisation | ) | , | at [[ raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on | |||||
| 20 | however , nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . he decided to read the note out loud at the end of the conference | and | ; | when he was asked when the regulations would come into effect he just assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note , so replied " | |||||
| 23 | of the note , so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and | went to | flooded | the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors but it became clear that there | |||||
| 37 | to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests | , | at length , via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ | ||||||
| 38 | berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests , at length | , | via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] | ||||||
| 44 | commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men | , | divided into five march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / | ||||||
| 52 | the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was | at | friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn | ||||||
| 59 | to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to use lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for | another day of | regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were simply not willing to use lethal force so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded | ||||||
| 66 | . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall remembered those who died attempting to cross | the wall | . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train ]] systemaround | ||||||
| 67 | 000 crosses and a segment of the wall remembered those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city | , | and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train ]] systemaround 1 . 6 km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , | ||||||
| 70 | , and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train ]] systemaround 1 . 6 km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length | , | was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . | ||||||
| 72 | left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a | second | longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße | ||||||
| 40946642 | 40949144 | 2006-02-24 01:42:58 | 0 days 00:21:46 | 304316 | 7 | towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ | tempelhof international airport | | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade | |
| 8 | scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower | ( fortification ) | watchtowers | ]] s , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty | ||||||
| 14 | out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight | aviation | ultralights | ]] s , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , | ||||||
| 23 | of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight ]] | s | , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed | ||||||
| 41076983 | 41103735 | 2006-02-25 01:46:11 | 0 days 03:24:03 | 756170 | 0 | east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . | he predicted that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . | the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , | |
| 41672639 | 41672647 | 2006-02-28 23:51:07 | 0 days 00:00:05 | 0|69.15.111.135 | 0 | , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . | tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually knocked it down . | the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = | |
| 41672647 | 41672682 | 2006-02-28 23:51:23 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 800894 | 0 | , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . | tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually knocked it down . | the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = | |
| 41672682 | 41672877 | 2006-02-28 23:52:46 | 0 days 00:01:23 | 0|69.15.111.135 | 0 | [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . he predicted that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . | the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . | because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; | |
| 41672877 | 41672907 | 2006-02-28 23:52:59 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 800894 | 0 | [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . he predicted that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . | the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . | because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; | |
| 41675018 | 41675119 | 2006-03-01 00:06:51 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 0|72.15.91.239 | 0 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = = official crossings and usage = = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin accessible to westerners was the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organisation , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] | |
| 41675119 | 41675140 | 2006-03-01 00:07:06 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 60449 | 3 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = = official crossings and usage = = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin accessible to westerners was the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organisation , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] | |
| 41675215 | 41710361 | 2006-03-01 05:34:43 | 0 days 05:27:08 | 0|68.77.149.177 | 1 | see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and | opportunitistic | from | chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ |
| 41710361 | 41742631 | 2006-03-01 12:26:13 | 0 days 06:51:30 | 0|212.219.250.36 | 1 | image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . ]] | ! ! ! ! stop ! ! ! they would shout , meaning you had to stop b4 u crossed like catcha l84 | during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the | |
| 41742834 | 41742909 | 2006-03-01 12:29:30 | 0 days 00:00:50 | 0|212.219.250.36 | 0 | image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . ]] | ! ! ! ! stop ! ! ! they would shout , meaning you had to stop b4 u crossed like catcha l84 | during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the | |
| 41746791 | 41761508 | 2006-03-01 15:37:50 | 0 days 02:21:39 | 24373 | 12 | reading = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | : | | publisher = | [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis |
| 40 | speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] | : | | publisher = | [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www | |||||
| 41791823 | 42049979 | 2006-03-03 13:23:00 | 1 days 17:23:32 | 93757 | 0 | , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = | image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brüche 1985 | ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of | |
| 1 | . = = official crossings and usage = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] | from 2005 | during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the | ||||||
| 2 | . = = official crossings and usage = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] | starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . | ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of | ||||||
| 42050092 | 42210957 | 2006-03-04 16:41:31 | 1 days 03:17:07 | 0|67.191.78.161 | 1 | | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist | bloc | block | as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . |
| 42210957 | 42261570 | 2006-03-04 23:44:23 | 0 days 07:02:52 | 583756 | 0 | | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist | block | bloc | as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . |
| 42982893 | 43080078 | 2006-03-10 03:49:02 | 0 days 11:48:42 | 51235 | 0 | became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late | [[ 1980 ]] s | 1980s | , associated with the decline of the [[ soviet union ]] , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east |
| 43080078 | 43116053 | 2006-03-10 10:22:16 | 0 days 06:33:14 | 13040 | 12 | became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late | 1980s | [[ 1980 ]] s | , associated with the decline of the [[ soviet union ]] , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east |
| 43550317 | 43550620 | 2006-03-13 06:02:37 | 0 days 00:02:47 | 635781 | 3 | wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and | because it | is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also | |
| 43751003 | 43826427 | 2006-03-15 02:16:19 | 0 days 09:11:59 | 0|152.163.100.73 | 0 | 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the | administration | bitches | of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ |
| 43826427 | 43826553 | 2006-03-15 02:17:18 | 0 days 00:00:59 | 732608 | 0 | 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the | bitches | administration | of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader cocksucker , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]] |
| 44369012 | 44386223 | 2006-03-18 18:34:30 | 0 days 02:26:05 | 0|84.141.20.24 | 0 | the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including | the | [[ the scorpions ( english band ) | the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " | |
| 44770428 | 44770612 | 2006-03-21 05:02:30 | 0 days 00:01:49 | 0|68.154.38.227 | 4 | the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration | ? | = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall | |
| 44770612 | 44770674 | 2006-03-21 05:02:57 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 410083 | 4 | the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration | ? | = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall | |
| 45807050 | 45851032 | 2006-03-28 13:04:10 | 0 days 08:56:46 | 177152 | 0 | the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without | [[ certificate of authenticity | | certificates of authenticity are a staple on [[ ebay ]] as well of german souvenier shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . = = = museum | |
| 46056161 | 46158765 | 2006-03-30 12:47:25 | 0 days 16:36:33 | 4388 | 0 | ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of | twenty - eight | 28 | years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to |
| 46949495 | 46980459 | 2006-04-04 20:49:17 | 0 days 03:42:44 | 686868 | 2 | 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually knocked it down . | on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted west german currency , all border controls ceased . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification of [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . | the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = | |
| 47397931 | 47528615 | 2006-04-08 08:27:20 | 0 days 19:47:08 | 686868 | 3 | in the first months , east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards | tolerated | became more and more lax , tolerating | the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes more and more . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall |
| 47528615 | 47569595 | 2006-04-08 16:43:58 | 0 days 08:16:38 | 686868 | 4 | until [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . they could visit the gdr , but only at the conditions prevalent before , which included application for a visa several days | or weeks | in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their journey , which hindered spontaneous visits . in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 | |
| 6 | at the conditions prevalent before , which included application for a visa several days in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their journey , | all of | which hindered spontaneous visits . in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westernes . technically the wall remained guarded | ||||||
| 7 | , which included application for a visa several days in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their journey , which hindered spontaneous visits . | thus , | in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westernes . technically the wall remained guarded for some while afer november | ||||||
| 47569595 | 47569698 | 2006-04-08 16:44:51 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 686868 | 0 | 1989 ]] . until then they could visit the gdr , but only at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in | andvance | advance | , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 |
| 47796295 | 47796504 | 2006-04-10 13:10:38 | 0 days 00:01:47 | 686868 | 1 | ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit the gdr | , but only | at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of | |
| 48935289 | 49049354 | 2006-04-18 20:13:20 | 0 days 18:06:16 | 6661 | 7 | by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted west german currency , all border controls ceased | , although the inner - german border had become meaningless for some time before that | . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification of [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a | |
| 49652318 | 50456210 | 2006-04-27 18:18:03 | 4 days 20:53:53 | 735354 | 0 | berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] | [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] | [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] | |
| 51140372 | 51140690 | 2006-05-02 01:36:45 | 0 days 00:02:55 | 767514 | 0 | : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety | , 1962 | . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = | |
| 51987616 | 51996698 | 2006-05-07 16:20:15 | 0 days 01:14:54 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 2 | scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and | [[ | kda ( | combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of |
| 3 | city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | | kda ]] | ) | soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed | |||||
| 51997271 | 51997348 | 2006-05-07 16:25:49 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 223113 | 2 | - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , nva ( national people ' s army ) and | kda ( | [[ | combat groups of the working class ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border |
| 3 | city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , nva ( national people ' s army ) and kda ( combat groups of the working class | ) | | kda ]] | soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed | |||||
| 51997348 | 51998094 | 2006-05-07 16:31:49 | 0 days 00:06:00 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 3 | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 | ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > | and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > | |
| 5 | 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 | ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > | it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft | ||||||
| 12 | m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . | < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | ||||||
| 51998094 | 51998163 | 2006-05-07 16:32:31 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 223113 | 2 | ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 | ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > | and completed about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 | |
| 4 | ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 | ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > | it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german | ||||||
| 5 | the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each | 3 . 6 m ( | 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german mark . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , | ||||||
| 8 | of the wall . begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft | ) | wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german mark . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult | ||||||
| 15 | make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower | ( | fortification watchtowers , and twenty bunkers . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around | ||||||
| 19 | escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower fortification watchtowers , and twenty | bunkers | [[ bunker ]] s | . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of | |||||
| 51998163 | 51999522 | 2006-05-07 16:44:07 | 0 days 00:11:36 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 28 | or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying | [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] | , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed | |
| 34 | who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | | raf gatow ]] | . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | ||||||
| 36 | . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | | raf ]] | airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the | ||||||
| 51999522 | 51999602 | 2006-05-07 16:44:48 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 223113 | 28 | or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying | [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] | , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at checkpoint charlie . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin | |
| 34 | thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at gatow airport | | raf gatow ]] | . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by royal air force airmen | ||||||
| 36 | airport . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by royal air force | | raf ]] | airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the | ||||||
| 51999602 | 52000258 | 2006-05-07 16:49:40 | 0 days 00:04:52 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 1 | , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . | technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity | . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , | |
| 2 | east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . | in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inner - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . | the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = | ||||||
| 52000258 | 52000362 | 2006-05-07 16:50:25 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 819974 | 1 | , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . | technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity | . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = | |
| 52229759 | 52230634 | 2006-05-08 23:48:15 | 0 days 00:05:30 | 1402196 | 0 | ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , by brittany | " gaz " | freytag was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ east | |
| 1 | berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , by brittany freytag was | arguably | the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ east germany | | ||||||
| 52230634 | 52245238 | 2006-05-09 01:36:36 | 0 days 01:48:21 | 389512 | 2 | ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , by brittany " gaz " freytag was | arguably | the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ east germany | | |
| 53249668 | 53305379 | 2006-05-15 12:37:07 | 0 days 09:58:36 | 0|67.98.120.83 | 0 | ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in | [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 | poop | . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | |
| 53305379 | 53306315 | 2006-05-15 12:44:45 | 0 days 00:07:38 | 767514 | 0 | ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in | poop | [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 | . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | |
| 53307729 | 53314632 | 2006-05-15 13:54:17 | 0 days 00:57:52 | 0|166.113.34.70 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after | the | tha | [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of |
| 53314632 | 53314730 | 2006-05-15 13:54:54 | 0 days 00:00:37 | 0|166.113.34.70 | 0 | 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after | tha | the | [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of |
| 53714889 | 53718756 | 2006-05-17 18:02:04 | 0 days 00:24:14 | 0|204.14.12.53 | 0 | | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist | bloc | block | as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . |
| 53718756 | 53720035 | 2006-05-17 18:10:38 | 0 days 00:08:34 | 1008387 | 0 | | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist | block | bloc | as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . |
| 53756513 | 53777489 | 2006-05-18 00:22:55 | 0 days 02:20:56 | 0|66.156.76.150 | 0 | , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] | |
| 53777489 | 53777555 | 2006-05-18 00:23:29 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 404042 | 0 | , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . | = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] | |
| 54269525 | 54436286 | 2006-05-21 23:52:07 | 0 days 23:58:48 | 1480398 | 0 | had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into | the same | four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused | |
| 54465100 | 54465933 | 2006-05-22 03:27:28 | 0 days 00:06:52 | 0|71.108.119.39 | 0 | . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ | 1962 | august 13 , 1961 | ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an |
| 55951899 | 55957357 | 2006-05-30 16:54:02 | 0 days 00:33:29 | 0|208.11.222.136 | 0 | prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . | hi ghair | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 55957357 | 55957411 | 2006-05-30 16:54:19 | 0 days 00:00:17 | 1270766 | 0 | prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . | hi ghair | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 56501936 | 56634891 | 2006-06-03 08:19:57 | 0 days 17:37:54 | 0|207.176.159.90 | 1 | ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years | off | . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda | |
| 56634891 | 56635024 | 2006-06-03 08:21:42 | 0 days 00:01:45 | 0|207.176.159.90 | 1 | ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he was wrong by 99 | . 94 | years . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of | |
| 56891744 | 57039870 | 2006-06-05 18:59:19 | 0 days 21:09:43 | 0|70.90.104.37 | 0 | offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . | max likes boys | over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall | |
| 57039870 | 57040826 | 2006-06-05 19:05:15 | 0 days 00:05:56 | 44020 | 0 | offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . | max likes boys | over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall | |
| 57484319 | 57663965 | 2006-06-09 06:58:07 | 1 days 01:49:03 | 0|203.51.41.247 | 2 | and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic | symbol | marielle | of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter |
| 57663965 | 57664095 | 2006-06-09 06:59:35 | 0 days 00:01:28 | 416594 | 1 | and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic | marielle | symbol | of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter |
| 58088350 | 58219539 | 2006-06-12 15:33:38 | 0 days 18:51:02 | 0|24.60.99.51 | 0 | 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . | one main economic problem was that the wall was constructed right on the corner of fulcherubher and kivetlana , where the berlin prostitutes stood . they were relocated to munich , and berlin ' s economy fell . berlin was dependant on the money the prostitues brought in . munich flourished while berlin fell . | it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the | |
| 58219714 | 58219835 | 2006-06-12 15:36:40 | 0 days 00:01:14 | 0|24.60.99.51 | 1 | brought in . munich flourished while berlin fell . whore riots broke out at the berlin wall , which was one of the reasons it fell . topless woman and teenagers | were rioting atht they wanted their corner back so they could get more meat in the gooch | rioted | . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in |
| 58219835 | 58221342 | 2006-06-12 15:47:55 | 0 days 00:11:15 | 157842 | 0 | 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . | one main economic problem was that the wall was constructed right on the corner of fulcherubher and kivetlana , where the berlin prostitutes stood . they were relocated to munich , and berlin ' s economy fell . berlin was dependant on the money the prostitutes brought in . munich flourished while berlin fell . whore riots broke out at the berlin wall , which was one of the reasons it fell . topless women and teenagers rioted . | it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the | |
| 58406027 | 58424207 | 2006-06-13 17:38:35 | 0 days 02:00:38 | 59264 | 3 | ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system | ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain | ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev | |
| 61679517 | 61913575 | 2006-07-03 21:31:57 | 1 days 09:06:51 | 82835 | 0 | became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late | [[ 1980 ]] s | 1980s | , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government |
| 63858464 | 64266637 | 2006-07-17 10:56:13 | 2 days 12:48:25 | 0|212.135.1.53 | 0 | ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers | to govern | togovern | germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and |
| 64266637 | 64266709 | 2006-07-17 10:57:06 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 292494 | 0 | ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers | togovern | to govern | germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and |
| 64558890 | 64560450 | 2006-07-18 23:25:13 | 0 days 00:10:19 | 0|24.80.177.202 | 4 | following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference | ; | and | when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as |
| 64681432 | 64682237 | 2006-07-19 16:07:06 | 0 days 00:04:50 | 157842 | 0 | well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . | = | = = portion of wall at westminster college = = a small portion of the wall can also bee seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ | |
| 1 | and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = portion of wall at westminster college = = | = [[ image : reaganwall . jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] delivering a speech during the presentation of the " breakthrough " monuement at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . ]] | a small portion of the wall can also bee seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] . westminster college is know for drawing important | ||||||
| 5 | george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret thatcher ]] , amony many . the piece of the wall became part of the [[ winston churchill ]] memorial library . | < ref > [ | one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys ]] , granddaughter of winston churchill , proposed the idea of placing a piece of the wall | ||||||
| 64682237 | 64682848 | 2006-07-19 16:10:47 | 0 days 00:03:41 | 157842 | 0 | [[ image : reaganwall . jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] delivering a speech during the presentation of the " breakthrough " monuement at [[ westminster college | , missouri | westminster college | ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster | |
| 1 | the " breakthrough " monuement at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college | , missouri | westminster college | ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain | ||||||
| 64683405 | 64693659 | 2006-07-19 17:17:47 | 0 days 01:03:33 | 1621917 | 0 | = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , | what territorially remained of pre - 1945 | germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided | |
| 67063468 | 67063496 | 2006-08-01 16:29:21 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 1022601 | 0 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | and , after all | = = = divergence | of that shit , the table , having wanted to for some time , was , finally raped . but that isn ' t all . y ' know , that |
| 67168760 | 67480936 | 2006-08-03 18:11:51 | 1 days 15:09:38 | 0|71.68.90.113 | 0 | former president ronald reagan , senator [[ john ashcroft ]] and german [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . | fourty | forty | - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom |
| 71268025 | 71312889 | 2006-08-23 03:59:55 | 0 days 04:44:09 | 0|69.120.239.106 | 0 | had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . | he would be wrong by more than 99 years . | the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , | |
| 73800540 | 74099078 | 2006-09-06 08:47:27 | 1 days 13:57:58 | 169140 | 0 | germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones | , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | russians ]] | . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although | |
| 1 | 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself | similarly | subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold | ||||||
| 2 | had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into | the same | four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused | ||||||
| 74099098 | 74099174 | 2006-09-06 08:48:36 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 169140 | 2 | of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders | from 1947 | , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] | |
| 77951130 | 77998390 | 2006-09-26 23:04:29 | 0 days 04:20:56 | 0|200.118.200.53 | 0 | the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] | [[ the wall concert in berlin | | performed the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests | |
| 79066912 | 79140455 | 2006-10-02 23:17:09 | 0 days 06:11:21 | 0|69.209.67.170 | 0 | were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began | early | on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built | |
| 81768427 | 81865132 | 2006-10-16 21:32:20 | 0 days 09:55:34 | 2496238 | 1 | resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = | peter | [[ rory maclean | | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] |
| 8 | book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = | [[ simon and schuster ]] | harpercollins | | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall | |||||
| 81865132 | 81898831 | 2006-10-17 00:35:15 | 0 days 03:02:55 | 0|207.68.83.81 | 0 | , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . | hi mom ! ! | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 81898831 | 81898931 | 2006-10-17 00:35:48 | 0 days 00:00:33 | 163732 | 0 | , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . | hi mom ! ! | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 82309514 | 82428098 | 2006-10-19 14:42:22 | 0 days 15:29:44 | 0|131.122.190.124 | 0 | german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled | by stephen colbert | in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part | |
| 82428098 | 82429985 | 2006-10-19 14:53:30 | 0 days 00:11:08 | 2156719 | 0 | german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled | by stephen colbert | in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part | |
| 82597586 | 82692252 | 2006-10-20 20:45:47 | 0 days 10:47:58 | 1063177 | 4 | back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . | the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so | in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners | |
| 5 | guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd | safety issues | the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the | ||||||
| 82835134 | 82879500 | 2006-10-21 21:17:43 | 0 days 04:29:04 | 2542109 | 5 | of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric | public | over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ | |
| 82879500 | 82879607 | 2006-10-21 21:18:28 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 2179786 | 5 | of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric | public | over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ | |
| 83835783 | 83837476 | 2006-10-26 13:23:30 | 0 days 00:13:08 | 686868 | 0 | had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . | meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by | the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , | |
| 84720496 | 84732254 | 2006-10-31 00:13:44 | 0 days 01:03:00 | 2617879 | 0 | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to | during this time berlin was at its greatest , love , peace , and yum yum struck the land . . . . . . the fairies and kings stuffed themselfs silly with halloween candy and they wicked witch died of prettiness . | 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < | |
| 84732254 | 84732374 | 2006-10-31 00:14:20 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 416594 | 0 | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to | during this time berlin was at its greatest , love , peace , and yum yum struck the land . . . . . . the fairies and kings stuffed themselfs silly with halloween candy and they wicked witch died of prettiness . | 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < | |
| 84993117 | 85059984 | 2006-11-01 16:36:18 | 0 days 09:39:55 | 0|204.13.204.162 | 0 | , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . | you are cool . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 85062608 | 85063021 | 2006-11-01 16:52:15 | 0 days 00:02:11 | 0|204.13.204.162 | 0 | , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . | part of monty python and the holy grail was made on this wall . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 85211127 | 85254171 | 2006-11-02 14:16:15 | 0 days 07:09:28 | 0|204.13.204.162 | 0 | , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . | part of monty python and the holy grail was made on the berlin wall . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 85254386 | 85254741 | 2006-11-02 14:20:51 | 0 days 00:02:45 | 0|204.13.204.162 | 0 | , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . | part of monty python and the holy grail was made on the berlin wall . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 85256076 | 85309462 | 2006-11-02 19:28:26 | 0 days 04:58:43 | 0|193.164.126.15 | 0 | , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . | the leader of the country in this era was named joseph stallin , a man of kind and who fought for gay rights . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 85309462 | 85309538 | 2006-11-02 19:28:47 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 183791 | 0 | , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . | the leader of the country in this era was named joseph stallin , a man of kind and who fought for gay rights . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , | |
| 85493361 | 85506823 | 2006-11-03 17:45:12 | 0 days 01:14:30 | 0|84.177.194.94 | 1 | , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified that proposal to include private travels . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way to for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . a portion of the berlin wall can be seen in the lower left . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . w . bush ]] , and [[ margaret thatcher ]] , among others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] < / ref > one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys ]] , granddaughter of winston churchill , proposed the idea of placing a piece of the wall at the westminster college campus . with the support of westminster college , sandys and her husband , richard kaplan , met with officials in [[ east berlin ]] in february 1990 . upon arrival in berlin , the couple realized their plans to secure large portions of the wall would be costly , as 4 - foot - wide sections were selling at a cost of $ 60 , 000 to $ 200 , 000 . this obstacle , however , was solved when officials , impressed by the idea of a berlin wall monument being erected near the site of churchill ' s 1946 " iron curtain " speech , allowed sandys to choose eight sections as a gift to the college . sandys chose her sections from an area near the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , frequented by artists , because of the dramatic color of the graffiti . the repeated use of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " untrue " , also appealed to her . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former president ronald reagan , senator [[ john ashcroft ]] and german [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . forty - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] = = references = = | < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = | |
| 86124572 | 86124851 | 2006-11-06 21:03:39 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 350153 | 0 | ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 | , | huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently | |
| 86124851 | 86125050 | 2006-11-06 21:04:37 | 0 days 00:00:58 | 350153 | 1 | german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused | , | and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans | |
| 86189806 | 86190303 | 2006-11-07 02:38:26 | 0 days 00:02:54 | 0|69.171.51.116 | 0 | including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = molly hogan doesn ' t know any of this stuff . | johnny spiggle knows too much of it . | from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) | |
| 86297216 | 86407353 | 2006-11-08 02:03:58 | 0 days 09:16:19 | 0|64.20.106.35 | 0 | that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way | to | for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and | |
| 86591385 | 86613152 | 2006-11-09 00:53:23 | 0 days 01:56:37 | 0|158.35.225.228 | 0 | germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones | ( yalta conference ) | , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | | |
| 86754002 | 86754320 | 2006-11-09 17:49:59 | 0 days 00:01:40 | 0|70.244.100.3 | 0 | conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ | barbed wire | puppies | ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the berlin wall was also |
| 86755510 | 86755902 | 2006-11-09 17:58:10 | 0 days 00:01:58 | 2697466 | 0 | conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ | puppies | barbed wire | ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the berlin wall was also |
| 86760196 | 86761110 | 2006-11-09 18:26:16 | 0 days 00:04:44 | 0|206.158.3.70 | 0 | = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} = = = museum = = = fifteen | hundred | years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in | |
| 86761963 | 86762343 | 2006-11-09 18:32:46 | 0 days 00:01:53 | 441020 | 3 | = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} = = = museum = = = fifteen | hundred | years after the fall of the berlin wall ( haha that rhymes ) , a private museum rebuilt a 20000000 metre ( 65648735 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie | |
| 86859769 | 86949737 | 2006-11-10 15:32:30 | 0 days 12:43:04 | 0|89.51.186.116 | 1 | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke | ' ' ) | 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise | |
| 87075455 | 87372959 | 2006-11-12 18:35:07 | 1 days 15:14:49 | 0|195.93.21.72 | 0 | clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] | where | the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the | |
| 87781220 | 87781329 | 2006-11-14 16:27:23 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 0|63.253.45.100 | 2 | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself | similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country | with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic | |
| 3 | east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with | a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established | an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern | ||||||
| 87781329 | 87781447 | 2006-11-14 16:28:02 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 1792859 | 1 | its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . then a leprachaun shot itself | similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country | with an oozie = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] | |
| 2 | fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . then a leprachaun shot itself with | a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established | an oozie = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended | ||||||
| 87781447 | 87788432 | 2006-11-14 17:08:24 | 0 days 00:40:22 | 0|66.203.18.32 | 0 | - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . | bridgett is a whore and wants a good time , please call 937 - 426 - 0567 | it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the | |
| 87788432 | 87789653 | 2006-11-14 17:15:27 | 0 days 00:07:03 | 2716848 | 0 | - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . | bridgett is a whore and wants a good time , please call 937 - 426 - 0567 | it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the | |
| 88440358 | 88527357 | 2006-11-18 00:15:11 | 0 days 08:12:01 | 0|12.179.213.10 | 0 | , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . | we should bring it back . . keep the east and west seperated all the way | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] < | |
| 88545100 | 88582143 | 2006-11-18 07:02:14 | 0 days 04:54:50 | 0|220.255.106.95 | 0 | , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . | we should bring it back . . keep the east and west seperated all the way | conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] < | |
| 88809786 | 88973047 | 2006-11-20 08:00:26 | 0 days 17:27:14 | 1737646 | 3 | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration | [[ d - ewoh ]] | . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on | |
| 89150881 | 89163919 | 2006-11-21 04:23:44 | 0 days 01:23:24 | 0|67.81.36.17 | 1 | berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , | is | an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november | |
| 89163919 | 89164714 | 2006-11-21 04:29:12 | 0 days 00:05:28 | 441020 | 2 | ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the berlin wall , or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , | is | an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november | |
| 90933935 | 90997156 | 2006-11-29 21:38:15 | 0 days 04:30:07 | 0|86.17.150.245 | 0 | border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 | through | to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & | |
| 91362108 | 91363226 | 2006-12-01 12:19:23 | 0 days 00:10:26 | 579524 | 2 | development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting | them | in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built appealed to no - one . it repelled them . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | | |
| 92647828 | 92779124 | 2006-12-07 21:11:24 | 0 days 14:27:04 | 0|82.10.207.212 | 1 | be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , | june 2003 | august 2006 | | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ |
| 93510408 | 93602012 | 2006-12-11 16:45:29 | 0 days 13:14:19 | 0|148.81.137.2 | 3 | . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering | ' ' | at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport | |
| 93817040 | 93876815 | 2006-12-12 19:37:36 | 0 days 04:55:33 | 0|158.123.252.2 | 8 | , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of | west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutschmark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to | the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / | |
| 93876815 | 93876848 | 2006-12-12 19:37:43 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 1574574 | 4 | of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted to keep th east | to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and | out of the west . this is because the east had worse economical situations and hated jews . [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ | |
| 95089251 | 95090637 | 2006-12-18 14:01:12 | 0 days 00:10:54 | 0|84.64.31.22 | 1 | , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , | waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , | sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie | |
| 95349461 | 95481558 | 2006-12-20 08:21:44 | 0 days 13:51:07 | 0|84.64.31.22 | 0 | clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] | was | where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross | |
| 98028942 | 98077156 | 2007-01-03 02:01:46 | 0 days 03:53:02 | 2113027 | 0 | months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = | [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] | little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer | |
| 98226397 | 98227262 | 2007-01-03 18:51:51 | 0 days 00:04:28 | 873891 | 8 | ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by | the armed soldiers of east germany . previously | souvenir seekers | , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the |
| 22 | souvenir shops . also at a turn in the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall | of the berlin wall | , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they | ||||||
| 98453918 | 98470052 | 2007-01-04 19:21:16 | 0 days 01:21:18 | 873891 | 1 | [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and | was | dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] | |
| 99152844 | 99165239 | 2007-01-07 20:39:55 | 0 days 00:57:15 | 0|71.243.47.173 | 0 | border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] | age 18 | who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to | |
| 99165555 | 99378492 | 2007-01-08 19:24:41 | 0 days 22:43:14 | 29695 | 2 | berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , | which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and | an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and was dismantled in the weeks following [[ | |
| 6 | ref > the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , | which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . | it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the | ||||||
| 99757249 | 99968989 | 2007-01-11 11:06:31 | 0 days 21:30:22 | 3190289 | 1 | . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] age 18 | ) | who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to | |
| 100620191 | 100676150 | 2007-01-14 16:30:06 | 0 days 08:31:18 | 0|87.187.74.127 | 0 | jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . | it was supposed to be temorary but stands till today | ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . | |
| 1 | remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a | temporary | memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ | ||||||
| 100887174 | 100916417 | 2007-01-15 18:33:14 | 0 days 02:34:19 | 2810123 | 15 | . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . | muhammad . | the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its | |
| 16 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . | amun - ra . | {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the | ||||||
| 18 | offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . | your mom . | over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall | ||||||
| 25 | transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . | jesus . | four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german | ||||||
| 30 | come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . | confucius . | another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german | ||||||
| 32 | triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . | san disk . | the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western | ||||||
| 34 | had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . | sony . | meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in | ||||||
| 35 | , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . | microsoft . | tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised | ||||||
| 100916417 | 100920432 | 2007-01-15 18:53:45 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 15 | . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . | muhammad . | the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its | |
| 16 | wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . | amun - ra . | {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the | ||||||
| 18 | offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . | your mom . | over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) zeus . # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) jupiter | ||||||
| 25 | transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . | jesus . | four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german | ||||||
| 30 | come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . | confucius . | another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german | ||||||
| 32 | triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . | san disk . | the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western | ||||||
| 34 | had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . | sony . | meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in | ||||||
| 35 | , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . | microsoft . | tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised | ||||||
| 101629964 | 101649298 | 2007-01-18 21:59:50 | 0 days 01:30:59 | 0|71.219.14.167 | 2 | | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . it was supposed to be temorary but stands | till | today ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 | |
| 103399344 | 103509663 | 2007-01-27 01:11:09 | 0 days 08:55:47 | 488078 | 0 | had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . | [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] | meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in | |
| 105723144 | 105723229 | 2007-02-05 03:53:08 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 0|150.101.251.66 | 0 | it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = | hey wat up homie | little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ | |
| 105723229 | 105723513 | 2007-02-05 03:54:37 | 0 days 00:01:29 | 140089 | 0 | it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = | hey wat up homie | little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ | |
| 107139149 | 107277131 | 2007-02-11 08:21:44 | 0 days 12:37:43 | 0|24.240.209.178 | 1 | the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely | " | the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december | |
| 107277131 | 107313668 | 2007-02-11 13:29:51 | 0 days 05:08:07 | 2013997 | 0 | berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were | " | pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august | |
| 107313668 | 107341843 | 2007-02-11 16:40:32 | 0 days 03:10:41 | 0|207.69.140.35 | 0 | it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = | : ) | little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ | |
| 107341843 | 107344179 | 2007-02-11 16:53:47 | 0 days 00:13:15 | 0|207.69.140.35 | 0 | it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = | : ) | little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ | |
| 108633355 | 108863312 | 2007-02-17 16:52:01 | 1 days 00:05:47 | 26468 | 1 | it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border | system | ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by | |
| 108863312 | 108864819 | 2007-02-17 16:59:47 | 0 days 00:07:46 | 26468 | 1 | for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border | system | ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to | |
| 109200457 | 109201261 | 2007-02-19 01:47:51 | 0 days 00:04:14 | 0|68.41.174.194 | 1 | besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of | pre - 1945 | germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the | |
| 109201627 | 109202413 | 2007-02-19 01:53:52 | 0 days 00:04:12 | 0|68.41.174.194 | 1 | government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . | western powers used | it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated | |
| 4 | . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later | be | treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which | ||||||
| 6 | to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a | key | symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder | ||||||
| 8 | propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the | high - profile | shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous | ||||||
| 110029529 | 110051010 | 2007-02-22 12:13:32 | 0 days 03:17:02 | 0|160.45.192.59 | 0 | 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was | been | divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | |
| 110116122 | 110116611 | 2007-02-22 18:23:05 | 0 days 00:02:14 | 0|66.160.72.205 | 0 | 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] fuck the world ! | world sucks monkey ass ! | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] | |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 24 | concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . | < br > but | = = | the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in |
| 56 | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . | in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left | by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching | ||||||
| 111074797 | 111074982 | 2007-02-26 14:08:27 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 131286 | 33 | . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . | = = | < br > but | the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . |
| 41 | 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built | attracted no - one | . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and | ||||||
| 64 | was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany | " however | , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to | ||||||
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 24 | concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . | < br > but | = = | the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in |
| 56 | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . | in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left | by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching | ||||||
| 111075603 | 111075720 | 2007-02-26 14:13:51 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 296765 | 33 | . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . | = = | < br > but | the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . |
| 41 | 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built | attracted no - one | . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and | ||||||
| 64 | was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany | " however | , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to | ||||||
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 24 | concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . | < br > but | = = | the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in |
| 56 | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . | in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left | by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching | ||||||
| 111079436 | 111080379 | 2007-02-26 14:54:17 | 0 days 00:09:59 | 0|193.194.158.107 | 33 | . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . | = = | < br > but | the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . |
| 41 | 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built | attracted no - one | . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and | ||||||
| 55 | was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany | " however | , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to | ||||||
| 112644296 | 112710897 | 2007-03-05 02:12:46 | 0 days 05:11:37 | 0|68.3.108.161 | 0 | skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . | the wall | cock | was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 |
| 112710897 | 112711235 | 2007-03-05 02:15:30 | 0 days 00:02:44 | 2777284 | 0 | skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . | cock | the wall | was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 |
| 112936932 | 113009009 | 2007-03-06 06:45:43 | 0 days 06:44:54 | 621997 | 2 | , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car | simply drove | at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two | |
| 113574577 | 113697127 | 2007-03-08 23:25:13 | 0 days 09:05:01 | 0|71.105.72.89 | 0 | , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the | fat pplsuffocated from heart attack | [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each | |
| 113697127 | 113700927 | 2007-03-08 23:43:40 | 0 days 00:18:27 | 0|64.252.8.154 | 0 | , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the | fat pplsuffocated from heart attack | [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each | |
| 114987991 | 115016505 | 2007-03-14 09:34:46 | 0 days 04:16:30 | 0|220.101.111.166 | 1 | , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 | officers and men | fatty boobaladahs | . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . |
| 115016505 | 115016570 | 2007-03-14 09:35:16 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 2608485 | 1 | , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 | fatty boobaladahs | officers and men | . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american poo slinger patrol was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied |
| 115589605 | 115708717 | 2007-03-17 02:59:59 | 0 days 10:08:11 | 0|192.228.185.208 | 4 | had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . | [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] | meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in | |
| 6 | in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . | [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 | ||||||
| 115708717 | 115708771 | 2007-03-17 03:00:22 | 0 days 00:00:23 | 979770 | 3 | had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . | [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] | meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in | |
| 5 | in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . | [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 | ||||||
| 115708771 | 115802630 | 2007-03-17 15:36:20 | 0 days 12:35:58 | 0|91.64.129.222 | 1 | of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public | and souvenir hunters | over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 | |
| 2 | crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , | it was later removed using industrial equipment | and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = | ||||||
| 3 | wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its | so called " | fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ | ||||||
| 6 | wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country | , inspite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew | . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the | ||||||
| 12 | , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . | protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " we are staying here this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not demand the wall be removed . they wanted to reform east germany and did not want german unification at this time . the east german government decided to open the wall even though protestors had not demanded this , to take the initative away from the street protests which threatened their authority , privilieges and power . the move opened not only the wall but opened the way for west german capitalism to take over all of east germany , it ' s property , law and administration . this anschluss , annexaton led to widespread discontent in the following years which remains today . | tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised | ||||||
| 115803261 | 115804646 | 2007-03-17 15:49:40 | 0 days 00:09:19 | 54809 | 8 | germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public | and souvenir hunters | over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east | |
| 9 | were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , | it was later removed using industrial equipment | and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes | ||||||
| 10 | celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its | so called " | fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders | ||||||
| 11 | wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country | , inspite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew | . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the | ||||||
| 115804646 | 115804866 | 2007-03-17 15:50:50 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 54809 | 1 | of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public | and souvenir hunters | over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 | |
| 2 | crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , | it was later removed using industrial equipment | and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = | ||||||
| 3 | wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its | so called " | fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ | ||||||
| 6 | wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country | , inspite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew | . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the | ||||||
| 117073720 | 117077906 | 2007-03-22 17:49:00 | 0 days 00:18:56 | 0|147.31.4.47 | 4 | wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next | several weeks , it was later removed using industrial | hahahahahaindustrial | equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming |
| 117077906 | 117078008 | 2007-03-22 17:49:26 | 0 days 00:00:26 | 492858 | 5 | wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next | hahahahahaindustrial | several weeks , it was later removed using industrial | equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming |
| 117508444 | 117516576 | 2007-03-24 13:39:46 | 0 days 00:58:39 | 302522 | 2 | approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and | by | souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency | |
| 6 | euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies | , | which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east german voters were convinced of | ||||||
| 8 | it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 | . | following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally | ||||||
| 117647947 | 117752932 | 2007-03-25 14:15:09 | 0 days 13:13:26 | 1585412 | 0 | had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , | inspite | in spite | of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall |
| 117829832 | 117902618 | 2007-03-26 02:40:22 | 0 days 05:58:05 | 1804716 | 0 | decided to open the wall even though protestors had not demanded this , to take the initative away from the street protests which threatened their authority , privilieges and power . | the move opened not only the wall but opened the way for west german capitalism to take over all of east germany , it ' s property , law and administration . this anschluss , annexaton led to widespread discontent in the following years which remains today . | meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in | |
| 117902707 | 117903581 | 2007-03-26 02:45:29 | 0 days 00:04:39 | 1804716 | 1 | start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november | 4th | 4 , | 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but |
| 118635394 | 118639947 | 2007-03-28 23:11:07 | 0 days 00:19:40 | 0|65.24.114.248 | 8 | one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . | it was around this time that adolf hitler took one for the team and killed all the niggers and jews in the world . hitler be praised ! down with the niggers ! | the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin | |
| 118654236 | 118657778 | 2007-03-29 00:33:26 | 0 days 00:17:42 | 911178 | 13 | one of the richest , most powerful countries in the southern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . | ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) | the flight of growing numbers of northwestern germans to non - democratic countries via northern berlin led to germany destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin | |
| 119194198 | 119196685 | 2007-03-31 03:37:08 | 0 days 00:17:34 | 196242 | 17 | allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | | spencer smith | soviets | ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the |
| 120184971 | 120189519 | 2007-04-04 09:08:53 | 0 days 00:39:14 | 1476858 | 0 | union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones | despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union | . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british | |
| 123239534 | 123239676 | 2007-04-16 13:21:00 | 0 days 00:00:43 | 238308 | 1 | need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . the berlin wall was made of pie and potatoes . | png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] | |
| 123239676 | 123290696 | 2007-04-16 17:02:47 | 0 days 03:41:47 | 0|206.82.21.217 | 1 | vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply | respected | hated | by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , |
| 123290696 | 123314173 | 2007-04-16 18:40:46 | 0 days 01:37:59 | 911178 | 1 | vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply | hated | respected | by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , |
| 123515047 | 123515343 | 2007-04-17 12:58:56 | 0 days 00:01:33 | 0|24.73.99.18 | 3 | style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still | looked | pooked | to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany |
| 123515343 | 123515484 | 2007-04-17 12:59:37 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 3647339 | 3 | style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east potatoes became one of the richest , most advanced potatoes in the eastern blocky , many of its citizens still | pooked | looked | to the significantly wealthier west potatoes for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to |
| 123623472 | 123829798 | 2007-04-18 15:39:51 | 0 days 19:14:18 | 0|209.66.200.83 | 0 | respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . | [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti | 3840823501934 ` 59134059819034581 | - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall |
| 123951114 | 124129045 | 2007-04-19 17:12:29 | 0 days 17:13:20 | 0|72.243.172.178 | 5 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government | . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german | |
| 6 | capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . | prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german | . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became | ||||||
| 7 | ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . | while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity | . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the | ||||||
| 124875869 | 124876106 | 2007-04-22 15:18:00 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 0|68.41.84.92 | 1 | be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th | armor | ass | . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with |
| 124876106 | 124876232 | 2007-04-22 15:18:37 | 0 days 00:00:37 | 4113076 | 1 | be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th | ass | armor | . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with |
| 126704053 | 126710167 | 2007-04-28 21:19:43 | 0 days 00:29:41 | 0|75.71.77.107 | 0 | ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . | omg i knew it u can put anything on wikipedia . so everything they are telling you is wrong . don ' t listen to them ! | he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they | |
| 126710167 | 126710288 | 2007-04-28 21:20:12 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 4113076 | 0 | ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . | omg i knew it u can put anything on wikipedia . so everything they are telling you is wrong . don ' t listen to them ! | he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they | |
| 127537240 | 127605519 | 2007-05-02 04:22:14 | 0 days 05:52:39 | 0|69.111.245.16 | 0 | - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled | gay | through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ | |
| 127605519 | 127626659 | 2007-05-02 06:58:22 | 0 days 02:36:08 | 302522 | 0 | - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled | gay | through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ | |
| 128043670 | 128043972 | 2007-05-03 20:31:17 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 4 | last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the | fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan | |
| 128044131 | 128044281 | 2007-05-03 20:32:24 | 0 days 00:00:32 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 1 | go to the bath room = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the | berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed | sarge | about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from |
| 128044362 | 128044374 | 2007-05-03 20:32:44 | 0 days 00:00:03 | 1614547 | 2 | = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of the war | ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per | the germans decided to go make some brownies that they thoguht would be interesting to do = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west | |
| 128044482 | 128044498 | 2007-05-03 20:33:12 | 0 days 00:00:04 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 2 | the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall | of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed | it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands | |
| 128044498 | 128044636 | 2007-05-03 20:33:41 | 0 days 00:00:29 | 1614547 | 1 | cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = in the fall | of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed | it snowed = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / | |
| 128203778 | 128208648 | 2007-05-04 14:05:23 | 0 days 00:24:53 | 764861 | 1 | the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on the [[ | june | 15 | 15th of june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting | |
| 129366546 | 129408596 | 2007-05-09 01:55:47 | 0 days 03:29:08 | 0|68.96.76.118 | 0 | come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . | [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed " [[ tear down this wall ]] " speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he essentially called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the wall . ]] | another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german | |
| 129555699 | 129555771 | 2007-05-09 16:41:06 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 2073927 | 19 | the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . | - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) | = = alex is really dumb = = - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : | |
| 129954619 | 130104891 | 2007-05-11 15:20:36 | 0 days 16:40:06 | 0|164.58.29.130 | 1 | the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the | impetus | most unreliable site | for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . |
| 2 | inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for | information on | the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht | ||||||
| 130104891 | 130104907 | 2007-05-11 15:20:41 | 0 days 00:00:05 | 2198658 | 1 | west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . wikipedia is the | most unreliable site | impetus | for information on the web = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall |
| 3 | germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . wikipedia is the most unreliable site for | information on | the web = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ | ||||||
| 131079532 | 131079741 | 2007-05-15 17:42:45 | 0 days 00:00:57 | 0|69.74.130.15 | 0 | became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity | . | balls . | the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin |
| 131079886 | 131080240 | 2007-05-15 17:44:41 | 0 days 00:01:22 | 1999318 | 2 | became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity | balls . | . | the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin |
| 131436650 | 131436693 | 2007-05-17 01:12:30 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 0|71.48.127.221 | 2 | first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . | = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . | it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western | |
| 3 | no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . | construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin | . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . | ||||||
| 131537931 | 131538175 | 2007-05-17 13:59:30 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 0|203.109.89.18 | 0 | the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . though some people argue that the above is true others take this as thrash | . preetham the best archeologist and surveyer cinsiders this false . | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate | |
| 132298025 | 132298254 | 2007-05-20 21:18:24 | 0 days 00:01:13 | 0|70.143.50.176 | 4 | respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . | [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans | fgkl | ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , |
| 132501419 | 132545593 | 2007-05-21 22:33:35 | 0 days 03:16:30 | 0|75.8.78.130 | 0 | reagan ]] delivers his famed " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ]] " speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he | essentially | called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the wall . ]] another airborne | |
| 132545593 | 132623467 | 2007-05-22 06:33:14 | 0 days 07:59:39 | 715870 | 8 | to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the | " | peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had | |
| 9 | " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution | " | of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly | ||||||
| 12 | what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 | , | ]] [[ | 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for | |||||
| 17 | orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the | escalating | growing | crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on | |||||
| 18 | use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd | , | the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the | ||||||
| 20 | west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed | , | people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( | ||||||
| 132862693 | 132890457 | 2007-05-23 09:02:39 | 0 days 04:06:54 | 0|211.27.234.229 | 0 | by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . | all in all , the allies won , [[ lol ]] . | the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = | |
| 132890457 | 132910594 | 2007-05-23 11:52:00 | 0 days 02:49:21 | 441020 | 0 | by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . | all in all , the allies won , [[ lol ]] . | the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = | |
| 132997348 | 133070307 | 2007-05-24 01:07:06 | 0 days 05:44:33 | 129409 | 6 | berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in | 1989 . when | the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an | |
| 31 | by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; | it was later removed using | industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies , which gained ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant | ||||||
| 133705235 | 133939781 | 2007-05-27 21:57:21 | 1 days 01:38:52 | 0|216.208.52.171 | 3 | deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , | blah , blah | what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied | |
| 133939781 | 133939978 | 2007-05-27 21:58:27 | 0 days 00:01:06 | 0|216.208.52.171 | 2 | [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the the stupidest war ever in history , | blah , blah | what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied | |
| 133939978 | 133975864 | 2007-05-28 01:15:43 | 0 days 03:17:16 | 0|65.43.37.60 | 0 | entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . | the cheese was amazing at that time . | over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest | |
| 133975864 | 133979794 | 2007-05-28 01:37:14 | 0 days 00:21:31 | 1718065 | 0 | entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . | the cheese was amazing at that time . | over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest | |
| 133979980 | 134353680 | 2007-05-29 17:09:46 | 1 days 15:31:26 | 4479652 | 0 | | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 | by members of the ussr | . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , | |
| 140266187 | 140281124 | 2007-06-24 10:43:15 | 0 days 02:20:57 | 67403 | 0 | ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn | {{ when }} | of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by | |
| 140346811 | 140489919 | 2007-06-25 10:12:07 | 0 days 15:57:11 | 686868 | 0 | , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . | [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn {{ when }} of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] | |
| 141857927 | 142202722 | 2007-07-03 08:35:32 | 1 days 12:53:04 | 4564493 | 0 | by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . | actor david hasselhoff also participated in the destruction of the wall . | the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = | |
| 142202722 | 142211169 | 2007-07-03 09:47:54 | 0 days 01:12:22 | 686868 | 0 | by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . | actor david hasselhoff also participated in the destruction of the wall . | the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = | |
| 142504621 | 142514453 | 2007-07-04 19:20:38 | 0 days 00:50:04 | 715870 | 3 | in this context . the night of august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] | — | , | formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 |
| 147039937 | 147359013 | 2007-07-27 01:41:42 | 1 days 07:31:43 | 4909351 | 1 | , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . | using only a spoon and a dull butter knife , schroeder opened the wall freeing all of his fellow tourists . | [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ | |
| 147359013 | 147393203 | 2007-07-27 05:53:19 | 0 days 04:11:37 | 302522 | 1 | border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria led by william francis schroeder the iv . | using only a spoon and a dull butter knife , schroeder opened the wall freeing all of his fellow tourists . | [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ | |
| 148039010 | 148074488 | 2007-07-30 16:29:32 | 0 days 04:14:49 | 0|209.7.38.1 | 0 | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | | the zaa will pervale | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - | |
| 150060455 | 150230613 | 2007-08-09 18:55:29 | 0 days 20:58:46 | 0|71.139.42.198 | 0 | wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country | , | : | in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , |
| 150230613 | 150326138 | 2007-08-10 04:12:43 | 0 days 09:17:14 | 715870 | 0 | , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the | blackmarket | black market | was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used |
| 1 | was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated | , | and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol | ||||||
| 150832838 | 150865465 | 2007-08-13 00:57:21 | 0 days 03:29:12 | 158051 | 10 | firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " it said . | source : http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2734598 , 00 . html | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate | |
| 150865545 | 150868047 | 2007-08-13 01:16:06 | 0 days 00:18:08 | 608951 | 0 | and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this | peroid | period | around 1000 people were killed trying to escape to the west . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of |
| 152314634 | 152803494 | 2007-08-21 23:56:54 | 2 days 03:11:07 | 0|121.73.19.64 | 0 | the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , | work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down | oranges | and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . |
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 4 | , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying | [[ allies of world war ii | | allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . | |
| 8 | leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused | , | and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans | ||||||
| 11 | willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees | , | but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united | ||||||
| 14 | a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with | 1362 | 1 , 362 | officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st | |||||
| 17 | infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying | 1500 | 1 , 500 | men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the | |||||
| 22 | monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of | 4224 | 4 , 224 | officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate | |||||
| 36 | | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was | itself | similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together | ||||||
| 56 | s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 | august | ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd | ||||||
| 58 | s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 | august | ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in | ||||||
| 61 | at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade | , now | of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] | ||||||
| 64 | german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was | now | largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it | ||||||
| 75 | first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became | more and | more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of | ||||||
| 153595819 | 153780641 | 2007-08-26 17:53:06 | 0 days 22:54:33 | 0|70.246.156.12 | 1 | | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 | . | . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw | |
| 153783102 | 153784826 | 2007-08-26 18:19:24 | 0 days 00:10:45 | 1718065 | 3 | ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 4 , 000 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 | . | during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - | |
| 157857703 | 157861460 | 2007-09-14 15:23:30 | 0 days 00:21:52 | 0|216.174.135.206 | 0 | image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , | i did james mom and i thurly enjoyed every fucking moment of it | what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four | |
| 157861519 | 157861705 | 2007-09-14 15:24:53 | 0 days 00:01:06 | 0|216.174.135.206 | 0 | image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , | i did james mom and i thurly enjoyed every fucking moment of it what | territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying | |
| 157863537 | 157865984 | 2007-09-14 15:48:40 | 0 days 00:13:50 | 302522 | 1 | image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , | what | territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying | |
| 158484460 | 158505369 | 2007-09-17 15:05:27 | 0 days 02:16:00 | 0|216.174.135.206 | 0 | [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the | great night of sex i had with kaylons mom i decided that she was worth the money and the cum so i gladly paid my bitch 5 $ for the greatest day of my life ! | [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] | |
| 158505901 | 158506910 | 2007-09-17 15:13:17 | 0 days 00:05:04 | 5173527 | 0 | [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the | great night of sex i had with kaylons mom i decided that she was worth the money and the cum so i gladly paid my bitch 5 $ for the greatest day of my life ! | [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] | |
| 158506910 | 158579473 | 2007-09-17 21:11:38 | 0 days 05:58:21 | 0|70.231.151.212 | 0 | hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . | you suck . | part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] | |
| 158579473 | 158580268 | 2007-09-17 21:15:25 | 0 days 00:03:47 | 2073927 | 0 | hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . | you suck . | part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] | |
| 159701939 | 160013834 | 2007-09-24 13:59:12 | 1 days 13:42:50 | 0|81.107.164.107 | 0 | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear | shot | shotbot | at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall |
| 160019557 | 160020132 | 2007-09-24 14:28:55 | 0 days 00:02:30 | 236591 | 0 | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear | shotbot | shot | at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall |
| 160494929 | 160494968 | 2007-09-26 16:22:30 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 4928500 | 19 | ; and that people should follow roles determined by their gender . instead , some people have sought to define their sexuality and sexual identity in non - polar terms , | ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known | in the belief that the simple division of all humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent of this movement away | |
| 81 | sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and media from commons news stories from wikinews learning resources from wikiversity francoeur , | robert t . ( ed . ) , | the international encyclopedia of sexuality [ full text ] janssen , d . f . , growing up sexually . volume i . world reference atlas [ full text ] raymond | ||||||
| 160589462 | 160590401 | 2007-09-27 00:24:01 | 0 days 00:04:20 | 0|70.119.146.173 | 1 | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] | , | what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four | |
| 161222936 | 161422371 | 2007-09-30 23:55:11 | 0 days 22:54:53 | 12927 | 5 | told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate with the use of a firearm , | your | use of a firearm , including when the border breakouts involve women and children , which the traitors have already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . < ref | |
| 6 | authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate with the use of a firearm , including when the border | not even | firearm , including when the border breakouts involve women and children , which the traitors have already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . < ref name = " | ||||||
| 15 | injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate with the use | of a | firearm , including when the border breakouts involve women and children , which the traitors have already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . < ref name = " | ||||||
| 161777207 | 162004162 | 2007-10-03 13:00:29 | 1 days 00:11:00 | 0|216.20.64.1 | 0 | ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall | of my ass | , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . | |
| 162004162 | 162004219 | 2007-10-03 13:00:50 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 4131122 | 0 | ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall | of my ass | , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . | |
| 162085177 | 162086343 | 2007-10-03 20:11:50 | 0 days 00:06:10 | 0|142.25.180.23 | 0 | , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , | 1961 | 2961 hello katie | = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' |
| 162088730 | 162088831 | 2007-10-03 20:24:13 | 0 days 00:00:30 | 4131122 | 2 | [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west fgg = = construction begins , | 2961 hello katie and emma | 1961 | = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before president bush died construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference |
| 162097147 | 162236037 | 2007-10-04 13:31:03 | 0 days 16:27:02 | 0|209.174.242.3 | 8 | the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = | [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost | all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was | |
| 9 | [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all | of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little | is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) | ||||||
| 162236037 | 162236073 | 2007-10-04 13:31:19 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 301395 | 1 | hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . | berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] | the rise of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = | |
| 5 | the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = | [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost | all is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft | ||||||
| 6 | east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = all | of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little | is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) | ||||||
| 163101280 | 163101617 | 2007-10-08 14:54:35 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 0|216.237.254.146 | 0 | ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after | christina had gay sex sixteen times | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement | |
| 163102843 | 163105476 | 2007-10-08 15:13:04 | 0 days 00:12:54 | 5173527 | 2 | ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after | billy had gay sex sixteen times | the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement | |
| 165005884 | 165222233 | 2007-10-17 17:39:09 | 0 days 22:58:30 | 0|67.132.117.2 | 1 | ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot and kill | attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ gdr border system | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for | its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] | |
| 3 | german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the | west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing | was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a | ||||||
| 22 | death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the | border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate | ||||||
| 165222233 | 165222438 | 2007-10-17 17:40:08 | 0 days 00:00:59 | 1285073 | 0 | ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot and kill | attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ gdr border system | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for | its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] | |
| 1 | hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made | polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade | aggression from the was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that | ||||||
| 2 | only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made aggression from the | west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing | was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a | ||||||
| 21 | death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the | border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . | = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate | ||||||
| 165643339 | 165900742 | 2007-10-20 19:36:19 | 1 days 04:11:19 | 558022 | 0 | [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . | featured here is an image of [[ leonid brezhnev ]] and [[ erich honecker ]] [[ making out ]] . | the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private | |
| 166091165 | 166163043 | 2007-10-21 23:35:42 | 0 days 05:37:26 | 0|76.211.17.132 | 5 | . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more | exceptions | than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in | |
| 22 | application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , | with credits and | all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " | ||||||
| 25 | germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . | honecker had predicted in january | of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to | ||||||
| 31 | for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all | of which hindered spontaneous visits | . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall | ||||||
| 166163043 | 166165378 | 2007-10-21 23:47:46 | 0 days 00:12:04 | 605084 | 8 | 6 : 30pm in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days | later | . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always be used as a symbol for the | |
| 11 | ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . | ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the | americans | [[ | to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] | ||||
| 30 | first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to | muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ the great muppet caper ]] ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets take manhattan ]] ' ' ( 1984 ) : ' ' [[ jim henson ' s muppetvision 3d ]] ' ' ( 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet christmas carol ]] ' ' ( 1992 ) : ' ' [[ muppet treasure island ]] ' ' ( 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' ( 1999 ) = = = telefilms = = = : ' ' [[ it ' s a very merry muppet christmas movie ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets ' wizard of oz ]] ' ' ( 2005 ) = = = television series = = = : ' ' [[ sam and friends ]] ' ' ( 1955 - 61 ) : ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' ( 1969 - present ) : ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' ( 1975 - 1976 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' ( 1976 - 1981 ) : ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( 1983 - 87 ) : ' ' [[ muppet babies ]] ' ' ( 1984 - 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' ( 1989 special on [[ nbc ]] , regular show on [[ fox broadcasting company | fox ]] from 1992 - 1995 ) : ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' ( 1994 - 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' ( 1996 - 1998 ) = = = television specials = = = : ' ' hey cinderella ! ' ' ( 1970 ) : ' ' [[ the frog prince ( muppets ) | the frog prince ]] ' ' ( 1971 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet musicians of bremen ]] ' ' ( 1972 ) : ' ' the muppets valentine show ' ' ( 1974 ) : ' ' [[ emmet otter ' s jug - band christmas ]] ' ' ( 1977 ) : ' ' the muppets go hollywood ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ john denver and the muppets : a christmas together ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' the muppets go | show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , | ||||||
| 31 | strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show | the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy | the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an | ||||||
| 32 | options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the | soviets | ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and | a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - | |||||
| 50 | , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in | a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land | : | ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot | |||||
| 64 | not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . | not consistent | . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall | ||||||
| 101 | wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on | the online auction service | [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by | ||||||
| 102 | world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] | as well as german souvenir shops | . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , | ||||||
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 26 | to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was | previously available on cd only on the soundtrack | soviets | for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( |
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 29 | nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the | americans | [[ | to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] |
| 30 | first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to | muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ the great muppet caper ]] ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets take manhattan ]] ' ' ( 1984 ) : ' ' [[ jim henson ' s muppetvision 3d ]] ' ' ( 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet christmas carol ]] ' ' ( 1992 ) : ' ' [[ muppet treasure island ]] ' ' ( 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' ( 1999 ) = = = telefilms = = = : ' ' [[ it ' s a very merry muppet christmas movie ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets ' wizard of oz ]] ' ' ( 2005 ) = = = television series = = = : ' ' [[ sam and friends ]] ' ' ( 1955 - 61 ) : ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' ( 1969 - present ) : ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' ( 1975 - 1976 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' ( 1976 - 1981 ) : ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( 1983 - 87 ) : ' ' [[ muppet babies ]] ' ' ( 1984 - 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' ( 1989 special on [[ nbc ]] , regular show on [[ fox broadcasting company | fox ]] from 1992 - 1995 ) : ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' ( 1994 - 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' ( 1996 - 1998 ) = = = television specials = = = : ' ' hey cinderella ! ' ' ( 1970 ) : ' ' [[ the frog prince ( muppets ) | the frog prince ]] ' ' ( 1971 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet musicians of bremen ]] ' ' ( 1972 ) : ' ' the muppets valentine show ' ' ( 1974 ) : ' ' [[ emmet otter ' s jug - band christmas ]] ' ' ( 1977 ) : ' ' the muppets go hollywood ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ john denver and the muppets : a christmas together ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' the muppets go | show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , | ||||||
| 31 | strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show | the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy | the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an | ||||||
| 32 | options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the | soviets | ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and | a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - | |||||
| 50 | , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in | a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land | : | ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot | |||||
| 64 | not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . | not consistent | . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall | ||||||
| 101 | wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on | the online auction service | [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by | ||||||
| 102 | world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] | as well as german souvenir shops | . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , | ||||||
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 26 | to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was | previously available on cd only on the soundtrack | soviets | for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( |
| 245370107 | 245417666 | 2008-10-15 10:41:25 | 0 days 07:04:30 | 0|98.181.39.113 | 0 | . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was | divided | sectioned | into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers |
| 245417666 | 245418082 | 2008-10-15 10:45:36 | 0 days 00:04:11 | 0|98.181.39.113 | 1 | soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was | sectioned | divided | into four military zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one governed by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers |
| 247265491 | 247306171 | 2008-10-24 02:34:49 | 0 days 04:07:40 | 0|24.3.94.62 | 0 | inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = | besides | beesides | the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day |
| 247306171 | 247307048 | 2008-10-24 02:40:49 | 0 days 00:06:00 | 6660588 | 0 | inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = | beesides | besides | the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day |
| 248089272 | 248095035 | 2008-10-28 00:19:45 | 0 days 00:29:50 | 0|98.15.190.110 | 1 | a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . | a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " | pussy juice | . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most |
| 7 | and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . | it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards | . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete | ||||||
| 10 | ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . | 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall | . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history | ||||||
| 250828512 | 252650442 | 2008-11-18 21:41:19 | 8 days 13:56:15 | 6892131 | 1 | of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border | restrictions | defences | with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the |
| 252650442 | 252651691 | 2008-11-18 21:47:39 | 0 days 00:06:20 | 6892131 | 0 | , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . | this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstartions within east germany itself . | [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ | |
| 252652689 | 252747077 | 2008-11-19 08:55:37 | 0 days 11:02:54 | 3131841 | 0 | the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border | defences | restrictions | with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented |
| 3 | , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . | this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see | [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , | ||||||
| 252776451 | 253365461 | 2008-11-22 10:00:59 | 2 days 20:12:06 | 6892131 | 1 | of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border | restrictions | defences | with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the |
| 2 | 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . | this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see | [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ | ||||||
| 255259280 | 255351460 | 2008-12-02 03:50:23 | 0 days 08:11:24 | 0|68.33.196.243 | 1 | , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , | 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the | hvuyv | [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern |
| 255707690 | 255707707 | 2008-12-03 21:07:31 | 0 days 00:00:05 | 4678253 | 1 | {st@rt} this is a wall that is the guinness book of world records for the most people having sex in | it ! though most of them die | 1986 | from the scorching heat of this wall ! when u have sex with someone stick the dickin the hole the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' |
| 255852545 | 255865809 | 2008-12-04 16:55:47 | 0 days 01:20:27 | 0|64.8.177.252 | 0 | ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by jordan treichel | and king dunbar iii of the ussr | . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet | |
| 255865809 | 255865951 | 2008-12-04 16:56:42 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 0|64.8.177.252 | 0 | west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by jordan treichel and | king | czar | dunbar iii of the ussr . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city |
| 255865951 | 255867827 | 2008-12-04 17:08:22 | 0 days 00:11:40 | 8459763 | 0 | nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by | jordan treichel and | czar dunbar iii of the ussr . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the | |
| 255870439 | 256069695 | 2008-12-05 17:07:07 | 0 days 23:43:28 | 0|68.72.100.17 | 1 | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from the | day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled | beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com | |
| 256070488 | 256154730 | 2008-12-06 01:40:12 | 0 days 08:28:17 | 0|68.164.228.214 | 3 | course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june | of | 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down | |
| 4 | border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second | , | parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ | ||||||
| 17 | inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was | paved | covered | with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered | |||||
| 30 | , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became | widely | known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - | ||||||
| 256306859 | 256389672 | 2008-12-07 09:05:26 | 0 days 10:35:35 | 3505251 | 1 | ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years | and 1 day | , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron | |
| 256683536 | 256850381 | 2008-12-09 16:11:14 | 0 days 19:57:18 | 4634493 | 3 | from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of | minutes by aliens on | the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 | |
| 258135144 | 258137090 | 2008-12-15 16:03:25 | 0 days 00:09:50 | 1430004 | 7 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 | everyone fucked the berlin wall | from the we asshole niggerst side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlindsfsdfsfssssssssss satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | |
| 258172591 | 258173800 | 2008-12-15 19:05:30 | 0 days 00:05:29 | 0|98.193.69.28 | 0 | the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . | = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > | oppsys | = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west |
| 258173800 | 258173962 | 2008-12-15 19:06:10 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 7028627 | 0 | the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . | oppsys | = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > | = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west |
| 259263977 | 259288175 | 2008-12-21 04:25:00 | 0 days 03:02:05 | 1439530 | 0 | , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . | [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] | tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised | |
| 260986131 | 260986227 | 2008-12-31 00:07:04 | 0 days 00:00:32 | 7662999 | 1 | , 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the [[ berlin wall ]] located on the | [[ ronald reagan presidential | library grounds ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter | |
| 2 | [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the [[ berlin wall ]] located on the library grounds ]] | in [[ simi valley , california , usa ]] ]] | little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft | ||||||
| 3 | 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the [[ berlin wall ]] located on the library | grounds | ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 | ||||||
| 266167021 | 266275904 | 2009-01-25 08:06:02 | 0 days 12:20:27 | 0|24.127.204.148 | 0 | near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = | if anyone knows wher i can buy a chunk of the wall please e - mail me where i can . and also the price if possible at luisga1990 @ yahoo . com . please i would greatly appreciate it . | fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the | |
| 266275904 | 266275948 | 2009-01-25 08:06:26 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 6163802 | 0 | near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = | if anyone knows wher i can buy a chunk of the wall please e - mail me where i can . and also the price if possible at luisga1990 @ yahoo . com . please i would greatly appreciate it . | fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the | |
| 266478122 | 266480479 | 2009-01-26 07:26:56 | 0 days 00:20:28 | 119438 | 8 | jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the berlin wall located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa | ]] | < / gallery > | little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft |
| 267258897 | 267313077 | 2009-01-30 01:13:13 | 0 days 04:37:58 | 0|210.84.25.97 | 0 | of the [[ late night with david letterman ]] logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode | of | the 1980s revival of [[ mission impossible ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der | |
| 267773340 | 267773611 | 2009-02-01 05:27:32 | 0 days 00:02:04 | 214542 | 1 | two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western | civilization | western ]] | capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . | |
| 267776477 | 267777243 | 2009-02-01 05:59:00 | 0 days 00:06:41 | 214542 | 1 | germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in | neighboring | czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was | |
| 11 | return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident | next door | in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this | ||||||
| 268040666 | 268042073 | 2009-02-02 15:06:12 | 0 days 00:09:46 | 3505251 | 5 | time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 1 billion people were confirmed killed trying to cross the fence into austria , | and my tiny nipples went to france | according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 1 million people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < | |
| 268125931 | 268285347 | 2009-02-03 17:38:20 | 0 days 19:03:47 | 0|194.46.231.203 | 11 | system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . | stalin agreed | , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west | |
| 272467225 | 272476022 | 2009-02-22 11:42:29 | 0 days 01:00:09 | 0|93.132.133.36 | 7 | who }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also | the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and | the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 | |
| 273674256 | 273674565 | 2009-02-27 15:58:19 | 0 days 00:01:44 | 9091630 | 1 | the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . it was built by oliver smith , who resided in hampshire , uk | . he was a gay man who liked to eat dead , mutilated animals | . in the 1950 ' s it was used by [ retards ] who used to headbutt it . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 | |
| 274242379 | 274315302 | 2009-03-02 02:07:06 | 0 days 04:44:41 | 96897 | 0 | was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] | gave | a black saxafone player l , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' | |
| 277226458 | 277226599 | 2009-03-14 18:20:31 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 6984319 | 0 | - german border = = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement | , restricting [[ emigration ]] | was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | | |
| 277800121 | 277801434 | 2009-03-17 04:37:08 | 0 days 00:10:33 | 0|72.12.135.231 | 2 | germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ | usa ]] ( and it ' s | allies ) and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on | |
| 277910067 | 278027755 | 2009-03-18 03:33:04 | 0 days 09:43:04 | 0|75.92.191.218 | 0 | 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in | the | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | |
| 278130870 | 278131212 | 2009-03-18 16:17:12 | 0 days 00:01:40 | 6984319 | 0 | / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = | gthe | the | unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ |
| 279056685 | 279056784 | 2009-03-23 01:06:56 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 0|24.211.61.230 | 0 | , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to | ass holes in | the war closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families | |
| 280460425 | 280462457 | 2009-03-29 18:13:49 | 0 days 00:09:46 | 0|96.245.236.126 | 1 | the soviet union . indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . {{ opinion | date = | " | is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . }} = | |
| 283095895 | 283120128 | 2009-04-11 05:02:49 | 0 days 03:18:57 | 0|209.237.92.201 | 0 | 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in | the | just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | |
| 283525990 | 283526349 | 2009-04-13 08:41:16 | 0 days 00:04:21 | 0|194.144.117.217 | 0 | | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall started in hungary , where a reformist government started | ( [[ may 2 ]] ) | to dismantle the iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austrian - hungarian governmental | |
| 283526349 | 283682015 | 2009-04-14 00:18:34 | 0 days 15:37:18 | 1099776 | 1 | made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was | made | by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training | |
| 284454026 | 284465708 | 2009-04-17 18:09:44 | 0 days 01:02:28 | 0|67.241.233.150 | 0 | / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day | arabia | state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' | |
| 284465870 | 284466900 | 2009-04-17 18:17:03 | 0 days 00:06:27 | 6984319 | 1 | / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day | arabia | state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' | |
| 284529573 | 284731244 | 2009-04-19 02:16:26 | 1 days 01:49:01 | 125404 | 0 | by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . | [[ image : berlin _ wall _ at _ potsdamer _ platz _ march _ 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] | the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ | |
| 289417269 | 289461792 | 2009-05-12 13:40:30 | 0 days 06:11:04 | 433328 | 7 | the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june | of | 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences | |
| 289779598 | 289779731 | 2009-05-14 00:10:13 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 1233313 | 4 | ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the | " | second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of | |
| 8 | wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous | ' | iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by | ||||||
| 289853946 | 289860859 | 2009-05-14 11:32:19 | 0 days 00:51:41 | 686868 | 0 | dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . | non - german | westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' | |
| 293109349 | 293533219 | 2009-05-31 16:02:44 | 2 days 00:44:12 | 142444 | 0 | erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . | the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > | on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the | |
| 296824043 | 296826843 | 2009-06-16 20:45:05 | 0 days 00:15:27 | 0|68.46.140.162 | 0 | soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . | and his opposing force the russians , ruled by dymitry kotov . | each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | |
| 296832081 | 296836155 | 2009-06-16 21:36:29 | 0 days 00:23:02 | 0|209.252.90.211 | 0 | soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . | the french army was led some fag eating a cruller . | each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | |
| 299551518 | 299552541 | 2009-06-30 18:36:20 | 0 days 00:06:13 | 0|171.66.240.162 | 2 | / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for the 20th anniversary is one of many efforts created for the 20th anniversary | since the fall of the wall | from individuals around the world = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section | |
| 304807664 | 304813427 | 2009-07-29 04:28:07 | 0 days 00:41:10 | 6984319 | 28 | states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , | which | developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and | |
| 32 | year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in | 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 }} | in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . | ||||||
| 306465427 | 306538732 | 2009-08-07 04:34:49 | 0 days 08:18:22 | 6984319 | 18 | iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century | , from | the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ | |
| 306953293 | 306953410 | 2009-08-09 10:19:03 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 72905 | 0 | jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units | and | left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german | |
| 306953410 | 306954476 | 2009-08-09 10:28:44 | 0 days 00:09:41 | 72905 | 2 | removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france | , | the united states and the benelux countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ | |
| 308787101 | 308794140 | 2009-08-19 00:58:18 | 0 days 00:51:26 | 6984319 | 0 | . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later | to be | known as the " death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection | |
| 309060395 | 309060752 | 2009-08-20 13:07:43 | 0 days 00:02:36 | 6971250 | 1 | bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution | ( german ) | peaceful revolution ]] | " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title | |
| 310327705 | 310493352 | 2009-08-28 04:57:31 | 0 days 20:25:38 | 0|24.4.124.83 | 1 | death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on 9 | november | , | 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall |
| 310493478 | 310493613 | 2009-08-28 05:00:25 | 0 days 00:01:32 | 0|24.4.124.83 | 0 | . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost | all of | the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = | |
| 311192075 | 311278175 | 2009-09-01 14:03:37 | 0 days 12:33:20 | 6971250 | 5 | churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] | since its fall . they can be found for instance | in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings | |
| 6 | memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in | [[ kennesaw | presidential and historical museums | , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ | |||||
| 311620727 | 311806027 | 2009-09-04 09:31:28 | 1 days 01:04:00 | 0|217.34.202.189 | 0 | . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost | all of | the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = | |
| 2 | the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost the rest | of it | . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = | ||||||
| 312585957 | 312586456 | 2009-09-08 13:39:06 | 0 days 00:03:32 | 0|194.202.122.223 | 2 | berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . in the 1980s | visiting westerners | had to purchase a day visa for 5 dm and also exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of 1 : 1 . ' ' | |
| 312587321 | 312588680 | 2009-09-08 13:57:31 | 0 days 00:10:56 | 0|194.202.122.223 | 0 | were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s | visitors from | the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all | |
| 4 | exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it | was | was forbidden to export east german currency . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points | ||||||
| 312588680 | 312604952 | 2009-09-08 15:42:25 | 0 days 01:44:54 | 6971250 | 0 | were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s | , | visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate | |
| 312604952 | 312612312 | 2009-09-08 16:29:46 | 0 days 00:47:21 | 10069869 | 2 | = = = * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / cyber - city berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , mixed reality installation | realized | after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / | |
| 313670259 | 314279419 | 2009-09-16 05:02:01 | 2 days 06:35:48 | 5794239 | 0 | , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . | < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story < / ref > | this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west | |
| 315723002 | 315739442 | 2009-09-23 16:54:37 | 0 days 01:36:54 | 7213489 | 0 | 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , | cocksuckers started appearing in europe | what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , | |
| 315739442 | 315739555 | 2009-09-23 16:55:20 | 0 days 00:00:43 | 5792322 | 0 | 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , | cocksuckers started appearing in europe | what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , | |
| 315739555 | 315894927 | 2009-09-24 11:55:12 | 0 days 18:59:52 | 407237 | 159 | november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] | and | , | the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 |
| 315894927 | 315895948 | 2009-09-24 12:01:59 | 0 days 00:06:47 | 6971250 | 14 | ' s peaceful revolution , [[ 9 november ]] is also the date of the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] | , | and | the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in 1918 , the date of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and |
| 18 | failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in 1918 , | november 9 is also | the date of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of | ||||||
| 317824549 | 317979368 | 2009-10-05 04:18:29 | 0 days 16:16:48 | 1938651 | 4 | , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and | [[ france ]] . | also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them | |
| 8 | on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , | which then consisted of | the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with | ||||||
| 318091580 | 318274763 | 2009-10-06 16:40:43 | 0 days 22:27:51 | 1476858 | 12 | ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . | ' ' ' | allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport | |
| 15 | applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces | ' ' ' | could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , ' ' ' soviet military | ||||||
| 20 | exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by | ' ' ' | diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr . this was intended to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing | ||||||
| 21 | charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies | ' ' ' | accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr . this was intended to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , which could jeopardize | ||||||
| 23 | , which could jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers | ' ' ' | , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin | ||||||
| 318872025 | 319488273 | 2009-10-12 20:24:27 | 3 days 06:02:12 | 3058538 | 32 | - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large | number | of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of | |
| 33 | . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of | collected | images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of communist europe | ||||||
| 321400884 | 321435832 | 2009-10-22 19:30:08 | 0 days 03:25:18 | 2740078 | 2 | = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on | guardian video series on the berlin wall : | 20 years on ] * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview | |
| 322000370 | 322274629 | 2009-10-27 03:17:35 | 1 days 06:39:48 | 82982 | 12 | record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in | {{ lang | de | | döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight | |
| 14 | , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time | {{ lang | de | | ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and | ||||||
| 21 | , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva | ]] | ) | and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences | |||||
| 23 | place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda | ]] | ) | soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along | |||||
| 50 | , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at | {{ lang | de | | friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = west germans and | ||||||
| 55 | a space - available basis . the trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . | ' ' ' | ; | entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied | |||||
| 322559727 | 322561037 | 2009-10-28 16:38:20 | 0 days 00:07:55 | 0|91.104.98.76 | 0 | = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets | ( this is all bollocks ) | and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial | |
| 322561220 | 322561590 | 2009-10-28 16:41:33 | 0 days 00:02:11 | 6971250 | 0 | = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets | ( this is all bollocks ) | and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial | |
| 323393561 | 323394672 | 2009-11-02 02:02:57 | 0 days 00:06:40 | 6509701 | 1 | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive | " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | boobs dude | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach |
| 323394672 | 323394727 | 2009-11-02 02:03:18 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 7167267 | 1 | rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . germans are hot massive | boobs dude | " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach |
| 323760074 | 323771791 | 2009-11-03 21:37:36 | 0 days 01:01:38 | 6340927 | 3 | | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . | a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " east germany " has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > | after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > | |
| 323839905 | 323840518 | 2009-11-04 05:01:42 | 0 days 00:04:34 | 10519822 | 7 | was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany | , including [[ east berlin ]] | . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks | |
| 8 | built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . | the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . | during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of | ||||||
| 323974711 | 324012656 | 2009-11-05 02:24:44 | 0 days 03:57:47 | 0|68.203.216.43 | 0 | october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] | , dick and peanuses were being cut off | , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) | |
| 324012656 | 324012977 | 2009-11-05 02:26:51 | 0 days 00:02:07 | 10141256 | 0 | october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] | , dick and peanuses were being cut off | , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) | |
| 324280095 | 324283750 | 2009-11-06 14:58:34 | 0 days 00:28:00 | 6971250 | 1 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still | was | talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ | |
| 324469466 | 324471459 | 2009-11-07 15:31:11 | 0 days 00:16:05 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 0 | col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , | u . s . troops marched from west germany into east germany , bound for west berlin . | lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 | |
| 1 | glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , lead elements | - - | arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at | ||||||
| 2 | also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men | , | divided into five march units left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the | ||||||
| 3 | about face < / ref > on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units | - - | left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german | ||||||
| 324478288 | 324504472 | 2009-11-07 19:20:58 | 0 days 03:01:33 | 0|99.155.112.66 | 0 | long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] | headquarter | headquarters | half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke |
| 324762884 | 324766643 | 2009-11-09 02:34:35 | 0 days 00:24:56 | 2263282 | 0 | | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the | abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and the | declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch | |
| 324808994 | 324812165 | 2009-11-09 09:27:33 | 0 days 00:32:19 | 0|220.239.172.251 | 2 | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | four | fore | occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : |
| 324813463 | 324815104 | 2009-11-09 09:59:16 | 0 days 00:18:28 | 4638533 | 2 | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | fore | four | occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : |
| 324833939 | 324833961 | 2009-11-09 13:14:33 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 0|119.152.101.239 | 0 | * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] | * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] | {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | | |
| 324838035 | 324838074 | 2009-11-09 13:48:44 | 0 days 00:00:17 | 8008470 | 0 | sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the | [[ superpower ]] s - the | united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the | |
| 324845643 | 324847851 | 2009-11-09 15:02:45 | 0 days 00:14:37 | 0|84.55.65.130 | 0 | . jpg | remains of the wall adjacent to the [[ topography of terror ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over a | thaousand | thousand | crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed file : |
| 324850598 | 324851832 | 2009-11-09 15:29:08 | 0 days 00:07:46 | 0|86.130.17.35 | 0 | world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per | from | the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | |
| 324911705 | 324911771 | 2009-11-09 21:14:34 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 0|216.239.87.133 | 10 | encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august | 15 | 15th . | . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers |
| 19 | à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th | . | infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > | ||||||
| 324912788 | 324913447 | 2009-11-09 21:23:45 | 0 days 00:03:37 | 0|98.221.128.45 | 2 | ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely | encircled | enclosed | the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , |
| 324919964 | 324920832 | 2009-11-09 22:03:55 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 0|66.7.235.130 | 0 | [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] | for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 324925080 | 324928282 | 2009-11-09 22:43:17 | 0 days 00:17:01 | 8738295 | 0 | [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] | . | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 324937840 | 324940062 | 2009-11-09 23:43:42 | 0 days 00:11:39 | 16710 | 1 | | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19th . , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s | - | & nbsp ; — | one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16th . , kennedy had given the order |
| 324942089 | 324949378 | 2009-11-10 00:33:49 | 0 days 00:39:52 | 0|71.112.226.115 | 4 | president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy | had | acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - | |
| 324951791 | 324951813 | 2009-11-10 00:48:35 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 8214624 | 0 | of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] president john f . kennedy | had | acknowledged in a speech on july 25th , 1961 < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - | |
| 324997562 | 324997704 | 2009-11-10 05:51:23 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 0|207.81.48.108 | 1 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | . jews drool | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 324998283 | 325010242 | 2009-11-10 08:03:46 | 0 days 02:06:43 | 6971250 | 0 | = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe | music awards | european | music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg | |
| 325010353 | 325011446 | 2009-11-10 08:17:19 | 0 days 00:12:16 | 67221 | 0 | = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe | music awards | european | music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg | |
| 325011446 | 325013038 | 2009-11-10 08:35:27 | 0 days 00:18:08 | 6971250 | 1 | = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe | music awards | european | music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg | |
| 325030211 | 325030931 | 2009-11-10 11:54:45 | 0 days 00:07:46 | 0|87.34.18.25 | 0 | original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate | of | opeople diiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiieddddddddddddf | authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the |
| 325030931 | 325030966 | 2009-11-10 11:55:09 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 10137387 | 0 | original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate | opeople diiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiieddddddddddddf | of | authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the |
| 325067000 | 325067712 | 2009-11-10 16:30:18 | 0 days 00:04:31 | 0|190.92.6.182 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | alan es un mono . | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 325067712 | 325067793 | 2009-11-10 16:30:49 | 0 days 00:00:31 | 795320 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | alan es un mono . | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 325109373 | 325109635 | 2009-11-10 20:22:46 | 0 days 00:01:22 | 0|173.78.68.123 | 0 | the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr | , many | by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , emigrants could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence | |
| 325190185 | 325190637 | 2009-11-11 05:07:12 | 0 days 00:04:20 | 10857892 | 6 | patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it | would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in | germany . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic | |
| 325342880 | 325352400 | 2009-11-12 00:58:29 | 0 days 00:59:53 | 0|202.27.129.10 | 0 | west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15th . | . | during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood | |
| 325363892 | 325364899 | 2009-11-12 02:24:44 | 0 days 00:07:00 | 0|202.158.12.194 | 4 | ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . | roger jr . is | the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the | |
| 325364899 | 325364978 | 2009-11-12 02:25:22 | 0 days 00:00:38 | 10122993 | 6 | ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . | roger jr . is | the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is that while the character is called armor king the taurents in | |
| 325364978 | 325366116 | 2009-11-12 02:34:13 | 0 days 00:08:51 | 0|202.158.12.194 | 3 | european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of | roger jr | a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com | |
| 5 | referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that | theroger jr . is | the western countries controlling west berlin were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined | ||||||
| 11 | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within | roger jr . is | the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist | ||||||
| 12 | | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the | son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wallthe | british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control | ||||||
| 325366116 | 325367008 | 2009-11-12 02:40:35 | 0 days 00:06:22 | 4916882 | 6 | european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of | roger jr | a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com | |
| 8 | referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that | theroger jr . is | the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from | ||||||
| 13 | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within | roger jr . is | the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from | ||||||
| 14 | }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within roger jr . is the | son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wallthe | british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control | ||||||
| 325367008 | 325367717 | 2009-11-12 02:45:54 | 0 days 00:05:19 | 0|202.158.12.194 | 0 | other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a | roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall | quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time | |
| 1 | | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the | roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall | british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control | ||||||
| 325367717 | 325367759 | 2009-11-12 02:46:11 | 0 days 00:00:17 | 6188256 | 0 | other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a | roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall | quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time | |
| 1 | | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the | roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall | british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control | ||||||
| 325413366 | 325413509 | 2009-11-12 10:08:14 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 8023653 | 1 | routledge . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp / title ~ db = all ~ content = t732627883 ] * germany in the twentieth century | ' ' | , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition , 1991 . isbn 0 713467959 * east germany to the 1990s can | |
| 325433331 | 325433430 | 2009-11-12 13:38:47 | 0 days 00:01:09 | 0|190.92.6.182 | 0 | end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones | i love germany ! ! ! | ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the | |
| 325433430 | 325433528 | 2009-11-12 13:39:38 | 0 days 00:00:51 | 0|190.92.6.182 | 0 | end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones | i love germany ! ! ! | ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the | |
| 325526737 | 325552397 | 2009-11-13 02:23:02 | 0 days 02:58:07 | 0|63.248.139.15 | 0 | of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ | the | end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones | |
| 325552397 | 325552663 | 2009-11-13 02:25:05 | 0 days 00:02:03 | 8214624 | 4 | of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ | the | end of gay porn ]] , what remained of [[ skankey nasty ass hary pussy ]] west of the [[ the right pussy flap ]] was divided into four occupation zones | |
| 325552663 | 325566075 | 2009-11-13 04:27:44 | 0 days 02:02:39 | 0|150.101.251.68 | 1 | = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided | into | intosdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie | four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers |
| 2 | " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and | the | thsdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiee | other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , | |||||
| 4 | the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , | sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie | permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = | ||||||
| 325566396 | 325566439 | 2009-11-13 04:31:24 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 8214624 | 0 | = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided | intosdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie | into | four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers |
| 1 | " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and | thsdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiee | the | other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , | |||||
| 10 | the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , | sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie | permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = | ||||||
| 325566439 | 325566590 | 2009-11-13 04:32:52 | 0 days 00:01:28 | 0|150.101.251.68 | 0 | [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] | . | plus mac is awesome . | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph |
| 325566590 | 325566615 | 2009-11-13 04:33:07 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 8214624 | 0 | [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] | plus mac is awesome . | . | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph |
| 325814566 | 325940817 | 2009-11-15 07:25:15 | 0 days 15:05:38 | 433328 | 5 | encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august | 15 . | during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood | |
| 8 | ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august | 19th , 1961 . | 19 , 1961 . | they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france | |||||
| 12 | germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements - - arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units | - - | — | left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german | |||||
| 326099578 | 326127754 | 2009-11-16 08:11:30 | 0 days 04:37:23 | 6971250 | 1 | segments around the world = = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various | [[ list of berlin wall segments | | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government | |
| 328175183 | 328177656 | 2009-11-27 08:30:15 | 0 days 00:25:23 | 6971250 | 3 | the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall | , that | were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / | |
| 328272267 | 328441218 | 2009-11-28 20:30:31 | 0 days 22:34:34 | 0|72.145.156.83 | 0 | " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of | my dick was itchy | the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of | |
| 328441218 | 328441365 | 2009-11-28 20:31:16 | 0 days 00:00:45 | 8918196 | 0 | " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of | my dick was itchy | the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of | |
| 328971606 | 329010716 | 2009-12-01 11:22:16 | 0 days 06:15:05 | 0|137.222.210.123 | 0 | ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . | it was better known as " the wall of doom . " | the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the | |
| 329010716 | 329016614 | 2009-12-01 12:09:53 | 0 days 00:47:37 | 10519822 | 0 | ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . | it was better known as " the wall of doom . " | the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the | |
| 329302104 | 329325025 | 2009-12-02 22:15:55 | 0 days 02:00:44 | 0|76.125.86.250 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | § | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 329325025 | 329337831 | 2009-12-02 23:23:54 | 0 days 01:07:59 | 3308922 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | § | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 329374248 | 329390930 | 2009-12-03 04:37:55 | 0 days 01:45:19 | 0|76.125.86.250 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | § | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 329391114 | 329391143 | 2009-12-03 04:39:14 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 10141256 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | § | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 329391143 | 329423612 | 2009-12-03 09:06:23 | 0 days 04:27:09 | 6971250 | 3 | and which entered west berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat | for commercial shipping | using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at [[ checkpoint charlie | |
| 331723216 | 331823147 | 2009-12-15 15:49:41 | 0 days 14:23:54 | 0|70.167.36.50 | 0 | world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per | from | the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | |
| 336831441 | 337147033 | 2010-01-11 06:36:56 | 1 days 12:47:11 | 1749459 | 0 | * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] | * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] | {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | | |
| 338591701 | 338603379 | 2010-01-18 19:32:21 | 0 days 01:06:28 | 0|92.3.224.59 | 0 | willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , | i love brian | what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , | |
| 338603379 | 338604783 | 2010-01-18 19:40:09 | 0 days 00:07:48 | 5026668 | 0 | willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , | i love brian | what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , | |
| 338609845 | 338786950 | 2010-01-19 17:34:11 | 0 days 21:22:35 | 0|128.227.137.213 | 0 | . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out by wolfgang engels , a 19 | yers | - year - | old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] on april 1963 . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove |
| 338786950 | 339044413 | 2010-01-20 22:47:01 | 1 days 05:12:50 | 10593201 | 1 | its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a | radical series of | [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest | |
| 339326768 | 340122205 | 2010-01-26 12:27:26 | 4 days 01:18:10 | 2684294 | 0 | ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas | ( actor ) | richard thomas | ]] in the leading role . ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december | |
| 341918461 | 341918690 | 2010-02-04 17:04:44 | 0 days 00:01:18 | 0|80.195.85.18 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | tess smells | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 341918690 | 341918847 | 2010-02-04 17:05:40 | 0 days 00:00:56 | 3150196 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | tess smells | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 342122084 | 342149789 | 2010-02-05 19:35:28 | 0 days 02:47:15 | 0|74.36.136.114 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the | chess | opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | |
| 342523707 | 342665226 | 2010-02-08 09:06:01 | 0 days 14:41:29 | 6971250 | 0 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the | chess | opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | |
| 342982454 | 342982613 | 2010-02-09 18:54:24 | 0 days 00:00:43 | 0|142.59.231.59 | 0 | > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . | < ref > | [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with | |
| 343535162 | 343773536 | 2010-02-13 17:47:19 | 1 days 04:57:14 | 5326371 | 3 | of shame ]] {{ ndash }} a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . | in 1989 there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . | after several weeks of local civil unrest following a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the | |
| 6 | on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; | the governments later used | industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally | ||||||
| 10 | zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , | political | divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a | ||||||
| 13 | , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and | to | a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | | ||||||
| 18 | < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . | the east germans created | an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} | ||||||
| 19 | wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus | that | kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including | ||||||
| 21 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 | , | preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , | ||||||
| 29 | coined by [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . after several weeks of local civil unrest following | a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems and | the erosion of the political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government ' s spokesman | ||||||
| 30 | weeks of local civil unrest following a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of | the | political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government ' s spokesman , [[ günter schabowski | ||||||
| 33 | the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | | french | ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite | ||||||
| 343773805 | 343774672 | 2010-02-13 17:52:53 | 0 days 00:04:12 | 5326371 | 8 | western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law | on december 11 , 1957 | that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by | |
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 12 | don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = because of the | closing | the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few | |
| 14 | attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without | fervor . | the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' | ||||||
| 18 | the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . | < ref > [ | with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , | ||||||
| 22 | deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it | , and | . | the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet | |||||
| 24 | the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 | outlined | dramatically described | the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ quote | both from | |||||
| 25 | was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the | seriousness | serious nature | of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ quote | both from the moral | |||||
| 32 | was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated | , and | . | the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in | |||||
| 46 | east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was | later | built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national | ||||||
| 52 | attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without | fervour , even though it was a violation of | the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few | ||||||
| 343779602 | 343780168 | 2010-02-13 18:20:19 | 0 days 00:02:39 | 5326371 | 3 | speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised how long it had taken for | such | a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the | |
| 343780168 | 343781933 | 2010-02-13 18:30:31 | 0 days 00:10:12 | 5326371 | 16 | chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out | on april 1963 | by wolfgang engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] on april 1963 . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] | |
| 21 | middle of this ground , as in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death | , | in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place | ||||||
| 25 | schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . | guards were told by east german authorities | in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your | ||||||
| 343781933 | 343782709 | 2010-02-13 18:35:30 | 0 days 00:04:59 | 5326371 | 2 | isbn 3861534630 < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims | of the wall , | with graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts used a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air | |
| 343782709 | 343784334 | 2010-02-13 18:45:26 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 5326371 | 0 | east germany ' s peaceful revolution , november 9 is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] | , | and the date of the abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however | |
| 1 | revolution , november 9 is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the | 1918 | abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also | ||||||
| 5 | ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued the | first | euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel | ||||||
| 13 | of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and | the | declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch | ||||||
| 343784334 | 343784856 | 2010-02-13 18:48:35 | 0 days 00:03:09 | 5326371 | 1 | to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students | , and | . | students at over 20 universities will participate in " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / |
| 6 | berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places | , | the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the 「wall」 phenomenon . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : | ||||||
| 343784856 | 343787074 | 2010-02-13 18:58:31 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 5326371 | 0 | sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] | , | site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall | |
| 343787620 | 343988676 | 2010-02-14 09:28:37 | 0 days 14:27:40 | 1285828 | 1 | over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment was later used to remove almost | all of | the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background | |
| 346183823 | 346309252 | 2010-02-25 15:48:21 | 0 days 16:39:59 | 150129 | 0 | the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . | = = = demolition = = = | . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these | |
| 6 | allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is | thus | considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of | ||||||
| 346490813 | 346769100 | 2010-02-27 23:01:03 | 1 days 09:04:54 | 0|68.57.126.209 | 2 | before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the | gdr | fbi | , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western |
| 346769100 | 346776955 | 2010-02-27 23:47:20 | 0 days 00:46:17 | 3308922 | 2 | wall ' s recreation , 3 . 5 million east germans had tried to dance [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the | fbi | gdr | , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western |
| 347167732 | 347168405 | 2010-03-01 21:33:00 | 0 days 00:03:10 | 0|71.28.105.141 | 2 | the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . after the eruption | = = = post - war germany = = = after the eruption | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | |
| 347173518 | 347221140 | 2010-03-02 02:38:50 | 0 days 04:41:23 | 6123337 | 0 | bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and | escaped | defected | from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany |
| 347523561 | 347527048 | 2010-03-03 16:08:11 | 0 days 00:22:21 | 0|206.80.29.75 | 0 | response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed general [[ lucius | d . clay | malfoy | ]] , an anti - communist known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . he and |
| 347527048 | 347527877 | 2010-03-03 16:13:13 | 0 days 00:05:02 | 262550 | 0 | response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed general [[ lucius | malfoy | d . clay | ]] , an anti - communist known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . he and |
| 348494021 | 348820527 | 2010-03-09 21:23:27 | 1 days 13:20:21 | 0|64.191.137.200 | 0 | | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . | because hitler had one ball he decided to suck someone elses . | these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and | |
| 348820895 | 348838063 | 2010-03-09 22:43:40 | 0 days 01:18:37 | 262550 | 0 | | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . | because hitler had one ball he decided to suck someone else . | these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and | |
| 348838063 | 348982757 | 2010-03-10 12:55:19 | 0 days 14:11:39 | 0|84.14.123.189 | 0 | were later treated as acts of [[ murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = | [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > {{ cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > | = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of | |
| 348982903 | 348982964 | 2010-03-10 12:56:49 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 7852030 | 1 | were later treated as acts of [[ murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = | [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > {{ cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > | = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of | |
| 349504407 | 349560284 | 2010-03-13 05:37:35 | 0 days 07:06:56 | 0|173.25.104.113 | 0 | " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in | historicly | historically | significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the |
| 350338289 | 350395839 | 2010-03-17 13:38:21 | 0 days 09:37:42 | 0|64.191.190.218 | 0 | | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . | hitler only one nut , so he decided to suck someone else ' dick . | these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and | |
| 350395839 | 350395896 | 2010-03-17 13:38:40 | 0 days 00:00:19 | 5499713 | 0 | | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . | hitler only one nut , so he decided to suck someone else ' dick . | these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and | |
| 352027035 | 352049691 | 2010-03-25 21:58:47 | 0 days 02:08:44 | 0|71.10.225.139 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | * * * dear bm don ' t worry . all you need is right here ( : haha * * * | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 352049691 | 352057834 | 2010-03-25 22:47:07 | 0 days 00:48:20 | 4576738 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | * * * dear bm don ' t worry . all you need is right here ( : haha * * * | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 352725514 | 352801208 | 2010-03-29 19:49:27 | 0 days 07:01:38 | 0|91.62.154.112 | 0 | the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in | the u . s . government and | most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher | |
| 353206054 | 353206266 | 2010-03-31 19:27:52 | 0 days 00:01:13 | 0|38.102.61.241 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | micheal dedina | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 353206266 | 353206422 | 2010-03-31 19:28:50 | 0 days 00:00:58 | 0|38.102.61.241 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | micheal dedina | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 355151597 | 355151764 | 2010-04-10 15:19:23 | 0 days 00:00:53 | 0|84.77.74.198 | 0 | one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ | france | frankinstein | ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite |
| 355151764 | 355151966 | 2010-04-10 15:20:29 | 0 days 00:01:06 | 0|84.77.74.198 | 0 | one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ | frankinstein | united kingdom | ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite |
| 355153543 | 355153697 | 2010-04-10 15:31:28 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 0|84.77.74.198 | 0 | reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ | end | beggin | of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( |
| 355153697 | 355153879 | 2010-04-10 15:32:47 | 0 days 00:01:19 | 11743424 | 0 | reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ | beggin | end | of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( |
| 356252869 | 356256735 | 2010-04-15 21:42:18 | 0 days 00:20:53 | 12156822 | 0 | = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and | hello if you are reading this then u got rick rolled hahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha | the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p | |
| 356256735 | 356256996 | 2010-04-15 21:43:32 | 0 days 00:01:14 | 12156822 | 1 | = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and | hello if you are reading this then u got rick rolled hahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha | the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p | |
| 358672368 | 358723608 | 2010-04-27 21:07:47 | 0 days 04:47:33 | 0|86.140.234.149 | 0 | which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . government and most european capitals at the time | there was a deep | theeep | anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev |
| 358723608 | 358728706 | 2010-04-27 21:35:17 | 0 days 00:27:30 | 262550 | 0 | which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . government and most european capitals at the time | theeep | there was a deep | anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev |
| 359062465 | 359062935 | 2010-04-29 14:23:46 | 0 days 00:03:19 | 0|66.109.249.254 | 0 | [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and | nov | its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | |
| 359062935 | 359062981 | 2010-04-29 14:24:07 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 11743424 | 0 | [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and | nov | its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the berlin wall came down of = = = emigration westward in the early | |
| 359330771 | 359539011 | 2010-05-01 23:55:47 | 1 days 02:20:50 | 0|76.31.111.80 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | . . | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 359539011 | 359539163 | 2010-05-01 23:56:52 | 0 days 00:01:05 | 10141256 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | . . | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph | |
| 363705709 | 363808496 | 2010-05-23 22:09:59 | 0 days 10:54:35 | 0|65.11.226.59 | 0 | = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was | not | divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied | |
| 363808496 | 363818331 | 2010-05-23 23:09:58 | 0 days 00:59:59 | 262550 | 1 | = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was | not | divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by two of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied | |
| 364139509 | 364144078 | 2010-05-25 17:13:47 | 0 days 00:27:39 | 12096739 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | they started the worlds first taco hut . | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef | |
| 364144078 | 364144893 | 2010-05-25 17:18:33 | 0 days 00:04:46 | 7007500 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | they started the worlds first taco hut . | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef | |
| 364561020 | 364580158 | 2010-05-28 00:51:37 | 0 days 02:17:38 | 0|71.163.153.221 | 1 | one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and | the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | sweet | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef |
| 365893156 | 365926954 | 2010-06-03 23:58:50 | 0 days 03:42:54 | 0|24.91.235.169 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | christina is awsome | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef | |
| 365926954 | 365935108 | 2010-06-04 00:52:30 | 0 days 00:53:40 | 0|166.205.142.101 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | christina is awsome | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef | |
| 366522148 | 366794399 | 2010-06-08 14:22:01 | 1 days 05:46:00 | 0|141.210.145.180 | 0 | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | four | 17 | occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : |
| 366794399 | 366804645 | 2010-06-08 15:20:20 | 0 days 00:58:19 | 96897 | 0 | after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into | 17 | four | occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : |
| 367161807 | 367429775 | 2010-06-11 14:55:18 | 1 days 06:48:12 | 0|167.207.128.101 | 0 | have been given to various institutions around the world . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities | , including [[ rice university ]] in [[ houston , texas ]] , | and government buildings , including the [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] | |
| 367429775 | 367431885 | 2010-06-11 15:10:47 | 0 days 00:15:29 | 7007500 | 0 | have been given to various institutions around the world . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities | , including [[ rice university ]] in [[ houston , texas ]] , | and government buildings , including the [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] | |
| 368159388 | 368177016 | 2010-06-15 13:56:04 | 0 days 02:01:59 | 89179 | 6 | - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people | " | in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the | |
| 17 | ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes | occurred , | associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet | ||||||
| 18 | condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the | [[ glasnost | | liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in | ||||||
| 34 | in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of | local | civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government announced | ||||||
| 368895969 | 369026140 | 2010-06-19 17:09:59 | 0 days 16:54:30 | 75287 | 1 | demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia | ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) | , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , | |
| 376102866 | 376154207 | 2010-07-29 21:06:22 | 0 days 05:43:39 | 9540157 | 5 | cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 | | ref = harv | postscript = | | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | |
| 22 | maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 | | ref = harv | postscript = }} | | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m | ||||||
| 26 | ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de démographie | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 | | ref = harv | postscript = | | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 | ||||||
| 30 | = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 | | ref = harv | postscript = }} | * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ citation | last = thackeray | first = frank w | ||||||
| 379212179 | 379213340 | 2010-08-16 13:09:49 | 0 days 00:10:36 | 6971250 | 0 | and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later | , | it was built up into the proper wall , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , | |
| 383892970 | 383893072 | 2010-09-09 19:50:07 | 0 days 00:00:36 | 0|91.142.107.68 | 0 | reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ | end of world war ii in europe | ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] | |
| 383893072 | 383902393 | 2010-09-09 20:48:48 | 0 days 00:58:41 | 5177550 | 0 | reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ | end of world war ii in europe | ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] | |
| 386987387 | 387039407 | 2010-09-26 01:09:06 | 0 days 05:47:45 | 2991287 | 5 | berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 | . | * * " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / | |
| 387913690 | 388121668 | 2010-10-01 16:23:58 | 1 days 02:43:15 | 0|64.18.42.201 | 0 | area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier | that gave carigan her nice size boobs | constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east | |
| 388121668 | 388122216 | 2010-10-01 16:27:08 | 0 days 00:03:10 | 10087585 | 0 | area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier | that gave carigan her nice size boobs | constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east | |
| 388820175 | 388862767 | 2010-10-05 09:40:58 | 0 days 06:46:43 | 6971250 | 5 | houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the what later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the death strip | ' s land | was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " | |
| 389131965 | 389132726 | 2010-10-06 17:04:20 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|204.81.225.153 | 0 | | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date | the wall | penis | fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the |
| 389132726 | 389132750 | 2010-10-06 17:04:31 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 13102546 | 0 | | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date | penis | the wall | fell but the penis in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall |
| 1 | | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date penis fell | , | but the penis in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with | ||||||
| 389132750 | 389329152 | 2010-10-07 14:59:01 | 0 days 21:54:30 | 0|141.43.69.1 | 7 | [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section | in liesenstraße . a long stretch | of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that | |
| 389817938 | 389878566 | 2010-10-10 13:22:47 | 0 days 09:54:04 | 0|86.166.161.83 | 0 | convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing | the | what later became known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . the death strip was covered with raked sand or gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice , easing | |
| 390399626 | 390478077 | 2010-10-13 11:22:08 | 0 days 11:34:11 | 0|138.162.0.45 | 0 | < / ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall : she died after she jumped out of her third floor | apartement | apartment | at 48 [[ bernauer strasse ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / |
| 391570615 | 391649621 | 2010-10-19 14:37:32 | 0 days 11:45:06 | 3055250 | 0 | lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view | of [[ graffiti art ]] | in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : | |
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 9 | signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border ; and | , | by sunday morning , august 13 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to | |
| 31 | , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september | , | more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . | ||||||
| 58 | }} - elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until october | 3 ; | , | that day was finally chosen as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th | |||||
| 101 | travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance | , | and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the | ||||||
| 104 | all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of november | 9 , | and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after | ||||||
| 114 | east germany ' s peaceful revolution , november 9 is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] | , | and the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , november 9 | ||||||
| 394543666 | 394786086 | 2010-11-04 13:56:42 | 1 days 05:26:03 | 0|173.11.40.209 | 1 | 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over | the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 394786086 | 394786114 | 2010-11-04 13:56:55 | 0 days 00:00:13 | 10902791 | 1 | rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . chocolate cows are taking over | the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > | = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach | |
| 394823423 | 395570081 | 2010-11-08 17:02:34 | 3 days 23:13:57 | 0|79.75.31.192 | 1 | ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february | 21 , | 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within | |
| 397878286 | 397878708 | 2010-11-20 15:46:18 | 0 days 00:02:42 | 0|79.74.81.116 | 2 | on 21 december 1989 ]] 9 november 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening | , | and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers or otherwise hammers and chisels to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it | |
| 398275853 | 398276932 | 2010-11-22 17:17:16 | 0 days 00:06:46 | 0|217.86.65.6 | 0 | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 | from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following | fromfollowing | world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , |
| 4 | statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . | < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > | indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political | ||||||
| 398276932 | 398276983 | 2010-11-22 17:17:34 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 6149938 | 1 | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 | fromfollowing | from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following | world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , |
| 399311566 | 399311872 | 2010-11-28 12:36:17 | 0 days 00:03:24 | 7007500 | 1 | the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = i love my mum . | the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef | |
| 399312615 | 399625546 | 2010-11-30 01:17:59 | 1 days 12:33:43 | 0|24.61.234.91 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | dics were a big part | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef | |
| 399625546 | 399625658 | 2010-11-30 01:18:48 | 0 days 00:00:49 | 4871029 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | dics were a big part | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef | |
| 400217192 | 400251407 | 2010-12-03 03:16:12 | 0 days 04:06:05 | 0|67.11.7.6 | 3 | wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which | was | 1was | formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in |
| 400251407 | 400251431 | 2010-12-03 03:16:24 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 13286072 | 4 | wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which | 1was | was | formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in |
| 400927362 | 400927652 | 2010-12-06 21:35:14 | 0 days 00:01:36 | 0|99.145.15.171 | 3 | hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to | austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe - meyer13 | title = the picnic that brought down the berlin wall | first = michael | last = meyer | work = [[ los angeles times | la times ]] | date = 13 september 2009 | accessdate = 14 june 2010 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change | toe | . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de |
| 400927652 | 400927696 | 2010-12-06 21:35:26 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 12666844 | 3 | . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] they had suuuuupeeerrrr huge ball sacks and covered girls in jizz from head to | toe | austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe - meyer13 | title = the picnic that brought down the berlin wall | first = michael | last = meyer | work = [[ los angeles times | la times ]] | date = 13 september 2009 | accessdate = 14 june 2010 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change | . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de |
| 401615969 | 401678743 | 2010-12-10 21:44:43 | 0 days 07:54:06 | 0|216.24.126.66 | 1 | to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . | in the 1980s , | visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate | |
| 401678743 | 401678973 | 2010-12-10 21:46:13 | 0 days 00:01:30 | 7209796 | 0 | to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . | in the 1980s , | visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate | |
| 401710678 | 401992519 | 2010-12-12 18:35:46 | 1 days 16:40:11 | 0|64.148.16.233 | 0 | one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers | had no way | to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with | |
| 4 | , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so | there was no way for | the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and | ||||||
| 404706835 | 404839126 | 2010-12-29 17:08:27 | 0 days 19:29:37 | 0|24.73.214.82 | 1 | . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political | divisions | fattys | increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to |
| 404839294 | 404839330 | 2010-12-29 17:09:55 | 0 days 00:00:09 | 13286072 | 2 | . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within 777 years , political | fattys | divisions | increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the cock suckers refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to |
| 404942015 | 405398675 | 2011-01-01 23:33:24 | 2 days 18:21:05 | 0|109.79.230.156 | 0 | east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping | and over the next 28 years posters relating to social events in berlin for august 1961 could be visible on station billboards | . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission | |
| 405398675 | 405440789 | 2011-01-02 04:42:45 | 0 days 05:09:21 | 7164899 | 0 | east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping | and over the next 28 years posters relating to social events in berlin for august 1961 could be visible on station billboards | . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission | |
| 405959866 | 406120287 | 2011-01-05 18:07:27 | 0 days 20:57:24 | 7609840 | 0 | opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view | , from the west berlin side , | of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ | |
| 1 | # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] | on the wall | in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall | ||||||
| 406278034 | 406373390 | 2011-01-06 23:09:28 | 0 days 09:20:57 | 0|69.248.94.58 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | what the freak ! | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef | |
| 406373390 | 406373425 | 2011-01-06 23:09:39 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 13286072 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | what the freak ! | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef | |
| 407328554 | 407561932 | 2011-01-12 23:39:33 | 1 days 03:46:56 | 0|75.62.152.237 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | hfewjwlhf i jewwwwwwwwwwsssssssssssssssssss | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef | |
| 407561932 | 407561958 | 2011-01-12 23:39:44 | 0 days 00:00:11 | 13286072 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | hfewjwlhf i jewwwwwwwwwwsssssssssssssssssss | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef | |
| 409807529 | 409894092 | 2011-01-25 02:57:27 | 0 days 07:58:13 | 0|99.254.100.33 | 5 | , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council | of the jedi | ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | | |
| 409894092 | 409905421 | 2011-01-25 04:13:27 | 0 days 01:16:00 | 5204750 | 6 | kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ cast of elmo ' s place ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council | of the jedi | ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the zone controld by elmo of corse . < ref name = " miller4 " | |
| 409909679 | 409986713 | 2011-01-25 16:06:12 | 0 days 11:16:15 | 0|74.93.241.241 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | the soviet powers then took control over the u . k sectors | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef | |
| 409986713 | 409986742 | 2011-01-25 16:06:24 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 13286072 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | the soviet powers then took control over the u . k sectors | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef | |
| 411538405 | 411650923 | 2011-02-02 21:11:08 | 0 days 13:24:16 | 0|24.238.231.96 | 0 | world . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces | aroung | around | the world . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] * [[ |
| 417971223 | 417971513 | 2011-03-09 15:40:30 | 0 days 00:02:23 | 0|65.51.198.66 | 0 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | this is an interesting matter . it deserves a funny xtranormal video . jerry ' s revenge is pretty good too . view it at xtranormal . com . | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef | |
| 417971711 | 417971739 | 2011-03-09 15:42:27 | 0 days 00:00:12 | 6636894 | 1 | benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . | this is an interesting matter . it deserves a funny xtranormal video . jerry ' s revenge is pretty good too . view it at xtranormal . com . | = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef | |
| 417972599 | 418362137 | 2011-03-11 22:01:37 | 2 days 06:12:12 | 14143658 | 5 | = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by 4 november , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered | that day | at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had | |
| 419497837 | 420114384 | 2011-03-22 08:33:14 | 3 days 14:14:56 | 93143 | 0 | practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post | - | – | world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall |
| 423927349 | 424543101 | 2011-04-17 16:23:25 | 3 days 18:48:46 | 12030910 | 2 | near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = | fifteen | 15 | years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in |
| 429104564 | 429636376 | 2011-05-17 22:46:18 | 3 days 05:51:37 | 207712 | 1 | practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post | – | - | world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall |
| 16 | . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] criticized the first euphoria , noting that " they forgot that 9 nov . has already entered into history | - | — | 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 1989 - | |||||
| 18 | | url = http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm | title = the wall in the world 2009 | - | – | 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < | |||||
| 30 | . hill ]] , ' ' [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? | - - | – | an alternate history of cold war espionage ] ' ' , 2010 - based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the | |||||
| 435472529 | 435490653 | 2011-06-21 17:13:30 | 0 days 01:58:44 | 3108116 | 0 | image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] | [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by allied forces in the 1980 ' s . ]] | four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german | |
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 8 | , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 | & nbsp ; | billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as | |
| 435754285 | 437174317 | 2011-07-01 04:13:48 | 7 days 23:56:46 | 764789 | 0 | later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a 50 or 100 more years < ref > {{ cite web | title = | " | sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen " | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / / www . dpa . de / | |
| 438013582 | 438013830 | 2011-07-06 07:59:41 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 13102 | 1 | à berlin ]] ) . on 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th | . | infantry ( commanded by colonel glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on | |
| 438816969 | 439163215 | 2011-07-12 22:11:43 | 1 days 23:24:49 | 42558 | 3 | that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2 november 2009 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november , he was handed a note | that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross | announcing | the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take |
| 7 | schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , the berlin correspondent of ansa newsagency , | [[ nbc ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw ]] - - | asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i | ||||||
| 439740747 | 440540857 | 2011-07-20 20:34:29 | 4 days 14:08:06 | 1469567 | 12 | [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night | - - | — | at 7 : 17 pm on [[ zdf ]] ' s ' ' [[ heute ]] ' ' and at 8 pm on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] |
| 441951679 | 443412986 | 2011-08-06 22:01:43 | 8 days 23:04:20 | 16710 | 17 | / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | | title = | forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > a | |
| 443416955 | 443420038 | 2011-08-06 22:56:21 | 0 days 00:23:24 | 16710 | 15 | in public spaces around the world . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] | * [[ cold war ]] | * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin | |
| 444182652 | 444482392 | 2011-08-12 18:46:58 | 1 days 16:17:34 | 2989394 | 0 | american sector . ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the | 1980 ' s . | 1980s | ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east |
| 7 | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 | . | ]] during the years of the wall , around 5 , 000 people successfully defected to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall , | ||||||
| 445092140 | 445097289 | 2011-08-16 04:28:36 | 0 days 00:53:53 | 9243491 | 4 | < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = [ august 13 , 2011 , event ( 50 years ago , construction began ) ] | . . . . . . . ( adding text and refs . ) | | publisher = german world | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > | = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ |
| 448750565 | 448751555 | 2011-09-06 14:09:31 | 0 days 00:08:17 | 723354 | 6 | berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of | soviet - controlled | nations on his western border , the eastern bloc , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany | |
| 456811030 | 456816319 | 2011-10-22 12:00:47 | 0 days 00:59:35 | 173687 | 0 | id = 214 | title = wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 – 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = 23 july 2010 | author = allied | musem | museum | | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp ]] |
| 460776111 | 463351419 | 2011-11-30 20:20:29 | 15 days 06:28:21 | 126700 | 0 | among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses | to east germany ( and corresponding gain to the west ) | has been estimated at $ 7 & nbsp ; billion to $ 9 & nbsp ; billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west | |
| 476209082 | 477490937 | 2012-02-18 06:08:57 | 7 days 05:24:36 | 11922695 | 0 | a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . | the chinese government quickly shut down access to the twitter wall it after | masses of chinese users have used it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . berlin twitter wall was quickly blocked by the chinese authorities . < ref > | |
| 499193849 | 499242068 | 2012-06-25 06:18:31 | 0 days 08:23:34 | 16789323 | 0 | the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . | the physical wall itself was primarily destroyed in 1990 . | the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = | |
| 504102528 | 505248510 | 2012-08-01 12:00:15 | 6 days 23:47:00 | 17222084 | 9 | american sector ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s | . | ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east | |
| 12 | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] soldier [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 | . | ]] during the years of the wall , around 5 , 000 people successfully defected to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall , | ||||||
| 507237640 | 507256650 | 2012-08-13 19:31:32 | 0 days 02:05:37 | 16130333 | 2 | = mid | - long }} piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , | half way | halfway | between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke |
| 507256650 | 507301035 | 2012-08-14 01:09:42 | 0 days 05:38:10 | 2705932 | 0 | force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . finally , at 10 : 45 pm , the guards | finally | yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . as the ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' ' | |
| 514816402 | 515867543 | 2012-10-03 22:20:21 | 6 days 06:52:08 | 609725 | 13 | 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a | radical | series of political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the | |
| 531002642 | 531845407 | 2013-01-07 21:22:28 | 4 days 21:20:30 | 16460235 | 1 | august 2011 }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year | - | old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to west germany on 24 august 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to | |
| 538062628 | 538916225 | 2013-02-18 19:08:38 | 5 days 03:00:19 | 10728040 | 24 | seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] [[ file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | upright | a crane | removing | a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 | |
| 557702538 | 558026448 | 2013-06-02 20:40:42 | 2 days 04:27:23 | 1108424 | 1 | . the economy in the gdr began to grow . but , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it | in propaganda | as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by | |
| 568314024 | 568939424 | 2013-08-17 15:00:02 | 4 days 09:38:27 | 5979365 | 0 | [[ graffiti ]] , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a | [[ night crossing | | hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through | |
| 574657896 | 574659325 | 2013-09-26 21:32:01 | 0 days 00:14:26 | 16715243 | 0 | ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall - bruce springsteen visit = = | july 19th , 1988 , | 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person | |
| 1 | = rocking the wall - bruce springsteen visit = = 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert | in east - berlin | , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person , and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , " i ' m | ||||||
| 574665859 | 574666082 | 2013-09-26 22:32:27 | 0 days 00:01:50 | 16715243 | 2 | . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the kennedy home [[ hyannis port | , massachusetts | ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he was relieved that the east germans and the soviets had only divided berlin without taking any action | |
| 575048330 | 575076831 | 2013-09-30 01:13:44 | 0 days 04:20:55 | 1108424 | 1 | }} [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector | . | ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , | |
| 575076831 | 575077055 | 2013-09-30 01:16:18 | 0 days 00:02:34 | 1108424 | 0 | }} [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] | [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] | there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as | |
| 576711458 | 576975608 | 2013-10-13 11:19:23 | 1 days 23:12:39 | 7496434 | 3 | ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units | ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 | . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards german reunification , which formally concluded | |
| 4 | for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . | only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . | the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards german reunification , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution of east | ||||||
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 2 | of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( | as | per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the united states | |
| 3 | britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and | to | approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade | ||||||
| 6 | " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew | , | and its standard of living steadily improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ | ||||||
| 11 | been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that it was | from | khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / | ||||||
| 35 | airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on | it | by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today | ||||||
| 49 | berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time | , | there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september 1989 , british prime minister [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with soviet president [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] | ||||||
| 52 | wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various institutions around the world . they can be found , for instance | , | in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . = = = 50th anniversary | ||||||
| 56 | dvd - rom . < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through | easily | in the event of war . < ref > " rise and fall of the berlin wall " . ' ' history channel ' ' , 2009 . dvd - rom | ||||||
| 57 | the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a [[ night crossing | hot air balloon ]] , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] | , | and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this | ||||||
| 590300424 | 590820537 | 2014-01-15 14:32:18 | 3 days 13:07:35 | 1862829 | 0 | seen from axel springer building 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the berlin wall , as seen from the [[ axel springer | ag | ag | ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin wall death strip , 1977 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip |
| 590849769 | 590964946 | 2014-01-16 13:37:35 | 0 days 19:20:34 | 736651 | 5 | june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , 26 june 1963 . | duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( " i am a berliner | |
| 9 | dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . rides were raffled every half | - | hour and a trabant crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse | ||||||
| 600160165 | 601584324 | 2014-03-28 00:27:17 | 9 days 10:05:54 | 18779361 | 7 | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] soldier [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 | . | ]] during the years of the wall , around 5 , 000 people successfully defected to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall , | |
| 610979419 | 613835077 | 2014-06-21 17:55:33 | 20 days 21:06:01 | 15420856 | 1 | . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , | a | euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the physical wall itself was primarily | |
| 613835077 | 615294848 | 2014-07-02 13:43:53 | 10 days 19:48:20 | 7669583 | 13 | stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | | innocent eyes ]] atop the wall | . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / | |
| 631869000 | 631992977 | 2014-11-01 09:37:20 | 0 days 23:37:50 | 18865486 | 2 | and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the physical wall was primarily destroyed in | [[ summer | 1990 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = | |
| 3 | souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the physical wall was primarily destroyed in 1990 | ]] and lasted until 1992 < ref > http : / / www | . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = | ||||||
| 4 | hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the physical wall was primarily destroyed in 1990 . | chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary / ct - myths - berlin - wall - fall - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 < / ref > . | the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = | ||||||
| 631993537 | 632215818 | 2014-11-03 00:37:18 | 1 days 14:51:48 | 18865486 | 5 | ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the destruction of the wall itself began in [[ summer 1990 ]] and lasted until 1992 | was not completed | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november | |
| 633066096 | 633074293 | 2014-11-09 10:25:29 | 0 days 01:56:33 | 115938 | 0 | . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the | record | transcript | of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that it was from khrushchev that the initiative for the construction |
| 4 | ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that | it was from khrushchev that | the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ | ||||||
| 633124700 | 633132744 | 2014-11-09 20:10:48 | 0 days 00:59:02 | 2012100 | 2 | which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the | following | days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial | |
| 3 | to have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , | with | people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were | ||||||
| 6 | evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process | , | and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com " > {{ cite | ||||||
| 26 | fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks | that followed | , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people | ||||||
| 27 | down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts | of it | in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com " | ||||||
| 633132744 | 633141598 | 2014-11-09 21:12:28 | 0 days 01:01:40 | 13734125 | 0 | . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of defection , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the | [[ trunk ( automobile ) | | boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and windscreen to come away when it made contact with the beam . | |
| 633183384 | 633189879 | 2014-11-10 04:55:00 | 0 days 01:15:20 | 1833 | 11 | east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße and | somehow | around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december | |
| 640243071 | 641499497 | 2015-01-08 00:05:29 | 8 days 09:29:01 | 2705932 | 12 | gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , | [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] that day . | , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague | |
| 22 | to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private | , round - trip , | travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo | ||||||
| 23 | to take effect the next day . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing | the new regulations . | this ; however , he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > | ||||||
| 29 | city | year = 2009 | isbn = 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > he read the note out loud at the end of the | press | conference . one of the reporters , [[ agenzia nazionale stampa associata | ansa ]] ' s [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , < ref > {{ cite news | title = | ||||||
| 34 | = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 9 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = | after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , | hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria | ||||||
| 38 | on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by | mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see | [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ | ||||||
| 642368255 | 642549215 | 2015-01-15 02:51:23 | 1 days 04:40:18 | 1783871 | 0 | near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = | 15 | fifteen | years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in |
| 644581471 | 645406707 | 2015-02-03 04:15:30 | 5 days 10:23:28 | 525927 | 0 | refugees were finding their way to hungrary via czechoslovakia , or via the west german embassy in prague . this was tolerated by the new krenz government , because of long | - | standing agreements with the communist czechoslovak government , allowing free travel across their common border . however this movement of people grew so large it caused difficulties for both countries . | |
| 650219949 | 653993858 | 2015-03-29 05:17:13 | 22 days 05:33:18 | 214542 | 0 | the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until | the | summer 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ | |
| 1 | wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until summer | of | 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german | ||||||
| 656846739 | 659612103 | 2015-04-28 03:39:31 | 11 days 00:23:37 | 24802543 | 10 | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] soldier [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 | . | ]] during the years of the wall , around 5 , 000 people successfully defected to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall , | |
| 664678445 | 665650877 | 2015-06-05 18:14:52 | 6 days 10:44:50 | 2901026 | 0 | – the wall plays a central role in this novel set in berlin of the 1980s * music related to the berlin wall * * " [[ holidays in the sun | ( song ) | holidays in the sun | ]] " , a song by the english [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s | |
| 665650877 | 666337026 | 2015-06-10 13:39:10 | 4 days 19:24:18 | 19338611 | 1 | | last = aberger | work = der spiegel }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also | the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and | the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , 9 november is | |
| 677624002 | 677787947 | 2015-08-25 14:34:24 | 1 days 00:38:10 | 21327803 | 0 | | de | freude }} ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freiheit }} ) ' ' in the lyrics sung . | the poet [[ schiller ]] had originally written " freedom " and changed it to " joy " out of fear . < ref > [[ ode to joy # the poem ]] < / ref > | the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . | |
| 678905413 | 681654466 | 2015-09-18 16:10:47 | 17 days 05:51:57 | 204692 | 1 | east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return to east germany . this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . | only | this time , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by train through east germany . this was followed by [[ monday demonstrations in | |
| 681654466 | 684146320 | 2015-10-04 21:34:35 | 16 days 05:23:48 | 14965160 | 0 | in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[ category : buildings and structures demolished in 1989 ]] [[ category : buildings and structures demolished in 1990 ]] | [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] | [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks in germany ]] [[ category : eastern bloc | |
| 684146320 | 684592433 | 2015-10-07 16:22:33 | 2 days 18:47:58 | 15237640 | 1 | of the wall ) took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks were sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen | , | and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places , the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young | |
| 688492814 | 688759360 | 2015-11-02 21:57:16 | 1 days 13:24:56 | 17417424 | 0 | 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > schabowski read the note , he had been given , out loud at the end of the press conference | , schabowski read out loud the note he had been given | . one of the reporters , [[ agenzia nazionale stampa associata | ansa ]] ' s [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , < ref > {{ cite news | title = berlin | |
| 693600550 | 693602945 | 2015-12-03 17:08:38 | 0 days 00:17:25 | 23149456 | 0 | , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and | , | ( | for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ |
| 693603737 | 693607098 | 2015-12-03 17:40:53 | 0 days 00:26:38 | 23149456 | 0 | west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . | generally , the wall was only slightly inside east berlin , but in a few places it was some distance from the legal border , most notably at [[ berlin potsdamer bahnhof | potsdamer bahnhof ]] < ref > http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html < / ref > and the lenné triangle < ref > http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html # lenne < / ref > that is now much of the [[ potsdamer platz ]] development . | later , it was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on 17 august . during the construction of the | |
| 693646880 | 693650727 | 2015-12-03 23:21:28 | 0 days 00:32:00 | 23149456 | 0 | - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system predated the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ | girrmann group | girmann student group | unternehmen reisebüro | ]] . an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the [[ gesellschaft für sport und technik ]] |
| 693650727 | 693652739 | 2015-12-03 23:37:52 | 0 days 00:16:24 | 23149456 | 0 | gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . | virtually | every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . on 1 july | |
| 693652739 | 693721766 | 2015-12-04 12:40:10 | 0 days 13:02:18 | 23149456 | 2 | north at bernauer straße , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . | com / < / ref > . | none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the | |
| 6 | [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at bernauer straße , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . | some | other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged | ||||||
| 693934759 | 693934983 | 2015-12-05 23:33:06 | 0 days 00:02:18 | 23149456 | 0 | first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . | = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they temporarily erected more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite news | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = 5 july 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > | = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ | |
| 699308679 | 699406529 | 2016-01-12 03:29:27 | 0 days 11:43:07 | 111277 | 3 | usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = david bowie concert 1987 = = having earlier | for several years | lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was accompanied with violent rioting in | |
| 699406529 | 699409408 | 2016-01-12 03:57:00 | 0 days 00:27:33 | 111277 | 2 | – bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played | rocking the wall , | a live concert in east - berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person , and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german | |
| 3 | down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person | , | and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying : " i ' m not here for or against any government . i ' ve | ||||||
| 703417729 | 703715928 | 2016-02-07 05:09:15 | 1 days 17:25:27 | 204692 | 2 | the wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . | {{ fact }} | the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west kept increasing . by early november refugees were finding their way to hungary via czechoslovakia , or via the west german | |
| 703717802 | 703834686 | 2016-02-07 23:08:45 | 0 days 17:39:26 | 23149456 | 0 | the wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . | {{ fact | date = february 2016 }} | the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west kept increasing . by early november refugees were finding their way to hungary via czechoslovakia , or via the west german | |
| 706975021 | 707177225 | 2016-02-27 07:39:45 | 0 days 22:24:26 | 16283967 | 9 | montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ] {{ dead link | date = | montrealgazette . com ] {{ wayback | url = http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html | date = 20111130150904 | df = y }} < / ref > | in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of | |
| 724394247 | 724631450 | 2016-06-10 13:47:38 | 1 days 13:39:00 | 21076793 | 0 | with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) , which demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , it came to symbolize | a physical marker of | the " [[ iron curtain ]] " that separated western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] during the [[ cold war ]] . before the wall ' s erection , | |
| 729057394 | 733423677 | 2016-08-07 18:35:16 | 29 days 02:59:40 | 3131428 | 1 | {st@rt} {{ about | | the | [[ inner german border ]] or the | chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] }} | |
| 735306235 | 735630692 | 2016-08-22 01:46:01 | 2 days 04:34:00 | 13830 | 3 | september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy | , | as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of | |
| 735630692 | 735645810 | 2016-08-22 04:13:51 | 0 days 02:27:50 | 21305328 | 0 | tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 – dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * * ' ' in the 2015 film | ' ' | [[ bridge of spies ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east | |
| 735645810 | 735821858 | 2016-08-23 09:35:28 | 1 days 05:21:37 | 937705 | 0 | to stand and celebrate on top of the wall . hasselhoff sang his number one hit song " looking for freedom " on a platform at the end of a twenty | - | meter steel crane that swung above and over the wall adjacent to the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . < ref name = " npr20141109 " > {{ cite web | title | |
| 738198431 | 738865701 | 2016-09-11 14:47:01 | 4 days 00:24:17 | 19921271 | 5 | all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman hans joachim friedrichs proclaimed , " this | 9 november | is a historic day . east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening its borders . . . the | |
| 752045266 | 760657011 | 2017-01-18 08:28:16 | 50 days 03:00:30 | 29937011 | 12 | most of what was left . contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . | < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > | the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = | |
| 774994359 | 774996064 | 2017-04-11 23:54:04 | 0 days 00:15:58 | 204692 | 4 | ) . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . | {{ fact }} | the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that the initiative for the construction of the wall | |
| 8 | km | mi }} from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . | {{ fact }} | the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin in | ||||||
| 9 | every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . | {{ fact }} | the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert | ||||||
| 12 | allied forces ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . | {{ fact }} | non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected | ||||||
| 23 | countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . | {{ fact }} | allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to | ||||||
| 26 | a space - available basis . the trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . | {{ fact }} | ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures | ||||||
| 34 | the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . | {{ fact }} | the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards [[ german reunification ]] , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution | ||||||
| 35 | and a trabant crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse . | {{ fact }} | the [[ allied museum ]] in the [[ dahlem ( berlin ) | dahlem ]] district of berlin hosted a number of events to mark the twentieth anniversary of the fall | ||||||
| 36 | first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . | {{ fact }} | = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ | ||||||
| 38 | war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . | < ref name = " dowty122 " / > | the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the | ||||||
| 39 | . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . | < ref name = " dowty122 " / > | the direct cost of manpower losses to east germany ( and corresponding gain to the west ) has been estimated at $ 7 & nbsp ; billion to $ 9 & | ||||||
| 774996645 | 774997638 | 2017-04-12 00:06:54 | 0 days 00:08:05 | 204692 | 0 | trozo del muro de berlín en fátima ( 4592089636 ) . jpg | thumb | segment of the berlin wall in the [[ sanctuary of fátima ]] , [[ portugal ]] | . | ]] {{ main article | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have | |
| 780019390 | 781687181 | 2017-05-22 17:34:23 | 10 days 04:39:20 | 8719036 | 3 | ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 | ) | * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of | |
| 16 | hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert | by [[ roger waters ]] | * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line ( beirut ) ]] * [[ reunification of jerusalem ]] | ||||||
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 30 | ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ | willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom | of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) , which demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] | |
| 31 | as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of | movement ]] . | along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) , which demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , it came to | ||||||
| 40 | [[ military demarcation line ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] | * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence with austria | removal of the hungary – austria border fence ]] ( may 1989 ) * [[ revolutions of 1989 ]] | * [[ reunification of jerusalem ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , | ||||||
| 787408974 | 787409030 | 2017-06-25 06:55:15 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 31190988 | 2 | was shot at [[ humboldthafen ]] in august 1961 . the memorial site , which is run by the initiative of his brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration | ( {{ coordinate | text = dms | ns = 52 / 22 / 9 . 48 / e | type = landmark | dim = 10 | name = border guard kieler straße | region = de - be }} ) | . * the former management office [[ nieder neuendorf # bauwerke | nieder neuendorf ]] , in the district of [ hennigsdorf ] of the same name - here is the | |
| 787409030 | 787409131 | 2017-06-25 06:56:40 | 0 days 00:01:25 | 31190988 | 0 | of his brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration . * the former management office [[ nieder neuendorf # bauwerke | nieder neuendorf ]] , in the district of | [ | [[ | hennigsdorf ] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states . * the former management station [[ |
| 5 | former management station [[ bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in a already reforested area of the border strip . the | [[ german forest jungle | german forestry youth ]] | deutschen waldjugend | . * the only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( bt - 11 ) in the erna - berger - strasse also in mitte - however , was moved | |||||
| 6 | . the memorial site , which is run by the initiative of his brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration . * the former management office [[ nieder neuendorf | # bauwerke | nieder neuendorf | ]] , in the district of [ hennigsdorf ] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states | ||||||
| 787409131 | 787409166 | 2017-06-25 06:57:14 | 0 days 00:00:34 | 31190988 | 1 | [[ hennigsdorf ]] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states . * the former management station | [[ | at | bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in an already reforested area of the border strip and is used together with surrounding |
| 787409166 | 790928672 | 2017-07-17 00:56:09 | 21 days 17:58:55 | 14967932 | 0 | however , was moved by a few meters for construction work and is no longer in the original location ; there is an exhibition about the wall in the area of | the | the | potsdamer platz in planning . nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center |
| 791624973 | 793523187 | 2017-08-02 08:44:50 | 11 days 19:51:02 | 38455 | 5 | , other elements , and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . * the former leadership in the schlesischen busch in the vicinity of the puschkinallee | - | — | the listed , twelve - meter high watchtower stands in a piece of the wall strip , which has been turned into a park , near the [[ lohmühleninsel ]] < |
| 7 | his brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration . * the former management office at nieder neuendorf , in the district of [[ hennigsdorf ]] of the same name | - | — | here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states . * the former management station at bergfelde , today the district of [[ | |||||
| 9 | tower by the deutschen waldjugend . * the only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( bt - 11 ) in the erna - berger - strasse also in mitte | - | — | however , was moved by a few meters for construction work and is no longer in the original location ; there is an exhibition about the wall in the area of | |||||
| 12 | ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ reunification of jerusalem ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) | | ' ' the berlin wall ' ' ( video game ) | ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} | ||||||
| 798241666 | 800698581 | 2017-09-15 03:51:19 | 14 days 08:23:33 | 10031342 | 20 | | title = freedom ! – time | publisher = time | date = 20 november 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period | , | around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more | |
| 22 | completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which | was | formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in | ||||||
| 809972169 | 809973970 | 2017-11-12 17:48:06 | 0 days 00:12:59 | 6554947 | 0 | territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used only to | paint over graffiti and | perform maintenance on the outside of the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its | |
| 810072027 | 810126141 | 2017-11-13 13:53:41 | 0 days 08:16:58 | 6554947 | 2 | german border , a strip of gdr territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide | , and , in photos from the era , the de jure border appears to have been unmarked | . the strip was used by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall . little | |
| 810127095 | 810174887 | 2017-11-13 19:23:40 | 0 days 05:21:42 | 6554947 | 0 | however , this strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the de jure border appears to have been undemarcated . | also | in contrast to the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets | |
| 2 | to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . again , in contrast | < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg = pt61 & dq = berlin + wall + outside + maintenance & source = bl & ots = e1vx - kbsf4 & sig = vzusis2injtqnywsqt9wjcxjdf0 & hl = en & sa = x & ved = 0ahukewjsvstlxbnxahvtzgmkhuuiclyq6aeitdaj # v = onepage & q = berlin + wall + outside + maintenance & f = false | title = the berlin wall and the intra - german border 1961 - 89 | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > these doors could not be opened by a single person , needing two separate keys in two separate keyholes to unlock . < ref > https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? time _ continue = 275 & v = owqstzgkbiy < / ref > | = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of | ||||||
| 810344262 | 810347455 | 2017-11-14 18:39:46 | 0 days 00:23:12 | 6554947 | 6 | < / ref > one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram | hasch . | hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back | |
| 810347639 | 810351013 | 2017-11-14 19:06:27 | 0 days 00:25:19 | 6554947 | 1 | actual border appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping foreigners off the | outer | strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com | |
| 810364859 | 810365117 | 2017-11-14 20:36:45 | 0 days 00:01:35 | 6554947 | 0 | 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the area | , however | , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports having often been | |
| 810365117 | 810365760 | 2017-11-14 20:40:55 | 0 days 00:04:10 | 6554947 | 2 | 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the area | , however | , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports having often been | |
| 822396537 | 822396886 | 2018-01-26 03:46:46 | 0 days 00:03:07 | 5946478 | 0 | the next few weeks , euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . | the fact that this is | an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " cannot be lost when we look on the significance of the events leading up | |
| 822507011 | 823238815 | 2018-01-31 01:46:26 | 4 days 06:04:21 | 32940610 | 1 | in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december . | according to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1 . 7 million tonnes of building rubble wasfall . unofficially , the demolition of the bornholmer straße began because of construction work on the railway . this involved a total of 300 gdr border guards and - after 3 october 1990 - 600 pioneers of the bundeswehr . these were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . | various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links | |
| 2 | gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . | in berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . | virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . {{ citation | ||||||
| 823238815 | 823239462 | 2018-01-31 01:50:53 | 0 days 00:04:27 | 32940610 | 6 | the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip | walkways | of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking | and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since |
| 7 | system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and | redevelop | cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of using | it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . | |||||
| 9 | needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a | green belt around the city in individual places . representatives of the general german bicycle club marked the way in 1990 with painted bicycle and pedestrian pictograms . the german federal government for the environment and nature conservation proposed a continuous | hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . = = = | ||||||
| 14 | they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is | still no possibility of crossing , so that a longer detour over partially paved roads is necessary . the german railways justified the lack of crossing possibility with the words : " this wall is not a legally established way , which we have to consider as a crossing . " in 2012 , the landtag of brandenburg , decided up to 250 , 000 euros for the construction of an underpass under the railway in this area to provide , however , their realization is delayed due to the repeatedly postponed expansion of the long - distance tracks of the dresden railway in this area . since april 2009 , | part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences | ||||||
| 19 | it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . | only short passages are unpaved . single , also usually shorter , sections are paved . the wall trail is linked to several other long - distance cycle paths . these include the european cycle route r1 , the bike path berlin - copenhagen , the radfernweg berlin - usedom , the havelradweg the spreeradweg or the bike path berlin - leipzig . | = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ | ||||||
| 824080054 | 824097430 | 2018-02-05 08:46:14 | 0 days 03:32:27 | 139004 | 0 | springsteen , 1988 = = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played | rocking the wall , | a live concert in east berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying | |
| 824236669 | 825606275 | 2018-02-14 10:16:19 | 8 days 06:43:34 | 21948199 | 1 | bruce springsteen , 1988 = = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band played | rocking the wall , | a live concert in east berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying | |
| 5 | the entire length . soon after the fall of the berlin wall there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip | of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking | walkways | and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of using it as a green belt around the city in individual places . representatives of the general german | |||||
| 6 | there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and | cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of using | redevelop | it as a green belt around the city in individual places . representatives of the general german bicycle club marked the way in 1990 with painted bicycle and pedestrian pictograms . | |||||
| 20 | gdr border troops was then freely accessible on almost the entire length . soon after the fall of the berlin wall there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve | and renaturate | the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of | ||||||
| 26 | path is mainly paved , with both after 2000 , those newly created sections are as well as sections on which still the original covering with appropriate wear is obtained . | only short passages are unpaved . single , also usually shorter , sections are paved . the wall trail is linked to several other long - distance cycle paths . these include the european cycle route r1 , the bike path berlin - copenhagen , the radfernweg berlin - usedom , the havelradweg the spreeradweg or the bike path berlin - leipzig . | = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ | ||||||
| 825799159 | 825799691 | 2018-02-15 14:07:46 | 0 days 00:04:51 | 5946478 | 0 | kept driving forward . the east germans then built zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system predated the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , | < ref > https : / / www . thelocal . de / 20141105 / the - great - escape - across - the - berlin - wall < / ref > | in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ unternehmen reisebüro ]] . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger | |
| 825804984 | 825807680 | 2018-02-15 15:11:19 | 0 days 00:20:57 | 5946478 | 10 | the hands of general frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , | a new | american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall | |
| 825810710 | 825811905 | 2018-02-15 15:40:48 | 0 days 00:08:27 | 5946478 | 6 | > {{ cite journal | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last = goodman | first = | micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728 < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = | |
| 825837597 | 825877017 | 2018-02-15 23:14:11 | 0 days 04:37:00 | 2003421 | 6 | ) ' ' in the lyrics sung . the poet [[ schiller ]] may have originally written " freedom " and changed it to " joy " out of fear . | < ref > [[ ode to joy # the poem ]] < / ref > | the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . | |
| 826083240 | 826247392 | 2018-02-18 02:11:01 | 0 days 23:16:36 | 32940610 | 3 | in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december . | according to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1 . 7 million tonnes of building rubble wasfall . unofficially , the demolition of the [[ bornholmer straße ]] began because of construction work on the railway . this involved a total of 300 gdr border guards and - after 3 october 1990 - 600 pioneers of the bundeswehr . these were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . | various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links | |
| 826899654 | 827316878 | 2018-02-24 01:04:34 | 2 days 08:38:31 | 508734 | 13 | , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . < ref | name = " | in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " | |
| 87 | divided west and east berlin . < ref > http : / / www . historytoday . com / frederick - taylor / berlin - wall - secret - history < | / ref > | the date of 13 august became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / | ||||||
| 110 | < / ref > west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : | the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last | = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 | ||||||
| 111 | visa - free travel starting 23 december . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = | 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > until then | ||||||
| 114 | could actually travel more freely than westerners . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = | 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 13 | ||||||
| 117 | wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . < ref > {{ cite book | title = | the collapse : | the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | | ||||||
| 119 | the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . | < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = 189 - 190 | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > | the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards [[ german reunification ]] , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution | ||||||
| 827738473 | 827808358 | 2018-02-26 21:22:05 | 0 days 08:16:33 | 26248 | 0 | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xxv }} < / ref > contrary to popular belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin | officially | until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the | |
| 843144692 | 843537822 | 2018-05-29 19:55:32 | 2 days 14:29:27 | 30675059 | 2 | 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | | first | = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la | |
| 854070499 | 854078225 | 2018-08-08 20:29:20 | 0 days 01:04:58 | 3563616 | 4 | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on it by | airmen of the | [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen , such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today | |
| 5 | his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on it by [[ royal air force | | raf | ]] airmen , such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ |
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| 102788 | 102790 | 2002-06-22 18:16:03 | 5 days 16:18:17 | 59 | 12 | concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . | there | the border | was also mesh fencing , signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only |
| 1012031 | 1092751 | 2003-06-08 12:37:20 | 31 days 17:34:08 | 9244 | 21 | government in east germany began in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were | removed | somewhat lifted | by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and many people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed |
| 2440574 | 2497657 | 2004-02-19 04:27:57 | 4 days 17:12:26 | 35188 | 0 | 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria | , | and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . [[ | |
| 1 | injured . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped | via | through | hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] | |||||
| 4067832 | 4160094 | 2004-06-13 09:23:06 | 1 days 00:12:45 | 47506 | 8 | left ; width : 350px ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' east german border guard | , hans | conrad schumann , defects on august 15 , 1961 ; photo by peter leibing . ' ' < / center > < / div > = = the years of the | |
| 5203633 | 5222965 | 2004-08-14 16:36:40 | 0 days 02:41:31 | 12741 | 0 | between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard | [[ | conrad schumann leaps to the west over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 | |
| 5637884 | 5787721 | 2004-09-03 21:39:12 | 0 days 00:03:39 | 49471 | 1 | [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were | lifted | somewhat lifted by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all | |
| 4 | 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were somewhat | lifted | by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had | ||||||
| 7274236 | 7274242 | 2004-11-09 22:01:15 | 0 days 00:03:09 | 131920 | 0 | the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american | poststamp | postage stamp | commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war and the soviet empire . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 |
| 7274428 | 7274470 | 2004-11-09 22:05:43 | 0 days 00:01:56 | 0|84.57.81.84 | 0 | of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday | , since | . this is reinforced by the fact that | november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of the ' |
| 9533284 | 9533310 | 2005-01-21 15:56:43 | 0 days 00:34:18 | 26468 | 11 | . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east german | the construction of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and [[ germany ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the wall ' s creation was due partly to political expediency but largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . a few month after the barbed wire went up , the us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the | east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created | |
| 12 | physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east german officials claimed that | government | claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the | ||||||
| 23 | . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east german | officials | claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the | ||||||
| 24 | physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east german officials claimed that | it | was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east | ||||||
| 10084995 | 10087212 | 2005-02-09 02:20:03 | 0 days 00:06:45 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 0 | schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader | [[ | walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal | |
| 10087212 | 10087443 | 2005-02-09 03:43:17 | 0 days 01:23:14 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 20 | - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel | ]] | . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ cuban missile | |
| 10087443 | 10091995 | 2005-02-09 03:51:22 | 0 days 00:08:05 | 0|152.163.100.198 | 9 | , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic | ]] | , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] | |
| 10091995 | 10144491 | 2005-02-09 07:09:31 | 0 days 03:18:09 | 28107 | 46 | schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader | [[ | walter ulbricht , who sought the approval of soviet leader nikita khrushchev for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second | |
| 47 | leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader walter ulbricht | ]] | , who sought the approval of soviet leader nikita khrushchev for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade | ||||||
| 112 | 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic | ]] | , erich honecker , resigned on october 18 , 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel | ||||||
| 113 | , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic , | [[ | erich honecker , resigned on october 18 , 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions | ||||||
| 12901447 | 12903778 | 2005-04-27 21:40:58 | 0 days 16:57:34 | 0|24.34.41.161 | 0 | us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government | claimed | claimeed | that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany |
| 12903778 | 12910967 | 2005-04-27 22:37:33 | 0 days 00:56:35 | 8780 | 0 | us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government | claimeed | claimed | that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany |
| 14269638 | 14269815 | 2005-05-26 16:42:04 | 0 days 00:03:13 | 0|164.68.120.3 | 0 | [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german | border guard | penises guarded | [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbeques on august 15 , 1961 ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around |
| 14269815 | 14329087 | 2005-05-26 16:46:05 | 0 days 00:04:01 | 157530 | 4 | [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german | penises guarded | border guard | [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbeques on august 15 , 1961 ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around |
| 15055113 | 15059402 | 2005-06-12 06:08:12 | 0 days 00:13:20 | 5016 | 12 | while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens | short of dispatching the army to kill them all , | as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & | |
| 18 | on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv | , | that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control | ||||||
| 15881315 | 15902037 | 2005-06-26 21:50:58 | 0 days 18:23:00 | 44454 | 14 | units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , | us | u . s . | personnel were counted by guards . the column was 100 miles long , and covered 110 miles from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german |
| 18341759 | 18388981 | 2005-07-08 10:31:44 | 0 days 16:15:16 | 53921 | 9 | concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks | ]] | . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ | |
| 18388981 | 18389045 | 2005-07-08 10:33:15 | 0 days 00:01:31 | 53921 | 0 | concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german | markk | mark | | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it |
| 18909779 | 18969500 | 2005-07-16 18:43:09 | 0 days 23:05:13 | 54820 | 0 | , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : | ' ' ' | ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of | |
| 20890077 | 20890583 | 2005-08-13 00:27:15 | 0 days 00:11:31 | 0|24.205.50.103 | 0 | long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities | , | called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its intent was | |
| 23327917 | 23361590 | 2005-09-16 20:58:50 | 0 days 14:43:46 | 6661 | 2 | world war iii would begin there . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government | of the gdr | was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it | |
| 24156661 | 24156863 | 2005-09-27 13:33:41 | 0 days 00:04:19 | 340905 | 2 | {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | | germandie | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die | berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( |
| 30122085 | 30233828 | 2005-12-05 16:40:11 | 1 days 00:11:43 | 276745 | 2 | , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : | ' ' ' | ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and | |
| 37828716 | 38011274 | 2006-02-03 16:09:24 | 1 days 05:11:00 | 496966 | 0 | new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda | , | had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ | |
| 40008642 | 40013371 | 2006-02-17 14:21:46 | 0 days 00:52:30 | 0|207.203.165.11 | 0 | to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] | = = references = = | time to get drunk ! ! ! w00t ! | * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john |
| 40013371 | 40013407 | 2006-02-17 14:22:10 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 225576 | 0 | to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] | time to get drunk ! ! ! w00t ! | = = references = = | * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john |
| 40460981 | 40648652 | 2006-02-22 01:28:28 | 1 days 06:34:58 | 386031 | 6 | high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] | [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm ] | . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ | |
| 40685695 | 40686116 | 2006-02-22 08:03:09 | 0 days 00:06:24 | 0|144.137.251.28 | 0 | | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader | hail hitler | [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and | |
| 40686140 | 40686196 | 2006-02-22 08:04:18 | 0 days 00:00:47 | 644872 | 1 | | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader | hail hitler | [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and | |
| 40814212 | 40814314 | 2006-02-23 04:38:46 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 386031 | 60 | ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans | and west germany | were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many | |
| 40915337 | 40944082 | 2006-02-24 01:02:35 | 0 days 03:27:05 | 304316 | 7 | / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans | : | ; | to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests , at length , via " the usual |
| 43550317 | 43550620 | 2006-03-13 06:02:37 | 0 days 00:02:47 | 635781 | 0 | , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday | , since it | both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and because it is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the | |
| 2 | which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday both | because it | marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and because it is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic | ||||||
| 44770428 | 44770612 | 2006-03-21 05:02:30 | 0 days 00:01:49 | 0|68.154.38.227 | 3 | zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states | ! | = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic | |
| 44770612 | 44770674 | 2006-03-21 05:02:57 | 0 days 00:00:27 | 410083 | 3 | zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states | ! | = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic | |
| 44899061 | 44901085 | 2006-03-22 03:58:38 | 0 days 00:18:10 | 418883 | 0 | to cross . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . | this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] | both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . [[ image : peterfechter2 | |
| 51998094 | 51998163 | 2006-05-07 16:32:31 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 223113 | 10 | was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german mark | ]] s | . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , | |
| 11 | constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german mark . | < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal | ||||||
| 51998163 | 51999522 | 2006-05-07 16:44:07 | 0 days 00:11:36 | 0|216.49.149.108 | 32 | ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german | ]] | youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by | |
| 51999522 | 51999602 | 2006-05-07 16:44:48 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 223113 | 32 | checkpoint charlie . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german | ]] | youth military training organization , at gatow airport . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous | |
| 57040826 | 57243206 | 2006-06-06 21:05:19 | 1 days 02:00:04 | 300188 | 7 | was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their | money | hard currency | . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for |
| 64681432 | 64682237 | 2006-07-19 16:07:06 | 0 days 00:04:50 | 157842 | 19 | foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former [[ president ]] ronald reagan , [[ senator ]] [[ john ashcroft ]] and [[ german | ]] | [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . fourty - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron | |
| 67997985 | 68095404 | 2006-08-07 00:15:07 | 0 days 11:53:35 | 0|84.188.184.66 | 0 | www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans | ( stating that west berliners lived in " a defended island of freedom " ) | ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , | |
| 68095404 | 68095592 | 2006-08-07 00:16:14 | 0 days 00:01:07 | 0|84.188.184.66 | 0 | www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans | ( stating that west berliners lived in " a defended island of freedom " ) | ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , | |
| 68131991 | 68356935 | 2006-08-08 07:28:08 | 1 days 02:55:40 | 302522 | 0 | km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german | traffic | police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to | |
| 71084944 | 71157100 | 2006-08-22 12:32:56 | 0 days 10:37:45 | 416054 | 1 | ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards | ]] | . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners | |
| 73605688 | 73698506 | 2006-09-04 04:46:59 | 0 days 10:49:25 | 170745 | 0 | 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | | east german mark | ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top | |
| 73800540 | 74099078 | 2006-09-06 08:47:27 | 1 days 13:57:58 | 169140 | 5 | the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french | ]] | , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and | |
| 6 | was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , | [[ united kingdom | | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) | ||||||
| 8 | germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and | [[ united states | | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet | ||||||
| 82597586 | 82692252 | 2006-10-20 20:45:47 | 0 days 10:47:58 | 1063177 | 3 | overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens | short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty | . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening | |
| 82835134 | 82879500 | 2006-10-21 21:17:43 | 0 days 04:29:04 | 2542109 | 1 | , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of | [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin | kid stuff | , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( |
| 86126158 | 86126393 | 2006-11-06 21:10:40 | 0 days 00:01:05 | 350153 | 0 | july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would | result | only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation | |
| 1 | ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only | result | in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the | ||||||
| 86228783 | 86263658 | 2006-11-07 13:26:41 | 0 days 06:00:44 | 2684861 | 0 | associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . | finally , the two true american boys , ben baker and john latona had enough of communism and demanded that the wall be torn down . | when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then | |
| 86263658 | 86290926 | 2006-11-07 16:15:08 | 0 days 02:48:27 | 1122047 | 0 | associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . | finally , the two true american boys , ben baker and john latona had enough of communism and demanded that the wall be torn down . | when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then | |
| 86290926 | 86296469 | 2006-11-07 16:43:44 | 0 days 00:28:36 | 0|63.108.128.98 | 0 | curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] | someone farted and there is the berlin wall | administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between | |
| 86296469 | 86297216 | 2006-11-07 16:47:39 | 0 days 00:03:55 | 572610 | 0 | curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] | someone farted and there is the berlin wall | administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between | |
| 90997156 | 91100212 | 2006-11-30 06:23:44 | 0 days 08:45:29 | 162655 | 0 | wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops | and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world | . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin | |
| 95229938 | 95268385 | 2006-12-19 07:37:40 | 0 days 04:54:11 | 125534 | 0 | | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . divergence of german states | = = | from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) | |
| 95268385 | 95268482 | 2006-12-19 07:38:35 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 125534 | 1 | ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = divergence of german states | = = | = = = | from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) |
| 98453918 | 98470052 | 2007-01-04 19:21:16 | 0 days 01:21:18 | 873891 | 6 | associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . | when a | on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the | government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the |
| 100887174 | 100916417 | 2007-01-15 18:33:14 | 0 days 02:34:19 | 2810123 | 10 | schutzwand " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . | jesus | thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the | |
| 24 | , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . | chuck e . cheese . | several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners | ||||||
| 100916417 | 100920432 | 2007-01-15 18:53:45 | 0 days 00:20:31 | 302522 | 10 | schutzwand " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . | jesus | thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the | |
| 24 | , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . | chuck e . cheese . | several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners | ||||||
| 105695005 | 105695131 | 2007-02-05 01:10:33 | 0 days 00:00:41 | 0|168.103.79.30 | 0 | / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the communist | bloc | block | . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in |
| 105723744 | 105982408 | 2007-02-06 04:50:18 | 1 days 00:54:16 | 3023918 | 1 | / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the communist | block | bloc ]] | . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in |
| 111074434 | 111074797 | 2007-02-26 14:06:52 | 0 days 00:03:12 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 63 | ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german | minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | |
| 111074982 | 111075603 | 2007-02-26 14:13:09 | 0 days 00:04:42 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 63 | ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german | minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | |
| 111075720 | 111076410 | 2007-02-26 14:19:07 | 0 days 00:05:16 | 0|24.39.160.45 | 63 | ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german | minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " | = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a | |
| 113094185 | 113107852 | 2007-03-06 18:08:47 | 0 days 00:59:45 | 0|168.11.47.3 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction | workers | niggers | building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase |
| 113107852 | 113114464 | 2007-03-06 18:38:36 | 0 days 00:29:49 | 911178 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction | niggers | workers | building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase |
| 113384513 | 113385689 | 2007-03-07 19:46:17 | 0 days 00:05:21 | 3511275 | 2 | " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic | ]] | ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , | |
| 117902707 | 117903581 | 2007-03-26 02:45:29 | 0 days 00:04:39 | 1804716 | 5 | autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , | when a protest of around | with | 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not demand the wall be removed . they wanted to reform east germany |
| 123849129 | 123914787 | 2007-04-18 21:24:18 | 0 days 04:25:38 | 0|74.230.176.130 | 0 | east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed | more | mor | and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin |
| 123914787 | 123914874 | 2007-04-18 21:24:39 | 0 days 00:00:21 | 0|74.230.176.130 | 0 | east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed | mor | more | and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin |
| 124348759 | 124348951 | 2007-04-20 13:12:40 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 4180587 | 0 | ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter | ulbricht | cronkide | ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of |
| 124348951 | 124358508 | 2007-04-20 14:04:44 | 0 days 00:52:04 | 302522 | 0 | ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter | cronkide | ulbricht | ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of |
| 125579618 | 125580463 | 2007-04-24 18:12:04 | 0 days 00:03:23 | 0|205.124.85.3 | 2 | [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] dirk nowistski . remained of nazi germany | was | and | divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | |
| 125580463 | 125580530 | 2007-04-24 18:12:21 | 0 days 00:00:17 | 238308 | 2 | _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] jake , who is a stupid suns fan , remained a nazi germany | and | was | divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | |
| 128043670 | 128043972 | 2007-05-03 20:31:17 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 0|69.125.136.170 | 0 | , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans | dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , | blew up all there men | and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 |
| 129474280 | 129554249 | 2007-05-09 16:35:07 | 0 days 07:19:30 | 0|204.129.158.10 | 0 | a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader | [[ walter ulbricht ]] , | mat wood | approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier |
| 129555699 | 129555771 | 2007-05-09 16:41:06 | 0 days 00:00:16 | 2073927 | 12 | , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader | mat wood | [[ walter ulbricht ]] , | approved by soviet leader bainca , but with conditions imposed . wood ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided |
| 129588538 | 129631780 | 2007-05-09 21:00:01 | 0 days 02:24:37 | 0|98.17.1.241 | 0 | . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was | hi | divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | | |
| 129631780 | 129631895 | 2007-05-09 21:00:23 | 0 days 00:00:22 | 0|98.17.1.241 | 0 | . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was | hi | divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | | |
| 132298025 | 132298254 | 2007-05-20 21:18:24 | 0 days 00:01:13 | 0|70.143.50.176 | 5 | ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; | to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not | d ; m | challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' |
| 132450928 | 132501048 | 2007-05-21 19:15:15 | 0 days 04:09:24 | 0|24.56.168.165 | 0 | part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ | walter | waldfafsdgagarrertterertr | ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction |
| 132501048 | 132501312 | 2007-05-21 19:16:32 | 0 days 00:01:17 | 224287 | 0 | part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ | waldfafsdgagarrertterertr | walter | ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction |
| 132997348 | 133070307 | 2007-05-24 01:07:06 | 0 days 05:44:33 | 129409 | 13 | the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans | approached | climbed onto | and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away |
| 14 | the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans | on the other side | in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using | ||||||
| 28 | german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and | then | crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a | ||||||
| 133073625 | 133074114 | 2007-05-24 01:27:50 | 0 days 00:02:33 | 715870 | 3 | = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] | pretended | stated | in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' |
| 133074927 | 133075428 | 2007-05-24 01:35:04 | 0 days 00:03:00 | 715870 | 4 | schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . | thus , | this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was | |
| 147039937 | 147359013 | 2007-07-27 01:41:42 | 1 days 07:31:43 | 4909351 | 0 | ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria | led by william francis schroeder the iv | . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , | |
| 147359013 | 147393203 | 2007-07-27 05:53:19 | 0 days 04:11:37 | 302522 | 0 | ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria | led by william francis schroeder the iv | . using only a spoon and a dull butter knife , schroeder opened the wall freeing all of his fellow tourists . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations | |
| 150365735 | 150415593 | 2007-08-10 16:13:56 | 0 days 06:20:47 | 6661 | 0 | ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic | | east germany | ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol | |
| 150832838 | 150865465 | 2007-08-13 00:57:21 | 0 days 03:29:12 | 158051 | 5 | / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc news | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | title = e german ' | license | " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have | |
| 8 | / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc news | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | title = e german ' | licence | to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended | ||||||
| 150868047 | 150878521 | 2007-08-13 02:25:11 | 0 days 01:09:05 | 1085473 | 0 | firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' | license | licence | to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended |
| 152816419 | 152946338 | 2007-08-22 16:19:53 | 0 days 15:11:30 | 1001318 | 3 | 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany | ]] | was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | |
| 39 | borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany | ]] | ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] | ||||||
| 45 | ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic | ]] | ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western | ||||||
| 67 | another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german | ]] | youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by | ||||||
| 153257087 | 153261470 | 2007-08-24 01:02:51 | 0 days 00:26:17 | 4927734 | 5 | newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment | has always | denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / | |
| 153261470 | 153277889 | 2007-08-24 02:48:33 | 0 days 01:45:42 | 3341545 | 3 | / ref > a german politician alleges that the east german government gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment | [[ communism | communist ]] regime | denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / | |
| 153326548 | 153394593 | 2007-08-24 18:14:49 | 0 days 08:46:02 | 715870 | 1 | newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment | has | had | always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 |
| 153595819 | 153780641 | 2007-08-26 17:53:06 | 0 days 22:54:33 | 0|70.246.156.12 | 3 | western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . | fuck | if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 | |
| 153783102 | 153784826 | 2007-08-26 18:19:24 | 0 days 00:10:45 | 1718065 | 5 | western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . | fuck | . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did | |
| 153784826 | 154198308 | 2007-08-28 16:31:56 | 1 days 22:12:32 | 123004 | 0 | / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german | goverment | government | had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / |
| 157861460 | 157861519 | 2007-09-14 15:23:47 | 0 days 00:00:17 | 0|216.174.135.206 | 1 | , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . | brenen is the best | several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners | |
| 157863537 | 157865984 | 2007-09-14 15:48:40 | 0 days 00:13:50 | 302522 | 4 | , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . | brenen is the best | several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners | |
| 160474932 | 160494929 | 2007-09-26 16:22:21 | 0 days 01:49:31 | 0|170.185.218.19 | 46 | / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on | [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined | sex | by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by |
| 160893232 | 160904974 | 2007-09-28 12:55:47 | 0 days 01:39:54 | 3341545 | 1 | to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to | kkjhdfhowirhgwlqk ; ogill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref | < ref name = " | > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had |
| 161587761 | 161588251 | 2007-10-01 16:30:04 | 0 days 00:02:23 | 0|142.25.180.27 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers | building | jacking off to | the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side |
| 161592987 | 161593149 | 2007-10-01 16:54:19 | 0 days 00:00:42 | 5451838 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers | jacking off to | building | the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side |
| 166091165 | 166163043 | 2007-10-21 23:35:42 | 0 days 05:37:26 | 0|76.211.17.132 | 7 | 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in | hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few | those | days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction |
| 166632813 | 166718070 | 2007-10-24 10:27:37 | 0 days 10:56:47 | 0|121.219.172.76 | 0 | a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader | , | [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , | |
| 1 | part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ | walter ulbricht | nich heidfeld | ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction | |||||
| 166718070 | 166718096 | 2007-10-24 10:27:51 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 0|121.219.172.76 | 0 | ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader , [[ | nich | nick | heidfeld ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ robert kubica ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the |
| 166718096 | 166728962 | 2007-10-24 12:09:41 | 0 days 01:41:50 | 1718065 | 0 | ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader , [[ | nick heidfeld | walter ulbricht | ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ robert kubica ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction |
| 2 | a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader | , | [[ nick heidfeld ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ robert kubica ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , | ||||||
| 167697778 | 167701105 | 2007-10-28 20:56:00 | 0 days 00:17:37 | 0|207.81.88.168 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers | building | jacking off to | the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side |
| 167701105 | 167705039 | 2007-10-28 21:17:52 | 0 days 00:21:52 | 1561650 | 0 | {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers | jacking off to | building | the new wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side |
| 173368360 | 173368678 | 2007-11-23 23:10:19 | 0 days 00:01:45 | 137113 | 1 | separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] | ' ' ' | demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 | |
| 174834859 | 174858457 | 2007-11-30 16:50:41 | 0 days 02:11:36 | 0|169.204.208.27 | 0 | 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , | east germany | southgermany | established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc |
| 174858457 | 174869045 | 2007-11-30 17:42:27 | 0 days 00:51:46 | 137113 | 0 | 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , | southgermany | east germany | established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc |
| 180750297 | 180873364 | 2007-12-29 22:40:15 | 0 days 17:10:15 | 0|86.131.43.255 | 0 | agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed | more | lifting | and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin |
| 181089181 | 181089350 | 2007-12-31 00:23:54 | 0 days 00:01:03 | 0|208.104.149.90 | 3 | ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader | < / i > | [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , | |
| 181090431 | 181090540 | 2007-12-31 00:31:22 | 0 days 00:00:44 | 2306142 | 14 | press , 2003 < / ref > < b > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall < / b > came from < i > east german leader | < / i > | [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by < font color = red > soviet leader < / font > [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' | |
| 184393331 | 184510617 | 2008-01-15 16:27:30 | 0 days 14:26:22 | 0|76.5.89.22 | 0 | , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government | ' hey baby " | announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto | |
| 184510896 | 184511027 | 2008-01-15 16:30:45 | 0 days 00:01:01 | 2646772 | 1 | , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government | ' hey baby " | announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto | |
| 184759898 | 185099808 | 2008-01-18 00:13:46 | 1 days 07:34:28 | 0|12.214.202.72 | 9 | p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] | , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev | ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was | |
| 188026301 | 188145977 | 2008-01-31 13:44:04 | 0 days 14:33:04 | 0|208.108.155.72 | 0 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 | pfdadsfhjasndfjndsfasdf | , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and |
| 188145977 | 188146147 | 2008-01-31 13:45:34 | 0 days 00:01:30 | 2377922 | 0 | ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . | pfdadsfhjasndfjndsfasdf | = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 | , fa = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western |
| 188151765 | 188152092 | 2008-01-31 14:25:04 | 0 days 00:02:02 | 0|208.108.158.196 | 0 | , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . | chris chris chris tadpole ! ! ! | several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners | |
| 188152092 | 188152574 | 2008-01-31 14:28:19 | 0 days 00:03:15 | 317054 | 1 | , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . | chris chris chris tadpole ! ! ! | several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners | |
| 197073715 | 197075558 | 2008-03-09 20:51:04 | 0 days 00:08:24 | 0|98.17.134.249 | 1 | mi . ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german | troops and | construction | workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some |
| 16 | actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers | , not directly involving the soviets | . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn | ||||||
| 197075558 | 197077024 | 2008-03-09 20:57:57 | 0 days 00:06:53 | 0|98.17.134.249 | 3 | along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german | border guard | to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding | |
| 197077024 | 197077031 | 2008-03-09 20:57:59 | 0 days 00:00:02 | 3622922 | 0 | ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built very well by east german | construction | troops and | workers . it was built right outside west berlin . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - |
| 1 | divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built very well by east german construction workers | , not directly involving the soviets | . it was built right outside west berlin . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire | ||||||
| 19 | along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german | border guard | to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light | ||||||
| 198257388 | 198257739 | 2008-03-14 19:40:18 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 0|128.63.16.15 | 0 | construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] | , | stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall | |
| 199098162 | 199158545 | 2008-03-18 19:51:02 | 0 days 04:37:18 | 0|208.108.156.245 | 0 | some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west | berliners | iesha | to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the |
| 199158545 | 199160653 | 2008-03-18 19:59:25 | 0 days 00:08:23 | 3505251 | 0 | some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west | iesha | berliners | to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the |
| 202716386 | 202717008 | 2008-04-02 03:33:06 | 0 days 00:03:51 | 0|150.101.240.77 | 0 | s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german | joe was born and now joe likes having sex with the | government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - | |
| 202717008 | 202717161 | 2008-04-02 03:34:01 | 0 days 00:00:55 | 0|150.101.240.77 | 0 | s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german | joe was born and now joe likes having sex with the | government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - | |
| 205859140 | 209942770 | 2008-05-03 18:05:52 | 17 days 22:14:05 | 3136084 | 3 | / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave | orders to | [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | |
| 214991201 | 215551281 | 2008-05-28 18:27:39 | 2 days 12:19:20 | 355538 | 12 | = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , | and | many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . | |
| 228709022 | 229166509 | 2008-08-01 04:21:54 | 2 days 04:18:13 | 89777 | 4 | both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . | moreover | today | , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared |
| 229166509 | 229217140 | 2008-08-01 12:51:26 | 0 days 08:29:32 | 6085301 | 2 | http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history | ] < / ref > | the gdr / east german government gave [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders | |
| 231331197 | 231331673 | 2008-08-11 23:12:06 | 0 days 00:03:03 | 911178 | 2 | http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history | ] < / ref > | the gdr / east german government gave [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders | |
| 237421084 | 237421104 | 2008-09-10 02:43:05 | 0 days 00:00:06 | 2372780 | 3 | of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . many people lived in berlin and the german | decided to build a wall so that the | democratic republic ( including east | berlin people could keep the rabbit problem the berlin people are normally very hot and have nice arses every one should go there cause you get laid every night and there |
| 238394911 | 238395802 | 2008-09-14 17:25:20 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 0|75.81.195.4 | 0 | says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced | that they where gay | on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto | |
| 238395802 | 238395861 | 2008-09-14 17:25:38 | 0 days 00:00:18 | 5549726 | 0 | says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced | that they where gay | on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto | |
| 238812063 | 238908764 | 2008-09-16 23:13:18 | 0 days 08:45:57 | 736477 | 0 | [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the east - west german border between | the two states | [[ east germany | east ]] and [[ west germany ]] | . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east germany ]] and [[ west germany ]] for 28 years and 1 day , |
| 3 | ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government | gave | issued | [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials have denied exist . | |||||
| 34 | east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens | and citizens of other socialist countries | into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , | ||||||
| 41 | motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory | at | between | the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was | |||||
| 72 | ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border | ]] | in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = : ' | ||||||
| 239453915 | 239456329 | 2008-09-19 03:25:00 | 0 days 00:12:32 | 736477 | 24 | deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting | the sum | a small amount | of 100 dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help |
| 239564841 | 239565752 | 2008-09-19 14:02:18 | 0 days 00:03:46 | 0|209.174.67.217 | 2 | both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for | 28 | 99 , 999 | years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime |
| 240013759 | 240014029 | 2008-09-21 15:32:09 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 6660588 | 1 | american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic | ]] | ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland | |
| 241808916 | 241809073 | 2008-09-29 17:16:31 | 0 days 00:00:39 | 7966459 | 1 | , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that | the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression | kept me | from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut |
| 242501570 | 242501816 | 2008-10-02 14:30:38 | 0 days 00:01:15 | 0|205.202.240.123 | 0 | . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states | is david is so much cooler than james | for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be | |
| 242501947 | 242502201 | 2008-10-02 14:32:47 | 0 days 00:01:31 | 0|205.202.196.185 | 0 | . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states | is david is so much cooler than james jeff if ur reading this dont tell mom i ate the last gogurt when u get homefor | for | 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a |
| 242502201 | 242502444 | 2008-10-02 14:34:21 | 0 days 00:01:34 | 0|205.202.240.123 | 0 | both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for | jeff ate the last gogurt ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a | |
| 242502520 | 242502726 | 2008-10-02 14:35:57 | 0 days 00:01:10 | 166539 | 0 | both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for | jeff ate the last gogurt ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! you son of a bitch | 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a | |
| 242549656 | 242550056 | 2008-10-02 18:22:01 | 0 days 00:01:54 | 0|205.174.114.144 | 0 | borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 97 | years | pussies | and 467 dicks , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol |
| 242550056 | 242550385 | 2008-10-02 18:23:42 | 0 days 00:01:41 | 0|205.174.114.144 | 0 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german | states | whores | for 97 pussies and 467 dicks , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be |
| 242550385 | 242550942 | 2008-10-02 18:26:13 | 0 days 00:02:31 | 1200765 | 0 | ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german | whores | states | for 97 pussies and 467 dicks , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be |
| 1 | both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german whores for | 97 pussies | 28 years | and 467 dicks , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol | |||||
| 242755785 | 242756862 | 2008-10-03 14:51:47 | 0 days 00:05:05 | 7991946 | 37 | title --> ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and | french pressure | http : / / articles . muppetnewsflash . com / 2008 / 09 / muppets - christmas - letters - to - santa . html a muppets christmas : letters to santa ] < / ref > = = = direct - to - video features = = = : ' ' [[ muppet classic theater ]] ' ' ( 1994 ) : ' ' [[ kermit ' s swamp years ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) = = = internet = = = : ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] on [[ movies . com ]] ' ' ( 2005 - 2006 ) : ' ' [[ disney xtreme digital ]] ' ' ( 2008 - present ) : stars & stripes forever ! ( 2008 ) : ode to joy ( 2008 ) : habanera ( 2008 ) : classical chickens ( 2008 ) = = future = = after the consensus was reached that ' ' the muppets ' wizard of oz ' ' failed to deliver critically , the question hung in the air if whether or not another muppet film would be made . {{ fact | date = may 2008 }} a new film has been confirmed by [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] , who both plan to produce the next muppet film . < ref name = " stoller " > fleming , michael . [ http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 1236 & cs = 1 & query = segel + muppet + film " segel and stoller take on muppets . " ] ' ' [[ variety ( magazine ) | variety ]] ' ' . retrieved : [[ april 5 ]] , [[ 2008 ]] < / ref > they have | for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets |
| 60 | [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . | > | . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , | ||||||
| 103 | [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . | today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany | . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall | ||||||
| 242756892 | 242757469 | 2008-10-03 14:54:34 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 7991950 | 37 | title --> ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and | french pressure | http : / / articles . muppetnewsflash . com / 2008 / 09 / muppets - christmas - letters - to - santa . html a muppets christmas : letters to santa ] < / ref > = = = direct - to - video features = = = : ' ' [[ muppet classic theater ]] ' ' ( 1994 ) : ' ' [[ kermit ' s swamp years ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) = = = internet = = = : ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] on [[ movies . com ]] ' ' ( 2005 - 2006 ) : ' ' [[ disney xtreme digital ]] ' ' ( 2008 - present ) : stars & stripes forever ! ( 2008 ) : ode to joy ( 2008 ) : habanera ( 2008 ) : classical chickens ( 2008 ) = = future = = after the consensus was reached that ' ' the muppets ' wizard of oz ' ' failed to deliver critically , the question hung in the air if whether or not another muppet film would be made . {{ fact | date = may 2008 }} a new film has been confirmed by [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] , who both plan to produce the next muppet film . < ref name = " stoller " > fleming , michael . [ http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 1236 & cs = 1 & query = segel + muppet + film " segel and stoller take on muppets . " ] ' ' [[ variety ( magazine ) | variety ]] ' ' . retrieved : [[ april 5 ]] , [[ 2008 ]] < / ref > they have | for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets |
| 60 | [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . | > | . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , | ||||||
| 103 | [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . | today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany | . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall | ||||||
| 243043238 | 244846230 | 2008-10-12 21:06:42 | 7 days 23:06:51 | 82982 | 1 | the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] | ' ' ' ' | demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern | |
| 245026392 | 245097095 | 2008-10-13 22:39:10 | 0 days 05:33:33 | 0|72.148.132.248 | 0 | . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states | = = melanie rocks ! ! = = | for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be | |
| 245097095 | 245098321 | 2008-10-13 22:45:34 | 0 days 00:06:24 | 0|128.193.37.172 | 0 | . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states | = = melanie rocks ! ! = = | synopsis and introduction | for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be |
| 245098321 | 245106530 | 2008-10-13 23:29:27 | 0 days 00:43:53 | 5177550 | 0 | . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states | synopsis and introduction | for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be | |
| 246372059 | 246431239 | 2008-10-20 04:04:32 | 0 days 06:06:11 | 0|207.6.64.165 | 0 | , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government | came into canada that is when berlin got mad and struck war ! | announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed | |
| 246431239 | 246449686 | 2008-10-20 07:01:47 | 0 days 02:57:15 | 1398 | 0 | , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government | came into canada that is when berlin got mad and struck war ! | announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed | |
| 247923649 | 248088801 | 2008-10-27 23:47:34 | 0 days 18:52:28 | 0|71.109.162.116 | 0 | and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . | = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin | |
| 248551311 | 248604939 | 2008-10-30 12:56:37 | 0 days 09:12:26 | 7823323 | 0 | and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . | = = the great british rumor of the fall = = it has been said that the wall came down as james ' s father ejaculated with such force that the entire structure of the wall could not sustain . james could not be reached for comment . | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin | |
| 248604939 | 248612893 | 2008-10-30 13:51:50 | 0 days 00:55:13 | 0|163.1.240.55 | 0 | and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . | = = the great british rumor of the fall = = it has been said that the wall came down as james ' s father ejaculated with such force that the entire structure of the wall could not sustain . james could not be reached for comment . | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin | |
| 248638203 | 248638514 | 2008-10-30 16:21:48 | 0 days 00:01:36 | 352579 | 0 | and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . | = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] | = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin | |
| 256070488 | 256154730 | 2008-12-06 01:40:12 | 0 days 08:28:17 | 0|68.164.228.214 | 8 | & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory | , with | was built . the | houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known |
| 262762670 | 263247726 | 2009-01-10 21:42:09 | 2 days 06:10:03 | 5026668 | 11 | lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification | ]] | , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard | |
| 265328211 | 265375952 | 2009-01-20 23:03:51 | 0 days 04:21:53 | 0|65.31.228.149 | 4 | , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german | propaganda | pro da | booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : |
| 7 | ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of | propaganda | pro da | , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on | |||||
| 265375952 | 265376259 | 2009-01-20 23:05:34 | 0 days 00:01:43 | 4928500 | 4 | , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german | pro da | propaganda | booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : |
| 8 | ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of | pro da | propaganda | , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on | |||||
| 265376259 | 265376312 | 2009-01-20 23:05:48 | 0 days 00:00:14 | 0|65.31.228.149 | 1 | , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german | propaganda | pro da | booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : |
| 4 | ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of | propaganda | pro da | , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on | |||||
| 265376312 | 265376378 | 2009-01-20 23:06:12 | 0 days 00:00:24 | 118722 | 1 | , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german | pro da | propaganda | booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : |
| 5 | ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of | pro da | propaganda | , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on | |||||
| 265543543 | 265553126 | 2009-01-21 20:35:32 | 0 days 00:47:46 | 0|76.190.175.181 | 0 | firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' | ' | licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all | |
| 265797534 | 265797894 | 2009-01-22 22:37:55 | 0 days 00:01:48 | 634828 | 3 | firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' | ' | licence to kill ' ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that | |
| 267775871 | 267776359 | 2009-02-01 05:51:18 | 0 days 00:04:09 | 214542 | 4 | this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , | even | though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian | |
| 268125931 | 268285347 | 2009-02-03 17:38:20 | 0 days 19:03:47 | 0|194.46.231.203 | 8 | government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to | move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents | get over | to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " |
| 269767784 | 269853148 | 2009-02-10 21:25:40 | 0 days 07:23:39 | 0|76.118.246.211 | 2 | ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( | gdr | in berlin | ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] |
| 272467225 | 272476022 | 2009-02-22 11:42:29 | 0 days 01:00:09 | 0|93.132.133.36 | 5 | was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some {{ who }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , | since it both marks | often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | year = 2004 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides | the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in |
| 277132148 | 277225474 | 2009-03-14 18:13:47 | 0 days 12:16:17 | 6984319 | 1 | and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = | {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandry for some eastern bloc stated that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural - - especially between where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > | on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov | |
| 277226599 | 277226883 | 2009-03-14 18:22:08 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 6984319 | 1 | " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = = erection of the inner - german border = = | = | {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] was | |
| 281894492 | 281894614 | 2009-04-05 13:53:19 | 0 days 00:00:58 | 7164899 | 1 | and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . | you suck balls i hope u m | = otherfucker die i love puppysand jill = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} an | |
| 282662590 | 282781427 | 2009-04-09 15:13:59 | 0 days 15:06:29 | 9418822 | 3 | / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] | * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by german embassy washington ] | * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] | |
| 283120128 | 283243378 | 2009-04-11 21:03:54 | 0 days 16:01:05 | 7992897 | 2 | der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued | [[ schießbefehl | | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref | |
| 283243474 | 283243810 | 2009-04-11 21:06:20 | 0 days 00:01:52 | 4156654 | 3 | der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued | [[ schießbefehl | | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref | |
| 283525851 | 283525990 | 2009-04-13 08:36:55 | 0 days 00:01:27 | 0|194.144.117.217 | 1 | started to dismantle the iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austro - hungarian | gevernamental | governmental | meeting ( [[ august 23 ]] ) . on [[ september 11 ]] thousends of [[ gdr | east germans ]] started to cross the austro - hungarian border to emigrate |
| 283798580 | 283867455 | 2009-04-14 21:36:44 | 0 days 05:55:33 | 0|68.58.12.232 | 0 | on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed | onto | ont | and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away |
| 283924987 | 283961086 | 2009-04-15 08:48:01 | 0 days 05:26:23 | 6984319 | 0 | on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed | ont | onto | and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away |
| 287077460 | 288317163 | 2009-05-06 18:40:49 | 6 days 01:59:42 | 0|63.133.248.1 | 1 | a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had | left by 1961 totaled | landed in the mother ship | approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see |
| 296827382 | 296832081 | 2009-06-16 21:13:27 | 0 days 00:25:34 | 8219500 | 1 | soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . | and his opposing force | the russians , ruled by dmitriy kotov . each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united | |
| 303769141 | 303769382 | 2009-07-23 17:10:33 | 0 days 00:01:39 | 0|212.58.193.36 | 1 | harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the inner german border | ]] | officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin | |
| 304807664 | 304813427 | 2009-07-29 04:28:07 | 0 days 00:41:10 | 6984319 | 12 | although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones | occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing | to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] | |
| 18 | zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic | ]] | | german democratic republic | ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' | |||||
| 27 | two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany | ]] | ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german | ||||||
| 31 | fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east | * {{ citation | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 | east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ | ||||||
| 42 | fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east | germany , known | in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . | ||||||
| 306295642 | 306380639 | 2009-08-06 11:04:30 | 0 days 12:13:48 | 0|74.176.195.190 | 0 | , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government | announced | said poo | on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin |
| 306380639 | 306392630 | 2009-08-06 12:46:18 | 0 days 01:41:48 | 0|213.228.253.50 | 0 | , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government | said poo | announced | on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin |
| 306465427 | 306538732 | 2009-08-07 04:34:49 | 0 days 08:18:22 | 6984319 | 13 | id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities | in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers | that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached | |
| 306954476 | 307001452 | 2009-08-09 17:09:23 | 0 days 06:40:39 | 6984319 | 5 | , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government | announced on | [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , | |
| 308484644 | 308602478 | 2009-08-18 02:36:12 | 0 days 12:03:29 | 6984319 | 2 | , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government | [[ november 9th in german history | | announced on 9 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east | |
| 312587321 | 312588680 | 2009-09-08 13:57:31 | 0 days 00:10:56 | 0|194.202.122.223 | 3 | entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at | an | the poor | exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency . ' ' ' |
| 312830147 | 312892342 | 2009-09-10 01:10:40 | 0 days 06:05:38 | 74286 | 3 | = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans | begin | standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would start to become physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary | |
| 315255142 | 315255881 | 2009-09-21 08:16:07 | 0 days 00:07:59 | 204692 | 0 | {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed | lifting | improvement | and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin |
| 319653447 | 319687206 | 2009-10-13 20:27:39 | 0 days 03:11:21 | 0|122.111.76.188 | 0 | name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = | this is not true | {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , | |
| 319687206 | 319687238 | 2009-10-13 20:27:49 | 0 days 00:00:10 | 1732752 | 0 | name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = | this is not true | {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , | |
| 319914673 | 320139365 | 2009-10-16 02:25:06 | 1 days 02:44:15 | 10688538 | 1 | ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic | ]] | ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ | |
| 320139365 | 320144857 | 2009-10-16 03:10:47 | 0 days 00:45:41 | 506179 | 2 | berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the [[ german democratic republic | ]] | ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ | |
| 320144857 | 320837584 | 2009-10-19 18:04:45 | 3 days 14:53:58 | 0|208.127.78.52 | 0 | ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel | " | more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped | |
| 323358471 | 323393153 | 2009-11-02 01:53:39 | 0 days 03:22:26 | 10834630 | 6 | west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > when large numbers of east germans | then defected | under the guise of " visits " , the new east german state essentially eliminated all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / | |
| 323393153 | 323393561 | 2009-11-02 01:56:17 | 0 days 00:02:38 | 10834630 | 0 | visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state | essentially eliminated | legally restricted virtually | all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of |
| 323401873 | 323432547 | 2009-11-02 07:13:32 | 0 days 04:22:39 | 8694237 | 1 | [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] | ( the igb ) | demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc | |
| 323786711 | 323839905 | 2009-11-04 04:57:08 | 0 days 05:54:45 | 0|210.3.39.29 | 4 | . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( | gdr ) ( [[ east | in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of | germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the |
| 323839905 | 323840518 | 2009-11-04 05:01:42 | 0 days 00:04:34 | 10519822 | 3 | weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( | in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of | gdr ) ( [[ east | germany was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in |
| 324631707 | 324643610 | 2009-11-08 13:43:50 | 0 days 01:50:49 | 39515 | 0 | = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ november 9th in german history | | november | 9 november ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration | |
| 1 | jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ november 9th in german history | 9 | november | ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the | ||||||
| 324735970 | 324762845 | 2009-11-09 02:09:24 | 0 days 02:37:38 | 10972407 | 0 | | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic | lol poofders | ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] | |
| 324762845 | 324762884 | 2009-11-09 02:09:39 | 0 days 00:00:15 | 4928500 | 7 | | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic | lol poofders | ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] | |
| 324812165 | 324812241 | 2009-11-09 09:28:10 | 0 days 00:00:37 | 0|76.179.160.225 | 1 | ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border | ]] | in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to | |
| 324962097 | 324962711 | 2009-11-10 01:50:50 | 0 days 00:03:42 | 1723027 | 2 | com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy | is coordinating | coordinated | a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign is focused on promoting |
| 324968388 | 324972093 | 2009-11-10 02:50:04 | 0 days 00:22:49 | 67136 | 2 | 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police | ) | watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to | |
| 325185447 | 325190185 | 2009-11-11 05:02:52 | 0 days 00:42:42 | 0|210.3.39.29 | 6 | | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic | would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in | ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] | |
| 7 | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( | the | gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . | ||||||
| 325190185 | 325190637 | 2009-11-11 05:07:12 | 0 days 00:04:20 | 10857892 | 3 | chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german | people . | ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter | |
| 4 | weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( | in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of | germany was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in | ||||||
| 10 | germany . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic | ( | gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . | ||||||
| 325814566 | 325940817 | 2009-11-15 07:25:15 | 0 days 15:05:38 | 433328 | 22 | http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] | { | [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] | |
| 326393226 | 326442219 | 2009-11-18 00:11:51 | 0 days 04:50:24 | 5680520 | 0 | = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 | november 9 in german history | | november 9 | ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > | |
| 329423612 | 329424623 | 2009-12-03 09:17:13 | 0 days 00:10:50 | 6971250 | 2 | eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . it was forbidden to export east german currency | out of | from | the east , but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , |
| 336829512 | 336831441 | 2010-01-09 17:49:45 | 0 days 00:11:53 | 10141256 | 3 | international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] | s | & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had | |
| 337270548 | 337289302 | 2010-01-12 00:30:29 | 0 days 01:53:11 | 0|24.115.149.159 | 0 | . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german | democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely | enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls | |
| 338786950 | 339044413 | 2010-01-20 22:47:01 | 1 days 05:12:50 | 10593201 | 3 | the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government | ' s [[ günter schabowski ]] | announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed | |
| 343531716 | 343535162 | 2010-02-12 12:50:05 | 0 days 00:34:50 | 6971250 | 0 | and the erosion of the political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government ' s | spokesman , | [[ bmfs ]] announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall | |
| 343535162 | 343773536 | 2010-02-13 17:47:19 | 1 days 04:57:14 | 5326371 | 7 | by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] | , which | . it | was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war |
| 343773805 | 343774672 | 2010-02-13 17:52:53 | 0 days 00:04:12 | 5326371 | 6 | a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans | that | who | had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = |
| 343774990 | 343779105 | 2010-02-13 18:15:04 | 0 days 00:20:47 | 5326371 | 23 | , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german | [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] | propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators | |
| 30 | mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with east german police | watching | watched | from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be | |||||
| 343782709 | 343784334 | 2010-02-13 18:45:26 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 5326371 | 14 | of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and the declaration of the first german republic | , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 | . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s | |
| 343784856 | 343787074 | 2010-02-13 18:58:31 | 0 days 00:09:56 | 5326371 | 14 | was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans | also | make similar distinctions between north and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = | |
| 344168111 | 344187198 | 2010-02-15 10:55:18 | 0 days 03:30:58 | 6971250 | 1 | government ' s spokesman , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans | crossed and | climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir | |
| 3 | local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government | ' s spokesman , [[ günter schabowski ]] | announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by | ||||||
| 4 | s spokesman , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto | and crossed | the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts | ||||||
| 346309252 | 346309531 | 2010-02-25 15:49:57 | 0 days 00:01:36 | 150129 | 0 | the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all | ' ' de jure ' ' | border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after | |
| 346309531 | 346312588 | 2010-02-25 16:08:16 | 0 days 00:18:19 | 6971250 | 2 | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could | actually | travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped | |
| 347117362 | 347118696 | 2010-03-01 17:00:47 | 0 days 00:07:54 | 0|206.80.29.75 | 0 | date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , and the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm | ii | fink | ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] |
| 347133221 | 347136856 | 2010-03-01 18:40:55 | 0 days 00:19:09 | 5177550 | 7 | date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , and the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm | fink | ii | ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] |
| 347221140 | 347222818 | 2010-03-02 02:49:23 | 0 days 00:10:33 | 6123337 | 1 | from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . he was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards . but a west german policeman | returned fire and rescued him | intervened , firing his weapon at the east german border guards . the policeman removed engels | from the vehicle , which had become entangled in the barbed wire . < ref > hertle , hans - hermann ( 2008 ) . ' ' the berlin wall : |
| 347222818 | 347223391 | 2010-03-02 02:53:09 | 0 days 00:03:46 | 6123337 | 1 | to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims of the wall , with graffiti , 1982 ]] east germans successfully | escaped | defected | by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ |
| 353630554 | 354353791 | 2010-04-06 17:17:03 | 3 days 18:14:17 | 0|132.177.178.20 | 0 | name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ | walter ulbricht | gunther adler | ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > |
| 354353791 | 354354516 | 2010-04-06 17:21:24 | 0 days 00:04:21 | 142663 | 0 | name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ | gunther adler | walter ulbricht | ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > |
| 357513678 | 357565538 | 2010-04-22 05:45:43 | 0 days 05:41:58 | 0|60.50.122.175 | 1 | inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist riccardo ehrman | ]] | , the berlin correspondent of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the | |
| 359267987 | 359268235 | 2010-04-30 15:23:19 | 0 days 00:01:26 | 0|169.204.165.157 | 0 | < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border | fuck you | = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration | |
| 359268235 | 359268680 | 2010-04-30 15:25:56 | 0 days 00:02:37 | 0|169.204.164.80 | 2 | < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border | fuck you | = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration | |
| 359268782 | 359268892 | 2010-04-30 15:27:15 | 0 days 00:00:40 | 7007500 | 1 | < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border | fuck you | = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration | |
| 360445710 | 360559670 | 2010-05-06 17:47:06 | 0 days 14:07:48 | 0|208.108.162.48 | 0 | . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic | hi my name is dylon here i am | ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) | |
| 360559670 | 360559921 | 2010-05-06 17:48:36 | 0 days 00:01:30 | 1909773 | 0 | . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic | hi my name is dylon here i am | ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) | |
| 368038978 | 368159388 | 2010-06-15 11:54:05 | 0 days 15:12:00 | 6971250 | 2 | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defenses with austria | on august 19 , 1989 | , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / | |
| 3 | november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defenses with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists | in | escaped through | hungary escaped to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion | |||||
| 4 | ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defenses with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary | escaped | to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe | ||||||
| 368159388 | 368177016 | 2010-06-15 13:56:04 | 0 days 02:01:59 | 89179 | 22 | of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] | . it | , which | was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war |
| 25 | contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( | the | igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ | ||||||
| 383689635 | 383892970 | 2010-09-09 19:49:31 | 1 days 01:05:22 | 0|91.142.107.68 | 0 | 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german | construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] | on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ | |
| 383893072 | 383902393 | 2010-09-09 20:48:48 | 0 days 00:58:41 | 5177550 | 1 | 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german | construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] | on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ | |
| 391979949 | 392382725 | 2010-10-23 10:39:26 | 2 days 04:31:49 | 0|79.75.56.31 | 112 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 in german history | november | 9 | ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ | |
| 398455159 | 398509752 | 2010-11-23 21:17:41 | 0 days 05:29:21 | 0|65.116.31.66 | 0 | away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german | reunification | union | ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of |
| 398509752 | 398520724 | 2010-11-23 22:16:16 | 0 days 00:58:35 | 2483182 | 0 | away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german | union | reunification | ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of |
| 401710678 | 401992519 | 2010-12-12 18:35:46 | 1 days 16:40:11 | 0|64.148.16.233 | 2 | the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities | who | would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of | |
| 3 | and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would | dare to | take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens | ||||||
| 409131317 | 409579051 | 2011-01-23 16:39:27 | 2 days 07:44:43 | 0|82.194.120.22 | 0 | throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german | " | tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 | |
| 1 | the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists | " | escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / | ||||||
| 409579051 | 409750750 | 2011-01-24 12:58:24 | 0 days 20:18:57 | 7164899 | 0 | throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german | " | tourists " escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / | |
| 1 | summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german " tourists | " | escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / | ||||||
| 410029373 | 410140875 | 2011-01-26 09:58:43 | 0 days 13:47:55 | 0|213.150.157.75 | 0 | and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german | zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on 1 april 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border – and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . [[ oxford university press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and [[ berlin u - bahn | subway ]] train access still available to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on 28 august 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers | zones300 | , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 |
| 410140875 | 410141159 | 2011-01-26 10:01:32 | 0 days 00:02:49 | 7007500 | 1 | {st@rt} was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german | zones300 | zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on 1 april 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border – and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . [[ oxford university press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and [[ berlin u - bahn | subway ]] train access still available to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on 28 august 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers | , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 |
| 422616275 | 423139570 | 2011-04-09 07:03:09 | 3 days 05:52:53 | 9366145 | 0 | regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador | [[ | mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between | |
| 429104564 | 429636376 | 2011-05-17 22:46:18 | 3 days 05:51:37 | 207712 | 37 | international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday , 19 august 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] | & nbsp ; | — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on 16 august , kennedy had given the order | |
| 438013582 | 438013830 | 2011-07-06 07:59:41 | 0 days 00:02:40 | 13102 | 0 | helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , | u . s . | us | personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( |
| 438816969 | 439163215 | 2011-07-12 22:11:43 | 1 days 23:24:49 | 42558 | 19 | would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . | in face of the growing crowd | finally , at 10 : 45 pm | , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the |
| 441951679 | 443412986 | 2011-08-06 22:01:43 | 8 days 23:04:20 | 16710 | 20 | / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | | title = | center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german ] < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . | |
| 443416955 | 443420038 | 2011-08-06 22:56:21 | 0 days 00:23:24 | 16710 | 2 | 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | | german democratic republic ( east germany ) | ( [[ east germany | ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . |
| 13 | de | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued | [[ schießbefehl | | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as " shoot to kill " orders . gdr officials denied issuing the latter | ||||||
| 445097289 | 445112728 | 2011-08-16 07:20:53 | 0 days 02:52:17 | 6971250 | 3 | anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian | wolff | the | ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom and a minute of silence honored those who died trying to flee to the |
| 466656797 | 468334887 | 2011-12-29 20:53:47 | 10 days 12:28:11 | 4863668 | 0 | = = {{ see | deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : conrad - schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] | officer | soldier | [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 ]] during the years of the wall , around 5 |
| 508690466 | 508731872 | 2012-08-23 05:13:08 | 0 days 06:56:37 | 16138351 | 0 | 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency | , | - the " su gyaw " - | all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be |
| 513559303 | 513767223 | 2012-09-20 20:14:51 | 1 days 03:24:16 | 609725 | 1 | 13 june 1990 , dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency | - the " su gyaw " - | , | all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be |
| 529700077 | 529724987 | 2012-12-25 15:36:49 | 0 days 06:28:33 | 10434788 | 15 | [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * * ' ' over de muur ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band | [[ | {{ ill | nl | | klein orkest ]] , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : |
| 538062628 | 538916225 | 2013-02-18 19:08:38 | 5 days 03:00:19 | 10728040 | 10 | | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans | standing | on top of the wall in the days before it was torn down . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at | |
| 551475174 | 551967017 | 2013-04-24 14:49:33 | 2 days 22:38:53 | 1215485 | 0 | category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] | [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] | [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} | |
| 568939424 | 569120812 | 2013-08-18 19:36:42 | 1 days 04:36:40 | 59005 | 5 | until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which | was | formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east | |
| 577242287 | 577726713 | 2013-10-18 15:52:44 | 3 days 08:51:39 | 15330743 | 31 | germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . east berliners and east germans could | not , | at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several | |
| 36 | registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen | , | such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh | ||||||
| 40 | east germany and its fdj youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped by letting in springsteen they could improve their sentiment among east germans . | however , | this strategy of " one step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only made east germans hungrier for more of the freedoms that springsteen epitomized . | ||||||
| 55 | | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory | was built | . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing what later became known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . the death | ||||||
| 633124700 | 633132744 | 2014-11-09 20:10:48 | 0 days 00:59:02 | 2012100 | 9 | topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = 19 june 2013 }} < / ref > the east german regime | announced the opening of | announcing | ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , |
| 21 | down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after 9 november , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military | even tried to repair some of the damages | attempted repairing damage | done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the | |||||
| 24 | controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards german reunification | ]] | , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution of east germany and the official reunification of the german state along the democratic lines | ||||||
| 30 | . com | accessdate = 19 june 2013 }} < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] | the following weekend | , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for | ||||||
| 633183384 | 633189879 | 2014-11-10 04:55:00 | 0 days 01:15:20 | 1833 | 0 | november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military | officially | began in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin | |
| 1 | and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began | dismantling the wall , beginning | in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which | ||||||
| 633634166 | 633858023 | 2014-11-14 21:08:35 | 1 days 14:36:37 | 1258165 | 4 | in politics ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 1990 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] | [[ category : anti - communism ]] | [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks in germany ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures | |
| 640243071 | 641499497 | 2015-01-08 00:05:29 | 8 days 09:29:01 | 2705932 | 4 | further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed | them | people | to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ |
| 16 | , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague | ) , | . this was | tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to allow | |||||
| 699450456 | 699459845 | 2016-01-12 13:17:44 | 0 days 01:42:53 | 19338611 | 1 | | publisher = business insider australia | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > on his death , the german foreign office | ]] | tweeted " good - bye , david bowie . you are now among # heroes . thank you for helping to bring down the # wall . " < ref > | |
| 702890848 | 702890979 | 2016-02-02 06:41:00 | 0 days 00:01:37 | 13816079 | 2 | berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = with the closing of the [[ inner german border | ]] | officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin | |
| 738198431 | 738865701 | 2016-09-11 14:47:01 | 4 days 00:24:17 | 19921271 | 4 | was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman hans joachim friedrichs | ]] | proclaimed , " this is a historic day . east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening its borders | |
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 23 | = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria | on 19 august 1989 | ( with western tv crews present ) , | and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / |
| 39 | * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] ( 1991 ) * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line ( beirut ) ]] * [[ inner german border ]] | * [[ iron curtain ]] | * [[ korean demilitarized zone ]] * * [[ military demarcation line ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ peace | ||||||
| 781715128 | 781720399 | 2017-05-22 20:55:40 | 0 days 00:38:03 | 8719036 | 1 | | df = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = in june 1989 the hungarian government began | [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence with austria | | dismantling the barbed - wire fence along its border with austria ( with western tv crews present ) , and then , in september , more than 13 , 000 east | |
| 787408974 | 787409030 | 2017-06-25 06:55:15 | 0 days 00:00:54 | 31190988 | 3 | ]] , in the district of [ hennigsdorf ] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states | " {{ coordinate ( = border guarding station nieder - neuendorf ) | . * the former management station [[ bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in a already reforested area of the border | |
| 4 | district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in a already reforested area of the border strip . the [[ german forest jungle | german forestry youth ]] | ( {{ coordinate | text = dms | ns = 52 / 39 / 36 | . 2 / n | ew = 13 / 17 / 59 . 4 / e | type = landmark | de - be }} ) . * the only one | ||||||
| 810072027 | 810126141 | 2017-11-13 13:53:41 | 0 days 08:16:58 | 6554947 | 1 | < / ref > as was the case with the inner german border , a strip of gdr territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border | , however | , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders to paint over graffiti and | |
| 810126141 | 810127095 | 2017-11-13 14:01:58 | 0 days 00:08:17 | 6554947 | 1 | and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . again , in contrast to the inner german border , little interest was shown by the east german | government | law enforcement | to impose its jurisdiction in the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https |
| 2 | accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . again , in contrast to the inner german border , little interest was shown by the east german government to | impose its jurisdiction in | keep foreigners off | the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . | |||||
| 810231237 | 810234613 | 2017-11-14 02:24:09 | 0 days 00:25:23 | 6554947 | 0 | era , the exact de jure border appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement | to keep | in keeping | foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / |
| 810362048 | 810364476 | 2017-11-14 20:33:05 | 0 days 00:15:54 | 6554947 | 0 | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s | generally laissez - faire attitude toward | general policy of benign neglect of | the outer strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports |
| 810575212 | 810709126 | 2017-11-16 23:24:54 | 0 days 20:00:20 | 6554947 | 0 | even arrested . in 1986 , defector and political activist wolfram hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from | one of | the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into west berlin . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the wall door into the death strip , | |
| 825837597 | 825877017 | 2018-02-15 23:14:11 | 0 days 04:37:00 | 2003421 | 4 | totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > an important reason that [[ crossing the inner german border ]] | , | was not stopped earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . construction of a new railway bypassing west berlin , the [[ |
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| 99129270 | 99129501 | 2007-01-07 17:51:00 | 0 days 00:01:21 | 82835 | 17 | : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 | , | ]] [[ | 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe |
| 18 | / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 | ]] | speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | | ||||||
| 229217140 | 229650556 | 2008-08-03 21:25:53 | 2 days 08:34:27 | 577301 | 17 | / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 | ]] [[ | , | 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of |
| 242756862 | 242756892 | 2008-10-03 14:51:54 | 0 days 00:00:07 | 5924818 | 5 | {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = july 2008 | | cleanup | " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on | = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | right | 250px ]] |
| 242757469 | 242757496 | 2008-10-03 14:54:42 | 0 days 00:00:08 | 5924818 | 5 | {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = july 2008 | | cleanup | " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on | = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | right | 250px ]] |
| 367995322 | 368038978 | 2010-06-14 20:42:05 | 0 days 04:10:54 | 262550 | 4 | / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe - meyer13 latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 | | accessdate = 14 june 2010 | }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these | |
| 398858085 | 399051464 | 2010-11-27 00:47:52 | 1 days 03:59:26 | 16710 | 21 | facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} {{ dead link | date = september 2010 | | bot = h3llbot | }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin | |
| 435491036 | 435751856 | 2011-06-23 03:53:20 | 1 days 10:37:20 | 736651 | 112 | s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 – usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june | 12 , | 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of | |
| 505558329 | 506362125 | 2012-08-08 08:38:19 | 4 days 22:07:23 | 9013713 | 4 | | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 | | format = [[ ogg | . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . | ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " |
| 507301035 | 508690466 | 2012-08-22 22:16:31 | 8 days 21:06:49 | 7661756 | 35 | = http : / / www . archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = february | 20 , | 2012 }} < / ref > the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www | |
| 590849769 | 590964946 | 2014-01-16 13:37:35 | 0 days 19:20:34 | 736651 | 37 | = http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = june | 19 , | 2013 }} < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in | |
| 677787947 | 677791285 | 2015-08-25 15:01:06 | 0 days 00:26:42 | 16283967 | 2 | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november | 2010 | + nationalfeiertag + werden | archivedate = 25 june 2009 | }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members |
| 700067540 | 701388996 | 2016-01-24 07:28:01 | 8 days 02:06:44 | 3848144 | 3 | = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | | subscription = yes | }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off | |
| 738865701 | 738877220 | 2016-09-11 16:07:47 | 0 days 01:20:46 | 27015025 | 1 | institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 9 april 2008 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | | deadurl = no | df = dmy | }} < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen | |
| 3 | october 2007 | title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | | deadurl = no | df = dmy | }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin | ||||||
| 738877220 | 747090507 | 2016-10-31 11:11:18 | 49 days 19:03:31 | 27015025 | 0 | berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html # lenne | publisher = city of berlin | accessdate = 23 january 2016 | | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20160304085918 / http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html | archivedate = 4 march 2016 | df = dmy | }} < / ref > that is now much of the [[ potsdamer platz ]] development . later , the initial barrier was built up into the wall proper , the | |
| 1 | html | language = german | title = neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 | publisher = zlb . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110718025112 / http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html | archivedate = 18 july 2011 | df = dmy | }} < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of | ||||||
| 3 | _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html | title = german missions in the united states – home | publisher = | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20101228095536 / http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 09 _ _ press _ _ infocus _ _ interviews / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html | archivedate = 28 december 2010 | df = dmy | }} < / ref > robert cannon received a free trip to berlin for 2010 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . | ||||||
| 4 | http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 6 november 2006 | | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20091214050606 / http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de : 80 / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | archivedate = 14 december 2009 | df = dmy | }} < / ref > a 2011 poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than half of all russians do not know who built the berlin wall | ||||||
| 5 | | title = 50 years berlin wall 1961 – 1989 [ video clips ] | publisher = german world | date = 13 august 2011 | accessdate = 13 august 2011 | | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20111112225424 / http : / / www . germanworldonline . com / index . php / 50 - years - berlin - wall - 1961 - 1989 / | archivedate = 12 november 2011 | df = dmy | }} < / ref > = = media relating to the wall = = * documentary films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( | ||||||
| 6 | www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110924181756 / http : / / www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | archivedate = 24 september 2011 | df = dmy | }} < / ref > * * " chippin ' away " , < ref > {{ youtube | - ummj _ jnway | crosby , stills & nash 1990 – | ||||||
| 7 | historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 20 october 2009 | | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20090429042056 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org : 80 / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | archivedate = 29 april 2009 | df = dmy | }} * {{ cite book | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | ||||||
| 752045266 | 760657011 | 2017-01-18 08:28:16 | 50 days 03:00:30 | 29937011 | 10 | = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | date = 31 october 2014 | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | | subscription = yes | }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off | |
| 760740289 | 761201385 | 2017-01-21 15:51:57 | 2 days 19:27:40 | 96897 | 4 | = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | date = 31 october 2014 | subscription = yes | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until government officials opened it in november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) | url = https : / / archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = 20 february 2012 }} < / ref > its demolition officially began on 13 june 1990 and was completed in 1992 . | }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = | |
| 779442748 | 780019390 | 2017-05-12 12:55:03 | 3 days 13:36:08 | 30700819 | 3 | ' ' the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 {{ fact | date = april 2017 | - 05 - 12 | }} * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] , directed | |
| 781687181 | 781715128 | 2017-05-22 20:17:37 | 0 days 02:43:14 | 8719036 | 14 | homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may | 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic | 2017 | }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined |
| 787359385 | 787408974 | 2017-06-25 06:54:21 | 0 days 07:37:56 | 31190988 | 7 | memorial landscape : berlin wall | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january | 2016 | 2014 . < / ref > ( {{ coordinate | text = dms | ns = 52 / 22 / 46 . 84 / e | type = landmark | dim = 10 | name = border watch tower stresemannstraße | region = de - be | }} < / ref > nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center |
| 790928672 | 791152467 | 2017-07-18 13:25:09 | 1 days 12:29:00 | 27015025 | 0 | www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html | publisher = city of berlin | accessdate = 23 january 2016 | | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20160304085918 / http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html | archivedate = 4 march 2016 | df = dmy - all | }} < / ref > and the lenné triangle < ref > {{ cite web | title = exchanges of territory : lenné - dreieck | url = http : / | |
| 791624973 | 793523187 | 2017-08-02 08:44:50 | 11 days 19:51:02 | 38455 | 13 | jerusalem ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) | {{ div col end | }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first | |
| 807562970 | 808145196 | 2017-11-01 04:07:12 | 3 days 08:42:17 | 31813604 | 2 | and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . {{ fact | date = april 2017 | - 11 - 01 | language = en | }} [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , still in its original spot , 2016 ]] = = = 50th anniversary | |
| 825819301 | 825820281 | 2018-02-15 16:36:38 | 0 days 00:06:43 | 5946478 | 7 | 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . | {{ citation needed | date | < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location | = april 2017 }} on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the |
| 844217896 | 845220199 | 2018-06-10 08:29:22 | 6 days 19:32:54 | 29164674 | 0 | = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | date = 31 october 2014 | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | | subscription = yes | }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall cut off ( |