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41672333 41672399 2006-02-28 23:49:36 0 days 00:00:25 0|69.15.111.135 0 south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german
41672399 41672426 2006-02-28 23:49:42 0 days 00:00:06 161478 4 south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german
41710361 41742631 2006-03-01 12:26:13 0 days 06:51:30 0|212.219.250.36 2 ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german
42261570 42309097 2006-03-05 06:59:32 0 days 07:15:09 0|203.88.224.205 0 ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german
44899061 44901085 2006-03-22 03:58:38 0 days 00:18:10 418883 1 to cross . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 23 ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] )
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 21 transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways useable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of illegal emigration ) into west
78350243 78394704 2006-09-28 22:50:15 0 days 04:00:18 0|71.145.176.135 0 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = headline text = = [[ link title ]] < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > - - [[ user : 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 | 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 ]] 22 : 50 , 28 september 2006 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 | 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 ]] 22 : 50 , 28 september 2006 ( utc ) < s > strike - through text < / s > < gallery > image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 < / gallery > < small > small text < / small > ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] )
78394704 78409397 2006-09-29 00:19:00 0 days 01:28:45 1008387 0 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = headline text = = [[ link title ]] < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > - - [[ user : 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 | 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 ]] 22 : 50 , 28 september 2006 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 | 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 ]] 22 : 50 , 28 september 2006 ( utc ) < s > strike - through text < / s > < gallery > image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 < / gallery > < small > small text < / small > ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] )
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 28 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . satan . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 231
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 28 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . satan . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 231
188146718 188146795 2008-01-31 13:50:08 0 days 00:00:29 0|208.108.156.189 0 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . i do da cha cha like a sissy girl i lika do da cha cha = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who
188146795 188146883 2008-01-31 13:50:42 0 days 00:00:34 0|163.1.64.145 0 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . i do da cha cha like a sissy girl i lika do da cha cha = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who
188151765 188152092 2008-01-31 14:25:04 0 days 00:02:02 0|208.108.158.196 4 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . tttaaaaaaaaaaaaddddddddddddddppppppppooooooollllllllleeeeeeeeeeeee = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who
188152092 188152574 2008-01-31 14:28:19 0 days 00:03:15 317054 4 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . tttaaaaaaaaaaaaddddddddddddddppppppppooooooollllllllleeeeeeeeeeeee = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 21 ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by western allied military personnel assigned to the military liaison missions accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , mostly to prevent inadvertent violation of allied policy governing the four - power status of berlin as a whole . = = = escape attempts = = = ] < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http
194702172 194773742 2008-02-28 23:32:17 0 days 05:15:22 3976515 0 [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 at least 133 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world .
1 ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de /
194820568 194823668 2008-02-29 03:51:36 0 days 00:18:15 3622922 9 [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - west side graffiti ; " eventually every wall falls " . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg
195845879 195863817 2008-03-04 19:47:54 0 days 01:30:43 0|24.248.58.202 0 proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free sex tapes movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences ,
195863817 195868891 2008-03-04 20:08:29 0 days 00:20:35 2537811 0 proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free sex tapes movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences ,
196839535 196946956 2008-03-09 06:03:53 0 days 10:00:50 0|24.4.172.149 0 , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . afer after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners
197073715 197075558 2008-03-09 20:51:04 0 days 00:08:24 0|98.17.134.249 5 and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth , although many west germans and west berliners fled to east germany . west berliners found it easy to get into east berlin because the west berlin police wouldn ' t dare stop them for fear of east german planes bombing the city . however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original
8 options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets east germans that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude
9 generated title --> ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . this would send a strong message to other communist states , including the soviet union . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 10 options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the east germans soviets that they could push their luck no further . this would send a strong message to other communist states , including the soviet union . accordingly , general [[ lucius d
26 and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth , although many west germans and west berliners fled to east germany . west berliners found it easy to get into east berlin because the west berlin police wouldn ' t dare stop them for fear of east german planes bombing the city . however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original
27 title --> ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the east germans that they could push their luck no further . this would send a strong message to other communist states , including the soviet union . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the east germans , was sent to berlin
197077031 197298490 2008-03-10 19:23:53 0 days 22:25:54 0|66.177.163.235 0 the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many super cool families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners
197298490 197298614 2008-03-10 19:24:15 0 days 00:00:22 2306142 0 the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many super cool families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners
197723532 197732281 2008-03-12 15:22:03 0 days 00:45:35 3505251 8 by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original
197732484 197733354 2008-03-12 15:27:51 0 days 00:04:39 3505251 0 of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 6 germany | deutsche welle | 09 . 08 . 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 234 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe
21 of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine neine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer '
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 6 germany | deutsche welle | 09 . 08 . 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 234 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe
19 of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staitsrat ]] chairman [[ walter elbe ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niende hat die elsich , neine eine mauer ich iterich ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer '
199097590 199097835 2008-03-18 15:12:04 0 days 00:01:12 3505251 0 were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border basically was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [
1 out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since the border basically was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : /
199098110 199098162 2008-03-18 15:13:44 0 days 00:00:15 1879647 3 berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this page is empty you shouldn ' t be here , go away now 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
205859140 209942770 2008-05-03 18:05:52 17 days 22:14:05 3136084 0 - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave orders to [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border gaurds dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url =
1 institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and to kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http :
210686797 210716210 2008-05-07 02:13:29 0 days 02:42:09 0|76.246.244.54 2 informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for
210716210 210716844 2008-05-07 02:17:19 0 days 00:03:50 911178 1 the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had not expected the soviet sector to be killed and then the bodies sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how
2 government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had not expected to be killed and then the bodies sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised
210732007 210975287 2008-05-08 05:56:41 1 days 01:56:30 608356 1 topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border gaurds guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials have denied exist . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web
210975287 211222812 2008-05-09 09:24:57 1 days 03:28:16 686868 4 | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats ' ' ' diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[
5 sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four
211225942 211226287 2008-05-09 10:02:08 0 days 00:03:52 686868 6 very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that gave west berliners the chance to apply for visa for travel to east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already applicable for west germans . ' ' ' east berliners ' '
211251752 211252403 2008-05-09 13:28:40 0 days 00:03:50 686868 0 border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = : ' ' see also main article [[ berlin border crossings ]] ' ' there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well
214793313 214855602 2008-05-25 16:23:01 0 days 07:44:48 7002667 0 saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unneccessary unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall :
227630920 227636388 2008-07-24 14:47:40 0 days 00:35:05 6285568 0 , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 8 to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being
11 start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " , and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{
68 not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after
92 was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin
231331197 231331673 2008-08-11 23:12:06 0 days 00:03:03 911178 1 --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 125 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html researchers confirm 125 berlin wall deaths | germany | deutsche welle | 09 . 08 . 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east
233217061 233302480 2008-08-21 11:24:48 0 days 11:22:39 0|60.230.220.212 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were die mother fuckers ! ! ! ! ! ! hahaha ! ! confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been
233302480 233302497 2008-08-21 11:24:55 0 days 00:00:07 4928500 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were die mother fuckers ! ! ! ! ! ! hahaha ! ! confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been
237957752 238154941 2008-09-13 14:51:51 0 days 22:37:25 0|70.127.127.212 0 s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 25 of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners
35 berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous
52 advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry permit permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed
60 east german government gave [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials have denied exist . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 /
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 7 berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced . , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel
8 of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject
239163147 239319359 2008-09-18 16:33:40 0 days 14:49:37 736477 6 applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , mostly to prevent inadvertent violation of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied policy governing the four - power status of berlin as a whole . = = = escape attempts = = = ] < / ref > as such , http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly ,
26 ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood squares ]] . on 25 july 2007 the [[ center for puppetry arts ]] in [[ atlanta ]] announced the opening of a new jim henson wing , which will house anywhere from 500 to 700 retired muppets , including those from fraggle rock and sesame street . the new wing will also include films , sketches , and other materials from the jim henson company archives . the wing , which will be a part of the center ' s new building , is slated to open in 2010 . = = discography = = {{ expand | date = august 2008 }} on september 17 , 2002 [[ rhino ]] released ' ' [[ the muppet show : music , mayhem , and more ]] ' ' . in addition to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general
28 / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for previously available on cd only on the soundtrack the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d .
56 to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | right | thumb | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . http : / / www . youtube . com / user / weirdowhatever " weirdowhatever " ] ( run by [[ gonzo the great | the great gonzo ]] ) they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity |
59 around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay < references ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed
67 www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = disney xtreme digital = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] '
84 : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino muppet ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis
99 not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order
105 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 39 the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from col five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : /
58 in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com
59 blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets
83 saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet muro di berlino ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the
96 fool ' s day ]] edition of ' ' [[ larry king live ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and the frog has served as grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on such sit - coms and dramas as ' ' [[ the cosby show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the west wing ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the
101 mayhem , and more ]] ' ' . in addition to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : '
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 25 / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly ,
26 ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood squares ]] . on 25 july 2007 the [[ center for puppetry arts ]] in [[ atlanta ]] announced the opening of a new jim henson wing , which will house anywhere from 500 to 700 retired muppets , including those from fraggle rock and sesame street . the new wing will also include films , sketches , and other materials from the jim henson company archives . the wing , which will be a part of the center ' s new building , is slated to open in 2010 . = = discography = = {{ expand | date = august 2008 }} on september 17 , 2002 [[ rhino ]] released ' ' [[ the muppet show : music , mayhem , and more ]] ' ' . in addition to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general
28 / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for previously available on cd only on the soundtrack the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d .
56 to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | right | thumb | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . http : / / www . youtube . com / user / weirdowhatever " weirdowhatever " ] ( run by [[ gonzo the great | the great gonzo ]] ) they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity |
59 around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay < references ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed
67 www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = disney xtreme digital = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] '
84 : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino muppet ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis
99 not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order
105 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 39 the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from col five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : /
58 in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com
59 blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets
83 saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet muro di berlino ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the
96 fool ' s day ]] edition of ' ' [[ larry king live ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and the frog has served as grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on such sit - coms and dramas as ' ' [[ the cosby show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the west wing ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the
101 mayhem , and more ]] ' ' . in addition to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : '
247307048 247496217 2008-10-25 00:24:50 0 days 21:44:01 0|203.10.76.15 0 s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended defendeded except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the
247496217 247524156 2008-10-25 03:32:38 0 days 03:07:48 911178 0 s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defendeded defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the
249088521 249352359 2008-11-03 06:37:04 1 days 06:49:34 911178 2 baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[
249352359 249738980 2008-11-04 22:26:36 1 days 15:49:32 162210 1 baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[
253836110 254112696 2008-11-25 23:06:08 1 days 04:13:05 609725 0 checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving ' sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity
1 sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in
256070488 256154730 2008-12-06 01:40:12 0 days 08:28:17 0|68.164.228.214 14 in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as ' ' the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with
15 torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " ' ' . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most
20 barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover and was mined ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the
31 between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ;
32 , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence
33 with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire
257166116 257218118 2008-12-11 05:22:26 0 days 05:15:19 0|216.59.249.65 0 , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be killed with weapons while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982
257218118 257231643 2008-12-11 07:07:54 0 days 01:45:28 911178 0 , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be killed with weapons while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982
257284183 257291690 2008-12-11 16:06:25 0 days 00:50:25 0|71.130.177.243 3 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 15 , 000 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
6 least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 20 , 000 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe .
257291690 257299643 2008-12-11 16:51:58 0 days 00:45:33 352579 2 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 15 , 000 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into ' ' ' west berlin ' ' ' , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group
3 trying to cross the wall into ' ' ' west berlin ' ' ' , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 20 , 000 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe .
258210621 258211097 2008-12-15 21:58:28 0 days 00:02:06 0|76.217.13.119 0 fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects fuck you franamax and ttony21 = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west
258211097 258211118 2008-12-15 21:58:33 0 days 00:00:05 7696608 0 fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects fuck you franamax and ttony21 = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west
263818058 263818294 2009-01-13 15:24:44 0 days 00:01:13 0|216.20.70.81 0 / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders miche bahvlvjgh of5pijdf micheal jackson ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co .
263818294 263818317 2009-01-13 15:24:50 0 days 00:00:06 4928500 2 / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill miche bahvlvjgh of5pijdf micheal jackson ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ders orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co .
264816330 265314372 2009-01-20 17:22:19 2 days 11:36:14 0|81.230.242.34 0 logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode the 1980s revival of [[ mission impossible ]] . = = quriuosa = = a swedish woman from [[ sundsvall ]] called [[ wall winter ]] is married with the berlin wall . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
265314372 265315033 2009-01-20 17:26:32 0 days 00:04:13 3505251 0 logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode the 1980s revival of [[ mission impossible ]] . = = quriuosa = = a swedish woman from [[ sundsvall ]] called [[ wall winter ]] is married with the berlin wall . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 8 the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers s were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = =
9 installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers s also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of
14 ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 9 the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and s watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = =
10 installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few s watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of
13 ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http
265376259 265376312 2009-01-20 23:05:48 0 days 00:00:14 0|65.31.228.149 5 the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers s were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = =
6 installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers s also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of
11 ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http
265376312 265376378 2009-01-20 23:06:12 0 days 00:00:24 118722 6 the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and s watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = =
7 installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few s watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of
10 ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http
266386611 266392994 2009-01-25 21:46:14 0 days 00:33:28 240413 0 ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover and was mined ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved
3 as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice ; it offered no cover and was mined ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence (
266837987 266945844 2009-01-28 11:26:08 0 days 13:04:36 0|87.38.134.95 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 1 million people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
266945844 266949918 2009-01-28 11:58:46 0 days 00:32:38 137113 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 1 million 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
267775871 267776359 2009-02-01 05:51:18 0 days 00:04:09 214542 3 ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit
267776477 267777243 2009-02-01 05:59:00 0 days 00:06:41 214542 6 in 1989 ]] --> protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying
8 of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution "
9 to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989
16 through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange
267777243 267777804 2009-02-01 06:03:25 0 days 00:04:25 214542 4 with david letterman ]] logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode of the 1980s revival of ' ' [[ mission impossible ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' '
267777804 268040666 2009-02-02 14:56:26 1 days 08:53:01 0|87.38.134.241 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 1 billion people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
4 least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 1 million people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe .
268040666 268042073 2009-02-02 15:06:12 0 days 00:09:46 3505251 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 1 billion 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the fence into austria , and my tiny nipples went to france according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group
3 trying to cross the fence into austria , and my tiny nipples went to france according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 1 million 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe .
268285347 268287827 2009-02-03 17:51:45 0 days 00:13:25 65541 9 protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side . stalin agreed , over 200 innocent people were killed this way . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg |
12 was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . at first getting through the berlin wall was easy . people could walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked . but this became more and more freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone
270229031 270254972 2009-02-12 17:21:09 0 days 02:25:07 0|166.82.103.142 0 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed by a guava penis trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
270254972 270266414 2009-02-12 18:21:46 0 days 01:00:37 1271900 0 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed by a guava penis trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
270337066 270344001 2009-02-13 01:09:48 0 days 00:40:33 8970988 1 victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] hiiiii and i like toes ! ] removed random spam - 13 / 02 / 2009 --> = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin
271489755 271560704 2009-02-18 12:43:32 0 days 09:53:57 8675471 0 . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces
271630532 271675098 2009-02-18 22:22:45 0 days 03:10:34 0|72.19.46.246 0 < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , fat grils a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut "
271761880 271784749 2009-02-19 09:09:55 0 days 03:04:00 0|77.87.224.99 0 < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , fat grils a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut "
272516025 272521062 2009-02-22 16:41:16 0 days 00:26:26 96897 0 made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = in popular culture = = = * the partially torn - down berlin wall was the site of a mega - concert celebrating the event , at which [[ roger waters ]] of [[ pink floyd ]] performed selections from the album , ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie ' ' [[ octopussy ]] ' ' . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip . in keeping with the tradition of adding pro - western graffiti to the wall , they used spray paint to create a copy of the [[ late night with david letterman ]] logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode of the 1980s revival of ' ' [[ mission : impossible ]] ' ' . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
272750101 272810390 2009-02-23 21:33:56 0 days 04:33:20 0|72.36.50.3 0 made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . ha ha ha = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
272810390 272811961 2009-02-23 21:40:27 0 days 00:06:31 0|72.36.50.3 0 made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . ha ha ha = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
273165768 273452020 2009-02-26 17:09:55 1 days 06:20:50 0|166.82.103.142 0 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed by a guava penis trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
273460674 273460772 2009-02-26 17:55:28 0 days 00:00:31 3190204 0 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed by a guava penis trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
274161969 274163024 2009-03-01 15:52:59 0 days 00:05:46 0|98.203.110.141 0 , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = murp due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many
274163024 274163078 2009-03-01 15:53:14 0 days 00:00:15 1064243 0 , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = murp due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many
274982026 274982274 2009-03-04 19:00:58 0 days 00:01:16 3505251 1 [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref name = " chronik " / chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref
276264216 276264493 2009-03-10 13:23:14 0 days 00:01:45 0|76.74.69.103 1 least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 3 , 000 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der -
276264493 276264581 2009-03-10 13:23:50 0 days 00:00:36 1298255 1 least 69 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 3 , 000 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der -
276264581 276264742 2009-03-10 13:24:52 0 days 00:01:02 0|76.74.69.103 0 magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were mitch confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed
276264742 276264784 2009-03-10 13:25:09 0 days 00:00:17 1298255 0 magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , mitch at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed
276379329 276395905 2009-03-10 23:41:05 0 days 01:19:49 0|68.81.17.165 1 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed , by a horny midget , trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
276395905 276396271 2009-03-10 23:42:42 0 days 00:01:37 2372780 2 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed , by a horny midget , trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying masterbate
276396271 276396847 2009-03-10 23:45:15 0 days 00:02:33 641168 1 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed , by a horny midget , trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
276396847 276397185 2009-03-10 23:46:44 0 days 00:01:29 641168 2 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed , by a horny midget , trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying masterbate
276398128 276398569 2009-03-10 23:53:18 0 days 00:02:17 0|68.81.17.165 2 geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . nerds = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
3 between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected
276398569 276398619 2009-03-10 23:53:29 0 days 00:00:11 850418 0 between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you know what , fuck this . wikipedia is for nerds = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * '
3 the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction - you know what , fuck this . wikipedia is for nerds those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
276584955 276585049 2009-03-11 20:18:26 0 days 00:00:32 0|68.81.17.165 0 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed , by a horny [[ midget ]] , trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
276585049 276585113 2009-03-11 20:18:44 0 days 00:00:18 1298255 1 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed , by a horny [[ midget ]] , trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
276585113 276587380 2009-03-11 20:28:41 0 days 00:09:57 0|68.81.17.165 0 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed homosexual trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
276587380 276587411 2009-03-11 20:28:50 0 days 00:00:09 1398 0 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed homosexual killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
277225474 277225706 2009-03-14 18:15:07 0 days 00:01:20 6984319 0 immigrants emigrated from soviet - occupied eastern european countries to the west in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of this route , the number of eastern europeans applying for political asylum in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951
277909503 277910067 2009-03-17 17:50:00 0 days 00:02:39 6984319 0 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url
281894492 281894614 2009-04-05 13:53:19 0 days 00:00:58 7164899 0 checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . you suck balls i hope u m = otherfucker die i love puppysand jill = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} an seminal moment in the years preceding the
283243810 283473619 2009-04-13 01:32:12 1 days 04:25:52 9442341 0 fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " ( bed of nails ) under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www .
289234167 289234263 2009-05-11 11:22:42 0 days 00:01:02 0|189.13.118.213 0 - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbacheves , tear down this wall ! walleroul ? " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the
1 the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome to the jungle change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is
289234263 289234383 2009-05-11 11:23:50 0 days 00:01:08 0|189.13.118.213 0 the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general de dimizione secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] ,
289234383 289234676 2009-05-11 11:27:00 0 days 00:03:10 1099776 1 - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbacheves , tear down this walleroul ? wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the
3 the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome to the jungle change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is
4 the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general de dimizione secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperitydade for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] ,
289417269 289461792 2009-05-12 13:40:30 0 days 06:11:04 433328 2 > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural - - especially between where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116
289778757 289779282 2009-05-14 00:07:11 0 days 00:02:48 1233313 3 the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in
4 west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt
5 and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee
291932970 292030037 2009-05-24 15:55:18 0 days 12:57:48 8574593 0 fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور جدار برلين ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská
300500909 300613467 2009-07-06 15:44:37 0 days 15:30:14 433328 1 population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals - - engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated
300962838 301331614 2009-07-10 07:40:26 1 days 21:40:09 10069548 0 restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially between where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} <
303769446 303808186 2009-07-23 20:46:49 0 days 03:35:51 7382148 0 ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . little known protester , carolyn schneider , would often rally for the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 < ref name = " unknown 2009 "
305113464 305129017 2009-07-30 19:09:17 0 days 01:31:41 0|130.218.10.1 0 made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 16 breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . . chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve
306540519 306559902 2009-08-07 07:54:37 0 days 03:03:33 6984319 0 when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " . < ref name = " bbcsept2007 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve
306953410 306954476 2009-08-09 10:28:44 0 days 00:09:41 72905 1 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to
307001452 307307874 2009-08-11 05:33:48 1 days 12:24:25 164429 0 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of
1 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace
311806027 311847139 2009-09-04 15:25:25 0 days 05:53:57 5812172 0 the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = = communism = = = {{ quotation | " to berliners , the wall seems to be something that forcibly tore their people in two . to americans , it seems more to symbolize the failure of [[ communism ]] . in regard to communism , berliners choose to think about the fall of the wall in a different way . statues of proletariat workers still stand across from a red city hall . the famous german - communist author [[ bertolt brecht ]] has a statue next to a theater where his plays are still performed . and an entire little park surrounds larger - than - life statues of [[ karl marx ]] and [[ friedrich engels ]] , the german writers of ' ' [[ the communist manifesto ]] . ' ' in addition to the statues , many streets are named after german communists like käthe niederkircher , [[ karl liebknecht ]] and [[ rosa luxemburg ]] . after the reunification of germany in 1990 , the people of berlin eventually chose not to erase the marks of communism . it seems that berlin , in some small way , recognizes that it was the u . s . s . r . that fell and not necessarily the ideals of communism . " | ' ' [[ indiana daily student | the indiana daily student ]] ' ' , august 2009 < ref > [ http : / / www . idsnews . com / news / story . aspx ? id = 69584 fall of the wall : 20 years later ] by the ' ' [[ indiana daily student ]] ' ' , august 30 2009 < / ref > }} = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
311847139 311905684 2009-09-04 21:40:18 0 days 06:14:53 6984319 0 the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = = communism = = = {{ quotation | " to berliners , the wall seems to be something that forcibly tore their people in two . to americans , it seems more to symbolize the failure of [[ communism ]] . in regard to communism , berliners choose to think about the fall of the wall in a different way . statues of proletariat workers still stand across from a red city hall . the famous german - communist author [[ bertolt brecht ]] has a statue next to a theater where his plays are still performed . and an entire little park surrounds larger - than - life statues of [[ karl marx ]] and [[ friedrich engels ]] , the german writers of ' ' [[ the communist manifesto ]] . ' ' in addition to the statues , many streets are named after german communists like käthe niederkircher , [[ karl liebknecht ]] and [[ rosa luxemburg ]] . after the reunification of germany in 1990 , the people of berlin eventually chose not to erase the marks of communism . it seems that berlin , in some small way , recognizes that it was the u . s . s . r . that fell and not necessarily the ideals of communism . " | ' ' [[ indiana daily student | the indiana daily student ]] ' ' , august 2009 < ref > [ http : / / www . idsnews . com / news / story . aspx ? id = 69584 fall of the wall : 20 years later ] by the ' ' [[ indiana daily student ]] ' ' , august 30 2009 < / ref > }} = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
312585957 312586456 2009-09-08 13:39:06 0 days 00:03:32 0|194.202.122.223 3 regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . in the 1980s visiting westerners had to purchase a day visa for 5 dm and also exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of 1 : 1 . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east
312588680 312604952 2009-09-08 15:42:25 0 days 01:44:54 6971250 1 at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . it was was forbidden to export east german currency out of the east , but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa which cost dm 5
2 out of the east but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany
313129853 313154666 2009-09-11 08:28:09 0 days 04:25:20 6971250 1 solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded and later bricked up ( the authorities would later brick up windows ) . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by
314293303 314293733 2009-09-16 07:10:31 0 days 00:03:53 0|213.160.63.117 0 occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods yo mama infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain
315256133 315256267 2009-09-21 08:20:13 0 days 00:01:25 204692 0 fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds of nails ]] " ( bed of nails ) under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref >
2 fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " ( bed of nails ) under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www .
315256267 315256675 2009-09-21 08:25:09 0 days 00:04:56 204692 0 to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " . < ref name = " bbcsept2007 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 148 | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 7 to joy ]] " ) . this had the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' ' ( " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union
8 joy ]] " ) . this had the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' ' ( " freedom " ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union ,
11 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > , whether [[ november 9 werner schulz ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday . because , that date is also known as the ' ' [[ schicksalstag ]] ' ' ( fateful day ) ,
164 . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , ' ' an die freude ' ' ( " [[ ode to joy ]] " ) . this had the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' ' ( " freedom " ) in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and
317824549 317979368 2009-10-05 04:18:29 0 days 16:16:48 1938651 9 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced
10 " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 4 / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = | video ]] ) ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss
23 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] *
24 cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der
320144857 320837584 2009-10-19 18:04:45 3 days 14:53:58 0|208.127.78.52 1 of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 22 put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | ]] ( kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were
322274629 322275480 2009-10-27 03:24:07 0 days 00:06:32 82982 2 information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he
323760074 323771791 2009-11-03 21:37:36 0 days 01:01:38 6340927 1 take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a member of the east german politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009
324244003 324251250 2009-11-06 10:06:43 0 days 01:14:30 5184939 0 mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate
1 [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref >
324280095 324283750 2009-11-06 14:58:34 0 days 00:28:00 6971250 3 stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' '
324471571 324471890 2009-11-07 15:34:27 0 days 00:02:26 0|173.78.68.123 0 rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961
324688472 324701296 2009-11-08 20:07:37 0 days 01:14:31 0|130.83.216.229 0 = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[
324701296 324721869 2009-11-08 22:06:03 0 days 01:58:26 0|93.73.52.68 1 as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when the italian journalist riccardo ehrman , the berlin correspondant of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i
2 — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further
324804014 324808994 2009-11-09 08:55:14 0 days 00:57:05 6971250 0 for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll
324818231 324820066 2009-11-09 10:53:55 0 days 00:21:40 489436 0 = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} after the fall of the berlin wall , [[ french president ]] [[ françois mitterrand ]] warned thatcher like that a unified germany could make more ground than [[ adolf hitler ]] ever had and that europe would have to bear the consequences . < ref name = " times2009
324882783 324886184 2009-11-09 18:57:19 0 days 00:18:11 9453209 0 [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ lmo : mür de berlin ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]]
324892029 324899185 2009-11-09 20:08:59 0 days 00:38:36 10909561 0 year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had
324915778 324917954 2009-11-09 21:48:30 0 days 00:12:09 0|70.228.101.60 0 the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . all the information you just read is incorrect . germany is a magical island in far away ville and shall not be disturbed . the end . = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co
324917954 324918158 2009-11-09 21:49:34 0 days 00:01:04 7276879 0 the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . all the information you just read is incorrect . germany is a magical island in far away ville and shall not be disturbed . the end . = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co
324932966 324937840 2009-11-09 23:32:03 0 days 00:24:17 16710 22 ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole | loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left
324940062 324941032 2009-11-09 23:48:24 0 days 00:04:42 16710 1 had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de |
325190185 325190637 2009-11-11 05:07:12 0 days 00:04:20 10857892 2 date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still
5 thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . the ' ' '
325190637 325218548 2009-11-11 09:49:27 0 days 04:42:15 13531 0 disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were , later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image
325221468 325272110 2009-11-11 17:16:32 0 days 06:52:30 872367 0 ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it
325433759 325433837 2009-11-12 13:42:21 0 days 00:00:44 295080 1 - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] ' ' ' | - i w / h jujujuj ' ' ' | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of
325552663 325566075 2009-11-13 04:27:44 0 days 02:02:39 0|150.101.251.68 3 ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate elaboratesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < /
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 6 ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaboratesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < /
330331803 330332083 2009-12-07 22:51:06 0 days 00:01:15 17447 1 view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . and , i love you . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . i hope you know that . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
2 a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . and , i love you . i hope you know that . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! :
4 divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . and , i love you . i hope you know that . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
5 view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . and , i love you . i hope you know that . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! :
330332083 330703212 2009-12-09 18:31:44 1 days 19:40:38 21047 0 german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line , but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any
330703212 330704150 2009-12-09 18:37:18 0 days 00:05:34 21047 3 ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9
336829512 336831441 2010-01-09 17:49:45 0 days 00:11:53 10141256 0 " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . " < ref name = "
337289302 337289445 2010-01-12 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:53 0|24.115.149.159 0 along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and nailsand other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 14 occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain
15 revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb
16 / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} <
20 ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29
343773536 343773805 2010-02-13 17:48:41 0 days 00:01:22 5326371 0 > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 |
343773805 343774672 2010-02-13 17:52:53 0 days 00:04:12 5326371 3 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even [[ subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }}
7 ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left
343774672 343774990 2010-02-13 17:54:17 0 days 00:01:24 5326371 0 = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " [[ brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet
1 = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain ]] " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union |
2 population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 35 disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors , . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image :
47 cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were
56 > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west
60 section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b
343779602 343780168 2010-02-13 18:20:19 0 days 00:02:39 5326371 1 [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of
5 u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 8 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as " shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to
9 killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill " orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall
10 . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which . gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals
11 [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing the latter . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot
12 not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers , guards were instructed that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached
19 to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims with graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts included long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply
24 government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be
27 north sports final edition ] associated press . chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out by wolfgang engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] on april 1963 . engels stole a soviet [[ armored
29 drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system preceded the wall , and some people escaped through
343784334 343784856 2010-02-13 18:48:35 0 days 00:03:09 5326371 3 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " ' ' mauerreise " – journey of the wall took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks were sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea ,
343784856 343787074 2010-02-13 18:58:31 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 12 wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various institutions around the world since its fall . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings
15 wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various institutions around the world since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = =
343787620 343988676 2010-02-14 09:28:37 0 days 14:27:40 1285828 0 side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 ,
344187198 344485310 2010-02-16 21:49:11 1 days 10:53:53 3171782 0 : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
345793921 346182156 2010-02-24 22:58:36 1 days 20:34:57 0|202.134.38.186 0 rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , lick my balls which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{
346183678 346183823 2010-02-24 23:08:22 0 days 00:00:47 262550 2 rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , lick my balls which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{
346183823 346309252 2010-02-25 15:48:21 0 days 16:39:59 150129 3 wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to
347222818 347223391 2010-03-02 02:53:09 0 days 00:03:46 6123337 2 one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape defection , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to
4 . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued intervene for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this
348820527 348820895 2010-03-09 21:25:03 0 days 00:01:36 0|64.191.137.200 0 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . because hitler had one ball he decided to suck someone elses else . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods
350487874 351044536 2010-03-20 21:03:00 2 days 22:37:37 0|208.90.177.132 0 demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about teh problem , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so
351127386 351160581 2010-03-21 13:59:07 0 days 05:57:50 11968245 0 that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about teh the problem , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force ,
351202892 351385193 2010-03-22 16:39:56 0 days 21:58:42 0|86.44.110.46 0 berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained pooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo is brown anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the
351385193 351387034 2010-03-22 16:50:55 0 days 00:10:59 0|90.146.54.214 0 berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained pooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo is brown anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the
352581884 352705465 2010-03-29 09:44:23 0 days 14:50:45 0|217.65.158.124 0 of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html che | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} <
352705465 352705693 2010-03-29 09:46:32 0 days 00:02:09 9674144 0 of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border che checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} <
354354516 354437238 2010-04-07 01:06:58 0 days 07:45:34 0|68.103.8.140 0 important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers etc . ) * samuel l . jackson after stating that he was tired of these motherf * * king snakes on this motherf * * king wall however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could exchange only a
354437238 354463006 2010-04-07 04:04:28 0 days 02:57:30 23292 0 important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers etc . ) * samuel l . jackson after stating that he was tired of these motherf * * king snakes on this motherf * * king wall however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could exchange only a
359268892 359269372 2010-04-30 15:30:08 0 days 00:02:53 0|169.204.164.80 0 dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage of condoms = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans ,
359269372 359269429 2010-04-30 15:30:27 0 days 00:00:19 1004750 0 dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage of condoms = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans ,
362093204 362093344 2010-05-14 13:55:43 0 days 00:00:54 0|208.108.154.247 0 ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . ' ' ' mariah justice is awesome and dont use wikipedia : p because its unreliable . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall
363268461 363268864 2010-05-20 21:02:57 0 days 00:02:00 5026668 3 the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' kept the jews out of germany because hitler loved them . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
364481851 364487169 2010-05-27 14:38:59 0 days 00:39:30 6971250 0 east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west
365309225 365326929 2010-06-01 00:18:26 0 days 01:44:39 0|96.243.58.175 0 building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death zombie strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner
365326929 365327115 2010-06-01 00:19:28 0 days 00:01:02 7167267 0 building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " zombie death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner
366512975 366521234 2010-06-07 08:27:18 0 days 01:15:10 6971250 5 about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel
366962573 367011049 2010-06-09 16:36:07 0 days 06:20:21 12536139 0 " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow [[ twitter ]] users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . masses of chinese users have used it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . berlin twitter wall was quickly blocked by
367011049 367156561 2010-06-10 07:15:07 0 days 14:39:00 962462 4 . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " | map _ type = germany | map _ alt = | map _ caption = | altitude = | building _ type = | architectural _ style = | structural _ system = | cost = | ren _ cost = | client = | owner = | current _ tenants = | landlord = | location = | address = | location _ town = | location _ country = | iso _ region = | coordinates _ display = | latitude = | longitude = | latd = | latm = | lats = | latns = | longd = | longm = | longs = | longew = | coordinates = | start _ date = | completion _ date = | inauguration _ date = | renovation _ date = | demolition _ date = | destruction _ date = | height = | diameter = | antenna _ spire = | roof = | top _ floor = | other _ dimensions = | floor _ count = | floor _ area = | seating _ type = | seating _ capacity = | elevator _ count = | main _ contractor = | architect = | architecture _ firm = | structural _ engineer = | services _ engineer = | civil _ engineer = | other _ designers = | quantity _ surveyor = | awards = | ren _ architect = | ren _ firm = | ren _ str _ engineer = | ren _ serv _ engineer = | ren _ civ _ engineer = | ren _ oth _ designers = | ren _ qty _ surveyor = | ren _ awards = | url = | references = }} view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file
367156561 367161807 2010-06-10 08:07:06 0 days 00:51:59 6971250 3 jpg | image _ alt = | caption = view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " | map _ type = germany | map _
9 jpg | image _ alt = | caption = view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " | map _ type = germany | map _ alt = | map _ caption = | altitude = | building _ type = | architectural _ style = | structural _ system = | cost = | ren _ cost = | client = | owner = | current _ tenants = | landlord = | location = | address = | location _ town = | location _ country = | iso _ region = | coordinates _ display = | latitude = | longitude = | latd = | latm = | lats = | latns = | longd = | longm = | longs = | longew = | coordinates = | start _ date = | completion _ date = | inauguration _ date = | renovation _ date = | demolition _ date = | destruction _ date = | height = | diameter = | antenna _ spire = | roof = | top _ floor = | other _ dimensions = | floor _ count = | floor _ area = | seating _ type = | seating _ capacity = | elevator _ count = | main _ contractor = | architect = | architecture _ firm = | structural _ engineer = | services _ engineer = | civil _ engineer = | other _ designers = | quantity _ surveyor = | awards = | ren _ architect = | ren _ firm = | ren _ str _ engineer = | ren _ serv _ engineer = | ren _ civ _ engineer = | ren _ oth _ designers = | ren _ qty _ surveyor = | ren _ awards = | url = | references = }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ wrapper }} |
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 5 promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area (
371284385 372272401 2010-07-07 20:26:30 5 days 21:15:27 0|94.192.153.61 0 people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen windscreen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they lay flat and kept driving forward . the east germans then built zig - zagging roads at checkpoints .
388820175 388862767 2010-10-05 09:40:58 0 days 06:46:43 6971250 1 and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the what later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the death strip ' s land was covered with raked sand or gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered
2 the what later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the death strip ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice easing the detection of trespasser and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly ,
388862767 388863805 2010-10-05 09:51:55 0 days 00:10:57 6971250 0 establishing the what later became known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . the death strip was covered with raked sand or gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice , easing the detection of trespasser and also enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover
388863805 389131965 2010-10-06 16:59:38 1 days 07:07:43 1902795 2 check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the berlin airlift , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport |
390478077 391228576 2010-10-17 12:46:44 4 days 01:24:36 9021902 4 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp | cinderella stamps ]] s designed by t . h . e . hill , the author of [[ voices under berlin : the tale of a monterey mary ( novel ) | voices under berlin
8 musem | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp | cinderella stamps ]] designed by t . h . e . hill , the author of [[ voices under berlin : the tale of a monterey mary ( novel ) | voices under
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 20 , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france (
44 curiously peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least
71 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors , and the 43 & nbsp ;
110 = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ cquote | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders , and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security . < ref name = " hindu2009 .
392860812 392939112 2010-10-26 05:40:52 0 days 08:35:25 10089744 1 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special
398109369 398158046 2010-11-22 00:55:11 0 days 04:54:57 0|99.140.234.222 0 / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = what is up , please be cool for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]]
398158046 398158094 2010-11-22 00:55:22 0 days 00:00:11 13286072 0 / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = what is up , please be cool for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]]
398276932 398276983 2010-11-22 17:17:34 0 days 00:00:18 6149938 2 a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 25 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . berlin1969 . com " berlin 1969 " includes links to other sources . ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall
399051464 399052561 2010-11-27 00:55:57 0 days 00:08:05 16710 0 < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ( series ) ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] ,
400862028 400927319 2010-12-06 21:33:28 0 days 06:30:45 0|99.145.15.171 0 . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to have nice tits and be young and well - educated , leading to the " [[ brain drain ]] " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " /
1 < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " [[ brain drain ]] " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri
400927319 400927362 2010-12-06 21:33:38 0 days 00:00:10 12666844 0 " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to have nice tits and be young and well - educated , leading to the " [[ brain drain ]] " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri
1 . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to have nice tits and be well - educated , leading to the " [[ brain drain ]] " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[
401092919 401119605 2010-12-07 20:50:11 0 days 02:30:09 0|216.125.121.3 0 ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches pornstars and big juicy fucking man cock , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to
401119605 401119682 2010-12-07 20:50:36 0 days 00:00:25 118722 0 ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle pornstars and big juicy fucking man cock trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to
401710678 401992519 2010-12-12 18:35:46 1 days 16:40:11 0|64.148.16.233 1 < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered
402925112 403281588 2010-12-20 02:39:01 2 days 04:29:08 0|76.202.218.83 0 = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " [[ brain drain ]] " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of
1 drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " [[ brain drain ]] " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union
404839126 404839294 2010-12-29 17:09:46 0 days 00:01:19 0|24.73.214.82 1 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within 777 years , political fattys increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' cock suckers refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the
404839294 404839330 2010-12-29 17:09:55 0 days 00:00:09 13286072 3 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within 777 years , political fattys increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the cock suckers soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the
409807529 409894092 2011-01-25 02:57:27 0 days 07:58:13 0|99.254.100.33 8 {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying super [[ file : [[ file : example . jpg ]] [[ file : example . jpg ]] ]] powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants ,
409894092 409905421 2011-01-25 04:13:27 0 days 01:16:00 5204750 9 harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two thousand years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying super [[ file : [[ file : example . jpg ]] [[ file : example . jpg ]] ]] powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants ,
422046414 422046953 2011-04-02 22:19:39 0 days 00:04:19 1426328 0 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = " [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] " speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , 26 june 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high
423927349 424543101 2011-04-17 16:23:25 3 days 18:48:46 12030910 0 elderly pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1965 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even
427362267 427751982 2011-05-06 14:28:02 2 days 08:10:14 13543148 0 replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " {{ citation _ needed | may 2011 }} if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting
427753574 427753745 2011-05-06 14:39:56 0 days 00:01:06 13543148 0 few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a 50 or 100 more years < ref > {{ cite web | titel title = " sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen " | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / / www . dpa .
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 4 " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . " < ref name = "
6 rusk proclaimed , " the wall certainly ought not to be a permanent feature of the european landscape . i see no reason why the soviet union should think it is - - it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " [ http : / / www . upi . com / audio /
15 web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 |
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 10 losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 & nbsp ; billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s
132 < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow [[ twitter ]] users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . masses of chinese users have used it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . berlin twitter wall
133 name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow [[ twitter ]] users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . masses of chinese users have used it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . berlin twitter wall was quickly
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 9 at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , the berlin correspondent of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " .
10 correspondent of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied , " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin ,
11 , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last name = sebetsyen | first name = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | date = 2009 | isbn = 0375425322 }} < / ref > after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker ,
16 guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem . at first , but it became clear that no one among the east german authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had
18 its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem , but it soon became clear that no one among the east german authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to
439163215 439164131 2011-07-12 22:17:43 0 days 00:06:00 42558 3 ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' ; this of course meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " " east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski "
439740747 440540857 2011-07-20 20:34:29 4 days 14:08:06 1469567 9 time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters - - by most accounts , [[ nbc ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw ]] - - asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 15 / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " chronik " ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document /
443414712 443416955 2011-08-06 22:32:57 0 days 00:17:32 16710 3 s notebook " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ ref improve section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 5 = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] ) to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as " shoot to kill " orders . gdr officials denied issuing the latter . in an
444182652 444482392 2011-08-12 18:46:58 1 days 16:17:34 2989394 5 wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | upright | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 7 the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again at noon " , entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom ”
8 again " , entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom , ” , proclaimed president wulff . . " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news /
17 " , entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom ” , proclaimed president wulff . . " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews /
448751555 448907770 2011-09-07 08:59:45 0 days 18:50:14 6971250 0 / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , which in turn would be presented as internal measures . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }}
448907770 449034599 2011-09-08 00:59:47 0 days 16:00:02 10996774 0 wording of the note and replied , " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last name = sebetsyen | first name = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york
464157560 465859664 2011-12-14 18:35:10 9 days 14:31:54 165565 0 ' the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 – 1989 ' ' , london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot and killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on 6 february 1989 . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin
478048968 479597706 2012-03-01 04:49:52 8 days 18:24:43 508734 5 ]] s of the nazis in 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] criticized the first euphoria , noting that " they forgot that 9 nov . november has already entered into history — 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ citation | title = new york
489433249 489512208 2012-04-27 18:53:47 0 days 12:07:39 6730078 1 wall stood < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert | 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[
492640902 492808782 2012-05-16 03:38:47 0 days 23:08:55 4626 0 he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters — by most accounts , [[ nbc ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw ]] - - asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and
492808782 494695297 2012-05-27 23:22:34 11 days 19:43:47 452348 0 allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was
494695297 495094589 2012-05-30 08:17:37 2 days 08:55:03 577301 2 there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and eastern europe , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev
3 one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and eastern europe , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open
499177879 499193849 2012-06-24 21:54:57 0 days 02:14:37 4905985 1 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 7 september 2004 | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = jörg | last = aberger | work = der spiegel }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of
500313476 500326734 2012-07-02 13:13:53 0 days 02:13:47 172969 0 emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anal probing turkey dinosaur ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de -
500326734 500329827 2012-07-02 13:42:05 0 days 00:28:12 3308922 0 emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de -
504102528 505248510 2012-08-01 12:00:15 6 days 23:47:00 17222084 15 was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref > {{ cite web | title = sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / / www . dpa . de / detailansicht - 80er - jahre . 543 + m517a9d5ff09 . 0 . html }} < / ref > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting
16 schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied , " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last = sebetsyen | first = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | year = 2009 | isbn = 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker ,
507137049 507237640 2012-08-13 17:25:55 0 days 14:58:04 10377693 0 in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list of deaths at the berlin wall }} ' ' ' or ' ' ' {{ further | list _ of _ deaths _ at _ the _ berlin _ wall }} [[
511924022 513488454 2012-09-19 05:44:48 7 days 07:06:04 36352 0 the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( 26 june 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = " [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] " speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , 26 june 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech ( audio ) | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move
514816402 515867543 2012-10-03 22:20:21 6 days 06:52:08 609725 8 to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a radical series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of
519776360 522222611 2012-11-09 19:33:25 15 days 04:00:08 1723027 0 | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the ' ' ' " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had
3 {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " ' ' ' — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much
522222611 522225975 2012-11-09 19:57:24 0 days 00:23:59 10289486 0 | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the ' ' ' " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west
3 | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the ' ' ' " [[ wall of shame ]] " ' ' ' — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 8 / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html freedom without walls speaking contest ] ]] < ref > http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 09 _ _ press _ _ infocus _ _ interviews / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html < / ref > robert cannon received a free trip to berlin for 2010 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls
20 ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist [[ stephan elsner | elsner ]] }} ' ' created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " border injuries " . on one of his actions he even
552345669 553106649 2013-05-01 21:49:43 4 days 22:25:37 7136651 0 the next day . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however , he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise
553106649 553801374 2013-05-06 16:29:15 4 days 18:39:32 3106684 2 he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters — by most accounts , [[ nbc ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw ]] , < ref > {{ cite news | title = berlin wall : was the fall engineered by the gdr ? | author = stephanie kirchner | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / world / article / 0 , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html | newspaper = [[ time ( magazine ) | time ]] | date = 2009 - 04 - 19 | accessdate = 2013 - 05 - 06 }} < / ref > asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and
560697108 560698146 2013-06-20 03:01:20 0 days 00:12:27 5681311 0 believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin
560698146 560703430 2013-06-20 04:11:03 0 days 01:09:43 1108424 1 believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin
560703430 560704004 2013-06-20 04:18:37 0 days 00:07:34 5681311 8 believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin
561998312 563395777 2013-07-08 16:35:22 9 days 22:41:41 14418888 0 & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . * * the music video for [[ princess _ x _ ( musician ) | princess x ]] ' s song " free " ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = emmpthv4b3k | publisher = youtube | title = princess x - free [ music video ] }} < / ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' {{ ill | de | elsner | stephan elsner }} '
564456970 564457234 2013-07-16 04:14:36 0 days 00:02:54 14644224 1 down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert , which was attended by 300 , 0000 in person , and broadcast live on television and radio . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , " i ' m not here for or against any government , ” “i ' ve come to play rock
574657896 574659325 2013-09-26 21:32:01 0 days 00:14:26 16715243 2 , played a live concert , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person , and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , : " i ' m not here for or against any government , ” “i ' ve come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one
3 000 in person , and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , " i ' m not here for or against any government , ” “i . i ' ve come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down . ” < ref > {{
574659325 574661610 2013-09-26 21:52:01 0 days 00:20:00 16715243 1 added to the euphoria . < ref name = " tl20130709 " / > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | ich bin ein berliner | tear down this wall ! }} [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate
574662020 574664891 2013-09-26 22:22:01 0 days 00:26:03 16715243 0 believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency which was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on august 9 , 1961 the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders between east - and west - berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached not [[ u . s . presidentjohn f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the kennedy home [[ hyannis port ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he was relieved that the east germans and the soviets had only divided berlin without taking any action against west berlin ' s access to the west . however he denounced the berlin wall , whose erection worsend the relations between the united states and the soviet union . < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " > {{ cite web | title = " disreputable if not outright illegal " : the national security agency versus martin luther king , muhammad ali , art buchwald , frank church , et al . | url = http : / / www2 . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb441 / | publisher = thwe national security archive at the george washington university in washington , d . c . | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | author = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " > {{ cite web | title = berlin crisis after dividing berlin , august 1961 | url = http : / / www2 . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb441 / docs / berlin % 20crisis % 20after . pdf | publisher = the national security archive at george washington university in washington , d . c . | accessdate = 26 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin
575032069 575047845 2013-09-29 20:48:17 0 days 02:18:48 1108424 2 _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 . photos by george garrigues . 1984 ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner
576012629 576163852 2013-10-07 17:10:28 1 days 00:25:25 18611911 3 > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other three ( france , uk , usa ) occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants
576163852 576167532 2013-10-07 17:34:21 0 days 00:23:53 4358157 3 > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other three ( france , uk , usa ) occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants
576711458 576975608 2013-10-13 11:19:23 1 days 23:12:39 7496434 2 de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by various military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 4 leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing would then would stand in the way of a united communist germany within the bloc . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p
18 ( 1989 ) . ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence was built some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated ,
19 detection of trespassers and also enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961
20 wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so as to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall ]] . [[ history ( u . s .
38 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its fdj youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped that by letting in springsteen they could improve their sentiment among east germans . this strategy of " one step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only
39 = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its fdj youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped by letting in springsteen in , they could improve their sentiment among east germans . this strategy of " one step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only made east germans hungrier
45 note and replied , " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . < ref name = " revolution1989 " / > after further questions from journalists , he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( 21 october 2009
47 and at 8 pm on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' ; this of course , meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' ,
53 that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united communist germany within the bloc . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13
59 | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its fdj youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped by letting in springsteen they could improve their sentiment among east germans . this strategy of " one step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only made east germans
60 an entire generation . they hoped by letting in springsteen they could improve their sentiment among east germans . this strategy of " one step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only made east germans hungrier for more of the freedoms that springsteen epitomized . while john f . kennedy or ronald reagan delivered their famous speeches from
588536853 588574374 2013-12-31 21:10:33 0 days 05:20:29 408613 0 germany ' s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ’ s tacit indication {{ how }} that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector of berlin . < ref > {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick |
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 2 fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would " would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 – 1989 ' ' , london : harper perennial
4 or against any government . i ' ve come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down " . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( " i am a
10 again , " entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom " , ” proclaimed president wulff . " < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews
613835077 615294848 2014-07-02 13:43:53 10 days 19:48:20 7669583 2 [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " while [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 34 stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of 9 november and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after 9 november , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 9 would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations spread throughout honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the conditions
24 take effect the next day . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing this ; . but however , he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte ,
650207536 650209736 2015-03-06 22:23:56 0 days 00:16:44 24044265 0 segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various institutions around the world . of note , is what is dubbed as " the sale of the century " organized by the fading and bankrupt east german government held at the hotel park palace in monte carlo , monaco in june 1990 . according to taylor ( cf . chaichian , 2014 : 325 ) , in one day eighty - one wall sections were auctioned off for an average of ₤6 , 500 to international clients . they can be found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around
650210446 650219949 2015-03-06 23:43:55 0 days 01:14:21 84417 2 segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various institutions around the world . of note , is what is dubbed as " the sale of the century " organized by the fading and bankrupt east german government held at the hotel park palace in monte carlo , monaco in june 1990 . according to taylor ( cf . chaichian , 2014 : 325 ) , in one day eighty - one wall sections were auctioned off for an average of ₤6 , 500 to international clients . they can be found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around
688303202 688328708 2015-10-31 04:51:42 0 days 04:19:27 558022 0 believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | 300px | [[ universal newsreel ]] of the 1st anniversary of the berlin wall ]] the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency that was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem , i
688328708 688485144 2015-11-01 06:43:08 1 days 01:51:26 264323 5 berlin wall ]] is being built . he tries to bring her back into west berlin , but is stopped by [[ stasi ]] agents and arrested as a spy . < ref > https : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / bridge _ of _ spies _ ( film ) < / ref > * some novels specifically about the berlin wall : * * [[ john le carré ]] , ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' '
693600550 693602945 2015-12-03 17:08:38 0 days 00:17:25 23149456 1 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , ) punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a
693652739 693721766 2015-12-04 12:40:10 0 days 13:02:18 23149456 0 ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at bernauer straße , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments , lampposts , other elements , and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers
1 the north at bernauer straße , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city < ref > http : / / berlin - wall - map . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around
693973160 693973403 2015-12-06 06:17:52 0 days 00:02:45 30225 3 oil radioactive for decades . the title character of the movie has a team break into a missile silo in [[ smith center , kansas [[ to obtain independent launch capability . , then he and an israeli security agent drive an automobile from west germany ' ' over the berlin wall into east germany ' ' where he informs the kgb agents
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 25 wp - dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] ' ' the washington post . retrieved 2 november 2009 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november , he was handed a note announcing the changes , but
705888151 706975021 2016-02-26 09:15:19 6 days 05:09:29 777667 0 ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert .
712353861 713111597 2016-04-02 00:39:36 4 days 08:07:43 593397 0 = on 21 november 1989 , [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album ' ' [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] in front of the brandenburg gate . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : /
1 ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] ' ' in front of the brandenburg gate . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 1989 - 11 - 21
733423677 733487340 2016-08-08 04:39:46 0 days 10:04:30 264323 2 , arguing that east germany ' s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ' s tacit indication {{ how | date = december 2013 }} that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector of berlin . < ref > {{
3 name = " tl20130709 " / > = = " ich bin ein berliner " and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main article | ich bin ein berliner | tear down this wall ! }} {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy
5 marciapreston . com / index . php ? option = com _ content & view = article & id = 3 & itemid = 2 | title = view the author ' s website | author = administrator | publisher = | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > * * [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | peter schneider
733515231 734284492 2016-08-13 08:26:57 4 days 22:04:07 80913 6 no identity checking . < ref name = spiegelonline > {{ cite news | title = the guard who opened the berlin wall : ' i gave my people the order - - raise the barrier ' | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / international / germany / the - guard - who - opened - the -
735821858 736676388 2016-08-29 03:36:10 5 days 18:00:42 27823944 0 february 2009 | first1 = sven felix | last1 = kellerhof | first2 = alan | last2 = posener | year = 2007 | work = [[ die welt ]] online }} {{ dead link | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de /
1 2009 | first1 = sven felix | last1 = kellerhof | first2 = alan | last2 = posener | year = 2007 | work = [[ die welt ]] online | deadurl date = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse /
738198431 738865701 2016-09-11 14:47:01 4 days 00:24:17 19921271 1 we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant ' ' {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben hier " }} ' ' , ( " we ' re are staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution ( german ) | peaceful revolution ]] " of late
748537843 749015840 2016-11-11 20:35:53 3 days 01:40:07 29558057 0 ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " ( also known as " stalin ' s carpet " ) under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > {{ cite web | author = popiolek
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 3 : an easy opportunity to smuggle east german secret agents to west germany , and a reduction in the number of citizens hostile to the communist regime . neither of these perks advantages , however , proved particularly useful . < ref > crozier , brian ( 1999 ) . the rise and fall of the soviet empire . forum . p . 170
21 for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval , which was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 1 {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to [[ fascism | fascists ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki
15 ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ in 1989 , a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer
781994310 782699210 2017-05-28 16:31:48 4 days 05:59:04 2884580 1 | publisher = national public radio | accessdate = 9 november 2014 | date = 9 november 2014 }} < / ref > = = " ich bin ein berliner " ' ' and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main article | ich bin ein berliner | tear down this wall ! }} {{ listen
3 kennedy ]] visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of 450 , 000 he declared in his ' ' [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] speech the support of the united states for west germany and the people of west - berlin in particular : {{ quote | two thousand
4 . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of 450 , 000 he declared in his [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] ' ' speech the support of the united states for west germany and the people of west - berlin in particular : {{ quote | two thousand years ago , the proudest boast
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 4 would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security , " , thatcher told gorbachev . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " / > }} after the fall of the berlin wall , [[ french president
15 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = concerts by western artists and growing anti - wall sentiment = = < center > {{ cquote | text = ' ' every stone bears witness to the moral bankruptcy of the society it encloses ' ' }} < small > — margaret thatcher commenting about the wall , west berlin , 1982
18 lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security " , thatcher told gorbachev . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " / > }} after the fall of the berlin wall , [[ french president ]] [[
793675442 795297023 2017-08-13 09:19:52 10 days 01:27:47 26598670 1 berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = berlin emigration loophole
808291388 809350827 2017-11-08 15:47:14 6 days 15:42:09 7136651 8 | wall - shaped front wall with a height of 3 , 40 & nbsp ; m | - | style = " text - align : right " | 68 , . 42 | expanded metal fence with a height of 2 . 90 & quot ; m as a " front barrier " | - | style = " text - align
9 text - align : right " | 161 {{ 0 }} {{ 0 }} | light strip | - | style = " text - align : right " | 113 , . 85 | limit signal and barrier fence ( gssz ) | - | style = " text - align : right " | 127 , 5 {{ 0 }} | contact
809972169 809973970 2017-11-12 17:48:06 0 days 00:12:59 6554947 1 was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used only to perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction
2 of gdr territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used only to perform maintenance on the outside of the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose
809974101 809997471 2017-11-12 20:33:02 0 days 02:43:53 6554947 0 of gdr territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the
1 the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and the sidewalks not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg
2 wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg =
810071958 810072027 2017-11-13 05:36:43 0 days 00:00:33 19339494 7 www . newsweek . com / where - world - berlin - wall - 283566 | title = where in the world is the berlin wall ? | date = 2014 - 11 - 11 | work = newsweek | access - date = 2017 - 11 - 01 | language = en }} < / ref > [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg
810072027 810126141 2017-11-13 13:53:41 0 days 08:16:58 6554947 6 territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip
810185910 810187128 2017-11-13 20:42:43 0 days 00:08:40 6554947 0 / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall and used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . <
810187128 810222160 2017-11-14 00:53:59 0 days 04:11:16 6554947 0 > as was the case with the inner german border , a strip of gdr territory was left outside the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the de jure border appears to have been undemarcated . also in contrast
810231237 810234613 2017-11-14 02:24:09 0 days 00:25:23 6554947 3 / ref > one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch , who . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and later convicted of unlawfully crossing the de jure border . < ref > https : / / www . upi
810234613 810249635 2017-11-14 04:18:13 0 days 01:54:04 6554947 1 german border , an unfortified strip of east german territory was left outside the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact de jure border appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border
810344262 810347455 2017-11-14 18:39:46 0 days 00:23:12 6554947 5 = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend
810347639 810351013 2017-11-14 19:06:27 0 days 00:25:19 6554947 2 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the outer strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been chased , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports having been
4 the strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been chased , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports having often been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / gallery / 2014 / apr / 03 /
810365760 810394251 2017-11-15 00:08:21 0 days 03:27:26 6554947 2 < / ref > however , despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the area , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued there , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] has reported having often been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref
810394251 810574658 2017-11-16 03:18:18 1 days 03:09:57 6554947 2 = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the outer strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued there , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] has reported having
810709126 810968020 2017-11-18 17:28:57 1 days 18:04:03 6554947 0 border , however , the outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location of the actual border in many places appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip
814621118 814764354 2017-12-10 20:15:35 0 days 21:20:10 6554947 0 the outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location of the actual border in many places appears not even to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip ;
1 was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location of the actual border in many places appears to have been unmarked marked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip ; even sidewalks of west
820717744 822396537 2018-01-26 03:43:39 9 days 21:44:06 5946478 0 the next few weeks , euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " cannot be lost when we look on the significance of the events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books : | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xxv }} < / ref > contrary to popular belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune
823238815 823239462 2018-01-31 01:50:53 0 days 00:04:27 32940610 4 the dimension of the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve and renaturate the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 14 bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december 1990 . according to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1 . 7 million tonnes of building rubble was produced . unofficially , the demolition of the bornholmer straße began because of construction work on the railway . this involved a total of 300 gdr border guards and - after 3 october 1990 - 600 pioneers of the bundeswehr . these were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . {{ citation
21 the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of using it as a green belt around the city in individual places . representatives of the general german bicycle club marked the way in 1990 with painted bicycle and pedestrian pictograms . the german federal government for the environment and nature conservation proposed a continuous hiking and biking trail around the city in 1991 , called berliner mauerweg . also preservationists wanted a few years later as comprehensive as possible preservation of the remaining remains of
22 since 2001 every year the berlin wall strides . from 2002 to 2006 , the berlin wall was extended by the initiative of the berlin senate around the city . it had to be created for no longer obtained trails replacement vehicle options . also rebuilt or rebuilt traffic routes separated sections of the way from each other . in the room lichterfelde on the border with teltow 2004 an underpass under the railway line berlin - halle in the course of the customs route to berlin area , after before an interruption of the way at this point had been feared . at the intersection with the dresdener bahn near lichtenrade , on the other hand , there is still no possibility of crossing , so that a longer detour over partially paved roads is necessary . the german railways justified the lack of crossing possibility with the words
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 2 the next few weeks , euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the fact that this is an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " cannot be lost when we look on the significance
825804984 825807680 2018-02-15 15:11:19 0 days 00:20:57 5946478 3 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn , at three month intervals to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus
825832766 825833265 2018-02-15 18:09:02 0 days 00:03:47 5946478 0 berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the border became a more practical proposition . < ref > [[ history of rail transport in germany ]] < ref > = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in east
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 48 the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . < ref name = " allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : '
830738474 831699815 2018-03-21 20:50:43 5 days 03:41:22 28766260 0 history of rail transport in germany ]] . ) = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the [[ human capital flight | " brain drain " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of
1 in germany ]] . ) = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " ]] feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union |
836226216 836314607 2018-04-14 00:16:04 0 days 11:04:56 10289486 0 itself . protest demonstrations spread throughout east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus ! " }} ' ' ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben
838878947 838879438 2018-04-29 21:40:04 0 days 00:04:19 764861 2 = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! – time | publisher = time | date = 20 november 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period over 100 , 000 < ref name
838895411 839259862 2018-05-02 08:54:31 2 days 08:57:53 2845158 0 introductory video to the ' ' rise and fall ' ' expansion for ' ' [[ civilization vi ]] ' ' depicts a woman striking the wall with a sledgehammer . * * in april 2018 game publisher ' ' ' ' ' playway s . a . ' ' ' ' ' announced that polish game studio k202 is working on the [ http : / / www . playway . com / 10004 - games / 691 - the1berlinl ' ' the berlin wall ' ' ] game that will be published in december 2018 . = = see also = = {{ div col | colwidth = 20em }} * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) | ' ' the berlin wall ' '
843143798 843144692 2018-05-27 05:26:05 0 days 00:11:06 4626 0 . 170 - 171 . {{ isbn | 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 }} . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = = how khrushchev - kennedy relations affected the construction of the wall = = = < p > in april 1961 , khrushchev gained an impression that kennedy ' ' is not very smart '
843144692 843537822 2018-05-29 19:55:32 2 days 14:29:27 30675059 8 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > {{ citation | last = levine | first = marilyn | title = something to do with the wall | date = 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title
845242425 845346007 2018-06-11 05:24:11 0 days 16:38:45 508734 10 / ref > = = ' ' " ich bin ein berliner " ' ' and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main article | ich bin ein berliner | tear down this wall ! }} {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy
854078225 854963466 2018-08-15 00:04:24 6 days 03:35:04 5839510 0 < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left
855994232 855995255 2018-08-22 06:04:45 0 days 00:08:48 817684 0 germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . as ard and zdf broadcast to [[ tal der ahnungslosen | nearly all of east germany ]] , the news was broadcast there as well simultaneously . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman [[ hanns joachim friedrichs ]] proclaimed , " this 9 november is
855995255 856004544 2018-08-22 07:35:04 0 days 01:30:19 817684 0 . m . on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . as ard and zdf had broadcast to [[ tal der ahnungslosen | nearly all of east germany ]] , the news was broadcast there as well simultaneously . later that night , on ard ' s
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41672218 41672333 2006-02-28 23:49:11 0 days 00:00:50 0|69.15.111.135 2 because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
41672399 41672426 2006-02-28 23:49:42 0 days 00:00:06 161478 1 because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
44761040 44769169 2006-03-21 04:47:22 0 days 01:10:57 0|68.154.38.227 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . ~ * ~ = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
44769841 44769958 2006-03-21 04:55:39 0 days 00:01:13 410083 1 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . ~ * ~ = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
52737216 52874480 2006-05-12 18:37:51 0 days 20:10:16 0|70.89.200.221 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . then oneday ryan gesell farted and the berlin wal blew up . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
52874480 52874622 2006-05-12 18:38:50 0 days 00:00:59 1383774 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . then oneday ryan gesell farted and the berlin wal blew up . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
53023975 53102839 2006-05-14 04:14:39 0 days 10:36:05 0|211.27.201.44 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . ' ' ' it was hell for the soldiers . ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
53102839 53127110 2006-05-14 08:59:21 0 days 04:44:42 157842 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . ' ' ' it was hell for the soldiers . ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
54913689 54913864 2006-05-24 17:14:53 0 days 00:01:11 0|64.8.191.2 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . this thing sucks . . . you may beable to find information . . . but as far as i ' m concerned . . . internet sucks ass ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
54913864 54913899 2006-05-24 17:15:08 0 days 00:00:15 301395 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . this thing sucks . . . you may beable to find information . . . but as far as i ' m concerned . . . internet sucks ass ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
64277967 64310129 2006-07-17 16:48:18 0 days 03:55:10 0|64.73.33.84 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . also a man by the name of bryson was ruler = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
64310129 64317216 2006-07-17 17:33:09 0 days 00:44:51 157842 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . also a man by the name of bryson was ruler = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
67063829 67064018 2006-08-01 16:32:33 0 days 00:01:09 0|66.32.195.73 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck ffukc fcuk fuck fuck = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
67064018 67065553 2006-08-01 16:41:25 0 days 00:08:52 1008387 1 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck ffukc fcuk fuck fuck = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
67168412 67168587 2006-08-02 03:01:01 0 days 00:01:22 0|140.144.41.95 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . brobyn is cool ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
67168587 67168760 2006-08-02 03:02:13 0 days 00:01:12 529595 1 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . brobyn is cool ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
79608608 79651136 2006-10-05 14:10:20 0 days 07:10:28 0|84.166.173.241 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . i love guys so should u ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
79651136 79671529 2006-10-05 16:24:36 0 days 02:14:16 155181 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . i love guys so should u ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
82453547 82593906 2006-10-20 09:13:48 0 days 15:59:35 0|147.10.48.189 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . omg lol = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
82593906 82593962 2006-10-20 09:14:29 0 days 00:00:41 185410 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . omg lol = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
82593962 82594023 2006-10-20 09:15:16 0 days 00:00:47 0|147.10.48.189 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . . . . . . . . . . . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
82594023 82594068 2006-10-20 09:15:48 0 days 00:00:32 127798 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . . . . . . . . . . . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
87075361 87075448 2006-11-11 03:20:14 0 days 00:00:38 0|210.55.85.150 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . usa usa usa sucks ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
87075448 87075455 2006-11-11 03:20:18 0 days 00:00:04 1574574 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . usa usa usa sucks ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
88434996 88440096 2006-11-17 16:01:30 0 days 00:30:31 0|72.159.168.35 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . andrew is the coolest guy in the world ! ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
88440096 88440245 2006-11-17 16:02:27 0 days 00:00:57 0|72.159.168.35 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . andrew is the coolest guy in the world ! ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
92646687 92646910 2006-12-07 06:36:18 0 days 00:02:06 0|129.1.208.200 0 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . that last one was a joke people . nic would probably get shot if he moved to berlin , so he and rodriguo intend to move to korea , where they can build a wall and give it to jay as a present . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
92646910 92647253 2006-12-07 06:39:14 0 days 00:02:56 1199710 2 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . that last one was a joke people . nic would probably get shot if he moved to berlin , so he and rodriguo intend to move to korea , where they can build a wall and give it to jay as a present . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
93493618 93507726 2006-12-11 03:14:35 0 days 01:25:40 0|67.188.24.31 0 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . 1234567890 = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
93507726 93510408 2006-12-11 03:31:10 0 days 00:16:35 767514 0 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . 1234567890 = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
93880292 93880768 2006-12-12 19:54:41 0 days 00:02:21 0|72.20.141.105 0 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . misty tatom = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
100120391 100251866 2007-01-12 17:14:25 0 days 16:22:27 0|207.195.51.191 0 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . joelle enjoys touching k - doggs bunnies inapropriatly ( hand to genital contact ) , therefor big a - dogg ( tuff guy ) had to drop chem so everyone else could focas on the studies at hand . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
100251866 100252017 2007-01-12 17:15:17 0 days 00:00:52 2691489 0 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . joelle enjoys touching k - doggs bunnies inapropriatly ( hand to genital contact ) , therefor big a - dogg ( tuff guy ) had to drop chem so everyone else could focas on the studies at hand . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 4 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . jesus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 4 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . jesus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
110051010 110063511 2007-02-22 13:50:09 0 days 01:36:37 0|209.50.156.164 0 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . i love the eu = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
110063511 110063581 2007-02-22 13:50:35 0 days 00:00:26 0|209.50.156.164 0 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . i love the eu = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
111406034 111406152 2007-02-27 20:34:45 0 days 00:00:28 0|205.126.72.236 1 germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
111406932 111406953 2007-02-27 20:38:17 0 days 00:00:06 0|205.126.63.15 1 the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = ' ' ' ' ' = = = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
111406953 111407061 2007-02-27 20:38:46 0 days 00:00:29 3538467 1 of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = ' ' ' ' ' = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = ' ' ' ' ' = = = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
111431459 111447681 2007-02-27 23:32:06 0 days 01:10:20 0|24.224.150.220 3 a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
111447681 111448485 2007-02-27 23:35:47 0 days 00:03:41 296765 3 which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ' ' ' you suck ' ' ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
113258907 113259425 2007-03-07 06:16:44 0 days 00:03:33 0|67.160.16.40 0 wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . wow , i can totally edit a wikipedia page and i ' m not even out of high school . no wonder my a . p . history teacher says not to trust wiki . sorry folks , looks like he was right . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
118145334 118145453 2007-03-27 00:43:34 0 days 00:00:34 0|24.16.228.161 1 = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . m serious people = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
119880200 119982132 2007-04-03 14:47:50 0 days 12:22:26 0|204.10.221.252 2 one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
119982132 119982806 2007-04-03 14:51:12 0 days 00:03:22 2400553 2 planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most j black is the bast holla at me at dont worry about it . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
123518010 123518376 2007-04-17 13:15:19 0 days 00:01:59 0|24.73.99.18 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihih = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
123518853 123518934 2007-04-17 13:18:19 0 days 00:00:24 3358912 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . hihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihih = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
125328975 125329185 2007-04-23 23:24:44 0 days 00:00:44 0|75.4.184.187 2 = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany ' ' ' iiriis iis a kock suckiin biitch ! ! ! ' ' ' developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
125329185 125330094 2007-04-23 23:27:48 0 days 00:03:04 295536 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ' ' ' ha ha ha yu stupiid ho3 ii lov3 yu lmfao ! ! ! ! ! ! ' ' ' = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
127671245 127671395 2007-05-02 12:54:45 0 days 00:00:55 0|68.85.23.179 0 formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
127671439 127671464 2007-05-02 12:55:16 0 days 00:00:11 385115 0 formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
129554675 129554933 2007-05-09 16:37:49 0 days 00:01:02 0|204.129.158.10 13 in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader mat wood approved by soviet leader bainca , but
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 11 [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader mat wood approved by soviet leader bainca , but
153108080 153139170 2007-08-23 12:23:26 0 days 04:16:55 0|88.70.24.62 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
153139170 153180545 2007-08-23 17:21:59 0 days 04:58:33 715870 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
156050759 156051084 2007-09-06 13:53:57 0 days 00:02:01 0|69.246.212.189 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
156051084 156052102 2007-09-06 14:00:41 0 days 00:06:44 302522 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
160013834 160019483 2007-09-24 14:26:04 0 days 00:26:52 0|206.123.212.68 1 german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany estjjkghhngjfgjggfghfhgghfgffjhghfgjfgfhgfjgfjhgjfhgfdgfhfghdfghgfgfgfgfgffgfgfgfddsadsdkajfkkjkghghjghjjjklkjl ; lk ; lkklkjkjhkjkhjkjhjkjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjablished an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significanbiteb my botty boom boomtly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . care = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
160019483 160019557 2007-09-24 14:26:25 0 days 00:00:21 7580 1 ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . who gives a care western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany estjjkghhngjfgjggfghfhgghfgffjhghfgjfgfhgfjgfjhgjfhgfdgfhfghdfghgfgfgfgfgffgfgfgfddsadsdkajfkkjkghghjghjjjklkjl ; lk ; lkklkjkjhkjkhjkjhjkjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjablished an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significanbiteb my botty boom boomtly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
160539804 160548666 2007-09-26 20:46:01 0 days 00:42:55 2073927 2 in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . the berlin wall was 906 miles long . it bordered south calabama . pokemon was inspired by the berlin wall . and then cheap knock offs were made such as yu - gi - oh ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
166497137 166497262 2007-10-23 12:35:30 0 days 00:00:50 0|208.108.159.75 1 germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . kai and jamie are sooo hott x100000 ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167856590 167857173 2007-10-29 15:38:13 0 days 00:02:59 0|164.113.70.82 0 berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . and they shot people like dontae = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167857173 167859656 2007-10-29 15:51:32 0 days 00:13:19 0|164.113.70.85 0 to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . and they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167859656 167860600 2007-10-29 15:56:19 0 days 00:04:47 0|164.113.70.82 0 further exodus . and they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167860600 167860826 2007-10-29 15:57:38 0 days 00:01:19 0|164.113.70.85 0 assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167860826 167860947 2007-10-29 15:58:12 0 days 00:00:34 0|164.113.70.82 0 white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167860947 167861051 2007-10-29 15:58:48 0 days 00:00:36 0|164.113.70.85 0 when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167861051 167861229 2007-10-29 15:59:40 0 days 00:00:52 0|164.113.70.82 0 found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167861229 167861753 2007-10-29 16:02:55 0 days 00:03:15 0|164.113.70.85 0 ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167861753 167861833 2007-10-29 16:03:24 0 days 00:00:29 0|164.113.70.82 0 king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167861833 167862215 2007-10-29 16:05:48 0 days 00:02:24 0|164.113.70.82 0 was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167862215 167862425 2007-10-29 16:07:10 0 days 00:01:22 0|164.113.70.85 0 who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . he loved to see luis cry cuz he cried like a baby back bitch = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
168309604 168310064 2007-10-31 14:59:21 0 days 00:02:34 0|164.113.70.2 0 the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . so later testin revealed that dontae was a monkey no he wasn ' t he just looked like a monkey but luis was a monkey for sure and he got fucked by the baboons in the zoo every night true story = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
170107040 170107433 2007-11-08 15:20:14 0 days 00:02:22 0|164.113.70.2 1 cursed by a evil witch she made them all have small penis ' s so if you ever see a luis you ' ll always know that his penis is small penis too = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
188309052 188374787 2008-02-01 13:37:37 0 days 09:58:30 0|58.107.153.90 0 democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . dis is dumb = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
188374787 188374854 2008-02-01 13:38:07 0 days 00:00:30 296765 0 democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " dis is dumb wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
193871493 193886900 2008-02-25 08:25:09 0 days 02:14:29 0|59.101.240.75 0 into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . according to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . fuck fuck fuckity fuck = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
193886900 193886908 2008-02-25 08:25:13 0 days 00:00:04 1879647 0 into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . fuck fuck fuckity fuck = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . according to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
196053252 196053579 2008-03-05 15:50:11 0 days 00:01:42 0|84.12.55.2 0 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . : - ) = = = proposed barrier = = = gay [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
196053859 196054243 2008-03-05 15:53:39 0 days 00:02:00 6227797 1 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . : - ) = = = proposed barrier = = = gay [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
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9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 17 , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border top of the wall was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]]
63282560 63319257 2006-07-11 23:39:57 0 days 03:40:53 273854 1 parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 22 by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the
274521235 274696419 2009-03-03 15:08:15 0 days 18:11:26 0|200.156.17.1 0 ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border testicle = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
274696419 274698765 2009-03-03 15:20:19 0 days 00:12:04 2372780 1 as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of german testicle border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
315332296 315332574 2009-09-21 17:50:19 0 days 00:01:30 0|83.104.63.97 0 germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border boiler between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior
315332574 315336961 2009-09-21 18:15:36 0 days 00:25:17 911178 1 germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the boiler border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior
323548634 323553877 2009-11-02 21:57:58 0 days 00:25:01 6340927 4 how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility
349066774 349189337 2010-03-11 09:56:34 0 days 13:36:58 6971250 1 wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after east german police border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of [[ murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas =
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 2 {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location
390224187 390399577 2010-10-12 23:47:36 0 days 16:49:19 0|67.235.135.235 0 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border boner = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
390399577 390399626 2010-10-12 23:47:57 0 days 00:00:21 2372780 0 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german boner border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
590964946 593520854 2014-02-02 02:00:13 16 days 12:22:38 14347385 0 germans via berlin . on 9 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders border between east - and west - berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to
597421016 600160165 2014-03-18 14:21:23 18 days 17:57:14 11935096 0 and east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west
615295062 618841270 2014-07-28 16:55:14 26 days 03:09:29 114091 0 latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border length of border around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border between west berlin and east germany
641499497 641609860 2015-01-08 18:28:50 0 days 18:23:21 3308922 0 german embassy in prague . this was tolerated by the new krenz government , because of long standing agreements with the communist czechoslovak government , allowing free travel across their common boarder border . however this movement of people grew so large it caused difficulties for both countries . to ease the difficulties , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to
737235458 738198431 2016-09-07 14:22:44 5 days 23:43:36 14347385 0 construction of a new railway bypassing west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the barrier border became a more practical position . = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain
810309981 810310105 2017-11-14 13:51:40 0 days 00:01:02 6554947 0 arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border frontier on the outer edge of the strip . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs / 9799537166800 / <
810310105 810311833 2017-11-14 14:06:28 0 days 00:14:48 6554947 0 arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] frontier border on the outer edge of the strip . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign -
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1184497 1197737 2003-07-23 12:29:08 22 days 12:07:35 0|218.221.231.218 0 {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany
2497657 2661588 2004-02-23 16:12:43 4 days 11:44:46 25261 0 {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; &
2 di berlino ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22260 ; & # 22681 ; ]]
6272294 6686417 2004-10-01 13:21:12 4 days 17:27:07 25261 0 # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]]
6806505 6969433 2004-10-23 20:30:02 4 days 09:54:38 28622 0 & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]]
7642354 7685743 2004-11-19 10:33:55 1 days 15:00:20 0|212.86.16.151 0 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]]
7790644 7828097 2004-11-23 20:44:56 3 days 08:03:49 116385 4 : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & #
13261937 13271695 2005-05-05 11:29:56 0 days 18:19:59 228773 0 & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & #
13625838 13630178 2005-05-12 21:12:11 1 days 08:59:53 102531 0 & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ;
15046701 15054564 2005-06-12 01:37:44 2 days 05:36:22 0|58.73.76.53 0 tembok berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ ko : & # 48288 ; & # 47484 ; & # 47536 ; & # 51109 ; & # 48317 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & #
18607525 18615057 2005-07-11 18:24:45 0 days 02:00:04 116385 0 ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de
3 ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; חומת ברלין ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531
4 # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ ko : & # 48288 ; & # 47484 ; & # 47536 ; & # 51109 ; & # 48317 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli &
6 [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ ko : & # 48288 ; & # 47484 ; & # 47536 ; & # 51109 ; & # 48317 ; berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; &
7 22721 ; ]] [[ ko : & # 48288 ; & # 47484 ; & # 47536 ; & # 51109 ; & # 48317 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ;
8 ; & # 51109 ; & # 48317 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; берлинская стена ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083
19932234 20042747 2005-08-01 11:29:17 1 days 17:26:50 271058 1 muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ nb : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh
23449664 23670283 2005-09-21 11:45:42 3 days 03:55:41 271058 0 gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru
24088697 24143292 2005-09-27 08:57:19 0 days 16:09:59 271058 2 ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn [[ berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky
3 [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : : ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr
4 he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]]
39233819 39312783 2006-02-12 07:11:37 0 days 12:06:55 692949 0 ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh
48907639 48935289 2006-04-18 02:07:04 0 days 03:31:33 228773 0 ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[
59248468 60675338 2006-06-26 16:03:09 8 days 07:03:13 219754 0 berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 68 berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 61 s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 68 berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 61 s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 68 berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
113088171 113088445 2007-03-06 16:38:20 0 days 00:03:15 0|206.123.204.226 2 ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] you suck [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh
113088743 113094185 2007-03-06 17:09:02 0 days 00:28:16 441020 7 berlinski zid ]] why is there stuff here ? [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] i hate you keaton [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] you suck [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh
119325203 119386632 2007-04-01 01:12:31 0 days 05:32:38 3891047 0 ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין
241809182 241970745 2008-09-30 09:00:27 0 days 15:43:29 2450100 0 ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 85 बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin החבובות ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt :
87 siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren マペット ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена
88 ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński muppety ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure
89 ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure os muppets ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]]
91 : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri muppetit ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 84 muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi :
86 muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]]
87 muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety mur berliński ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]]
88 na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]]
90 ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]]
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 85 बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin החבובות ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt :
87 siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren マペット ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена
88 ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński muppety ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure
89 ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure os muppets ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]]
91 : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri muppetit ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 84 muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi :
86 muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]]
87 muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety mur berliński ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]]
88 na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]]
90 ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]]
299532247 299536269 2009-06-30 17:00:50 0 days 00:23:45 3308922 1 te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் muro de berlin ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin wall was built in the
315504920 315723002 2009-09-23 15:17:43 1 days 01:36:14 8066546 0 ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]]
522225975 522266850 2012-11-10 01:45:02 0 days 05:47:38 11020855 0 ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ xmf : ბერლინიშ კიდა ]] [[ arz : سور برلين ]] [[ mzn : برلین دیوار ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nah : berlin pāntli ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ oc : mur de berlin ]] [[ pnb :
group 5
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22002656 22024698 2005-08-28 11:59:04 0 days 08:50:21 92511 1 | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin
35317181 35317828 2006-01-15 21:57:08 0 days 00:04:56 25568 1 uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall remembered those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[
37108558 37371856 2006-01-30 16:10:54 1 days 20:59:34 0|207.108.154.195 0 alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years walls ears = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire
37371856 37419687 2006-01-30 22:29:34 0 days 06:18:40 8780 0 alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the walls ears wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire
40459461 40460981 2006-02-20 18:53:30 0 days 00:13:24 478178 0 the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked layout = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 17 soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
40785084 40814212 2006-02-23 04:37:43 0 days 04:17:05 386031 0 the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = construction berlin is seperated = = = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
1 wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = immediate response = = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989
40900572 40901025 2006-02-23 19:47:05 0 days 00:03:54 89179 0 ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = berlin is seperated construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
40901025 40902989 2006-02-23 20:03:14 0 days 00:16:09 89179 0 creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip
40903298 40903474 2006-02-23 20:07:14 0 days 00:01:23 89179 1 decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversery on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = aftermath and implications = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away .
40904452 40904768 2006-02-23 20:17:12 0 days 00:02:18 89179 0 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall of the wall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] ,
41742909 41746791 2006-03-01 13:16:11 0 days 00:46:41 524922 1 fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = = = = official crossings and usage = = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border .
44770428 44770612 2006-03-21 05:02:30 0 days 00:01:49 0|68.154.38.227 2 , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background ? = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]]
44770612 44770674 2006-03-21 05:02:57 0 days 00:00:27 410083 2 , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background ? = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]]
58814119 58814173 2006-06-15 19:42:28 0 days 00:00:27 0|70.28.201.133 0 berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 - 1961 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip
58814173 58814260 2006-06-15 19:42:56 0 days 00:00:28 0|70.28.201.133 1 image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 11 - 20 - 1961 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip
58814260 58821996 2006-06-15 20:25:47 0 days 00:42:51 157842 1 wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip "
2 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip
101085418 101167468 2007-01-16 20:29:18 0 days 07:47:24 0|70.59.82.98 0 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] ,
101167468 101168248 2007-01-16 20:33:10 0 days 00:03:52 1008387 0 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] ,
105723513 105723629 2007-02-05 03:55:16 0 days 00:00:39 0|150.101.251.66 0 public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what
105723629 105723744 2007-02-05 03:56:02 0 days 00:00:46 140089 0 public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what
114062117 114069880 2007-03-10 15:09:53 0 days 00:56:10 3748830 5 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence
114069880 114078012 2007-03-10 16:07:11 0 days 00:57:18 3322661 3 japan . svg | thumb | 300px | right | hinomaru ! ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime
166163043 166165378 2007-10-21 23:47:46 0 days 00:12:04 605084 9 : 30pm in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days . honecker had predicted in january of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always be used as a symbol for the end
12 transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the wall in 1989 ]] --> protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall , which will always be used as a symbol for the end of the cold war , made the " west " available in the middle of the
167330269 167330987 2007-10-27 00:51:18 0 days 00:04:40 50001 15 - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ]] " speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]]
169317962 169452172 2007-11-05 20:57:26 0 days 15:34:33 0|137.90.130.186 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building monkeys built the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side
169452172 169452240 2007-11-05 20:57:45 0 days 00:00:19 4158767 0 {st@rt} monkeys built {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / /
177209487 177212488 2007-12-11 14:31:03 0 days 00:19:08 0|208.108.156.65 0 . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west this page is greatest trademark ; berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people
177212791 177214350 2007-12-11 14:42:39 0 days 00:09:39 5779767 0 . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . this page is greatest trademark ; the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people
189354281 189354826 2008-02-05 21:59:41 0 days 00:02:04 0|70.118.67.29 0 ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the lauren is gaythe wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in
189354826 189355039 2008-02-05 22:00:27 0 days 00:00:46 2537811 0 ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . lauren is gaythe the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 5 < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html researchers confirm 125 135 berlin wall deaths | germany | deutsche welle | 09 . 08 . 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 5 < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html researchers confirm 135 125 berlin wall deaths | germany | deutsche welle | 09 . 08 . 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group
200847758 200851402 2008-03-25 18:18:59 0 days 00:16:48 3505251 0 all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the berlin wall , august 2007 ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[
201855065 201855908 2008-03-29 18:09:49 0 days 00:04:00 0|68.47.21.231 1 = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - i love learning about new states so this a good site to veiw so u can learn about berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall
201855908 201855946 2008-03-29 18:10:01 0 days 00:00:12 6475994 1 the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} we love this site it helps to learn aout berlin i love learning about new states so this a good site to veiw so u can learn about wall and east - berlin
202525275 202536820 2008-04-01 13:23:40 0 days 01:09:16 0|208.182.113.239 3 travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting seven groundhogs jumped over the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the
202536820 202537943 2008-04-01 13:30:00 0 days 00:06:20 911178 3 , eight rihnos , four hippos , one and a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , and seven groundhogs jumped over from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall chasing a cat and four buffalo = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was
215551281 216963315 2008-06-04 00:26:30 6 days 05:58:51 6929011 0 ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 26 [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet
235999012 236298450 2008-09-04 19:33:44 1 days 09:25:11 0|89.180.225.158 1 wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg /
237420572 237421084 2008-09-10 02:42:59 0 days 00:04:00 7823265 2 british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east decided to build a wall so that the berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany )
6 market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed children and thats how they built the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and
237421084 237421104 2008-09-10 02:43:05 0 days 00:00:06 2372780 7 lots of gay sex there just stay away from the male because you dont know who to trust dont bend over and then micheal jackson goes there and gets all the children and thats how they built 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone from people bouncing up
238325456 238394797 2008-09-14 17:19:35 0 days 08:03:18 0|75.81.195.4 1 s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn so fuck yo couch to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front
238394797 238394911 2008-09-14 17:20:15 0 days 00:00:40 5549726 1 s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn so fuck yo couch to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 45 the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to which entered west berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals
239876509 239903193 2008-09-21 01:15:43 0 days 02:37:31 3623436 1 aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = : ' ' see also main article [[ | berlin border crossings ]] ' ' there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel
240240944 240242156 2008-09-22 15:58:49 0 days 00:07:42 736477 1 the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = territory = = out of citizen territory of [[ besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin ]] , the wall passed around the limits of 14 municipalities of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , bordering with [[ west berlin ]] . here is
240440258 240441737 2008-09-23 14:04:13 0 days 00:08:36 3048050 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . katie o mahony loves = = = divergence of the berlin wall : d = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader
242557548 242755000 2008-10-03 14:42:47 0 days 19:46:38 7991946 3 jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' t think sow i ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]]
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 15 date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the jon stewart [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 15 date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the jon stewart [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in
244911758 245026392 2008-10-13 17:05:37 0 days 13:38:58 0|80.56.136.93 0 ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone .
248423012 248550123 2008-10-30 03:35:04 0 days 11:37:02 0|71.129.38.195 3 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west
248550123 248551311 2008-10-30 03:44:11 0 days 00:09:07 3689445 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the berlin wall was pretty ! ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg
1 the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin wall was pretty ! ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg |
260986227 260986325 2008-12-31 00:07:29 0 days 00:00:25 7662999 0 | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the [[ berlin wall ]] located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california , usa ]] ]] little is left of the wall at its original
261502761 262136422 2009-01-05 18:46:03 2 days 23:19:18 0|209.189.130.83 5 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' '
262136422 262136515 2009-01-05 18:46:36 0 days 00:00:33 1064243 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the berlin wall was the biggest wall ever built . it stretched from hamas to south china , then to italy but it stopped in ireland for some alcoholic beverages .
1 {st@rt} the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall was the biggest wall ever built . it stretched from hamas to south china , then to italy but it stopped in ireland for some alcoholic beverages . the
263867716 264008204 2009-01-14 10:20:35 0 days 14:51:34 0|86.47.35.177 0 : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the
266290348 266290464 2009-01-25 10:45:41 0 days 00:00:54 119438 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence of the ruy lopez ]] . ' ' [ http : / / www . chess . com / news / the - berlin - wall - grows -
266949918 267068772 2009-01-28 22:44:29 0 days 10:45:43 0|99.228.71.49 1 : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev
267068772 267068810 2009-01-28 22:44:37 0 days 00:00:08 4928500 0 : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall is bullshit . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a
268125931 268285347 2009-02-03 17:38:20 0 days 19:03:47 0|194.46.231.203 3 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown german government quickly stopped this . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]]
274232751 274242379 2009-03-01 21:22:25 0 days 00:39:38 0|78.16.204.122 1 was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th
275499407 275903809 2009-03-08 22:29:08 1 days 22:58:47 9166621 2 more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of 3 the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland
275903809 275903826 2009-03-08 22:29:17 0 days 00:00:09 2416136 3 {st@rt} hi world . . . i jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ! !
4 {st@rt} hi world . . . i < 3 ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall ! ! ! !
283120128 283243378 2009-04-11 21:03:54 0 days 16:01:05 7992897 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall '
283243474 283243810 2009-04-11 21:06:20 0 days 00:01:52 4156654 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall '
284229554 284272784 2009-04-16 20:08:28 0 days 04:10:48 0|194.144.117.217 0 orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the ' ' ' berlin wall started in hungary , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with symbolic moments like the so
284272784 284274572 2009-04-16 20:17:18 0 days 00:08:50 1099776 0 orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' started in [[ hungary ]] , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with
284527500 284528364 2009-04-18 00:18:32 0 days 00:05:54 0|122.110.183.192 2 ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital dildo , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although
284528364 284529573 2009-04-18 00:27:25 0 days 00:08:53 6984319 1 ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the dildo capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the warm vagina . although
289779598 289779731 2009-05-14 00:10:13 0 days 00:00:53 1233313 0 germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " ' ' mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans
290358741 290358801 2009-05-16 18:33:39 0 days 00:00:26 6984319 0 tear down this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the [[ berlin wall ]] in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main |
298845873 298939014 2009-06-27 14:00:54 0 days 14:17:19 1439530 3 = mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main
299443524 299532247 2009-06-30 16:37:05 0 days 12:43:21 0|80.192.216.96 0 ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec ta : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]]
2 [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi te : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
3 : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
299532247 299536269 2009-06-30 17:00:50 0 days 00:23:45 3308922 5 برلن ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin wall was built in the 60 ' s and knocked down inthe 80 ' s
300317419 300484953 2009-07-05 22:19:21 0 days 22:43:52 145194 1 {st@rt} {{ pp - move - indef }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # | berlin defence ]] . ' ' {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale :
304813680 305113230 2009-07-30 17:36:15 1 days 13:06:13 0|155.188.247.7 0 on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] david hasselhoff at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }}
305113230 305113464 2009-07-30 17:37:36 0 days 00:01:21 6803532 0 on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | david hasselhoff [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }}
305130153 305728347 2009-08-03 00:58:10 3 days 05:42:38 0|67.163.100.198 0 february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan truman ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall
305747833 305747907 2009-08-03 03:24:58 0 days 00:00:33 0|71.60.203.1 0 february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ truman reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall
305747907 305749049 2009-08-03 03:34:07 0 days 00:09:09 118722 0 february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ reagan ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall
309336034 309828599 2009-08-24 18:52:05 2 days 19:36:05 8574593 0 : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno
311192075 311278175 2009-09-01 14:03:37 0 days 12:33:20 6971250 9 speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . =
311938724 312093201 2009-09-05 23:32:58 0 days 21:54:44 0|69.126.11.224 0 divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . i love julian the berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de
312093344 312093418 2009-09-05 23:34:31 0 days 00:00:34 97951 1 divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . i love julian the berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de
312093418 312093508 2009-09-05 23:35:09 0 days 00:00:38 10103464 0 divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . i love julian the berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de
312093508 312095287 2009-09-05 23:49:08 0 days 00:13:59 142444 0 divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . i love julian the berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de
312604952 312612312 2009-09-08 16:29:46 0 days 00:47:21 10069869 5 [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / cyber - city berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , mixed reality installation after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de
315336961 315504920 2009-09-22 13:41:29 0 days 19:25:53 764861 0 war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 178 october 3 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam
317824549 317979368 2009-10-05 04:18:29 0 days 16:16:48 1938651 0 b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " three [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 14 ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com / allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs
17 - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / /
320975384 320978520 2009-10-20 10:32:07 0 days 00:34:15 3058538 0 2009 }} 2007 [[ black - and - white | b & w ]] photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / photogallery . htm gallery at berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama
320978520 321098233 2009-10-20 23:46:50 0 days 13:14:43 8066546 0 [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[
321882756 322000044 2009-10-25 20:35:50 0 days 16:11:04 0|68.215.179.23 0 ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location spot of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin ,
322000044 322000370 2009-10-25 20:37:47 0 days 00:01:57 3308922 0 ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the spot location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin ,
323393561 323394672 2009-11-02 02:02:57 0 days 00:06:40 6509701 0 almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a germans are hot massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }}
324105756 324105954 2009-11-05 16:39:42 0 days 00:01:13 0|77.1.32.123 1 missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . wallofberlin . com ] " virtual berlin wall " - website linked to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . pictures can be uploaded on a chose region of the wall
324146953 324158162 2009-11-05 21:48:15 0 days 01:00:28 0|76.93.177.233 1 berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of shit berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders
324838954 324839056 2009-11-09 13:56:48 0 days 00:00:57 0|213.64.19.23 0 / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html deutsche welle , the inrastrucure " infrastrucure " and technique of the berlin wall in detail , animated video ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years
324844080 324845496 2009-11-09 14:47:06 0 days 00:10:31 6971250 0 a thaousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 "
324906773 324911705 2009-11-09 21:14:15 0 days 00:25:41 10978948 0 . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through
324951813 324954599 2009-11-10 01:05:34 0 days 00:16:59 6986250 0 }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[
325030966 325035321 2009-11-10 12:40:12 0 days 00:45:03 10297792 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess sex position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west
325035321 325035678 2009-11-10 12:43:22 0 days 00:03:10 10297792 1 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the sex chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west
325218548 325218944 2009-11-11 09:54:29 0 days 00:05:02 6971250 5 they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 4 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the
325413116 325413366 2009-11-12 10:06:37 0 days 00:02:38 8023653 2 pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . *
325525469 325526737 2009-11-12 23:24:55 0 days 00:07:23 5663757 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position variation | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side
327412470 327584067 2009-11-24 01:48:25 0 days 21:33:35 0|75.52.168.142 0 to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the
327584067 327584421 2009-11-24 01:50:54 0 days 00:02:29 10141256 0 to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 1990 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the
328189152 328227127 2009-11-27 16:25:08 0 days 05:51:41 38198 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west
336231595 336304502 2010-01-07 00:15:54 0 days 06:33:16 0|99.13.65.208 3 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986
336304791 336305106 2010-01-07 00:18:55 0 days 00:01:34 7897452 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' {{ about | | the berlin wall nocked down by josh farting sooo hard it just fell > . < ' ' ' ' ' ' . . . . . . . sara '
1 {st@rt} ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin wall nocked down by josh farting sooo hard it just fell > . < ' ' ' ' ' ' . . . . . . . sara ' '
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 8 ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 15 in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the wall violated military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006
28 section | date = july 2008 }} general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 22 east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to
347167732 347168405 2010-03-01 21:33:00 0 days 00:03:10 0|71.28.105.141 1 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . it was made in 1990 but tore down in 1999 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist
347168405 347169208 2010-03-01 21:36:30 0 days 00:03:30 262550 3 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . it was made in 1990 but tore down in 1999 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist
356874702 356880198 2010-04-18 23:42:36 0 days 00:38:01 0|67.174.226.40 0 = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] i like applesauce the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100
356880198 356880243 2010-04-18 23:42:51 0 days 00:00:15 134937 0 = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] i like applesauce the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100
360584362 360919053 2010-05-08 16:00:36 1 days 19:56:21 0|87.227.46.100 0 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = fw9q0qu2c2a ] {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 |
360919053 360919529 2010-05-08 16:03:22 0 days 00:02:46 6163802 0 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = fw9q0qu2c2a ] {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 |
362093204 362093344 2010-05-14 13:55:43 0 days 00:00:54 0|208.108.154.247 1 vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . mariah justice is awesome and dont use wikipedia : p because its unreliable . ' ' ' the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist
362093344 362094029 2010-05-14 14:00:38 0 days 00:04:55 334792 2 " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . ' ' ' mariah justice is awesome and dont use wikipedia : p because its unreliable . ' ' ' both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist
363268864 363585935 2010-05-22 17:58:32 1 days 20:55:35 0|64.235.99.75 0 , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th 75th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world /
363585935 363586451 2010-05-22 18:02:29 0 days 00:03:57 0|64.235.99.75 0 , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 75th 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world /
366512975 366521234 2010-06-07 08:27:18 0 days 01:15:10 6971250 0 border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www
368177016 368181715 2010-06-15 14:27:43 0 days 00:31:39 2730469 0 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube ]] {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 |
374861638 374862385 2010-07-22 15:00:17 0 days 00:05:44 0|76.248.68.144 0 : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube ]] * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 |
381576652 383513705 2010-09-07 20:13:40 9 days 21:55:10 1219174 2 jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm com " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _
384523324 384586437 2010-09-13 14:15:23 0 days 09:47:24 0|158.169.131.14 0 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < /
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 11 a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at http : / / www [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . berlin - wall - map . com fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity
391228576 391276457 2010-10-17 18:40:42 0 days 05:53:58 0|86.132.75.29 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities
391276457 391276698 2010-10-17 18:41:56 0 days 00:01:14 7007500 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities
392860812 392939112 2010-10-26 05:40:52 0 days 08:35:25 10089744 0 hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] ,
397185057 397241247 2010-11-17 04:09:25 0 days 05:59:29 13453905 0 * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . * [ http : / / www . americanrhetoric . com / speeches / jfkberliner . html jfk ' s " ich bin ein berliner " ] {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 |
398753727 398787758 2010-11-25 10:20:18 0 days 05:51:45 0|78.53.36.34 0 valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [ http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / commons / 6 / 6f / map - germany - 1945 . svg map - germany - 1945 ] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }}
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 2 [ http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / commons / 6 / 6f / map - germany - 1945 . svg map - germany - 1945 ] ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }}
400135595 400135757 2010-12-02 15:27:10 0 days 00:01:05 0|94.30.12.205 0 ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in ben hilton berlin remained considerably more accessible then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main
400135757 400135808 2010-12-02 15:27:29 0 days 00:00:19 118722 0 ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in ben hilton berlin remained considerably more accessible then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main
400217192 400251407 2010-12-03 03:16:12 0 days 04:06:05 0|67.11.7.6 4 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite
400251407 400251431 2010-12-03 03:16:24 0 days 00:00:12 13286072 1 {st@rt} frances rodriguez did this editing because she is retarted and now you dont know about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall you know about my ugly nasty sister and you should arrest her because this might be illigal ! ! ! | } the ' ' ' berlin wall
400293690 400499840 2010-12-04 15:56:28 1 days 05:01:04 0|69.156.45.160 0 = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] : ) the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100
400499840 400551710 2010-12-04 21:19:51 0 days 05:23:23 0|24.118.61.80 0 = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] : ) the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100
407087919 407283677 2011-01-11 15:27:19 0 days 23:22:25 0|208.53.127.234 0 layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 1111 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert
407283677 407283711 2011-01-11 15:27:31 0 days 00:00:12 13286072 0 layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1111 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert
409993256 410029342 2011-01-25 20:10:37 0 days 03:24:48 0|98.65.198.4 1 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view , from the west berlin side , of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite
410029342 410029373 2011-01-25 20:10:48 0 days 00:00:11 13286072 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view , from the west berlin side , of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall is stubied of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001
420447970 422046294 2011-04-02 22:14:24 9 days 15:56:56 1426328 1 thumb | left | upright | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the
443414712 443416955 2011-08-06 22:32:57 0 days 00:17:32 16710 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ use dmy dates | date = june 2011 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }}
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 19 [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }}
444182652 444482392 2011-08-12 18:46:58 1 days 16:17:34 2989394 1 a thousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 "
450027091 452185719 2011-09-24 12:32:59 12 days 03:34:17 10996774 0 www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 | title = forschungsprojekt „die " die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | date = | accessdate = 2011 -
484820788 484827186 2012-03-31 10:26:00 0 days 01:15:39 2390993 0 berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | east german [[ combat groups of the working class ]] close the border on 13 august 1961 in perparation preparation of the berlin wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall ,
496328462 496565758 2012-06-08 08:33:04 1 days 12:16:34 5570079 0 szl : berliński mur ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding pader ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ tt : берлин дивары ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı
504102528 505248510 2012-08-01 12:00:15 6 days 23:47:00 17222084 5 modifications = = = [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) . ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert |
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 6 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | upright | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded
534109278 534983192 2013-01-26 13:51:29 5 days 09:46:51 9090359 0 [[ girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the [[ gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh ,
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 34 by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | upright | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009
545505302 545505652 2013-03-19 20:16:32 0 days 00:01:40 15130 0 through the middle of 1990 , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | right | 480 480px | berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they
549524958 549642343 2013-04-10 07:36:14 0 days 16:06:36 6971250 0 berlin wall from the east . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | come back to the capital of gdr file : berlin wall - 2 . jpg | wall with parked wartburg and trabant cars file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | antitank obstacles and the wall < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was
574666684 574666842 2013-09-26 22:40:41 0 days 00:01:33 612302 0 be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | right | 480px upright = 1 . 4 | berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they
575077055 575102993 2013-09-30 06:21:17 0 days 05:04:59 7328338 10 _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel springer ag‬ ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death _ strip , _ 1984 .
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 25 elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except that the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi
580857229 580930170 2013-11-09 18:30:33 0 days 12:13:30 4783993 2 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , u . s . president john f . kennedy ]] visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of 450 , 000 he declared in his [[ ich
589123834 589252116 2014-01-05 06:40:46 0 days 19:32:52 415269 2 berlin wall from the east . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | come back to the capital of gdr " file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original
600160165 601584324 2014-03-28 00:27:17 9 days 10:05:54 18779361 5 berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) . ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence was built some {{
602473473 602872991 2014-04-05 15:12:03 2 days 17:59:28 88026 10 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 | 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at youtube * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of
606293854 609218762 2014-05-19 10:20:12 20 days 02:57:58 6971250 0 * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to 1990 , famous videos from public tv station rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ( rbb ) ] {{ berlin wall }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany
613835077 615294848 2014-07-02 13:43:53 10 days 19:48:20 7669583 3 hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing atop standing on the berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album
4 performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the partly - demolished the berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent
9 [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album
10 hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 19 / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | dmoz | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com
32 de * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / bernauer straße memorial website ] *
48 http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com
51 | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to 1990 , famous videos from public tv station rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ( rbb ) ] {{ berlin wall }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany
633183384 633189879 2014-11-10 04:55:00 0 days 01:15:20 1833 4 mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no -
7 berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected was severed by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) were reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 .
8 ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by the berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) were reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . on
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 4 lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of the berlin wall ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]]
7 of berlin wall ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) . ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence was built some {{
21 november 1989 file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | a crane removes a section of the wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 . file : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | almost all of the remaining sections were rapidly chipped away . december 1990 file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 -
23 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | west germans peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall . 5 january 1990 . file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 file : berliner wall 1 .
27 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east side gallery ]] , august 2006 . file : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall adjacent to the [[ topography of terror ]] , august 2007 file : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg |
30 two sections of the wall and a " you are leaving " sign at [[ fort gordon ]] , [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] . file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " come
32 ]] , [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side . file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " come back to the capital of gdr " file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[
33 . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " come back to the capital of gdr " . file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | an exhibition
34 | a sign reading " come back to the capital of gdr " file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall . file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | an exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary to the berlin wall destruction was located at [[ potsdamer platz ]] arkaden
688328708 688485144 2015-11-01 06:43:08 1 days 01:51:26 264323 3 film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east berlin ]] just as the [[ berlin wall ]] is being built . he tries to bring her back into west berlin , but is stopped by [[ stasi ]] agents and arrested as a spy .
707177225 707245740 2016-02-27 18:44:15 0 days 11:04:30 22186892 0 clay had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the [[ berlin airlift . he was immensely popular with the residents of west berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that kennedy would not compromise on the status of west
713111597 713738020 2016-04-05 17:01:56 3 days 16:22:20 29695 0 }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com
729057394 733423677 2016-08-07 18:35:16 29 days 02:59:40 3131428 2 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes moves also known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] }} {{ pp - semi -
3 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes
733423677 733487340 2016-08-08 04:39:46 0 days 10:04:30 264323 4 accessdate = 6 august 2011 | first = dmitry | last = solovyov }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main article | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various
734284492 734407317 2016-08-14 03:25:55 0 days 18:58:58 4977632 1 = = = = --> * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] – official website for the state capital of | http : / / www . berlin * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] * [ http : / / www .
4 the berlin wall ] – official website for the state capital of berlin * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / | title = berlin wall memorial ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id
13 ] – a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the | publisher = [[ rundfunk berlin wall ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall
20 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] – a chronicle * of the berlin wall history * {{ nyt topic | subjects / b / berlin _ wall }} * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace
735306235 735630692 2016-08-22 01:46:01 2 days 04:34:00 13830 0 warning , he was relieved that the east germans and the soviets had only divided berlin without taking any action against west berlin ' s access to the west . however , he denounced the berlin wall , whose erection worsened the relations between the united states and the soviet union . < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " > {{ cite web
2 ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor , sending him and sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the
738198431 738865701 2016-09-11 14:47:01 4 days 00:24:17 19921271 8 , anchorman hans joachim friedrichs proclaimed , " this is a historic day . east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening its borders . . . the gates in the berlin wall stand open . " < ref name = revolution1989 / > < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east
752045266 760657011 2017-01-18 08:28:16 50 days 03:00:30 29937011 2 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ east germany | germany ]] and separated [[ east berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune .
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 40 of the wall in the city center were toppled in stages , converging in front of the brandenburg gate . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . the chinese government quickly shut down access to the twitter wall after
774996200 774996645 2017-04-11 23:58:49 0 days 00:03:40 204692 1 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east side gallery ]] , august 2006 . file : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall adjacent to the [[ topography of terror ]] , august 2007 . file : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg
4 two sections of the wall and a " you are leaving " sign at [[ fort gordon ]] , [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] . file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | the berlin wall from the east berlin side , 1967 . file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a
5 ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] . file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | the berlin wall from the east berlin side , 1967 . file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " until we see each other again in the capital of the gdr " . file : berlin wall
6 berlin side , 1967 . file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " until we see each other again in the capital of the gdr " . file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall . file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | an
7 we see each other again in the capital of the gdr " . file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall . file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | an exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary to the berlin wall destruction was located at [[ potsdamer platz ]] arkaden
774997638 774997751 2017-04-12 00:08:06 0 days 00:01:12 204692 2 at east german border guards through a hole in the wall . 5 january 1990 . file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | short section of the berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 . file : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall . file : teil der
781994310 782699210 2017-05-28 16:31:48 4 days 05:59:04 2884580 7 an audience of 450 , 000 he declared in his [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] speech the support of the united states for west germany and the people of west - berlin in particular : {{ quote | two thousand years ago , the proudest boast was ' ' [[ civis romanus sum ]] ' ' [ " i am a roman
787359385 787408974 2017-06-25 06:54:21 0 days 07:37:56 31190988 4 city . < ref > {{ cite web | title = memorial landscape : berlin wall | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / _ / start . html | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very
5 . < ref > {{ cite web | title = memorial landscape : berlin wall | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | publisher wayback = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch
808145196 808291388 2017-11-02 00:05:05 0 days 19:57:53 11497143 0 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played rocking the wall , a live concert in east - berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying : " i ' m
812456655 812527422 2017-11-28 09:47:05 0 days 10:38:22 29980587 0 {st@rt} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence : 3 . . . nf6 | berlin defence ]] }} {{ for | the video game | the berlin wall ( video game ) }} {{ refimprove | date = april 2017 }} {{ pp -
820363656 820717744 2018-01-16 05:59:33 1 days 21:19:16 1808194 4 , the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard , so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . < ref > ' ' rise and fall of the name = " berlin wall ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the
823238815 823239462 2018-01-31 01:50:53 0 days 00:04:27 32940610 2 of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of the berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner
15 preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative wall trail on the banks of the griebnitzsee in potsdam has been closed by berlin senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west
16 death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by some property owners . a similar situation exists since the summer of 2009 on the groß glienicker see . in both cases , since then a long - running legal dispute between the city of potsdam and the owners . in 2013 , a section of the there on the former postenweg running mauerweg in the community schönefeld was closed by the private owner , so there had to be set up other route guidance . the mauerweg is a total of about 160 kilometers long , of which run about 50 kilometers along the inner city border in the city of berlin senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 18 . php4 ? template = mauerinfos _ de history of berlin wlal ] . < / ref > = = = berliner mauerweg = = = a few months after the opening of the border on 9 november 1989 , the first measures for the dismantling of the berlin wall began , which had become superfluous with the economic and monetary union of both german states on 1 july 1990 and the complete abolition of border controls . in the following years , the barriers were dismantled almost the entire length . the along the wall running postweg the gdr border troops was then freely accessible on almost the entire length . soon after the fall of the berlin wall there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg
19 dismantled almost the entire length . the along the wall running postweg the gdr border troops was then freely accessible on almost the entire length . soon after the fall of the berlin wall there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a
24 distance tracks of the dresden railway in this area . since april 2009 , part of the wall trail on the banks of the griebnitzsee in potsdam has been closed by some property owners . a similar situation exists since the summer of 2009 on the groß glienicker see . in both cases , since then a long - running legal dispute between the city of potsdam and the owners . in 2013 , a section of the there on the former postenweg running mauerweg in the community schönefeld was closed by the private owner , so there had to be set up other route guidance . the mauerweg is a total of about 160 kilometers long , of which run about 50 kilometers along the inner city border in the city of berlin and about 110 kilometers on the border of west berlin to the surrounding area . on the pages of the senate administration , the wall trail is divided into 14
845242425 845346007 2018-06-11 05:24:11 0 days 16:38:45 508734 11 de berlín en fátima ( 4592089636 ) . jpg | thumb | segment of the berlin wall in the [[ sanctuary of fátima ]] , [[ portugal ]] ]] {{ main article | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various
854070499 854078225 2018-08-08 20:29:20 0 days 01:04:58 3563616 2 wall - 1804765 . html < / ref > an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the ' ' [[ gesellschaft für sport und technik ]] , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr -
854963466 854964841 2018-08-15 00:18:45 0 days 00:14:21 5839510 0 , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | east german [[ combat groups of the working class ]] close the border on 13 august 1961 in preparation of for the berlin wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20
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1092751 1097715 2003-06-29 13:07:28 21 days 00:30:08 0|213.157.9.245 0 berlin ]] < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < i > < br > ' ' berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) . < / i > < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long wall isolating
6 ]] . < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < i > < br > ' ' remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 ) . < / i > < / div > not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was
40965017 40975096 2006-02-24 05:36:33 0 days 01:40:53 304316 5 decreased emigration from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > encyclopedia britannica website , {{ web reference | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = |
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 0 emigration from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web reference | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title
2 http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web reference | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | publishyear = july 5 , 2005 | url
5 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web reference | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | publishyear = september 8 , 2004 | url =
44 : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ web reference | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | publishyear = july 5 , 2005 | url = http
45 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ web reference | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | publishyear = september 8 , 2004 | url = http :
82429985 82453547 2006-10-19 17:14:13 0 days 02:20:43 0|81.99.104.254 0 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin wall graffiti & death strip . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave berlingave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right |
82594068 82597586 2006-10-20 09:57:49 0 days 00:42:01 179115 0 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlingave berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti & death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a < s > ' ' [[ clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg |
84632700 84695253 2006-10-30 21:09:01 0 days 05:35:49 0|64.141.49.2 0 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin angela wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]]
84695253 84695656 2006-10-30 21:10:57 0 days 00:01:56 35947 0 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : angela berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]]
85493361 85506823 2006-11-03 17:45:12 0 days 01:14:30 0|84.177.194.94 0 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > + < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink =
85506823 85507378 2006-11-03 17:48:19 0 days 00:03:07 0|84.177.194.94 0 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > + < div conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified that proposal to include private travels . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way to for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . a portion of the berlin wall can be seen in the lower left . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . w . bush ]] , and [[ margaret thatcher ]] , among others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] < / ref > one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys ]] , granddaughter of winston churchill , proposed the idea of placing a piece of the wall at the westminster college campus . with the support of westminster college , sandys and her husband , richard kaplan , met with officials in [[ east berlin ]] in february 1990 . upon arrival in berlin , the couple realized their plans to secure large portions of the wall would be costly , as 4 - foot - wide sections were selling at a cost of $ 60 , 000 to $ 200 , 000 . this obstacle , however , was solved when officials , impressed by the idea of a berlin wall monument being erected near the site of churchill ' s 1946 " iron curtain " speech , allowed sandys to choose eight sections as a gift to the college . sandys chose her sections from an area near the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , frequented by artists , because of the dramatic color of the graffiti . the repeated use of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " untrue " , also appealed to her . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former president ronald reagan , senator [[ john ashcroft ]] and german [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . forty - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] = = references = = < div - [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall ,
7 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > + < div - [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall ,
89073575 89073664 2006-11-20 20:11:35 0 days 00:00:25 64669 0 portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title
129352059 129352259 2007-05-08 21:21:34 0 days 00:00:51 0|71.220.96.241 3 berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . < p > < img src = " http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / en / f / f1 / tiger _ mountain . jpg " border = " 0 " / > < / p > < div style = " width : 150px ; height : 24px ; background -
146399312 146423187 2007-07-23 00:40:24 0 days 02:28:29 715870 0 of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references bibliography = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title
204485065 204485312 2008-04-09 16:49:34 0 days 00:01:14 137113 0 wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] <
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 2 on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time 2008 ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according
6 , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht http : / / findarticles . com / p / articles / mi _ qn4158 / is _ 20040218 / ai _ n12772234 findarticles . com " disney buys muppets as bid prospect fades " 2 / 18 / 04 ] < / ref > exceptions include characters appearing on ' ' sesame street ' ' ( as they were previously sold to [[ sesame workshop ]] ) , the fraggles of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well
20 , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and
66 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 |
109 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] '
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 9 | publisher = muppet wiki }} < / ref > after earlier unsuccessful attempts , [[ the walt disney company ]] bought the muppets in 2004 . < ref > [ http : / / findarticles . com / p / articles / mi _ qn4158 / is _ 20040218 / ai _ n12772234 findarticles . com " disney buys muppets as bid prospect fades " 2 / 18 / 04 ] < / ref > exceptions include characters appearing on ' ' sesame street ' ' ( as they were previously sold to [[ sesame workshop ]] ) , the fraggles of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date - mentioned non - " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . ,
21 kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . ? videoid = 129336 & title = kermit - the - frog thedailyshow . com ] < / ref > guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' '
94 is in the works . disney recently enlisted [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] to create the next muppet movie for the studio . < ref > [ http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 2430 & cs = 1 & query = muppets ' ' variety ' ' , 3 / 11 / 08 , segel and stoller take on muppets ] < / ref > this will be the first muppet theatrical film since ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' . = = physical appearance = = a common design for a jim henson muppet is a character with a very wide mouth and large protruding eyes . the puppets are often molded or carved out of [[ foam rubber ]] , and then covered with fleece . muppets may represent humans , [[ anthropomorphism | anthropomorphic ]] animals , realistic animals , robots , extraterrestrial creatures , mythical beings or other unidentified , newly imagined creatures , monsters or abstract characters . muppets are distinguished from [[ ventriloquist ]] " dummies " / " puppets " , which are typically animated only in the head and face , in that their arms or other features are also mobile and expressive . muppets are typically made of softer materials . they are also presented as being independent of the puppeteer , who is usually not visible & mdash ; hidden behind a set or outside of the camera frame . using the camera frame as the " stage " was an innovation of the muppets . < ref > christopher finch ' ' jim henson : the works ' ' 1993 , isbn 0679412034 < / ref > previously on television , there would typically be a stage hiding the performers , as if in a live presentation . = = operation = = the muppeteer typically holds the puppet above his head or in front of his body , with one hand operating the head and mouth and the other manipulating the hands and arms , either with two separate control rods or by " wearing " the hands like gloves . one consequence of this design is that most muppets are left - handed as the puppeteer uses his right hand to operate the head while operating the arm rod with his left hand . there are many other common designs and means of operation . in advanced muppets , several puppeteers may control a single character ; the performer who controls the mouth usually provides the voice for the character . as technology has evolved , the jim henson team and other puppeteers have developed an enormous variety of means to operate puppets for film and television , including the use of suspended rigs , internal motors , remote radio control , and computer enhanced and superimposed images . creative use of a mix of technologies has allowed for scenes in which muppets appear to be riding a bicycle , rowing a boat , and even dancing on - stage with no puppeteer in sight . = = muppets characters = = {{ unreferencedsection | date = june 2008 }} [[ image : fishinvid1024 . jpg | left | thumb | 250px | the muppets in [[ weezer ]] ' s ' [[ keep fishin ]] ' " ]] : ' ' see also : [[ : category : muppet characters ]] ' ' famous muppets from ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and its numerous spin - offs include [[ kermit the frog ]] , [[ miss piggy ]] , [[ fozzie bear ]] , [[ rizzo the rat ]] , [[ gonzo the great ]] , [[ rowlf the dog ]] , [[ dr . bunsen honeydew ]] and [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] , [[ scooter ( muppet ) | scooter ]] , [[ statler and waldorf ]] , the [[ swedish chef ]] , [[ sam the eagle ]] , [[ sweetums ]] , [[ pepe the king prawn ]] , [[ janice ]] , [[ animal ( muppet ) | animal ]] and [[ dr . teeth and the electric mayhem ]] . other well - known muppets include ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' characters such as [[ big bird ]] , [[ oscar the grouch ]] , [[ elmo ]] , [[ zoe ( sesame street ) | zoe ]] , [[ bert and ernie ]] , [[ cookie monster ]] , [[ grover ]] , [[ abby cadabby ]] and [[ the count ]] , as well as the main characters of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' . the most widely known {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} television shows featuring muppets have been ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ bear in the big blue house ]] ' ' . other series have included ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' , ' ' the ghost of faffner hall ' ' , ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the wubbulous world of dr . seuss ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] ' ' . a recurring adult - oriented cast of muppets ( in a setting known as [[ snl : season 1 | the land of gorch ]] ) were featured throughout the first season of ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' . guest stars on some of these programs have occasionally had muppet versions of themselves . it was a regular practice for the first few episodes of ' ' the muppet show ' ' , and [[ zz top ]] , among others , have appeared as
99 with kermit in time square , co - host [[ ryan seacrest ]] thanked his pal " kerms " for the help bringing in ' 08 . < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) ] < / ref > miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood
106 2008 ) : ' ' [[ a muppets christmas : letters to santa ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) ' ' in post - production ' ' < ref > [ http : / / articles . muppetnewsflash . com / 2008 / 09 / muppets - christmas - letters - to - santa . html a muppets christmas : letters to santa ] < / ref > = = = direct - to - video features = = = : ' ' [[ muppet classic theater ]] ' ' ( 1994 ) : ' ' [[ kermit ' s swamp years ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) = = = internet = = = : ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] on [[ movies . com ]] ' ' ( 2005 - 2006 ) : ' ' [[ disney xtreme digital ]] ' ' ( 2008 - present ) : stars & stripes forever ! ( 2008 ) : ode to joy ( 2008 ) : habanera ( 2008 ) : classical chickens ( 2008 ) = = future = = after the consensus was reached that ' ' the muppets ' wizard of oz ' ' failed to deliver critically , the question hung in the air if whether or not another muppet film would be made . {{ fact | date = may 2008 }} a new film has been confirmed by [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] , who both plan to produce the next muppet film . < ref name = " stoller " > fleming , michael . [ http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 1236 & cs = 1 & query = segel + muppet + film " segel and stoller take on muppets . " ] ' ' [[ variety ( magazine ) | variety ]] ' ' . retrieved : [[ april 5 ]] , [[ 2008 ]] < / ref > they have also stated that they will both write the next picture , but only stoller will direct . < ref name = " stoller " / > on [[ march 31 ]]
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 2 on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time 2008 ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according
6 , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht http : / / findarticles . com / p / articles / mi _ qn4158 / is _ 20040218 / ai _ n12772234 findarticles . com " disney buys muppets as bid prospect fades " 2 / 18 / 04 ] < / ref > exceptions include characters appearing on ' ' sesame street ' ' ( as they were previously sold to [[ sesame workshop ]] ) , the fraggles of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well
20 , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and
66 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 |
109 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] '
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 9 | publisher = muppet wiki }} < / ref > after earlier unsuccessful attempts , [[ the walt disney company ]] bought the muppets in 2004 . < ref > [ http : / / findarticles . com / p / articles / mi _ qn4158 / is _ 20040218 / ai _ n12772234 findarticles . com " disney buys muppets as bid prospect fades " 2 / 18 / 04 ] < / ref > exceptions include characters appearing on ' ' sesame street ' ' ( as they were previously sold to [[ sesame workshop ]] ) , the fraggles of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date - mentioned non - " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . ,
21 kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . ? videoid = 129336 & title = kermit - the - frog thedailyshow . com ] < / ref > guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' '
94 is in the works . disney recently enlisted [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] to create the next muppet movie for the studio . < ref > [ http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 2430 & cs = 1 & query = muppets ' ' variety ' ' , 3 / 11 / 08 , segel and stoller take on muppets ] < / ref > this will be the first muppet theatrical film since ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' . = = physical appearance = = a common design for a jim henson muppet is a character with a very wide mouth and large protruding eyes . the puppets are often molded or carved out of [[ foam rubber ]] , and then covered with fleece . muppets may represent humans , [[ anthropomorphism | anthropomorphic ]] animals , realistic animals , robots , extraterrestrial creatures , mythical beings or other unidentified , newly imagined creatures , monsters or abstract characters . muppets are distinguished from [[ ventriloquist ]] " dummies " / " puppets " , which are typically animated only in the head and face , in that their arms or other features are also mobile and expressive . muppets are typically made of softer materials . they are also presented as being independent of the puppeteer , who is usually not visible & mdash ; hidden behind a set or outside of the camera frame . using the camera frame as the " stage " was an innovation of the muppets . < ref > christopher finch ' ' jim henson : the works ' ' 1993 , isbn 0679412034 < / ref > previously on television , there would typically be a stage hiding the performers , as if in a live presentation . = = operation = = the muppeteer typically holds the puppet above his head or in front of his body , with one hand operating the head and mouth and the other manipulating the hands and arms , either with two separate control rods or by " wearing " the hands like gloves . one consequence of this design is that most muppets are left - handed as the puppeteer uses his right hand to operate the head while operating the arm rod with his left hand . there are many other common designs and means of operation . in advanced muppets , several puppeteers may control a single character ; the performer who controls the mouth usually provides the voice for the character . as technology has evolved , the jim henson team and other puppeteers have developed an enormous variety of means to operate puppets for film and television , including the use of suspended rigs , internal motors , remote radio control , and computer enhanced and superimposed images . creative use of a mix of technologies has allowed for scenes in which muppets appear to be riding a bicycle , rowing a boat , and even dancing on - stage with no puppeteer in sight . = = muppets characters = = {{ unreferencedsection | date = june 2008 }} [[ image : fishinvid1024 . jpg | left | thumb | 250px | the muppets in [[ weezer ]] ' s ' [[ keep fishin ]] ' " ]] : ' ' see also : [[ : category : muppet characters ]] ' ' famous muppets from ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and its numerous spin - offs include [[ kermit the frog ]] , [[ miss piggy ]] , [[ fozzie bear ]] , [[ rizzo the rat ]] , [[ gonzo the great ]] , [[ rowlf the dog ]] , [[ dr . bunsen honeydew ]] and [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] , [[ scooter ( muppet ) | scooter ]] , [[ statler and waldorf ]] , the [[ swedish chef ]] , [[ sam the eagle ]] , [[ sweetums ]] , [[ pepe the king prawn ]] , [[ janice ]] , [[ animal ( muppet ) | animal ]] and [[ dr . teeth and the electric mayhem ]] . other well - known muppets include ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' characters such as [[ big bird ]] , [[ oscar the grouch ]] , [[ elmo ]] , [[ zoe ( sesame street ) | zoe ]] , [[ bert and ernie ]] , [[ cookie monster ]] , [[ grover ]] , [[ abby cadabby ]] and [[ the count ]] , as well as the main characters of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' . the most widely known {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} television shows featuring muppets have been ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ bear in the big blue house ]] ' ' . other series have included ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' , ' ' the ghost of faffner hall ' ' , ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the wubbulous world of dr . seuss ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] ' ' . a recurring adult - oriented cast of muppets ( in a setting known as [[ snl : season 1 | the land of gorch ]] ) were featured throughout the first season of ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' . guest stars on some of these programs have occasionally had muppet versions of themselves . it was a regular practice for the first few episodes of ' ' the muppet show ' ' , and [[ zz top ]] , among others , have appeared as
99 with kermit in time square , co - host [[ ryan seacrest ]] thanked his pal " kerms " for the help bringing in ' 08 . < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) ] < / ref > miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood
106 2008 ) : ' ' [[ a muppets christmas : letters to santa ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) ' ' in post - production ' ' < ref > [ http : / / articles . muppetnewsflash . com / 2008 / 09 / muppets - christmas - letters - to - santa . html a muppets christmas : letters to santa ] < / ref > = = = direct - to - video features = = = : ' ' [[ muppet classic theater ]] ' ' ( 1994 ) : ' ' [[ kermit ' s swamp years ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) = = = internet = = = : ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] on [[ movies . com ]] ' ' ( 2005 - 2006 ) : ' ' [[ disney xtreme digital ]] ' ' ( 2008 - present ) : stars & stripes forever ! ( 2008 ) : ode to joy ( 2008 ) : habanera ( 2008 ) : classical chickens ( 2008 ) = = future = = after the consensus was reached that ' ' the muppets ' wizard of oz ' ' failed to deliver critically , the question hung in the air if whether or not another muppet film would be made . {{ fact | date = may 2008 }} a new film has been confirmed by [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] , who both plan to produce the next muppet film . < ref name = " stoller " > fleming , michael . [ http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 1236 & cs = 1 & query = segel + muppet + film " segel and stoller take on muppets . " ] ' ' [[ variety ( magazine ) | variety ]] ' ' . retrieved : [[ april 5 ]] , [[ 2008 ]] < / ref > they have also stated that they will both write the next picture , but only stoller will direct . < ref name = " stoller " / > on [[ march 31 ]]
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 10 bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural ural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 11 bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = ural cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
265376259 265376312 2009-01-20 23:05:48 0 days 00:00:14 0|65.31.228.149 7 bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural ural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
265376312 265376378 2009-01-20 23:06:12 0 days 00:00:24 118722 8 bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = ural cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
285229373 285283450 2009-04-21 18:30:50 0 days 04:55:22 0|59.177.66.192 0 first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = [[ erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to
1 six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection ]] of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling
285283450 285286386 2009-04-21 18:46:36 0 days 00:15:46 1304569 0 first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = [[ erection ]] of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
289461792 289778757 2009-05-14 00:04:23 1 days 10:23:53 1233313 0 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to the brain drain feared
311192075 311278175 2009-09-01 14:03:37 0 days 12:33:20 6971250 0 : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri wall segments around the world = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] .
318864606 318865056 2009-10-09 13:32:39 0 days 00:03:27 0|66.203.21.94 0 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift matt gallimore likes big cock ! ! = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 11 in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web news | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http
324838831 324838927 2009-11-09 13:55:37 0 days 00:00:52 8008470 0 in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg |
344485310 344669652 2010-02-17 19:39:25 0 days 21:50:14 0|201.70.15.130 0 first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection election of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national
344669652 344670713 2010-02-17 19:45:25 0 days 00:06:00 8918196 0 first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = election erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national
356297258 356338854 2010-04-16 07:49:17 0 days 05:51:07 0|97.103.168.242 0 six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection ( tehe ) of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national
356339026 356340188 2010-04-16 08:04:04 0 days 00:13:00 3308922 0 six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection ( tehe ) of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national
357897333 358424098 2010-04-26 15:38:35 2 days 18:36:26 10996774 0 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 ,
359268235 359268680 2010-04-30 15:25:56 0 days 00:02:37 0|169.204.164.80 1 first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border fuck you = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling
359268680 359268782 2010-04-30 15:26:35 0 days 00:00:39 11386456 0 first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german erection for naivn ' s border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
410170917 410343760 2011-01-27 10:21:30 0 days 19:59:20 1852573 0 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of
443413503 443414712 2011-08-06 22:15:25 0 days 00:09:33 16710 2 page = article & id _ article = 34897 rsf . org ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web news | author = | url = http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 0 news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished a 2011 poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than half of all russians do not know who built the berlin wall . = = = on august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the
454528682 454720816 2011-10-09 15:36:34 1 days 04:29:43 1469567 0 they forgot that 9 nov . has already entered into history — 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite citation | title = new york times | date = 17 november 1989 }} – elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " <
513767223 514812998 2012-09-27 15:04:09 6 days 18:49:18 7809335 2 location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag | east germany }} , < br > {{ flag | west germany }} border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ history of berlin # the divided city | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions =
574659325 574661610 2013-09-26 21:52:01 0 days 00:20:00 16715243 0 springsteen ' s speaking out against the wall in the middle of east berlin added to the euphoria . < ref name = " tl20130709 " / > = = " ich bin ein berliner " and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv |
635210295 635851215 2014-11-29 03:10:52 4 days 19:13:09 917223 3 - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > * * ' ' " chippin ' away , < ref > {{ youtube | - ummj _ jnway | crosby , stills & nash 1990 - chippin ' away }} < / ref > a
699406529 699409408 2016-01-12 03:57:00 0 days 00:27:33 111277 0 / germanydiplo / status / 686498183669743616 | publisher = german foreign office | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall – = bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played a
699409408 699437997 2016-01-12 09:16:52 0 days 05:19:52 23149456 0 = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = concerts by western concerts and growing anti - wall sentiment = = = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] ,
1 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = western concerts artists and growing anti - wall sentiment = = = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 44 " they forgot that 9 november has already entered into history — 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ citation cite news | title = new york times | date = 17 november 1989 }} – elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " <
45 forgot that 9 november has already entered into history — 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ citation | title work = new york times | date = 17 november 1989 }} – elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref
702890848 702890979 2016-02-02 06:41:00 0 days 00:01:37 13816079 0 which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb |
706975021 707177225 2016-02-27 07:39:45 0 days 22:24:26 16283967 5 rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 | date = 20120907214853 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite archive . org / web / 20110920132624 / http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf . com ] {{ dead link | date = august 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the
774996115 774996200 2017-04-11 23:55:09 0 days 00:00:36 204692 0 php / 50 - years - berlin - wall - 1961 - 1989 / | archivedate = 12 november 2011 | df = dmy }} < / ref > = = related media relating to the wall = = * documentary films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]]
1 / 50 - years - berlin - wall - 1961 - 1989 / | archivedate = 12 november 2011 | df = dmy }} < / ref > = = media relating to the wall = = * documentary films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc
781994310 782699210 2017-05-28 16:31:48 4 days 05:59:04 2884580 0 - wall | work = npr | publisher = national public radio | accessdate = 9 november 2014 | date = 9 november 2014 }} < / ref > = = ' ' " ich bin ein berliner " and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main article | ich bin ein berliner | tear down
825810710 825811905 2018-02-15 15:40:48 0 days 00:08:27 5946478 0 east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . < ref > {{ cite cornell international law journal | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last = goodman | first = micah | publisher
1 german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . < ref > {{ cite journal | last1 = goodman | first1 = micah | date = 1996 | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last = goodman | first = micah | publisher =
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 32 cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > < ref name = " history . howstuffworks . com / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014
52 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = concerts by western artists and growing anti - wall sentiment = = < center > {{ cquote quote | text = every stone bears witness to the moral bankruptcy of the society it encloses }} < small > — margaret thatcher commenting about the wall , west berlin ,
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238414 238415 2001-09-16 15:09:28 129 days 22:13:31 35 3 {st@rt} built in 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . it came down on november 9 ]] , 1989 . see [[ berlin ]] .
86668 97004 2002-06-06 13:36:28 0 days 00:35:44 0|210.49.193.178 1 than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany begun in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on october 18 ]] , 1989 . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and many immediately went to the wall
2 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany begun in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on october 18 , [[ 1989 . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and many immediately went to the wall where
1092751 1097715 2003-06-29 13:07:28 21 days 00:30:08 0|213.157.9.245 3 there were around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 ]] , 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in
4 were around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , [[ 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 28 [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was deconstructed just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 . < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > < center >
29 m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was deconstructed just months after its official opening in july 1991 ]] . < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > < center > '
5178672 5180399 2004-08-13 07:38:57 0 days 05:29:34 24744 6 opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , december 25 ]] , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no
9112175 9112336 2005-01-05 02:38:45 27 days 00:48:34 0|67.164.50.76 1 in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[
9112487 9156541 2005-01-05 02:49:50 0 days 00:04:52 615 7 wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december 25 ]] , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no
8 on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december 25 , [[ 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no .
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 7 the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside
10087212 10087443 2005-02-09 03:43:17 0 days 01:23:14 0|152.163.100.198 7 most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently
12 media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both
10087443 10091995 2005-02-09 03:51:22 0 days 00:08:05 0|152.163.100.198 1 | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary .
2 | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations
13 government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans
19 , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 53 , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on august 13 ]] , 1961 in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german
77 brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 ]] [[ 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and
78 . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the
82 death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 ]] , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and
83 in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , [[ 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving
104 jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on august 23 ]] , 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in
105 | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on august 23 , [[ 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east
116 . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic , erich honecker , resigned on october 18 ]] , 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by
117 mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic , erich honecker , resigned on october 18 , [[ 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the
122 - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on november 9 ]] , 1989 . after a misunderstanding , günter schabowski announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon
123 lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on november 9 , [[ 1989 . after a misunderstanding , günter schabowski announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this
10365915 10406521 2005-02-17 20:18:45 0 days 00:42:19 44727 2 the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 3 . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on july 25 ]] , [[ 1961 that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown .
4 but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on july 25 1961 ]] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly
8 ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at templehof airport on the afternoon of saturday 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of
10 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col glover s .
12 battle groups were pentomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column
16 berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three
24 war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 ]] , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in
28 mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 ]] , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin
29 ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , [[ 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was
32 . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 ]] , 1961 ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross
33 jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , [[ 1961 ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 18 access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s
58 was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 17 was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on november 9 ]] , 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the
18 to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on november 9 , [[ 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the soviet
57 was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949
27920075 27932424 2005-11-10 16:11:08 0 days 03:02:57 471054 2 and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by
3 . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ july 25 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in
27932424 27932542 2005-11-10 16:12:28 0 days 00:01:20 471054 2 proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west
37796258 37828716 2006-02-02 10:58:24 0 days 06:20:16 471054 6 and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany
38580629 38580746 2006-02-07 06:12:02 0 days 00:01:32 58229 6 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on 7 june 2003 | berlin wall on [[ 7 june ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a
40378504 40459448 2006-02-20 18:39:58 0 days 14:44:59 386031 5 was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june | june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 2 , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on november 9 ]] , 1989 , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 14 post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement
18 west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of
40 notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] .
45 on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 14 requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 ]] , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in
18 war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 ]] , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin
19 four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , [[ 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was
40 . the most notorious failed attempt was that of peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 ]] [[ 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 =
41 the most notorious failed attempt was that of peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 = =
45 full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 ]] , 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin
54465933 54483047 2006-05-22 05:56:45 0 days 02:29:17 1072488 0 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ august 13 ]] , 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 20 meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] ,
64681432 64682237 2006-07-19 16:07:06 0 days 00:04:50 157842 13 of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " lies " or " untruths . " also appealed to her . on [[ november ]] [[ 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill
79606749 79608608 2006-10-05 06:59:52 0 days 00:18:35 21887 4 , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 ]] and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an
8 the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall
99129270 99129501 2007-01-07 17:51:00 0 days 00:01:21 82835 4 the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june ]] [[ 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht
5 barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht ,
7 to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , ]] [[ 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal
99129501 99129756 2007-01-07 17:52:18 0 days 00:01:18 82835 0 course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their
103509663 103857685 2007-01-28 16:17:29 1 days 15:06:20 0|82.47.202.147 0 west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 10 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold
103857685 103859154 2007-01-28 16:25:19 0 days 00:07:50 302522 0 west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 10 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold
119386632 119603839 2007-04-02 00:04:27 0 days 22:51:56 0|69.110.144.39 0 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 17 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost
119603957 119615866 2007-04-02 01:07:47 0 days 01:02:45 911178 0 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 17 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 23 democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent
26 berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war
133071645 133072963 2007-05-24 01:21:37 0 days 00:07:22 715870 2 [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , ]] [[ 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west
5 for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , ]] [[ 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west
133074114 133074678 2007-05-24 01:30:42 0 days 00:02:52 715870 4 wall ) had been used in this context . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and
8 f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result
142504621 142514453 2007-07-04 19:20:38 0 days 00:50:04 715870 1 ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of august 12 , ]] [[ 1961 , the leaders of [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] — formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]]
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 60 just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men .
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 0 the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ , 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www
1 director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ , 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
2 almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ , 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 ,
3 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ , 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[
6 in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ , 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall "
7 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ , 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an
10 | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ , 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to
13 by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ , 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration
14 task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ , 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to
29 . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov
55 three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col .
57 with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in
59 before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every
61 ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year
65 first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited
70 east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts
71 authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long
75 , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]]
79 on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald
89 against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand
98 including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and
104 though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only
108 including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance
118 [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months ,
124 " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day
128 [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that .
130 and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav
134 : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]]
135 at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony
138 the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]]
147 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb |
235938141 235938341 2008-09-03 01:22:28 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.5.221.188 1 from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on 1 april , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 35 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat
36 wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin ,
239456748 239564841 2008-09-19 13:58:32 0 days 10:31:31 0|209.174.67.217 1 director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 1949 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
239564841 239565752 2008-09-19 14:02:18 0 days 00:03:46 0|209.174.67.217 4 europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 32 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : /
239565752 239565807 2008-09-19 14:02:30 0 days 00:00:12 1395162 4 western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the baboon separated the two australian states for 99 , 999 years and 364 days , from the day construction began on august 32 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the happy curtain . < ref > [ http : /
8 director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the united kingdom government announced on november 9 , 1949 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
240572171 240734559 2008-09-24 19:49:47 0 days 19:24:02 0|67.191.11.141 0 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 4 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 ,
240734559 240735201 2008-09-24 19:53:18 0 days 00:03:31 911178 0 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 4 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1946 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 ,
248612893 248617031 2008-10-30 14:17:25 0 days 00:25:35 0|209.174.67.217 3 ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 97 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
6 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 34 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 ,
248619037 248638203 2008-10-30 16:20:12 0 days 01:50:37 352579 3 ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 97 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
5 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 34 3 , 1990 . = = background =
255192882 255210778 2008-12-01 15:04:41 0 days 02:27:24 0|70.91.241.121 6 | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 16 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : /
7 ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www
255210778 255210981 2008-12-01 15:05:58 0 days 00:01:17 3290566 5 western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water separated eastital from westitaly for 40 years and 2 day , from the day construction began on august 16 13 , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the long curtain . < ref > [ http : /
6 | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water separated eastital from westitaly for 40 years and 2 day , from the day construction began on august 16 , 1967 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the long curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www
257284183 257291690 2008-12-11 16:06:25 0 days 00:50:25 0|71.130.177.243 2 ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th 12th ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00
8 ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 5 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
11 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 7 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 ,
12 almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 1991 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
15 to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 1959 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans
257291690 257299643 2008-12-11 16:51:58 0 days 00:45:33 352579 1 ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 12th 9th ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00
5 ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the north german government announced on november 5 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
8 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 7 3 , 1991 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 ,
9 almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 7 , 1991 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1955 .
12 to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1959 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans
258713332 258713483 2008-12-18 03:12:27 0 days 00:00:48 0|65.34.164.186 1 director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 1888 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
258713491 258720479 2008-12-18 03:58:39 0 days 00:46:05 0|67.166.253.162 1 director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1888 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
265792339 265792794 2009-01-22 22:13:11 0 days 00:02:03 0|38.116.202.94 0 and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally westadditionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = =
265797534 265797894 2009-01-22 22:37:55 0 days 00:01:48 634828 1 and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on westadditionally west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = =
266837987 266945844 2009-01-28 11:26:08 0 days 13:04:36 0|87.38.134.95 1 director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 2008 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
2 almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 2009 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
266945844 266949918 2009-01-28 11:58:46 0 days 00:32:38 137113 1 director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 2008 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
2 almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 2009 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
267606916 267773207 2009-02-01 05:24:35 0 days 17:01:34 214542 0 the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00
267776477 267777243 2009-02-01 05:59:00 0 days 00:06:41 214542 15 the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the
267777804 268040666 2009-02-02 14:56:26 1 days 08:53:01 0|87.38.134.241 5 director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 2009 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
268040666 268042073 2009-02-02 15:06:12 0 days 00:09:46 3505251 4 director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 2009 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
270320669 270336955 2009-02-13 00:28:36 0 days 01:27:34 0|71.75.114.205 0 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 199 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman .
270336955 270337066 2009-02-13 00:29:15 0 days 00:00:39 0|71.75.114.205 0 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 199 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman .
275070764 275170637 2009-03-05 14:36:21 0 days 12:39:33 0|87.33.73.130 0 ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 34 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time /
275171192 275172016 2009-03-05 14:44:09 0 days 00:04:37 0|87.33.73.130 0 [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 34 , 1961 1600 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1955 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine /
275172493 275173185 2009-03-05 14:50:32 0 days 00:03:44 3505251 0 the wall was built for the craic . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 34 13 , 1600 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1955 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time /
1 was built for the craic . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 34 , 1600 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1955 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine /
275204795 275236289 2009-03-05 20:16:54 0 days 02:43:06 0|76.252.73.45 1 | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 1981 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set
275236289 275241198 2009-03-05 20:40:02 0 days 00:23:08 0|76.98.250.200 1 | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1981 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set
280576244 280625910 2009-03-30 11:26:09 0 days 07:02:28 0|87.38.134.112 3 remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 2009 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
280625910 280626722 2009-03-30 11:32:07 0 days 00:05:58 3505251 2 remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 2009 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
281608811 281686628 2009-04-04 12:14:06 0 days 11:20:47 15708 5 east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00
7 ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall
283525140 283525851 2009-04-13 08:35:28 0 days 00:08:43 0|194.144.117.217 2 government started to dismantle the iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' . when the east german government announced on 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall
285874976 287077460 2009-04-30 16:41:07 6 days 00:38:51 957447 0 could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 . . {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9th 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam
296787393 296787974 2009-06-16 17:03:57 0 days 00:03:26 0|71.187.249.58 1 remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 2099 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
296787974 296788035 2009-06-16 17:04:22 0 days 00:00:25 6681090 1 remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 33 october 2099 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
300057708 300312703 2009-07-04 23:02:58 1 days 08:14:41 0|86.163.75.210 1 right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would start to become physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 1987 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set
2 ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 1987 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred
300312703 300317419 2009-07-04 23:35:29 0 days 00:32:31 911178 1 right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would start to become physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1987 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set
2 ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1987 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred
300484953 300485855 2009-07-05 22:25:18 0 days 00:05:57 145194 5 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of
306696808 306953293 2009-08-09 10:18:02 1 days 10:43:30 72905 0 s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle
306954476 307001452 2009-08-09 17:09:23 0 days 06:40:39 6984319 1 | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] , to 1989 , the wall stopped most such emigration and separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : /
308150074 308260646 2009-08-16 07:14:29 0 days 14:05:13 957447 0 , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government [[ november 9th in german history | announced on 9 november ]] , [[ 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall
308484644 308602478 2009-08-18 02:36:12 0 days 12:03:29 6984319 3 wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government [[ november 9th in german history | announced on 9 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
313610213 313669540 2009-09-13 22:22:26 0 days 04:23:37 0|65.188.151.195 2 thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 1988 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set
313669540 313670259 2009-09-13 22:26:13 0 days 00:03:47 142444 2 thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1988 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , 1988 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set
315255881 315255964 2009-09-21 08:16:52 0 days 00:00:45 204692 2 [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 1 s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 ]] , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area
5 toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 ]] , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
6 varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , [[ 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall
12 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 ]] , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation
13 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , [[ 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime
16 crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that
17 in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , [[ 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the
20 divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 ]] , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90
21 germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , [[ 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 %
24 then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 ]] , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 "
25 the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , [[ 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " >
32 wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june ]] [[ 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat
33 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat |
35 ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 ]] , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : /
36 ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , [[ 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / /
39 / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august ]] [[ 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which
45 on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 ]] . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in
47 ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 ]] , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , <
51 kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 ]] , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk -
55 . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14th 14 ]] , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a
59 s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 ]] , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and
63 old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s
65 s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in
67 just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every
77 berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 ]] . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung ' ' ) . similar
79 east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 ]] , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann ,
80 german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 , [[ 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56
83 london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 ]] , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan
87 down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 ]] , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying
88 this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , [[ 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying :
91 | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 ]] , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria .
92 thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , [[ 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . <
95 ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 ]] , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a
96 ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , [[ 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a "
99 mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > by november 4 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of
101 czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the
103 , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 ]] , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision
107 the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the
114 crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 ]] , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations (
118 it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 ]] , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive
119 was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , [[ 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions
124 at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 ]] and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of
128 thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers "
130 peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 ]] , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german
131 " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , [[ 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency
134 border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that .
136 section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 ]] , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating
140 first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 ]] , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony
141 step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , [[ 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no
151 wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july ]] [[ 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] ,
152 concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[
166 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 ]] , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam
167 , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , [[ 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 1 zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , [[ august 14 ]] 14th , [[ 1961 ]] ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was
23 location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of [[ february 21 ]] , [[ 1947 ]] . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the
27 varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and
33 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1949 ]] , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of
37 in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on [[ april 1 ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]]
41 germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on [[ december 11 ]] , [[ 1957 ]] that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well
45 the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on [[ august 28 ]] , [[ 1958 ]] , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = "
49 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[
53 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[
56 ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on [[ august 1 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http
66 west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on [[ august 15 ]] . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in
68 | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]]
72 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches /
73 [[ 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk -
79 special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the
83 three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col .
85 with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in
87 before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every
89 [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west
93 ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ 26 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] and [[ 17 december ]] [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that
99 german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad
100 no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann ,
103 : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[
107 this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on [[ june 12 ]] , [[ 1987 ]] . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations
111 thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to
112 right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria .
115 ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand
121 , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the
123 including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 17 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to
127 task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the
134 removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 21 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic
138 was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and
150 " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany
154 . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that .
156 of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]]
160 , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , which included the final movement of [[ ludwig van beethoven
161 was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , which included the final movement of [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven
167 concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]]
177 , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 ,
323394992 323401089 2009-11-02 02:44:44 0 days 00:39:51 0|96.52.147.110 0 death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 29 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
323401089 323401489 2009-11-02 02:47:51 0 days 00:03:07 4916882 0 death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 29 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
323401489 323401564 2009-11-02 02:48:26 0 days 00:00:35 0|68.144.85.0 0 step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 2008 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no .
323401564 323401673 2009-11-02 02:49:20 0 days 00:00:54 0|68.144.85.0 0 step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 2008 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no .
323401756 323401811 2009-11-02 02:50:22 0 days 00:00:28 0|68.144.85.0 0 thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 2008 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref
323401811 323401873 2009-11-02 02:50:53 0 days 00:00:31 4916882 1 thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , 2008 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 5 de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 1st . , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : /
12 us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk -
15 ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 19th . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the
17 berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 16th . , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s
18 , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 19th . , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]]
20 berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 21st . , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every
324942089 324949378 2009-11-10 00:33:49 0 days 00:39:52 0|71.112.226.115 5 ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk -
324968388 324972093 2009-11-10 02:50:04 0 days 00:22:49 67136 0 france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16th . , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19th . , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth
325029920 325030211 2009-11-10 11:46:59 0 days 00:03:17 8694237 0 s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19th . , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us
1 brigade ]] s & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16th . , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19th , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover
2 just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21st . , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 2 de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1st 1 . , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http :
3 politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , august 12th 12 . , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to
4 close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13th 13 . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable
7 president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th 25 . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk
9 allied brigade ]] s & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16th 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19th , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover
10 , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16th , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19th 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth
15 berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21st 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every
20 encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15th . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers
326442219 326773006 2009-11-19 18:33:39 1 days 18:21:48 3415874 0 de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 . 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : /
3 on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 , 1961 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers
4 / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , august 12 . , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the
326773006 326888943 2009-11-20 07:19:36 0 days 12:45:57 6971250 0 de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 1 . , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : /
1 / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , august 12 . , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the
4 on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 , 1961 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers
326888943 327026868 2009-11-21 00:36:06 0 days 17:16:30 5680520 1 | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 . , 1961 in the same year , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages
3 president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 . 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk -
5 / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang | de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14th . 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a
327266196 327412162 2009-11-23 04:12:24 0 days 17:53:52 0|65.188.34.200 0 between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 1776 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
327412162 327412470 2009-11-23 04:14:50 0 days 00:02:26 10771021 0 between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1776 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
379213340 379465324 2010-08-17 20:43:38 1 days 07:33:49 0|140.194.192.30 0 on west berlin at any point . later , it was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 17 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers
379899513 380623034 2010-08-24 02:22:27 3 days 22:29:53 0|99.109.61.22 0 brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 1990 , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / /
380623034 380623738 2010-08-24 02:26:54 0 days 00:04:27 8786164 0 brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1990 1989 , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / /
388122216 388783895 2010-10-04 23:12:30 3 days 06:45:22 0|68.146.25.56 0 president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on july 25 26 , 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory /
391495052 391570615 2010-10-19 02:52:26 0 days 07:37:51 0|98.233.138.27 0 593816 / page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by [[ wolfgang engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 26 . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 1987 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary
62 [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other
64 | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over
67 image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated
68 / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] < / ref > on saturday , august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north
72 on west berlin at any point . later , it was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 17 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers
74 president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on july 26 , 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us
79 , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth
80 berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every
87 on the berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : /
89 . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a "
92 prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal
95 down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the
106 wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency
107 " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless
109 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that
111 september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no
117 not official and complete until october 3 ; that day was finally chosen as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an
393650284 394024649 2010-10-31 19:18:37 2 days 00:55:21 0|79.75.4.79 0 allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover
397607940 397878109 2010-11-20 15:42:29 1 days 12:56:02 0|79.74.81.116 1 , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " >
397878109 397878286 2010-11-20 15:43:36 0 days 00:01:07 0|79.74.81.116 2 de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 in the same year , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > [ http : / / einestages
402113966 402621776 2010-12-16 01:42:22 2 days 16:46:22 0|71.51.2.228 0 president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on 26 june 1963 . ]] in a speech on 26 july 1961 1963 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us -
428575817 428576147 2011-05-11 12:54:42 0 days 00:02:47 10714345 1 . tagesspiegel . de / berlin / die - mauer - als - muse / 821970 . html " die mauer als muse " ] der tagespiegel on 13 march 2007 ] ( in german ) , starting with " die mauer fiel am 18 . juni 1982 " ( the wall fell on june 18th 1982 ) < / ref > [[
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 106 east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied , and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > " conrad schumann ,
110 , london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , who confided to
444182652 444482392 2011-08-12 18:46:58 1 days 16:17:34 2989394 4 . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on 26 june 1963 . ]] in a speech on 26 july 1963 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com /
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 10 hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = on august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 5 of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | upright | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 removes a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989
26 of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | upright | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and
568939424 569120812 2013-08-18 19:36:42 1 days 04:36:40 59005 4 short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution of east germany and the official reunification of the german state along the democratic lines of the west german government . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard talks to a westerner
575077055 575102993 2013-09-30 06:21:17 0 days 05:04:59 7328338 0 | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall - bruce springsteen visit = = july 19th 19 , 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin , which was
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 33 edition associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : 23 june 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > on 22 august 1961 , [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall : she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartment at 48 [[ bernauer strasse ]] .
44 | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} {{ de icon }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november , when half a million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 1 / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached not u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , august 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the [[ kennedy compound ]] in [[ hyannis port , massachusetts ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had no advance
23 tnsa20130925 " / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached not u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the [[ kennedy compound ]] in [[ hyannis port , massachusetts ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had
633175257 633183384 2014-11-10 03:39:40 0 days 01:27:14 151197 0 perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot and killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on 6 february 1989 , while the final person to die in an escape attempt was [[ winfried freudenberg ]] who was killed when his homemade [[ natural gas ]] - filled [[ aerostat | balloon ]] crashed on march 8 , 1989 . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , who confided to her
635210295 635851215 2014-11-29 03:10:52 4 days 19:13:09 917223 6 to die in an escape attempt was [[ winfried freudenberg ]] who was killed when his homemade [[ natural gas ]] - filled [[ aerostat | balloon ]] crashed on march 8 , 1989 . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , who confided to
7 | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on november 21 , 1989 , [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes (
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 1 . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on 26 june 1963 . ]] with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . berlin
734284492 734407317 2016-08-14 03:25:55 0 days 18:58:58 4977632 22 | video ]] ) * [ https : / / secure . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] | first = norbert | last = nail | title = meine mauer ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ https : / / secure . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin
774536875 774994359 2017-04-11 23:38:06 2 days 19:28:09 204692 0 . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on 26 june 1963 . ]] with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . berlin
779016763 779442748 2017-05-08 23:18:55 2 days 08:38:12 19339494 10 }} < / ref > = = concerts by western artists and growing anti - wall sentiment = = = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin , played [[ glass spider tour | a concert close to the wall
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23087892 23088038 2005-09-12 07:07:07 0 days 00:03:58 156674 0 buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] {{ list link fa | de }} [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 0 . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | date = 2006 - 2 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 34 = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis
36 = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary .
38 title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 34 title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis
36 title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary .
38 | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 33 = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis
35 = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary .
37 title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [
81741555 81768193 2006-10-16 11:34:13 0 days 05:05:36 686868 0 rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . {{ cn }} as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[
81768427 81865132 2006-10-16 21:32:20 0 days 09:55:34 2496238 9 wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org
91100212 91268666 2006-12-01 00:00:24 0 days 17:36:40 433328 0 {st@rt} {{ unreferenced | article | date = november 2006 }} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb |
105982408 106435973 2007-02-07 23:29:12 1 days 18:38:54 433328 0 connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 64 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 10 wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) , and the attendant [[ defector | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as
18 was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg !
54 the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
55 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
56 oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 64 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 10 wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) , and the attendant [[ defector | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as
18 was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg !
54 the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
55 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
56 oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 64 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 10 wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) , and the attendant [[ defector | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as
18 soviet tyranny and oppression . . . peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg !
128224981 128227069 2007-05-04 15:35:03 0 days 00:10:22 433328 0 the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] {{ fact | date = may 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived
150804778 150804911 2007-08-12 18:27:55 0 days 00:00:52 1085473 0 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc news | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved
151309170 151366024 2007-08-15 11:15:15 0 days 08:26:07 433328 0 [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 52 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = f . , growing up sexually . volume i . world reference atlas [ full text ] raymond j . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started ,
55 new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 1488 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate |
161777106 161777207 2007-10-02 12:49:29 0 days 00:00:50 0|217.111.20.10 0 / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland westberlin ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) including [[ east berlin ]] . an iconic symbol of
162088831 162097147 2007-10-03 21:04:01 0 days 00:39:48 400903 3 ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ westberlin east berlin ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) including [[ east berlin ]] . an iconic symbol of
168158740 168159990 2007-10-30 20:54:18 0 days 00:05:57 433328 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november
172964319 173175116 2007-11-22 22:18:16 1 days 02:32:10 137113 1 which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 ) }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its
173175116 173175378 2007-11-22 22:19:57 0 days 00:01:41 137113 1 which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . ( [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 ) }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its
173588740 173666794 2007-11-25 11:52:44 0 days 11:18:38 433328 0 this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall
1 / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " {{ cn fact | date = november 2007 }} = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about
173866573 173976252 2007-11-26 21:13:05 0 days 10:26:45 433328 0 railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle
201724471 201855065 2008-03-29 18:05:49 0 days 15:57:55 0|68.47.21.231 1 georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ suck my dick ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! us berliners love sucking dicks ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! all you pepole should try it }} [[ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip .
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 158 . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe |
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 7 preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date mentioned non = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a
11 / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 2430 & cs = 1 & query = muppets ' ' variety ' ' , 3 / 11 / 08 , segel and stoller take on muppets ] < / ref > this will be the first muppet theatrical film since ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' . = = physical appearance = = a common design for a jim henson muppet is a character with a very wide mouth and large protruding eyes . the puppets are often molded or carved out of [[ foam rubber ]] , and then covered with fleece . muppets may represent humans , [[ anthropomorphism | anthropomorphic ]] animals , realistic animals , robots , extraterrestrial creatures , mythical beings or other unidentified , newly imagined creatures , monsters or abstract characters . muppets are distinguished from [[ ventriloquist ]] " dummies " / " puppets " , which are typically animated only in the head and face , in that their arms or other features are also mobile and expressive . muppets are typically made of softer materials . they are also presented as being independent of the puppeteer , who is usually not visible & mdash ; hidden behind a set or outside of the camera frame . using the camera frame as the " stage " was an innovation of the muppets . < ref > christopher finch ' ' jim henson : the works ' ' 1993 , isbn 0679412034 < / ref > previously on television , there would typically be a stage hiding the performers , as if in a live presentation . = = operation = = the muppeteer typically holds the puppet above his head or in front of his body , with one hand operating the head and mouth and the other manipulating the hands and arms , either with two separate control rods or by " wearing " the hands like gloves . one consequence of this design is that most muppets are left - handed as the puppeteer uses his right hand to operate the head while operating the arm rod with his left hand . there are many other common designs and means of operation . in advanced muppets , several puppeteers may control a single character ; the performer who controls the mouth usually provides the voice for the character . as technology has evolved , the jim henson team and other puppeteers have developed an enormous variety of means to operate puppets for film and television , including the use of suspended rigs , internal motors , remote radio control , and computer enhanced and superimposed images . creative use of a mix of technologies has allowed for scenes in which muppets appear to be riding a bicycle , rowing a boat , and even dancing on - stage with no puppeteer in sight . = = muppets characters = = {{ unreferencedsection | date = june 2008 }} [[ image : fishinvid1024 . jpg | left | thumb | 250px | the muppets in [[ weezer ]] ' s ' [[ keep fishin ]] ' " ]] : ' ' see also : [[ : category : muppet characters ]] ' ' famous muppets from ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and its numerous spin - offs include [[ kermit the frog ]] , [[ miss piggy ]] , [[ fozzie bear ]] , [[ rizzo the rat ]] , [[ gonzo the great ]] , [[ rowlf the dog ]] , [[ dr . bunsen honeydew ]] and [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] , [[ scooter ( muppet ) | scooter ]] , [[ statler and waldorf ]] , the [[ swedish chef ]] , [[ sam the eagle ]] , [[ sweetums ]] , [[ pepe the king prawn ]] , [[ janice ]] , [[ animal ( muppet ) | animal ]] and [[ dr . teeth and the electric mayhem ]] . other well - known muppets include ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' characters such as [[ big bird ]] , [[ oscar the grouch ]] , [[ elmo ]] , [[ zoe ( sesame street ) | zoe ]] , [[ bert and ernie ]] , [[ cookie monster ]] , [[ grover ]] , [[ abby cadabby ]] and [[ the count ]] , as well as the main characters of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' . the most widely known {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} television shows featuring muppets have been ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ bear in the big blue house ]] ' ' . other series have included ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' , ' ' the ghost of faffner hall ' ' , ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the wubbulous world of dr . seuss ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] ' ' . a recurring adult - oriented cast of muppets ( in a setting known as [[ snl : season 1 | the land of gorch ]] ) were featured throughout the first season of ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' . guest stars on some of these programs have occasionally had muppet versions of themselves . 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell
80 germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 12 the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] ( now the muppets studio , llc , {{ fact | date = june section 2008 }} a division of the walt disney company ) ; although sesame workshop and the jim henson company continue to use the term on their characters with certain permissions .
75 muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es
76 ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]]
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 7 preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date mentioned non = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a
11 / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 2430 & cs = 1 & query = muppets ' ' variety ' ' , 3 / 11 / 08 , segel and stoller take on muppets ] < / ref > this will be the first muppet theatrical film since ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' . = = physical appearance = = a common design for a jim henson muppet is a character with a very wide mouth and large protruding eyes . the puppets are often molded or carved out of [[ foam rubber ]] , and then covered with fleece . muppets may represent humans , [[ anthropomorphism | anthropomorphic ]] animals , realistic animals , robots , extraterrestrial creatures , mythical beings or other unidentified , newly imagined creatures , monsters or abstract characters . muppets are distinguished from [[ ventriloquist ]] " dummies " / " puppets " , which are typically animated only in the head and face , in that their arms or other features are also mobile and expressive . muppets are typically made of softer materials . they are also presented as being independent of the puppeteer , who is usually not visible & mdash ; hidden behind a set or outside of the camera frame . using the camera frame as the " stage " was an innovation of the muppets . < ref > christopher finch ' ' jim henson : the works ' ' 1993 , isbn 0679412034 < / ref > previously on television , there would typically be a stage hiding the performers , as if in a live presentation . = = operation = = the muppeteer typically holds the puppet above his head or in front of his body , with one hand operating the head and mouth and the other manipulating the hands and arms , either with two separate control rods or by " wearing " the hands like gloves . one consequence of this design is that most muppets are left - handed as the puppeteer uses his right hand to operate the head while operating the arm rod with his left hand . there are many other common designs and means of operation . in advanced muppets , several puppeteers may control a single character ; the performer who controls the mouth usually provides the voice for the character . as technology has evolved , the jim henson team and other puppeteers have developed an enormous variety of means to operate puppets for film and television , including the use of suspended rigs , internal motors , remote radio control , and computer enhanced and superimposed images . creative use of a mix of technologies has allowed for scenes in which muppets appear to be riding a bicycle , rowing a boat , and even dancing on - stage with no puppeteer in sight . = = muppets characters = = {{ unreferencedsection | date = june 2008 }} [[ image : fishinvid1024 . jpg | left | thumb | 250px | the muppets in [[ weezer ]] ' s ' [[ keep fishin ]] ' " ]] : ' ' see also : [[ : category : muppet characters ]] ' ' famous muppets from ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and its numerous spin - offs include [[ kermit the frog ]] , [[ miss piggy ]] , [[ fozzie bear ]] , [[ rizzo the rat ]] , [[ gonzo the great ]] , [[ rowlf the dog ]] , [[ dr . bunsen honeydew ]] and [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] , [[ scooter ( muppet ) | scooter ]] , [[ statler and waldorf ]] , the [[ swedish chef ]] , [[ sam the eagle ]] , [[ sweetums ]] , [[ pepe the king prawn ]] , [[ janice ]] , [[ animal ( muppet ) | animal ]] and [[ dr . teeth and the electric mayhem ]] . other well - known muppets include ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' characters such as [[ big bird ]] , [[ oscar the grouch ]] , [[ elmo ]] , [[ zoe ( sesame street ) | zoe ]] , [[ bert and ernie ]] , [[ cookie monster ]] , [[ grover ]] , [[ abby cadabby ]] and [[ the count ]] , as well as the main characters of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' . the most widely known {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} television shows featuring muppets have been ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ bear in the big blue house ]] ' ' . other series have included ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' , ' ' the ghost of faffner hall ' ' , ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the wubbulous world of dr . seuss ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] ' ' . a recurring adult - oriented cast of muppets ( in a setting known as [[ snl : season 1 | the land of gorch ]] ) were featured throughout the first season of ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' . guest stars on some of these programs have occasionally had muppet versions of themselves . 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell
80 germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 12 the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] ( now the muppets studio , llc , {{ fact | date = june section 2008 }} a division of the walt disney company ) ; although sesame workshop and the jim henson company continue to use the term on their characters with certain permissions .
75 muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es
76 ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]]
254999894 255064232 2008-11-30 21:29:49 0 days 06:39:11 7903804 1 harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id isbn = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons
3 ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} *
259059250 259263977 2008-12-21 01:22:55 1 days 02:15:45 28010 0 the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord missing | germany 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category
1 images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord missing | germany }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]]
265543543 265553126 2009-01-21 20:35:32 0 days 00:47:46 0|76.190.175.181 1 that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could
265797534 265797894 2009-01-22 22:37:55 0 days 00:01:48 634828 4 the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' ' licence to kill ' ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could
272467225 272476022 2009-02-22 11:42:29 0 days 01:00:09 0|93.132.133.36 3 [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some {{ who cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden / kontra | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the
280460425 280462457 2009-03-29 18:13:49 0 days 00:09:46 0|96.245.236.126 2 date = is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . " }} = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ;
280462457 280512918 2009-03-29 22:18:28 0 days 04:04:39 6999039 0 the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . {{ fact | date = " is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . " march 2009 }} indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . = = the fall , 1989 = =
281475066 281579157 2009-04-03 21:42:24 0 days 11:25:16 6019534 0 of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ eastern bloc defection }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _
294710470 295845404 2009-06-11 20:15:46 5 days 17:25:28 9742999 0 of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _
305130153 305728347 2009-08-03 00:58:10 3 days 05:42:38 0|67.163.100.198 3 . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential harry trumanpresidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top
305747907 305749049 2009-08-03 03:34:07 0 days 00:09:09 118722 2 . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = harry trumanpresidential ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top
306392630 306465427 2009-08-06 20:16:27 0 days 07:30:09 0|84.153.80.33 0 berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifascistischer antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) , expressing their view that the western countries were fascist . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 11 http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it icon }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ]
27 ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 13 www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 62 / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east
324397140 324422544 2009-11-07 07:25:09 0 days 04:09:16 5899356 0 their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood
1 jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of
324912788 324913447 2009-11-09 21:23:45 0 days 00:03:37 0|98.221.128.45 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art
324932966 324937840 2009-11-09 23:32:03 0 days 00:24:17 16710 18 history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 11 / - 17 / 1989 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t
325583646 325814566 2009-11-14 16:19:37 1 days 08:56:00 5663757 0 {st@rt} {{ semiprotected | small = yes }} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess variation | berlin defense defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art
328189152 328227127 2009-11-27 16:25:08 0 days 05:51:41 38198 1 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of
330019766 330331803 2009-12-07 22:49:51 1 days 15:59:29 0|71.50.18.192 3 ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr
332489251 332955731 2009-12-21 01:07:32 2 days 11:20:53 88026 0 [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het
342665226 342710201 2010-02-08 15:14:12 0 days 06:08:11 0|204.85.26.1 0 | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin that oneplace with the wall }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] |
342710201 342710348 2010-02-08 15:15:04 0 days 00:00:52 10823618 0 | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of that oneplace with the wall berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] |
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 1 ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . after several weeks
350296557 350338092 2010-03-17 03:59:09 0 days 04:50:19 0|99.56.2.131 0 | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin your mom }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] |
350338092 350338289 2010-03-17 04:00:39 0 days 00:01:30 4916882 0 | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of your mom berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] |
355986426 356043954 2010-04-14 21:11:38 0 days 05:16:57 0|138.163.0.42 0 in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin burlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint |
356043954 356044092 2010-04-14 21:12:27 0 days 00:00:49 0|138.163.0.42 0 in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of burlin berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint |
357049473 357049703 2010-04-19 19:27:06 0 days 00:01:14 0|131.122.46.127 0 in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin francis }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the framcos wall , showing [[ border checkpoint |
357049703 357055327 2010-04-19 19:57:39 0 days 00:30:33 3308922 0 in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of francis berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the framcos wall , showing [[ border checkpoint |
357297916 357496729 2010-04-21 22:33:18 0 days 23:37:31 0|71.111.55.161 0 in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of the berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint
1 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin wall }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint |
357897333 358424098 2010-04-26 15:38:35 2 days 18:36:26 10996774 2 htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of
3 gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london | first = india | last = knight }} < / ref > {{ cquote | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders , and we cannot allow that
4 allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london | first = charles | last = clover }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of
358498578 358498909 2010-04-26 21:28:16 0 days 00:01:33 0|138.88.120.190 0 annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer sean barry }} ) was a big cock built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] ,
358498909 358499716 2010-04-26 21:32:05 0 days 00:03:49 134937 0 annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | sean barry berliner mauer }} ) was a big cock built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] ,
358728706 358850281 2010-04-28 14:09:48 0 days 16:34:31 10996774 0 want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london | first = india | last = knight }} < / ref > {{ cquote | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders , and we cannot allow that
1 mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london | first = charles | last = clover }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of
360333358 360333645 2010-05-05 17:57:22 0 days 00:01:29 0|199.197.103.35 1 {st@rt} { hi weggie its jack tj built the wall { about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence haha this is cooldefence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the
360334342 360334542 2010-05-05 18:01:55 0 days 00:01:03 292494 0 {st@rt} jonathan is really cool weege and i built the wall haha this is cooldefence {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the
367995322 368038978 2010-06-14 20:42:05 0 days 04:10:54 262550 3 http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe - meyer13 latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date = october 13 september 2009 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest .
376102866 376154207 2010-07-29 21:06:22 0 days 05:43:39 9540157 15 title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 | ref = harv | postscript = }} }} * {{ citation | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press |
391276698 391495052 2010-10-18 19:14:35 1 days 00:32:39 10996774 1 sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to
3 a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses
5 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 . by a secret
7 checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin
395750266 395972413 2010-11-10 17:58:56 1 days 03:00:14 0|64.251.50.130 0 stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other
398200111 398244809 2010-11-22 13:56:07 0 days 07:08:00 0|217.186.139.4 0 - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http
398520724 398753727 2010-11-25 04:28:33 1 days 06:12:17 433328 0 expression was destroyed , the two men did not care . in fact they were over joyed to see the fall of the hideous , boring wall . {{ citation needed | date = november 2010 }} = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits
398787758 398858085 2010-11-25 20:48:26 0 days 10:28:08 12323565 2 org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | archivedate = 2006 - 09 - 13 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high
399051464 399052561 2010-11-27 00:55:57 0 days 00:08:05 16710 8 mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 -
11 wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite document | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the
12 rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 -
13 = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year
14 | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 -
402621776 402719269 2010-12-16 17:31:28 0 days 15:49:06 0|85.177.68.249 0 - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [
427751982 427752945 2011-05-06 14:34:35 0 days 00:06:33 7611264 0 ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " {{ citation _ needed | date = may 2011 }} if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were
427752945 427753574 2011-05-06 14:38:50 0 days 00:04:15 13543148 4 few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " {{ citation _ needed | date = 22 may 2011 }} if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were
5 days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " {{ citation _ needed | date = may 2011 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / / www . dpa . de / detailansicht - 80er - jahre . 543 + m517a9d5ff09 . 0 . html }} if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 5 wochen _ zeit . html wiegrefe , klaus . " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das -
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 26 = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 | pages = 363 - 367 }} < / ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by [[ wolfgang engels ]] , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the
41 not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london uk | }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that
45 , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london uk | }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
51 | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher work = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of the end of
52 = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = der spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of the end of the
71 resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 october 2009 }} * {{ cite book | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press
82 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100
94 / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet
97 web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | archivedate = 2006 - 09 - 13 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high
99 facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref
102 12 | title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin
130 debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions
131 — 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} – elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until 3
136 wall in the world 2009 – 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall – goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in
141 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans
144 / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated , however , that only about
146 url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 06 }} < / ref > a recent poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than half of all russians do not know who built the berlin wall
435754285 437174317 2011-07-01 04:13:48 7 days 23:56:46 764789 2 britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 11 september 2009 | work = michael binyon | work = times | location = uk | }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that
3 another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = helen nugent | work = times | location = uk | }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 9 biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration
444482392 444513279 2011-08-12 21:53:37 0 days 03:06:39 314721 1 party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 august 2011 }} kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the
474175877 476209082 2012-02-11 00:44:21 10 days 16:49:11 10996774 2 not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 15 september 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu | location = chennai , india }} < / ref > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . timesonline .
3 britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 11 september 2009 | work = michael binyon | work = times | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that
4 another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = helen nugent | work = times | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
6 / | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | publisher = the globe and mail | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 | location = toronto }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date /
9 ? most russians don ' t know & # 124 ; reuters | publisher = uk . reuters . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 | first = dmitry | last = solovyov }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall
479597706 479685255 2012-03-01 17:59:02 0 days 13:09:10 404531 1 | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 | ref = harv | postscript = }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the
485297583 489424180 2012-04-27 04:49:49 23 days 21:13:49 14405583 11 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title blockade }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]]
14 war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti -
489424180 489424644 2012-04-27 04:54:53 0 days 00:05:04 14405583 0 . png | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag | east germany }} , {{ flag | east germany }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display
489512475 490220839 2012-05-02 00:52:01 4 days 05:56:18 4604963 0 nothing then would stand in the way of a united communist germany within the bloc . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other
492573792 492640902 2012-05-15 04:29:52 0 days 08:32:31 14405583 0 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = august 13 , 1961 | building _ type = blockade [[ separation barrier ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 0 | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ use dmy dates | date = june 2011 august 2012 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic building | name = berlin wall | image =
25 wall - 1271894147 / | title = germany marks construction of the berlin wall | agency = associated press | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - | accessdate = 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / news / 2011 / 08 /
26 | title = germany marks construction of the berlin wall | agency = associated press | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 august 2011 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / news / 2011 / 08 / 11
28 title = reflecting on the berlin wall , 50 years after its construction | publisher = history . com | date = 2011 - 08 - 11 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - | accessdate = 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germanworldonline . com / index . php / 50 -
29 the berlin wall , 50 years after its construction | publisher = history . com | date = 2011 - 08 - 11 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 august 2011 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germanworldonline . com / index . php / 50 - years
31 | title = 50 years berlin wall 1961 – 1989 [ video clips ] | publisher = german world | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - | accessdate = 13 }} < / ref > = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] *
32 years berlin wall 1961 – 1989 [ video clips ] | publisher = german world | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 august 2011 }} < / ref > = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[
38 title = record of the conversation | language = {{ de icon }} | publisher = welt . de | date = 2009 - 05 - 30 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative western reaction . what is beyond dispute ,
40 wall goes up in berlin - events of 1961 - year in review | publisher = upi . com | date = 1998 - 05 - 29 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east
44 institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 2008 - 04 - 09 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen
45 | language = german | title = neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 | publisher = zlb . de | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of
46 todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989 " : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam ]] has confirmed 136 deaths
47 historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]] ) to border guards dealing with
48 - bau und fall der berliner mauer & # 124 ; opfer der mauer | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor
52 html | title = palestinians break israel ' s wall - middle east | publisher = al jazeera english | date = 2009 - 11 - 09 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary
58 . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away | url = http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = - ummj
513767223 514812998 2012-09-27 15:04:09 6 days 18:49:18 7809335 1 the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag | east germany }} , < br > {{ flag of east berlin ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | west germany }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title |
543449478 545358277 2013-03-19 05:11:08 7 days 12:34:11 1609140 0 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ separation barrier wall ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]]
545358277 545361184 2013-03-19 05:32:47 0 days 00:21:39 7868001 0 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ wall separation barrier ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]]
545361184 545373409 2013-03-19 06:54:43 0 days 01:21:56 210954 0 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ separation barrier wall ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]]
545373409 545381105 2013-03-19 07:46:16 0 days 00:51:33 18079202 0 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ wall separation barrier ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]]
545381105 545455691 2013-03-19 16:10:59 0 days 08:24:43 145394 0 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ separation barrier wall ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]]
551472920 551475174 2013-04-21 16:10:40 0 days 00:17:21 17003997 0 {st@rt} {{ leadtoolong lead too long | date = april 2013 }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ use dmy dates
560696523 560697108 2013-06-20 02:48:53 0 days 00:07:08 5681311 2 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = url = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately .
8 mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately .
9 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening
560698146 560703430 2013-06-20 04:11:03 0 days 01:09:43 1108424 4 border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = june 19 , 2013 august 2011 }} < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically
560703430 560704004 2013-06-20 04:18:37 0 days 00:07:34 5681311 2 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = url = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately .
10 mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately .
11 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening
574620114 574657896 2013-09-26 21:17:35 0 days 05:19:04 16715243 0 did springsteen ' s 1988 berlin gig rock the wall ? | url = http : / / www . thelocal . de / opinion / 20130709 - 50749 . html | work = the local - germany ' s news in english | publisher = the local - germany ' s news in english | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} [[ file
577726713 578192175 2013-10-22 00:51:09 3 days 08:58:25 13799985 2 berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _ and _ east _ berlin interactive map ] ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic
581369678 581987398 2013-11-17 00:44:35 4 days 05:45:37 4561669 0 wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] *
588574374 588587093 2013-12-31 23:10:41 0 days 02:00:08 7611264 0 s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ’ s tacit indication {{ how | date = december 2013 }} that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector of berlin . < ref > {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 0 | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ use dmy dates | date = august 2012 january 2014 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic building | name = berlin wall | image =
16 : 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ wall ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow
17 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ wall ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] [[
20 welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html | title = record of the conversation | language = {{ de icon }} | publisher = welt . de | date = 30 may 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > however , other sources suggest
36 , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html | newspaper = [[ time ( magazine ) | time ]] | date = 2009 - 04 - 19 | accessdate = 2013 - 05 - 06 }} < / ref > asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the
43 . html | title = the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? | publisher = voicesunderberlin . com | date = | accessdate = 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 nyt
45 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html | title = cold war reheated | publisher = nytimes . com | date = | accessdate = 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall '
48 * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall * {{ de icon }} {{ en icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http
632340179 632389254 2014-11-04 07:32:40 0 days 09:03:37 14508071 7 - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 20 large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history society / history }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to 1990 , famous videos
21 | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to 1990 , famous videos from
40 php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _
49 / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to 1990 , famous videos
633858023 634823844 2014-11-21 12:27:24 6 days 15:18:49 10289486 0 : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} {{ de icon }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november ,
677787947 677791285 2015-08-25 15:01:06 0 days 00:26:42 16283967 0 werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date deadurl = november 2010 }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated
1 | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de : 80 / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november 2010 }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by
4 / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 rsf . org ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 20120907214853 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 42 title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 7 september 2004 | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | first = jörg | last = aberger | work = [[ der spiegel }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of the 1918 abdication of
43 debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 7 september 2004 | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | first = jörg | last = aberger | work = der spiegel ]] }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[
703715928 703717802 2016-02-07 05:29:19 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 0 would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . {{ fact | date = february 2016 }} the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west kept increasing . by early november refugees were finding their way to hungary via czechoslovakia , or via the west
706975021 707177225 2016-02-27 07:39:45 0 days 22:24:26 16283967 0 " < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date web = november 2010 }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " —
1 ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november accessdate 2010 }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term
7 > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . 20 september = august 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to
8 www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ] {{ dead link | < ref > {{ cite news | url = 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the
16 www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ] {{ dead link | date = august 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to
17 montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ] {{ dead link | date = august 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the
714997403 722498372 2016-05-28 14:48:32 45 days 12:07:39 27823944 7 {{ wayback | url = http : / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 | date = 20120907214853 20091108121553 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr
10 : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html | date = 20111130150904 | df bot = y }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate
11 / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html | date = 20111130150904 | df = y medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the 20th
724233530 724394204 2016-06-09 00:08:05 1 days 00:27:59 28438241 0 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line ( lebanon ) ]] }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker
724394204 724394247 2016-06-09 00:08:38 0 days 00:00:33 28438241 0 rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line ( lebanon beirut ) ]] }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last
724631450 727656922 2016-06-30 12:00:49 19 days 22:13:11 17832782 0 ] * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} * {{ worldcat | name = works about berlin wall | id = nc - berlin % 20wall % 20berlin % 20germany % 201961 % 201989 }} {{ berlin wall }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ destroyed heritage }} {{ authority control }} [[ category : berlin wall |
729057394 733423677 2016-08-07 18:35:16 29 days 02:59:40 3131428 4 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ use dmy dates | date = january 2014 }} {{
733423677 733487340 2016-08-08 04:39:46 0 days 10:04:30 264323 0 {st@rt} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} | berlin defence ]] }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ use dmy dates | date = january 2014
733515231 734284492 2016-08-13 08:26:57 4 days 22:04:07 80913 11 2011 }} < / ref > * * " chippin ' away " , < ref > {{ youtube | - ummj _ jnway | crosby , stills & nash 1990 - chippin ' away }} < / ref > a song by tom fedora , as performed by [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[
735821858 736676388 2016-08-29 03:36:10 5 days 18:00:42 27823944 6 / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | archivedate = 25 june 2009 medic }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members
738865701 738877220 2016-09-11 16:07:47 0 days 01:20:46 27015025 5 / wall . asp | archivedate = 22 june 2008 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 9 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation | deadurl = no | df = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19
749083438 749172446 2016-11-12 21:38:14 0 days 13:26:19 7611264 2 bowie . 2c 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl interlanguage link multi | klein orkest }} , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http
3 ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest | nl }} , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / /
5 ] }} < / ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' {{ ill | de | elsner | 3 = stephan elsner }} ' ' created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " border injuries " . on one
749499810 750161040 2016-11-18 03:30:42 3 days 09:52:21 27823944 2 {{ wayback | url = http : / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 | date = 20091108121553 8 november 2009 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr
761201385 762042542 2017-01-26 08:15:19 4 days 16:23:22 16488383 2 the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . {{ citation needed | date title = february 2016 }} [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing the new regulations
762133796 764579261 2017-02-09 18:56:43 13 days 21:24:23 22515348 0 concert by [[ roger waters ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line ( beirut ) ]] * [[ reunification of jerusalem ]] }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker
774996064 774996115 2017-04-11 23:54:33 0 days 00:00:29 204692 0 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . {{ fact }} < / ref > * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film )
1 by [[ martin ritt ]] * * ' ' the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 {{ fact }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael
2 by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | title = something to do with the wall ( 1991 ) – imdb | author = maxhauser | date = 3 april 1991 | work = imdb | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film )
4 the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / | title = imdb . com | date = 15 july 1965 | work = imdb | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael
774997908 774999975 2017-04-12 00:29:40 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 2 becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name =
3 it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that the initiative for the construction of the
7 mi }} from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin
8 months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to
9 , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east berlin death strip seen from axel springer building 1984
10 ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} * wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) * improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) * improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) * '
11 ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was
13 visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all – all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 .
14 year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east
15 east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} east berliners and east germans could not , at first , travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall
16 matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} for each of these exceptions , gdr citizens had to apply for individual approval , which was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr
17 annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin to help alleviate this situation . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any )
18 in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required
20 western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road :
21 - available basis . the trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special
23 the sewer system predated the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ unternehmen reisebüro ]] . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the [[ gesellschaft für sport und technik ]] ,
24 crowd of west berliners jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking through [[ checkpoint
26 wall peckers " ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | a berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire
27 all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued
28 virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german
29 german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards [[ german reunification ]] , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the
30 trabant crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} the [[ allied museum ]] in the [[ dahlem ( berlin ) | dahlem ]] district of berlin hosted a number of events to mark the twentieth anniversary of the
32 for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , still in its original spot , 2016 ]] = = = 50th anniversary
33 about the fall of the berlin wall by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | the spy who
34 martin ritt ]] * * ' ' the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] , directed
779016763 779442748 2017-05-08 23:18:55 2 days 08:38:12 19339494 0 wall ( video game ) }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ use dmy dates | date = january 2014 may 2017 }} {{ infobox historic building | name = berlin wall | image = berlinermauer . jpg | caption = view from the west berlin side of [[ berlin wall graffiti art
14 = crosby , stills and nash sound a positive note at berlin wall | work = los angeles times | date = 1989 - 11 - 21 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven
16 stm | title = did david hasselhoff really help end the cold war ? | work = bbc news | date = 2004 - 02 - 06 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] '
780019390 781687181 2017-05-22 17:34:23 10 days 04:39:20 8719036 11 hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first
787359385 787408974 2017-06-25 06:54:21 0 days 07:37:56 31190988 6 ref > {{ cite web | title = memorial landscape : berlin wall | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 20141220054134 text = web page on the border watch tower }} , accessed on 27 january 2016 }} < / ref > nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 16 and growing anti - wall sentiment = = < center > {{ cquote | text = ' ' every stone bears witness to the moral bankruptcy of the society it encloses ' ' }} < small > — margaret thatcher commenting about the wall , west berlin , 1982 < ref > [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / 1982
807562970 808145196 2017-11-01 04:07:12 3 days 08:42:17 31813604 1 in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . {{ fact | date = april 2014 - 11 - 11 | work = newsweek | access - date = 2017 }} [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , still in its original spot , 2016 ]] = = = 50th
810071958 810072027 2017-11-13 05:36:43 0 days 00:00:33 19339494 0 | date = april 2017 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ use dmy dates | date = may november 2017 }} {{ infobox historic building | name = berlin wall | image = berlinermauer . jpg | caption = view from the west berlin side of [[ berlin wall graffiti
10 / combined | last2 = varela | last3 = arco | last4 = block | first2 = yolanda | first3 = nino del | first4 = karin | accessdate = 2017 - 05 - 12 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael
812015131 812456655 2017-11-27 23:08:43 2 days 10:38:49 27015025 1 berlin wall 1961 – 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = 23 july 2010 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110717064521 / http : / / www . alliiertenmuseum . de / en / 4 _ 2 . php ? year = & activity _ id = 214 | archivedate = 17 july 2011 | df = dmy - all }} < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp ]] s designed by t . h . e . hill , the author
813096804 813824036 2017-12-05 12:23:25 3 days 17:15:48 2126435 2 * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' {{ interlanguage link multi | elsner | de | 3 = stephan elsner }} ' ' created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " border injuries " . on one of
816797571 816797805 2017-12-23 19:37:49 0 days 00:02:02 11112747 7 * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) {{ div col end }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international
822396886 822504643 2018-01-26 19:24:33 0 days 15:37:47 5841175 5 = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 26 january 2018 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]] ) to border guards dealing with
825606275 825749968 2018-02-15 05:25:14 0 days 19:08:55 29164674 0 : public / west and east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ ipa - de | bɛʁˈliːnɐ ˈmaʊ̯ɐ | pron }} ) was a guarded concrete [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that physically and ideologically divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago
825799691 825801760 2018-02-15 14:24:54 0 days 00:17:08 5946478 2 west berliners jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . {{ citation needed | date title = april 2017 }} < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking
3 jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = 146 - 147 | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06490 - 6 }} < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking through [[ checkpoint
825801760 825801993 2018-02-15 14:26:52 0 days 00:01:58 5946478 0 mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = 146 - 147 | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06490 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls .
825804625 825804984 2018-02-15 14:50:22 0 days 00:02:43 5946478 2 it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . {{ citation needed | date title = april 2017 }} = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | 220px |
825804984 825807680 2018-02-15 15:11:19 0 days 00:20:57 5946478 7 the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed | date title = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government
8 three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 escaping the bonds of earth : the fifties and the sixties | last = evans | first = ben | publisher = praxis publishing | year = 2014 | location = chichester uk | pages = 38 | isbn = 978 - 0 - 387 - 79093 - 0 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to
825807680 825810334 2018-02-15 15:29:53 0 days 00:18:34 5946478 2 after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . {{ citation needed | date title = april 2017 }} = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float - right "
825819301 825820281 2018-02-15 16:36:38 0 days 00:06:43 5946478 2 " ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . {{ citation needed | date title = april 2017 }} west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin
5 stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . {{ citation needed | date < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = april 2017 }} on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there
9 the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . {{ citation needed | date < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 = april 2017 }} the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards [[ german reunification ]] , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october
10 ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 < / ref > }} the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards [[ german reunification ]] , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the
825833265 825837217 2018-02-15 18:34:55 0 days 00:25:53 5946478 4 the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . {{ citation needed | date title = april 2017 }} the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that the initiative for the
5 time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 the berlin wall and the intra - germa border 1961 - 1989 | last = rottman | first = gordon | publisher = osprey publishing | year = 2008 | location = oxford uk | pages = 29 | isbn = 978 - 184603 - 193 - 9 }} the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that the initiative for the construction of the
830413321 830738474 2018-03-16 17:09:21 1 days 23:23:44 32932216 2 the berlin wall by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka , told from point of view of a
831699815 833238425 2018-03-30 12:11:06 8 days 15:20:23 10289486 1 ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html wiegrefe , klaus . " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online – einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / www . welt . de / politik
2 zeit . html wiegrefe , klaus . " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online – einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 /
836314607 837089893 2018-04-18 17:08:36 4 days 16:52:32 10289486 1 . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p =
843144692 843537822 2018-05-29 19:55:32 2 days 14:29:27 30675059 5 imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 05 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka , told
6 before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? – an alternate history of cold war espionage ' ' , < ref > {{ cite web | url = 29 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka , told from point
14 www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka , told
15 imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka , told from point
848888136 848901284 2018-07-05 03:45:12 0 days 02:00:21 7611264 0 0 }} . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = = how khrushchev – kennedy relations affected the construction of the wall = = = {{ confusing | date = july 2018 }} in april 1961 , khrushchev gained an impression that kennedy ' ' is not very smart ' ' when he saw washington supporting the failed invasion of cuba by anti
851056497 851685920 2018-07-23 22:56:52 4 days 03:31:40 27015025 0 freedom without walls | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc | archive - url = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20101228094243 / http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | archive - date = 28 december 2010 | dead - url = yes | df = dmy - all }} < / ref > an international project called ' ' mauerreise ' ' ( journey of the wall ) took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks were
858467139 858475938 2018-09-07 13:17:40 0 days 01:32:51 9092818 0 convert | 155 | km | 1 | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = wall }} {{ eastern bloc sidebar | cold war }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] [[
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1744605 1776158 2003-11-15 23:25:56 0 days 00:05:35 0|82.82.131.134 0 16 , 1989 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians soviet union , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin
1 1989 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans the usa , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - -
2 ' ' < / center > < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british the united kingdom and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain ,
3 < / center > < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french france each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick ,
4 ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee
5 - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviets soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the americans . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin
6 , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviets led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the americans united states . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent , were in effect
4583370 4705728 2004-07-12 16:15:05 0 days 18:23:40 42670 0 treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent , were in
7274103 7274236 2004-11-09 21:58:06 0 days 00:00:40 0|83.109.145.235 3 the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | the fall of the berlin wall marked the symbolic end of the cold war . american poststamp commemorating the event soviet empire . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 ,
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 1 west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west germans demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the usa united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of
20104674 20199669 2005-08-03 17:01:11 1 days 07:56:03 0|207.134.5.195 0 east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet soviets government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of
20199669 20199705 2005-08-03 17:01:52 0 days 00:00:41 0|207.134.5.195 0 east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviets soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 5 of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] city college of new york with a degree in electrical engineering in 1939 and in 1940 joined the army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each
24 conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] soviet project , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty ,
26918322 26918978 2005-10-30 22:32:59 0 days 00:07:33 67107 5 children 7 in fiction 8 see also 9 external links [ edit ] background julius rosenberg was born on may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from the city college of new york with a degree in electrical engineering in 1939 and in 1940 joined the [[ soviet ]] army signal corps where he worked on radar equipment . he became a leader in the young communist league , where in 1936 he met ethel , whom he married three
26 that the rosenberg / greenglass data would have significantly aided the soviet project . even the detailed information given by fuchs and hall seems to have only marginally sped up the soviet project western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , as it was heavily distrusted by project leader lavrenty beria . this , of course , is a question not necessarily related to their guilt or sentencing . [ edit
29 and michael , were orphaned by the execution , and no relatives dared adopt them for fear of ostracism or worse . they were finally adopted by the songwriters ann and abel meeropol . abel meeropol wrote the classic anti - lynching anthem " strange fruit , " made famous by singer billie holiday . robert and michael co - wrote a book about the experience , we are your sons : the legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg france ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book in 2004 , an execution in the family : one son ' s journey . in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg
33019543 33732100 2006-01-03 15:20:54 5 days 20:55:47 0|208.22.177.10 0 = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet teletubies ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by
33732100 33736122 2006-01-03 16:14:24 0 days 00:53:30 174808 0 = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ teletubies soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by
40904768 40905200 2006-02-23 20:20:49 0 days 00:03:37 89179 3 ] however , its miles of concrete and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall became a focus of anti what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - communist reformers between the 1960s and 1990s . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of the [[ soviet union ]] , led
42452968 42535304 2006-03-06 21:07:47 0 days 12:19:03 0|69.118.136.26 0 east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to alied allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west
44441770 44468502 2006-03-19 06:27:35 0 days 04:19:24 0|67.150.44.54 0 escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organisation organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with
45851032 46015271 2006-03-29 14:49:03 1 days 01:44:53 154626 0 for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]]
46947936 46949495 2006-04-04 17:06:33 0 days 00:11:44 97676 1 an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany , which permanently closed the border between [[
54107483 54268993 2006-05-20 23:49:24 1 days 00:45:45 0|69.124.27.151 2 most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans gad to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[
54268993 54269525 2006-05-20 23:53:19 0 days 00:03:55 1008387 1 most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east gad germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[
68356935 68486767 2006-08-08 22:01:37 0 days 14:33:29 0|128.195.89.181 0 , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced country countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non
73800540 74099078 2006-09-06 08:47:27 1 days 13:57:58 169140 3 into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[
4 occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]]
100920432 100940360 2007-01-15 20:23:22 0 days 01:29:37 2181758 0 built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour labor and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] ,
100940597 100941637 2007-01-15 20:29:28 0 days 00:04:57 2181758 0 travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour labor and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] ,
100946186 100948158 2007-01-15 20:59:57 0 days 00:09:11 302522 0 built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labor labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] ,
2 travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labor labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] ,
111415383 111428832 2007-02-27 22:10:55 0 days 00:57:04 0|62.3.246.124 0 by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets china ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the
111428832 111431459 2007-02-27 22:21:46 0 days 00:10:51 302522 0 by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ china soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the
113464478 113475444 2007-03-08 02:24:08 0 days 00:52:34 0|68.18.0.87 0 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii wwii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the
1 | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones sectors ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united
113475754 113475882 2007-03-08 02:26:18 0 days 00:00:35 902207 1 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of wwii world war ii in europe , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four sectors ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying
3 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of wwii in europe , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four sectors occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united
114799754 114832623 2007-03-13 16:56:18 0 days 02:33:52 0|66.18.62.36 0 besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united
114987991 115016505 2007-03-14 09:34:46 0 days 04:16:30 0|220.101.111.166 2 . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion poo slinger patrol was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of
115016505 115016570 2007-03-14 09:35:16 0 days 00:00:30 2608485 2 gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 fatty boobaladahs . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american poo slinger patrol battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of
117292393 117354193 2007-03-23 19:40:25 0 days 04:50:00 0|206.176.109.44 0 built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour labor and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] ,
117486747 117487278 2007-03-24 09:35:03 0 days 00:05:58 302522 0 built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labor labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] ,
118635394 118639947 2007-03-28 23:11:07 0 days 00:19:40 0|65.24.114.248 2 ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist communist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged
10 bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist democratic countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . =
118654236 118657778 2007-03-29 00:33:26 0 days 00:17:42 911178 2 ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1917 onwards , west germany mutated into a western communist capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged
9 looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) the flight of growing numbers of northwestern germans to non - democratic communist countries via northern berlin led to germany destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further shananagans . =
118657778 119194198 2007-03-31 03:19:34 2 days 02:46:08 0|69.236.50.115 5 and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet mormon ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press
9 nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states brendon urie | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]]
11 zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom jon walker | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[
13 ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france ryan ross | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was
119194198 119196685 2007-03-31 03:37:08 0 days 00:17:34 196242 5 and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ las vegas , | nevada ]] administration of [[ jon walker ]] and approved by [[ mormon soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ brendon urie ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press
13 the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker british ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the
14 ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross france | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]]
15 one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross french ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself
16 the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith soviet union | spencer smith ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones
124840894 124869673 2007-04-22 14:46:41 0 days 03:13:36 0|66.189.65.147 0 wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union france and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin
124869673 124871938 2007-04-22 14:57:52 0 days 00:11:11 302522 0 wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in france the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin
127992744 128043670 2007-05-03 20:30:16 0 days 03:40:39 0|69.125.136.170 1 germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers germans decided to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[
128122655 128140895 2007-05-04 04:30:18 0 days 01:56:54 0|67.188.185.11 0 built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour labor and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] ,
128140895 128156051 2007-05-04 06:38:38 0 days 02:08:20 3647339 0 built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labor labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] ,
128208648 128224669 2007-05-04 15:23:14 0 days 01:17:51 0|206.227.19.200 0 ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political po33 l freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]]
128224669 128224981 2007-05-04 15:24:41 0 days 00:01:27 302522 0 ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for po33 l political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]]
128227069 128511750 2007-05-05 22:07:47 1 days 06:32:44 0|89.173.44.118 0 leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing
129554675 129554933 2007-05-09 16:37:49 0 days 00:01:02 0|204.129.158.10 9 germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " '
133075428 133085305 2007-05-24 02:33:08 0 days 00:58:04 0|71.236.38.133 0 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest war , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory
133085305 133093747 2007-05-24 03:28:24 0 days 00:55:16 715870 0 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil war unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory
133131431 133266201 2007-05-24 21:31:51 0 days 12:42:18 0|68.55.7.91 0 by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir communist hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was
133266201 133267024 2007-05-24 21:35:43 0 days 00:03:52 302522 0 by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by communist souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was
138718856 138723953 2007-06-17 08:23:26 0 days 00:50:27 4281205 0 berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied soviet occupation of europe ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af :
148145763 148756413 2007-08-02 17:27:15 2 days 18:48:36 4750633 0 more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no -
1 can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = =
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 0 europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist regime gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment has always denied having such a policy . < ref
153257087 153261470 2007-08-24 01:02:51 0 days 00:26:17 4927734 0 / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a german politician alleges that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment has always denied having
1 europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime east german government gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment has always denied having such a policy . < ref name =
159172135 159182654 2007-09-20 15:36:21 0 days 00:58:05 0|72.43.0.244 0 , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist t protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was
1 the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist t protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s
159182654 159184132 2007-09-20 15:44:15 0 days 00:07:54 3704376 0 , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - t fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was
1 the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - t fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 20 ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti the belief that the simple division of all humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent of this movement away from polar oppositions , anne fausto - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 21 of all humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent of this movement away from polar oppositions , anne fausto - sterling fascist protective rampart , recognized five sexes : male , female , merm ( male pseudohermaphrodite ) , ferm ( female pseudohermaphrodite ) and herm ( true hermaphrodite ) . although she was heavily
163097473 163098190 2007-10-08 14:37:50 0 days 00:03:43 0|216.237.254.146 0 the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist t protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s
163102843 163105476 2007-10-08 15:13:04 0 days 00:12:54 5173527 0 the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - t fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s
163105476 163371605 2007-10-09 17:45:07 1 days 02:32:03 0|82.41.42.114 2 | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied all = = ied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers
163371605 163373226 2007-10-09 17:53:00 0 days 00:07:53 5451838 2 | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ all = = ied allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers
165409653 165409865 2007-10-18 14:21:33 0 days 00:01:15 0|89.240.178.51 1 show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american u . s . effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as
2 gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american u . s . battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people
165409865 165410058 2007-10-18 14:22:40 0 days 00:01:07 0|89.240.178.51 0 although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american u . s . zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including
165598417 165643339 2007-10-19 15:25:00 0 days 05:20:28 2073927 4 although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and u . s . american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including
6 show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the u . s . american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as
7 gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new u . s . american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people
170955559 171328388 2007-11-14 00:42:00 1 days 11:14:07 5809976 0 separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold civil war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]]
171328388 171330844 2007-11-14 00:55:02 0 days 00:13:02 0|83.24.232.6 0 separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ civil cold war of monkeies in balerina outfits eating pancakes going up the pyrimid of wakawakadoodooyeah ]] , the wall joined forces with mars and neptune [[ east berlin | east ]] and
173864676 173866475 2007-11-26 10:45:25 0 days 00:17:35 137113 0 also marked the frontier in the cold war which would likely play a major role in hostilities or the start of a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the soviet union gdr and ussr considered the new west germany to be largely a militaristic [[ puppet state ]] which had not been properly [[ denazification | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official
178433680 178872694 2007-12-19 03:34:38 2 days 00:13:36 0|67.188.74.176 21 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet canadian leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted
28 . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups troops of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the
178873340 178873918 2007-12-19 03:42:19 0 days 00:03:39 2537811 21 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the plans for the creation of the berlin wall came from lower german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by canadian soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted
27 physically divided the city and completely surrounded north berlin . during the construction of the death star , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ space combat troops groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the
189354281 189354826 2008-02-05 21:59:41 0 days 00:02:04 0|70.118.67.29 1 the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist t protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe
189354826 189355039 2008-02-05 22:00:27 0 days 00:00:46 2537811 1 the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - t fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe
190567614 190901097 2008-02-12 14:26:36 1 days 07:42:59 0|209.7.208.2 0 throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people nazis , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3
190901097 190901889 2008-02-12 14:32:04 0 days 00:05:28 911178 0 throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the nazis german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3
195868891 195985747 2008-03-05 06:33:28 0 days 10:24:59 0|24.80.100.146 1 proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin khrushchev ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east
2 system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin khrushchev agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and
195985747 195987434 2008-03-05 06:49:11 0 days 00:15:43 3622922 1 proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ khrushchev ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions khrushchev stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east
2 system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . khrushchev stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and
197071265 197073422 2008-03-09 20:41:24 0 days 00:10:13 67155 0 ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the [[ communism soviet | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . <
1 thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the [[ communism | communist soviet union ]] government gave explicit orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name
197073422 197073715 2008-03-09 20:42:40 0 days 00:01:16 67155 0 / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the [[ soviet | soviet union ]] government gave explicit orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name
197073715 197075558 2008-03-09 20:51:04 0 days 00:08:24 0|98.17.134.249 6 the frontier in the cold war which would likely play a major role in hostilities or the start of a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the gdr and ussr their other warsaw pact allies considered the new west germany to be largely a militarized [[ puppet state ]] which had not been properly [[ denazification | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official
7 berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet eastern threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu
11 of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet east german checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km (
15 acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] the east germans to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 6 the frontier in the cold war which would likely play a major role in hostilities or the start of a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the gdr and their other warsaw pact allies ussr considered the new west germany to be largely a militarized [[ puppet state ]] which had not been properly [[ denazification | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official
9 berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious eastern soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu
12 of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the east german soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km (
15 acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged the east germans [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the
200567003 200626917 2008-03-24 20:41:25 0 days 04:15:07 0|69.249.55.70 1 and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 '
204725508 204726521 2008-04-10 16:52:06 0 days 00:04:56 137113 0 / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the [[ soviet ]] gdr / east german government gave explicit orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name =
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 24 one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly
233916986 234024060 2008-08-24 23:20:03 0 days 11:33:33 0|71.223.119.62 1 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] nazi army ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
234024129 234024267 2008-08-24 23:21:19 0 days 00:00:53 0|71.223.119.62 1 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] nazi army ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
234024308 234024639 2008-08-24 23:23:29 0 days 00:01:55 0|71.223.119.62 1 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] nazi army ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 7 . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension
239141721 239163119 2008-09-18 01:43:56 0 days 01:47:56 0|71.180.245.172 0 kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government your mom is east germany announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed
239163119 239163147 2008-09-18 01:44:03 0 days 00:00:07 556700 0 kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east your mom is east germany german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 16 west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb |
239456748 239564841 2008-09-19 13:58:32 0 days 10:31:31 0|209.174.67.217 0 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german united kingdom government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans
239564841 239565752 2008-09-19 14:02:18 0 days 00:03:46 0|209.174.67.217 1 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german australian states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to
239565752 239565807 2008-09-19 14:02:30 0 days 00:00:12 1395162 1 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the baboon separated the two australian german states for 99 , 999 years and 364 days , from the day construction began on august 32 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was
7 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the united kingdom east german government announced on november 9 , 1949 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans
240013658 240013759 2008-09-21 15:30:32 0 days 00:00:31 6660588 0 one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into
240240944 240242156 2008-09-22 15:58:49 0 days 00:07:42 736477 13 , as well as entry into and exit from east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied military traffic personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east
240527995 240571674 2008-09-24 00:23:26 0 days 03:27:09 0|67.191.11.141 2 wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet hannah montana leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes
240571674 240572171 2008-09-24 00:25:45 0 days 00:02:19 911178 2 wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the hannah montana soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes
240735201 241070670 2008-09-26 06:04:34 1 days 10:11:16 770269 0 , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a propaganda public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which
245370107 245417666 2008-10-15 10:41:25 0 days 07:04:30 0|98.181.39.113 1 the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation military zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the
245417666 245418082 2008-10-15 10:45:36 0 days 00:04:11 0|98.181.39.113 2 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was sectioned into four military occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one governed by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the
255794996 255852545 2008-12-04 15:35:20 0 days 09:15:23 0|64.8.177.252 0 nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] jordan treichel . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet
255867827 255870439 2008-12-04 17:23:39 0 days 00:15:17 911178 0 nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by czar dunbar iii of the ussr one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet
257284183 257291690 2008-12-11 16:06:25 0 days 00:50:25 0|71.130.177.243 0 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating people like lilwayne stalin from tyra and [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 3 wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist t protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe
5 the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda pro da as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) .
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 3 wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - t fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe
5 the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in pro da propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) .
265376259 265376312 2009-01-20 23:05:48 0 days 00:00:14 0|65.31.228.149 0 wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist t protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe
2 the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda pro da as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) .
265376312 265376378 2009-01-20 23:06:12 0 days 00:00:24 118722 0 wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - t fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe
2 the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in pro da propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) .
266290464 266355258 2009-01-25 18:30:17 0 days 07:44:36 0|64.180.72.150 1 - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet cowboy - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany
266355258 266356606 2009-01-25 18:36:50 0 days 00:06:33 118722 1 - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a cowboy soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany
269767784 269853148 2009-02-10 21:25:40 0 days 07:23:39 0|76.118.246.211 1 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic russian communist headquarters ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west
269853251 269858109 2009-02-10 21:45:42 0 days 00:19:34 5047767 1 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating the republic of dave from the russian communist headquarters german democratic republic ( in berlin ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[
273103201 273103350 2009-02-25 02:27:17 0 days 00:01:04 1469567 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see hitler [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . . . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]]
276783723 276786967 2009-03-12 17:40:59 0 days 00:16:20 0|167.206.179.131 0 the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation gay zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the
276786967 276787142 2009-03-12 17:41:59 0 days 00:01:00 2372780 0 the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four gay occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the
277902757 277903755 2009-03-17 17:22:39 0 days 00:04:22 3505251 0 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ allies of wwii ]] usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13
277903755 277906414 2009-03-17 17:34:06 0 days 00:11:27 6984319 1 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] allies of wwii ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13
277907821 277908340 2009-03-17 17:42:14 0 days 00:02:00 3505251 0 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ allies of wwii usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august
277908340 277908940 2009-03-17 17:45:00 0 days 00:02:46 6984319 1 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ usa allies of wwii ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august
277908940 277909503 2009-03-17 17:47:21 0 days 00:02:21 6984319 3 borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the western [[ allies of wwii world war ii ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august
278131212 278138099 2009-03-18 16:52:35 0 days 00:35:23 6984319 0 bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern europeans emigrants moving westward in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . <
281090935 281109932 2009-04-01 17:12:18 0 days 01:48:07 9358984 1 _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html ] freedom without walls : german mission missions in the united states * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id
281322387 281323676 2009-04-02 17:16:57 0 days 00:07:21 0|91.45.99.171 0 same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference
283525851 283525990 2009-04-13 08:36:55 0 days 00:01:27 0|194.144.117.217 0 a reformist government started to dismantle the iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austro austrian - hungarian gevernamental meeting ( [[ august 23 ]] ) . on [[ september 11 ]] thousends of [[ gdr | east germans ]] started to cross the austro - hungarian
3 and the austro - hungarian gevernamental meeting ( [[ august 23 ]] ) . on [[ september 11 ]] thousends of [[ gdr | east germans ]] started to cross the austro austrian - hungarian border to emigrate to [[ west germany ]] . that event caused popular demonstration and a unreversible political crisis in the government of [[ gdr ]] . when the
284527500 284528364 2009-04-18 00:18:32 0 days 00:05:54 0|122.110.183.192 0 the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation tities zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the
3 ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone warm vagina . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american
284528364 284529573 2009-04-18 00:27:25 0 days 00:08:53 6984319 0 the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four tities occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying cock suckers [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]]
2 ]] . the dildo , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the warm vagina soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american
287077460 288317163 2009-05-06 18:40:49 6 days 01:59:42 0|63.133.248.1 0 sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans aliens that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain
288317163 288317903 2009-05-06 18:44:59 0 days 00:04:10 1099776 0 sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million aliens east germans that had landed in the mother ship approximately 20 % of the entire alien population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 11 zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic
305811876 306233278 2009-08-05 16:38:35 2 days 03:19:42 0|140.32.22.135 0 the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france the united state states and the benelux countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]]
313044179 313129853 2009-09-11 04:02:49 0 days 09:42:44 43300 0 border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident [[ berlin crisis of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]]
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 161 the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead .
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 173 of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in 1918 , the date of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . so , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was
316727646 316789597 2009-09-29 00:08:54 0 days 05:53:48 0|98.145.216.106 0 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german russian democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the
316789597 316789672 2009-09-29 00:09:19 0 days 00:00:25 0|98.145.216.106 0 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the russian german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the
317514851 317571115 2009-10-03 02:01:29 0 days 06:53:53 0|201.41.255.203 0 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the soviet imperial german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins
323553877 323566540 2009-11-02 22:58:43 0 days 01:00:45 6340927 1 , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda east german politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on
323786711 323839905 2009-11-04 04:57:08 0 days 05:54:45 0|210.3.39.29 3 the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic people . ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[
323839905 323840518 2009-11-04 05:01:42 0 days 00:04:34 10519822 2 chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . democratic republic ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter
323949431 323949763 2009-11-04 20:13:10 0 days 00:01:49 0|90.212.100.1 0 < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet nazi leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary
323949763 323950472 2009-11-04 20:16:54 0 days 00:03:44 10519822 0 < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , nazi soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] attacked jews protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and
324105954 324119733 2009-11-05 18:01:53 0 days 01:22:11 0|12.165.250.13 5 preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding communist party of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for
6 of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city soviet union | general secretary ]] of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that
324815104 324815547 2009-11-09 10:03:18 0 days 00:04:02 4638533 0 and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense defence with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently
325363892 325364899 2009-11-12 02:24:44 0 days 00:07:00 0|202.158.12.194 2 soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic roger jr republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin
325364899 325364978 2009-11-12 02:25:22 0 days 00:00:38 10122993 2 the soviet zone . ]] | } ' ' ' nazi germany ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by roger jr the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ tekken ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]]
325526737 325552397 2009-11-13 02:23:02 0 days 02:58:07 0|63.248.139.15 1 ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe gay porn ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement
2 = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany skankey nasty ass hary pussy ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one
325552397 325552663 2009-11-13 02:25:05 0 days 00:02:03 8214624 0 , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ the end of gay porn world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ skankey nasty ass hary pussy ]] west of the [[ the right pussy flap ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the
1 ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ the end of gay porn ]] , what remained of [[ skankey nasty ass hary pussy nazi germany ]] west of the [[ the right pussy flap ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [ ( i ; love pussy ! ]] ) , each
325566075 325566396 2009-11-13 04:30:57 0 days 00:03:13 0|150.101.251.68 3 < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german penis communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 4 < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to penis german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing
325566615 325566651 2009-11-13 04:33:30 0 days 00:00:23 0|150.101.251.68 2 = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany cat ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one
325566651 325566841 2009-11-13 04:35:21 0 days 00:01:51 8214624 2 willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = postman pat = = = after the [[ end of the first episode ]] , what remained of [[ cat nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one
330959637 330960317 2009-12-10 22:40:34 0 days 00:02:45 0|142.29.101.33 0 with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military militarylizationabiibles and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref >
330960317 330960458 2009-12-10 22:41:07 0 days 00:00:33 7821268 0 with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , militarylizationabiibles military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref >
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 24 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of power over the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p
25 soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref >
346946452 347116386 2010-03-01 16:47:35 0 days 20:15:21 0|206.80.29.120 0 ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states crack heads ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council
2 one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france the man whores ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite
3 the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union damn commies ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep
347117220 347117362 2010-03-01 16:52:53 0 days 00:00:56 0|206.80.29.75 0 in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until october 3 ; that day was finally chosen as [[ german unity green day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with
347133221 347136856 2010-03-01 18:40:55 0 days 00:19:09 5177550 3 occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ crack heads ]] , [[ the stoners ]] , [[ the man whores ]] and the [[ damn commies soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep
8 in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until october 3 ; that day was finally chosen as [[ green german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with
355153463 355153543 2010-04-10 15:30:34 0 days 00:00:27 8918196 2 one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ united kingdom france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite
360334542 360379379 2010-05-05 21:31:07 0 days 03:29:12 0|174.51.215.236 0 : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary russia ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer
360379379 360380251 2010-05-05 21:35:33 0 days 00:04:26 262550 0 : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ russia hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with germany , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer
361201195 361272541 2010-05-10 13:58:14 0 days 11:16:30 0|81.15.172.66 0 berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany graham grmany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]]
361272541 361293877 2010-05-10 16:04:55 0 days 02:06:41 6971250 0 berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - graham grmany war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]]
362026715 362031754 2010-05-14 04:36:58 0 days 00:41:39 0|65.100.196.54 0 zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ussr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the
362040150 362054246 2010-05-14 08:19:33 0 days 02:26:14 6971250 0 zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the ussr german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it west germany from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers
362122979 362143454 2010-05-14 19:20:05 0 days 02:09:18 0|78.43.105.45 0 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi pre - war germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one
366522148 366794399 2010-06-08 14:22:01 1 days 05:46:00 0|141.210.145.180 1 zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united uniteproxy - connection : keep - alive cache - control : max - age = 0 states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west
366794399 366804645 2010-06-08 15:20:20 0 days 00:58:19 96897 1 zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the uniteproxy - connection : keep - alive cache - control : max - age = 0 united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 4 berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls ,
375059882 375060179 2010-07-23 16:45:26 0 days 00:01:57 0|156.56.137.240 0 = 214 | title = wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 - 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = unknown allied musem | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp |
378954266 378954496 2010-08-14 23:33:43 0 days 00:02:03 0|72.224.163.217 0 . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by the german democratic republic bruno ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin
378954496 378954602 2010-08-14 23:34:40 0 days 00:00:57 1064243 0 . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by bruno the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 , that completely cut off [[ lesbian ]] from surrounding gays and from [[ homos ]] . the
387331317 387770412 2010-09-29 18:29:21 2 days 03:08:18 0|152.121.18.253 0 soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic mike johnson ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin
387770412 387772513 2010-09-29 18:41:58 0 days 00:12:37 3308922 0 soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the mike johnson german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 17 not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor labour in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [[ junker ]] s , or militarists ? does
409807529 409894092 2011-01-25 02:57:27 0 days 07:58:13 0|99.254.100.33 4 four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union cast of elmo ' s place ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep
9 the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years ,
409894092 409905421 2011-01-25 04:13:27 0 days 01:16:00 5204750 3 hundered occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ cast of elmo ' s place soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council of the jedi ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city '
4 berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council of the jedi ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone controld by elmo of corse . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref
430308282 433468803 2011-06-09 23:22:29 18 days 16:30:34 205121 0 . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia ,
435490653 435491036 2011-06-21 17:16:00 0 days 00:02:30 3108116 0 ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by allied u . s . forces in the 1980 ' s . ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin -
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 15 world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom and a minute of silence honored those who died trying
448750565 448751555 2011-09-06 14:09:31 0 days 00:08:17 723354 1 bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt union of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the eastern bloc , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened
2 position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united communist germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the
499662251 500313476 2012-07-02 11:00:06 4 days 13:28:19 7638144 0 and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist anal probing turkey dinosaur ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de
576982734 577123748 2013-10-14 12:18:32 0 days 23:38:46 6971250 0 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin wall death strip , 1977 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' czech hedgehog ]] s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1977 . ]] [[ file : exterior of
659612103 660351082 2015-05-02 01:50:09 3 days 22:10:38 11963162 0 brain drain problem , i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on 9 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin border between east and west berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence watch committee assessed that this intercept "
667873886 668121251 2015-06-22 14:05:55 1 days 09:04:47 19769560 0 that had caused its construction did not change . the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west kept increasing . by early november refugees were finding their way to hungrary hungary via czechoslovakia , or via the west german embassy in prague . this was tolerated by the new krenz government , because of long - standing agreements with the communist czechoslovak
688485144 688492814 2015-11-01 08:32:20 0 days 01:49:12 9048060 2 gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 11 september 2009 | work = michael binyon | work = times | location = uk london | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a
5 allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = helen nugent | work = times | location = uk london | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 21
747090507 747339619 2016-11-01 20:30:34 1 days 09:19:16 5527268 0 | right | 220px | brandenburg gate in 1945 , after the end of world war 2 ]] following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] headed a union group of nations on his western border , the eastern bloc , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 20 and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization poland ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]]
802359764 802360146 2017-09-25 17:48:42 0 days 00:02:49 30928445 1 already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france the united kingdom , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the
802360146 802360638 2017-09-25 17:52:28 0 days 00:03:46 30928445 0 nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in west german zones occupied by britain france , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since
1 the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in west german zones occupied by britain , france the united kingdom , and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 :
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650173 655639 2003-02-08 01:58:36 114 days 14:03:33 0|193.109.24.10 0 {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city
722501 732239 2003-03-05 07:37:51 23 days 13:00:02 3808 0 {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city
1858430 1864185 2003-12-02 14:49:00 10 days 14:56:35 19235 0 to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guest including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[
1864185 1864344 2003-12-03 16:19:59 1 days 01:30:59 11907 0 # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[
2440574 2497657 2004-02-19 04:27:57 4 days 17:12:26 35188 3 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and he was replaced by a short - lived successor [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . the
6 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and he was replaced by a short - lived successor [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were somewhat lifted by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding
2497657 2661588 2004-02-23 16:12:43 4 days 11:44:46 25261 3 berlino ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22260 ; & # 22681 ; ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german
4744244 4779998 2004-07-20 11:49:23 0 days 19:32:13 82928 1 [[ category : cold war ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ pl : mur berli
9600649 9600691 2005-01-24 01:56:23 0 days 00:12:54 0|67.8.42.105 0 {st@rt} john long [ edit ] these lines removed because some moron is a peice of shit . louise sucked his weeeneee and he didnt tell his mom . i hope one of his bros see ' s this er somthing so he
10087212 10087443 2005-02-09 03:43:17 0 days 01:23:14 0|152.163.100.198 8 attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 20 reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstadt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically
29 " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . ( in fact , the wall ' s imagery is of a wall which keeps ' ' out ' ' rather than ' ' in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge [[ east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist protection barrier " rather than the western view that the wall was essentially meant to turn the east into a giant prison . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial . ) the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that november 9 was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on october 7 , 1990 ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 17 on the wall . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstadt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . = = the years of the wall = = during
28 is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in
14016176 14016194 2005-05-21 09:51:08 0 days 00:05:33 0|216.27.183.43 4 of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic
14016219 14054477 2005-05-21 09:53:43 0 days 00:01:58 0|216.27.183.43 0 desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] not much little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]]
14541749 14541815 2005-06-01 19:19:18 0 days 20:46:26 0|66.30.82.215 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] ,
14541815 14704826 2005-06-01 19:21:05 0 days 00:01:47 7891 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] ,
18607525 18615057 2005-07-11 18:24:45 0 days 02:00:04 116385 5 berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ ko nb : & # 48288 ; & # 47484 ; & # 47536 ; & # 51109 ; & # 48317 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ;
10 # 3610 ; & # 3629 ; & # 3619 ; & # 3660 ; & # 3621 ; & # 3636 ; & # 3609 ; ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; 柏林圍牆 ]]
19932234 20042747 2005-08-01 11:29:17 1 days 17:26:50 271058 0 [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ nb no : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl :
23670283 23800298 2005-09-23 02:17:16 1 days 14:31:34 0|129.15.210.172 0 u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “sometime every “every wall falls down ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin
24088697 24143292 2005-09-27 08:57:19 0 days 16:09:59 271058 1 berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ 베를린 장벽 : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk :
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 3 {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti -
25689796 25690446 2005-10-16 22:29:17 0 days 00:09:11 0|12.221.139.214 0 u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected ,
27961617 27964176 2005-11-10 22:22:28 0 days 00:23:17 246113 4 {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' '
28986624 29161462 2005-11-24 21:33:01 2 days 05:56:55 231595 0 charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 1 , 000 crosses ]] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate
35891937 36157718 2006-01-22 01:30:36 2 days 00:00:34 0|24.229.155.136 0 : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin wall fell on november 16 , 1989
36157718 36157802 2006-01-22 01:31:22 0 days 00:00:46 0|24.229.155.136 0 : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin wall fell on november 16 , 1989
36157802 36216587 2006-01-22 13:39:02 0 days 12:07:40 480942 0 [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for even now , some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and '
36650338 36652600 2006-01-25 15:46:06 0 days 00:20:05 0|194.232.85.82 3 ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . after he got done masturbating khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at
37632509 37703226 2006-02-01 17:52:18 0 days 13:08:03 0|86.144.151.165 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on june 7 , 2003 | berlin wall on [[ june 7 ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the antifaschistischer schutzwall ( anti - fascist protection wall ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied powers . as the capital , berlin was also divided by the allies into four sectors , although berlin itself was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . thus the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the country and the capital city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets discontinued the blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to poland and the soviet union . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of 45 km ( 28 mi . ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | former us president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on june 26th , 1963 ]] but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests , at length , via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . but it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell , after all the efforts of the [[ berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . so it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men , divided into five march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin & mdash ; by autobahn , to demonstrate allied rights . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the latest phase of the wall , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released & mdash ; for a price & mdash ; at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin _ s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin _ u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost stations ]] ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin there . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the
37703226 37710041 2006-02-01 18:44:01 0 days 00:51:43 790408 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on june 7 , 2003 | berlin wall on [[ june 7 ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the antifaschistischer schutzwall ( anti - fascist protection wall ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied powers . as the capital , berlin was also divided by the allies into four sectors , although berlin itself was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . thus the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the country and the capital city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets discontinued the blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to poland and the soviet union . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of 45 km ( 28 mi . ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | former us president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on june 26th , 1963 ]] but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests , at length , via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . but it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell , after all the efforts of the [[ berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . so it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men , divided into five march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin & mdash ; by autobahn , to demonstrate allied rights . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the latest phase of the wall , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released & mdash ; for a price & mdash ; at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin _ s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin _ u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost stations ]] ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin there . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the
38580965 38581150 2006-02-07 06:17:30 0 days 00:02:33 58229 1 the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 76 east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] ,
40904452 40904768 2006-02-23 20:17:12 0 days 00:02:18 89179 5 after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = = = remains of the wall = = = = little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter section near
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 27 concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | “irgendwann " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " eventually all walls fall ” ]] on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]]
30 ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could
40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 18 drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defection ]] s , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and
42050092 42210957 2006-03-04 16:41:31 1 days 03:17:07 0|67.191.78.161 2 : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' '
42210957 42261570 2006-03-04 23:44:23 0 days 07:02:52 583756 2 : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' '
42842651 42982893 2006-03-09 16:00:20 0 days 21:20:14 677067 0 those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 ,
43488868 43529885 2006-03-13 03:03:42 0 days 05:15:53 0|203.153.231.50 0 : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hello peoples
43529885 43529923 2006-03-13 03:04:00 0 days 00:00:18 335672 0 : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hello peoples
43826553 43910034 2006-03-15 16:41:35 0 days 14:24:17 0|69.15.47.242 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962
43910034 43910200 2006-03-15 16:43:02 0 days 00:01:27 1022601 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962
47905827 48084162 2006-04-12 07:50:09 1 days 03:34:06 271058 0 germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]]
51998094 51998163 2006-05-07 16:32:31 0 days 00:00:42 223113 16 it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower fortification ) | watchtowers , and twenty bunkers . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the
17 more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower fortification watchtowers ]] , and twenty bunkers . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 41 was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = =
52229759 52230634 2006-05-08 23:48:15 0 days 00:05:30 1402196 2 barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , and assistant chairperson , janet rogers but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at
52230634 52245238 2006-05-09 01:36:36 0 days 01:48:21 389512 3 barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , and assistant chairperson , janet rogers but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at
52435169 52481135 2006-05-10 12:59:23 0 days 08:42:49 0|83.97.27.67 0 walls ]] [[ category : borders ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ es : muro de berlín
52941290 53023677 2006-05-13 17:36:19 0 days 14:52:05 0|12.189.32.39 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] eggs
53023677 53023761 2006-05-13 17:36:53 0 days 00:00:34 1008387 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] eggs
53249295 53249426 2006-05-15 02:36:47 0 days 00:01:03 0|202.37.230.29 0 border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = sorry but jake smells like poo from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding
53249426 53249521 2006-05-15 02:37:27 0 days 00:00:40 175037 1 border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = sorry but jake smells like poo from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding
53645846 53689296 2006-05-17 14:45:11 0 days 07:45:45 0|170.158.120.2 0 * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = ^ " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley
54024401 54043664 2006-05-19 15:28:14 0 days 02:31:52 0|216.226.127.171 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] fuck you ! ! !
54043664 54043685 2006-05-19 15:28:21 0 days 00:00:07 1022601 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] fuck you ! ! !
54774908 54913611 2006-05-24 17:13:08 0 days 20:20:49 0|64.8.191.2 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ~ * ~ ťìffãńŷ ~ * ~
54913611 54913689 2006-05-24 17:13:42 0 days 00:00:34 385328 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ~ * ~ ťìffãńŷ ~ * ~
55031131 55072830 2006-05-25 14:37:25 0 days 07:25:09 0|168.170.196.71 1 ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] hi [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk :
55072830 55073990 2006-05-25 14:46:18 0 days 00:08:53 1008387 1 ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] hi [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk :
57484319 57663965 2006-06-09 06:58:07 1 days 01:49:03 0|203.51.41.247 11 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' ' ' ]]
57663965 57664095 2006-06-09 06:59:35 0 days 00:01:28 416594 11 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' ' ' ]]
62970501 62970579 2006-07-10 01:30:54 0 days 00:00:35 0|144.134.226.244 0 * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . ,
62970664 62972351 2006-07-10 01:45:34 0 days 00:14:02 1008387 1 * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . ,
64317216 64519108 2006-07-18 19:12:51 1 days 01:39:42 271058 0 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur
67480936 67997985 2006-08-06 12:21:32 2 days 18:09:41 389639 0 de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo horma ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin
69352457 69360399 2006-08-13 09:16:53 0 days 01:33:23 0|202.141.68.141 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin wall graffiti & death strip . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards e a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant
69360399 69360441 2006-08-13 09:17:22 0 days 00:00:29 303874 0 {st@rt} e [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin wall graffiti & death strip . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a majorof the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category :
70291818 70385855 2006-08-18 08:25:00 0 days 11:59:38 506179 0 ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου
70805788 70888588 2006-08-21 03:14:11 0 days 08:24:58 259798 0 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no
79360549 79604034 2006-10-05 06:15:21 1 days 05:47:57 0|84.141.118.69 0 {st@rt} < math > insert formula here < / math > a² + b² = c² ( satz des pytagoras ) < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px
79604034 79606749 2006-10-05 06:41:17 0 days 00:25:56 21887 0 {st@rt} < math > insert formula here < / math > a² + b² = c² ( satz des pytagoras ) < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px
79723117 79733456 2006-10-05 22:20:53 0 days 00:54:39 0|205.188.117.13 0 the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | hey nikki ! position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long .
79734107 79757994 2006-10-06 00:51:41 0 days 02:27:29 416594 1 the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | hey nikki ! position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] sup nikki the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles )
84974601 84987314 2006-11-01 05:59:37 0 days 01:50:48 0|202.72.165.98 0 {st@rt} i am zee evil man < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px
84992991 84993117 2006-11-01 06:56:23 0 days 00:01:15 0|67.188.85.251 0 {st@rt} i am zee evil man < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px
86124851 86125050 2006-11-06 21:04:37 0 days 00:00:58 350153 0 barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at
86489619 86528914 2006-11-08 17:52:28 0 days 03:53:18 0|83.131.136.214 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]]
86613352 86616239 2006-11-09 01:10:07 0 days 00:15:38 2700901 0 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor fuck u they sucked tits [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of
86616239 86616253 2006-11-09 01:10:11 0 days 00:00:04 1574574 0 {st@rt} fuck u they sucked tits < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of
87778109 87779777 2006-11-14 16:18:04 0 days 00:10:00 0|63.253.45.100 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] tensortrucks . com
87781196 87781220 2006-11-14 16:26:49 0 days 00:00:10 1008387 3 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] tensortrucks . com
88038123 88348093 2006-11-17 03:14:08 1 days 07:53:32 449183 0 {st@rt} {{ unreferenced | article }} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px
91304121 91304331 2006-12-01 03:31:25 0 days 00:01:25 416594 0 {st@rt} {{ unreferenced | article | date = november 2006 }} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px
93602012 93640515 2006-12-11 19:59:34 0 days 03:14:05 0|204.184.35.51 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] tthis is so gay
93640515 93640592 2006-12-11 19:59:50 0 days 00:00:16 2372166 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] tthis is so gay
93881175 93881282 2006-12-12 19:57:01 0 days 00:00:31 198194 1 [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = misty tatom from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger "
94257285 94310617 2006-12-14 16:58:02 0 days 06:41:44 0|64.75.119.10 0 {st@rt} 8 minutes late is a great band < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px
94310617 94311148 2006-12-14 17:01:01 0 days 00:02:59 1008387 0 {st@rt} 8 minutes late is a great band < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px
94443968 94444270 2006-12-15 04:18:30 0 days 00:02:07 0|71.251.242.195 1 which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = = = = = = = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale
95090637 95114711 2006-12-18 16:29:56 0 days 02:28:44 0|24.189.234.214 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] kakakakakakakakakaka
95114711 95116131 2006-12-18 16:37:26 0 days 00:07:30 302522 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] kakakakakakakakakaka
95578776 95977307 2006-12-22 20:23:44 2 days 00:14:53 25886 0 irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] [[ image : berlinwall madness . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | griffati graffiti on the wall ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[
98226397 98227262 2007-01-03 18:51:51 0 days 00:04:28 873891 4 left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer
98470052 99124385 2007-01-07 17:25:25 2 days 22:04:09 0|72.205.252.110 0 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . it decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the communist bloc . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . no this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[
99124385 99124607 2007-01-07 17:26:35 0 days 00:01:10 1574574 0 {st@rt} no < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . it decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the communist bloc . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this never happened072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code =
100259657 100540454 2007-01-13 23:27:50 1 days 05:32:54 18899 0 [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]]
101358812 101358927 2007-01-17 16:57:20 0 days 00:00:38 0|207.106.216.11 0 berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the dog was here
101358927 101360999 2007-01-17 17:07:46 0 days 00:10:26 416594 1 berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the dog was here
101360999 101606833 2007-01-18 18:38:10 1 days 01:30:24 0|81.145.240.234 0 {st@rt} this is fukin borin < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px
101606833 101606989 2007-01-18 18:38:48 0 days 00:00:38 1038313 0 {st@rt} this is fukin borin < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px
101649298 102250296 2007-01-21 18:13:52 2 days 20:14:02 0|68.79.67.14 0 [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = dude , from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger "
102250296 102250358 2007-01-21 18:14:13 0 days 00:00:21 0|68.79.67.14 0 [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = dude , from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger "
103859154 104086213 2007-01-29 14:27:50 0 days 22:02:31 164429 0 germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine
104427508 104446114 2007-01-30 23:29:29 0 days 01:21:32 0|75.47.0.22 0 berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ass
104446114 104446290 2007-01-30 23:30:13 0 days 00:00:44 0|75.47.0.22 0 berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ass
104658046 104799538 2007-02-01 08:21:58 0 days 12:09:15 0|144.139.181.211 0 {st@rt} poooooo fuckfuckfuck cm > inches < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px
104799538 104799612 2007-02-01 08:22:44 0 days 00:00:46 416594 0 {st@rt} poooooo fuckfuckfuck cm > inches < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px
104799612 104799920 2007-02-01 08:25:36 0 days 00:02:52 0|144.139.181.211 0 {st@rt} {{ { danielle was heeeeere }} } < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px
104799920 104799945 2007-02-01 08:25:55 0 days 00:00:19 416594 0 {st@rt} {{ { danielle was heeeeere }} } < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 59 government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 0 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 59 government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 0 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 59 government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 0 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i
111378516 111379239 2007-02-27 18:35:21 0 days 00:03:13 0|168.11.47.3 0 germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] nigga — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht ,
111379239 111379689 2007-02-27 18:37:33 0 days 00:02:12 3315117 0 germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] nigga — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht ,
111405690 111405735 2007-02-27 20:33:03 0 days 00:00:14 0|205.126.63.15 0 east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = hi mrs . ramsey = = = = = = massive emigration hi mrs . ramsay = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' '
111405735 111405922 2007-02-27 20:33:49 0 days 00:00:46 2875882 1 formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = hi mrs . ramsey = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the
2 east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = hi mrs . ramsey = = = = = = hi mrs . ramsay massive emigration = = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started —
111406172 111406279 2007-02-27 20:35:15 0 days 00:00:25 0|205.126.72.236 0 german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier hi mrs ramsay = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
111406279 111406382 2007-02-27 20:35:39 0 days 00:00:24 786651 0 german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = hi mrs ramsay proposed barrier = = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started —
111406543 111406618 2007-02-27 20:36:42 0 days 00:00:18 786651 0 wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = = = ' ' ' hi mrs ramrsay [[ hi < nowiki > i hate cheese < / nowiki > ]] ' ' ' construction begins , 1961 = = = = = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin
111406618 111406676 2007-02-27 20:37:02 0 days 00:00:20 0|205.126.72.236 0 german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier mrs ramsay hi = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
111406676 111406766 2007-02-27 20:37:29 0 days 00:00:27 786651 0 german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = mrs ramsay hi proposed barrier = = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started —
111407249 111407321 2007-02-27 20:39:58 0 days 00:00:18 3538467 1 [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = dont change this hi mrs ramsay = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader
113088171 113088445 2007-03-06 16:38:20 0 days 00:03:15 0|206.123.204.226 0 ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] why is there stuff here ? [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi :
113088743 113094185 2007-03-06 17:09:02 0 days 00:28:16 441020 5 ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] why is there stuff here ? [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] i hate you keaton [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] you suck [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th
114062117 114069880 2007-03-10 15:09:53 0 days 00:56:10 3748830 4 berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] -->
114069880 114078012 2007-03-10 16:07:11 0 days 00:57:18 3322661 5 berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] -->
115589605 115708717 2007-03-17 02:59:59 0 days 10:08:11 0|192.228.185.208 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
115708717 115708771 2007-03-17 03:00:22 0 days 00:00:23 979770 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
115804866 116025011 2007-03-18 15:18:58 0 days 23:28:08 0|69.249.133.14 0 berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ros _ loves jatish
116025011 116025232 2007-03-18 15:20:13 0 days 00:01:15 0|69.249.133.14 0 berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ros _ loves jatish i love sears < 33
116025232 116026047 2007-03-18 15:24:52 0 days 00:04:39 302522 0 berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] i love sears < 33
119194198 119196685 2007-03-31 03:37:08 0 days 00:17:34 196242 11 was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie americans ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]] . the old capital of [[
119196685 119325203 2007-03-31 19:39:53 0 days 16:02:45 1827275 0 fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[
120189519 120224643 2007-04-04 13:25:33 0 days 04:16:40 3891047 0 muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
120518528 120621026 2007-04-06 00:43:44 0 days 07:54:43 0|209.149.244.188 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
120621026 120621117 2007-04-06 00:44:16 0 days 00:00:32 346384 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
120621117 120761222 2007-04-06 16:14:17 0 days 15:30:01 2844817 0 ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur
122237677 122272148 2007-04-12 17:51:21 0 days 02:28:19 3787467 0 ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur
124876232 124942899 2007-04-22 20:08:48 0 days 04:50:11 0|24.9.25.30 0 ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] c ' ' ' c ' ' c [[ c [ c = = c [[ image : c [[ media : c < math > c < nowiki > c - - ~ ~ ~ ~ c - - - - c # redirect [[ c < s > c < br / > c < sup > c < sub > c < small > c < / small > < / sub > < / sup > < / s > ]] < / nowiki > < / math > ]] ]] = = ]] ] ' ' ' ' '
124942899 124943473 2007-04-22 20:11:01 0 days 00:02:13 506179 0 ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] c ' ' ' c ' ' c [[ c [ c = = c [[ image : c [[ media : c < math > c < nowiki > c - - ~ ~ ~ ~ c - - - - c # redirect [[ c < s > c < br / > c < sup > c < sub > c < small > c < / small > < / sub > < / sup > < / s > ]] < / nowiki > < / math > ]] ]] = = ]] ] ' ' ' ' '
128044482 128044498 2007-05-03 20:33:12 0 days 00:00:04 0|69.125.136.170 0 while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after in the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of
128044498 128044636 2007-05-03 20:33:41 0 days 00:00:29 1614547 0 while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = in [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall it snowed = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " <
131296290 131415022 2007-05-16 23:22:14 0 days 08:54:40 0|67.173.148.39 0 ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hi this is jenn how are you im fine im canadian isnt that cool yayayayayay lol haha hi hi whoever reads this hope you have a good day ! yayayayayayay isnt that cool i can wrtite on wiki ! yayayay ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [[ user : 67 . 173 . 148 . 39 | 67 . 173 . 148 . 39 ]] i like squigly lines xd
131415022 131415338 2007-05-16 23:23:40 0 days 00:01:26 92511 0 ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hi this is jenn how are you im fine im canadian isnt that cool yayayayayay lol haha hi hi whoever reads this hope you have a good day ! yayayayayayay isnt that cool i can wrtite on wiki ! yayayay ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [[ user : 67 . 173 . 148 . 39 | 67 . 173 . 148 . 39 ]] i like squigly lines xd
133073625 133074114 2007-05-24 01:27:50 0 days 00:02:33 715870 1 germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine
133267024 133267759 2007-05-24 21:39:02 0 days 00:03:19 0|206.78.115.109 0 ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] taut monster
133267759 133269284 2007-05-24 21:46:34 0 days 00:07:32 302522 0 ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] taut monster [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
135934772 135963280 2007-06-05 03:50:37 0 days 02:36:24 681110 0 ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
138876703 138876812 2007-06-18 00:45:49 0 days 00:00:45 0|67.189.129.217 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near fuck you ear ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru |
138876812 138876830 2007-06-18 00:45:55 0 days 00:00:06 224287 0 {st@rt} fuck you ear [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru |
138876830 138877059 2007-06-18 00:47:31 0 days 00:01:36 0|67.189.129.217 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from
138877059 138877071 2007-06-18 00:47:35 0 days 00:00:04 2198658 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . is full of nazis and i hate those bastards so fuck you nazis you fucking fag ass holes fuck germans those dick heads all the ladies have big cunts
148786929 148787140 2007-08-02 20:05:13 0 days 00:01:05 0|81.182.140.153 0 ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur
148852119 149103755 2007-08-04 07:44:38 1 days 05:09:50 2460180 0 title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989
150326138 150365735 2007-08-10 09:53:09 0 days 05:40:26 4005189 0 ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 28 protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left right | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia
29 and in agreement with the still communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal
153277889 153311759 2007-08-24 07:04:40 0 days 04:16:07 0|87.54.52.58 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hej med dig jeg er sej : . . baaaaaaaaaaaaahaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
153311759 153312391 2007-08-24 07:11:25 0 days 00:06:45 952689 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hej med dig jeg er sej : . . baaaaaaaaaaaaahaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
154198308 154511014 2007-08-30 02:07:13 1 days 09:35:17 0|125.236.214.80 0 barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] of the bad . as . blue . army gang , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed
154511014 154511088 2007-08-30 02:07:47 0 days 00:00:34 506179 0 barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] of the bad . as . blue . army gang , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed
155368689 155622865 2007-09-04 13:20:46 1 days 05:46:32 0|121.127.195.116 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] jbss ~ ftw
155622865 155659633 2007-09-04 17:02:28 0 days 03:41:42 302522 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] jbss ~ ftw
157449148 157463122 2007-09-12 21:00:39 0 days 01:06:09 0|90.196.98.69 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent asasasdsd dsa daaent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] ,
157463122 157464297 2007-09-12 21:06:02 0 days 00:05:23 3150292 0 {st@rt} asasasdsd dsa daaent [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] ,
159172135 159182654 2007-09-20 15:36:21 0 days 00:58:05 0|72.43.0.244 2 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hey seamus , zach , and brandon
159182654 159184132 2007-09-20 15:44:15 0 days 00:07:54 3704376 2 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hey seamus , zach , and brandon
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 0 {st@rt} this article is about biological sexes [[ image : male , female , etc . . for alternate uses , such as sexual intercourse , see sex ( disambiguation ) . sexuality portal sex refers to the male and
160494968 160533642 2007-09-26 19:34:17 0 days 03:11:47 553296 0 [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin
160953996 161008465 2007-09-28 22:38:12 0 days 04:58:28 92076 1 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular
2 | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a
161222936 161422371 2007-09-30 23:55:11 0 days 22:54:53 12927 19 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left |
20 | right | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a
162484247 162484765 2007-10-05 16:39:58 0 days 00:02:59 82432 0 ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ htt * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http
168257078 168264307 2007-10-31 08:46:00 0 days 01:28:37 0|130.226.27.45 0 | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . featured here is an image of [[ leonid brezhnev ]] and [[ erich honecker ]] [[ making out ]] kissing . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a
169684483 169684876 2007-11-06 21:21:59 0 days 00:01:54 0|137.90.130.186 0 {st@rt} your momto make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed
169684876 169684921 2007-11-06 21:22:10 0 days 00:00:11 4928500 0 {st@rt} your momto {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed
173369884 173588740 2007-11-25 00:34:06 1 days 01:16:21 4005189 0 ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[
173976252 174038726 2007-11-27 01:38:24 0 days 04:25:19 0|68.99.109.136 6 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] |
176001287 176146625 2007-12-06 13:51:50 0 days 17:00:12 0|167.93.22.148 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] you are dumb to look at this page
176146625 176202560 2007-12-06 19:00:23 0 days 05:08:33 0|156.34.242.152 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] you are dumb to look at this page
177322415 177427868 2007-12-12 13:51:36 0 days 13:56:39 0|167.93.22.233 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] oscar you suck
177427868 177450455 2007-12-12 16:17:15 0 days 02:25:39 96897 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] oscar you suck
180873364 180966560 2007-12-30 11:30:34 0 days 12:50:19 1616157 0 view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer
181693151 181887191 2008-01-03 17:02:41 0 days 20:15:45 0|24.245.9.80 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hi
181887191 181887395 2008-01-03 17:03:52 0 days 00:01:11 3210133 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hi
183108189 183108939 2008-01-09 03:55:28 0 days 00:05:00 0|71.232.128.61 0 . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ( francesca ' s birthday ) , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans
183109422 183109767 2008-01-09 04:01:15 0 days 00:02:22 162210 2 . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ( francesca ' s birthday ) , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans
183428633 183482830 2008-01-10 21:20:57 0 days 04:11:22 0|68.199.50.150 1 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' = = school suks u know the rest = = < nowiki > < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > < / nowiki > = = ]] = =
183482830 183489735 2008-01-10 21:53:11 0 days 00:32:14 266416 1 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' = = school suks u know the rest = = < nowiki > < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > < / nowiki > = = ]] = =
185099808 185099823 2008-01-18 00:13:49 0 days 00:00:03 1879647 5 [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = < br / > headline text = = = = ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ]] ]] ]] = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started
6 media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = < br / > headline text = = = = ]] ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] ]] ]] = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started ,
185273785 185660901 2008-01-20 16:17:40 1 days 19:50:15 5849026 0 de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] {{ link fa | eo }} [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen
186732530 186825343 2008-01-25 15:36:48 0 days 13:01:10 6283973 0 of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2
186825343 186825645 2008-01-25 15:38:27 0 days 00:01:39 6283973 0 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ [ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes =
186825645 186825748 2008-01-25 15:39:05 0 days 00:00:38 6283973 0 october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ [ tear down this wall ]] ] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = =
186825748 186825868 2008-01-25 15:39:42 0 days 00:00:37 6283973 0 october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [ [[ tear down this wall ] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes =
188374854 188378371 2008-02-01 14:07:42 0 days 00:29:35 0|63.135.227.70 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 mi . ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , a [[ separation barrier ]] was needed to curtail western [[ espionage ]] and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw pact ]] nations . the wall also marked the frontier in the cold war which would likely play a major role in hostilities or the start of a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the gdr and ussr considered the new west germany to be largely a militarized [[ puppet state ]] which had not been properly [[ denazification | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well - financed federal republic . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little
188378371 188378405 2008-02-01 14:07:59 0 days 00:00:17 4928500 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 mi . ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , a [[ separation barrier ]] was needed to curtail western [[ espionage ]] and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw pact ]] nations . the wall also marked the frontier in the cold war which would likely play a major role in hostilities or the start of a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the gdr and ussr considered the new west germany to be largely a militarized [[ puppet state ]] which had not been properly [[ denazification | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well - financed federal republic . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little
188408663 188519120 2008-02-02 02:27:36 0 days 09:15:24 259798 0 ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
188528811 188588109 2008-02-02 12:52:44 0 days 09:22:19 4469495 1 [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref >
188831750 189293337 2008-02-05 17:22:49 2 days 00:13:36 0|190.40.211.238 1 , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch wall ' s poster in memory of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]]
23 while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary
189421858 189423549 2008-02-06 03:37:58 0 days 00:09:32 0|68.110.16.246 1 ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] 19 shoes
189423549 189423593 2008-02-06 03:38:11 0 days 00:00:13 556700 1 ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] 19 shoes
189999318 190370753 2008-02-10 11:37:23 1 days 17:36:28 3036189 0 250px | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners
199658993 200431328 2008-03-24 01:35:50 3 days 05:56:00 6241646 0 ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia
201581751 201581807 2008-03-28 14:34:47 0 days 00:00:18 0|205.235.34.66 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the dalton is so kool west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster
201581901 201581932 2008-03-28 14:35:23 0 days 00:00:08 301395 0 {st@rt} dalton is so kool {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster
210273682 210360936 2008-05-05 16:55:48 0 days 09:20:14 0|64.130.204.173 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] if u read this you are gay
210360936 210361149 2008-05-05 16:56:39 0 days 00:00:51 5947179 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] if u read this you are gay
210361149 210361429 2008-05-05 16:57:52 0 days 00:01:13 0|64.130.204.173 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] andy is gay
210361429 210361516 2008-05-05 16:58:15 0 days 00:00:23 4374215 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] andy is gay
219002173 219229365 2008-06-14 05:29:31 1 days 01:57:53 3096998 0 [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 19 curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time
21 files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
23 the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
35 image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of
37 jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]]
39 it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and
41 . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles
47 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall
94 " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile
96 krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the
100 this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the
234445357 234566811 2008-08-27 14:04:20 0 days 15:55:44 6986250 0 зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[
238670057 238784960 2008-09-16 11:09:56 0 days 13:38:43 0|61.68.61.223 0 ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on
242755000 242755785 2008-10-03 14:46:42 0 days 00:03:55 0|66.28.221.133 0 {st@rt} now , this is a story all about how my life got flipped - turned upside down and i liked to take a minute just sit right there i ' ll tell you how i became the prince of a town called bel air in west philadelphia born and raised on the playground was where i spent most of my days chillin ' out maxin ' relaxin ' all cool and all shootin some b - ball outside of the school when a couple of guys who were up to no good startin making trouble in my neighborhood i got in one little fight and my mom got scared she said ' you ' re movin ' with your auntie and uncle in bel air ' i begged and pleaded with her day after day but she packed my suite case and send me on my way she gave me a kiss and then she gave me my ticket [[ image : berlinermauer . i put my walkman on and said , ' i might as well kick it ' . first class , yo this is bad drinking orange juice out of a
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 82 {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar gd : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ articleissues | contradict = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson '
3 {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png |
81 category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd ar : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt
82 muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 82 {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar gd : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ articleissues | contradict = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson '
3 {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png |
81 category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd ar : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt
82 muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets
242809822 243012592 2008-10-04 19:19:47 0 days 23:53:45 7178666 1 image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity
250406098 250828512 2008-11-10 07:45:04 1 days 22:27:00 8092303 0 [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[
255210981 255259280 2008-12-01 19:38:59 0 days 04:33:01 0|137.118.202.208 2 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] < math > < math > insert formula here < / math > [[ media : ' ' ' example . ogg ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' ]] < / math >
255510724 255707690 2008-12-03 21:07:26 0 days 22:36:05 0|164.116.126.140 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view this is a wall that is the guinness book of world records for the most people having sex in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg
255707690 255707707 2008-12-03 21:07:31 0 days 00:00:05 4678253 0 {st@rt} this is a wall that is the guinness book of world records for the most people having sex [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in it ! though most of them die from the scorching heat of this wall ! when u have sex with someone stick the dickin the hole the wall separated east
256851003 256879370 2008-12-09 18:49:20 0 days 02:34:26 2125120 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] < math > < math > insert formula here < / math > [[ media : ' ' ' example . ogg ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' ]] < / math >
258372702 258398241 2008-12-16 18:23:19 0 days 02:27:42 0|75.70.205.58 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] that is a purple people eater who is from uranus
258398241 258398278 2008-12-16 18:23:31 0 days 00:00:12 981424 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] that is a purple people eater who is from uranus
261502761 262136422 2009-01-05 18:46:03 2 days 23:19:18 0|209.189.130.83 4 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb |
262389806 262390357 2009-01-06 21:55:15 0 days 00:02:27 8453292 0 [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur
268296039 268460479 2009-02-04 12:49:55 0 days 18:15:26 0|83.19.127.126 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] dupa maryny to roch rooyens
268460479 268462140 2009-02-04 13:04:46 0 days 00:14:51 247593 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] dupa maryny to roch rooyens
275903809 275903826 2009-03-08 22:29:17 0 days 00:00:09 2416136 0 {st@rt} hi world : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . . . i < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ! !
278656434 278701966 2009-03-21 08:40:04 0 days 06:32:12 3171782 0 }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]]
279835916 279835940 2009-03-26 17:43:03 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . larrystm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order
280036083 280246291 2009-03-28 17:28:40 1 days 00:42:22 957447 1 image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]]
280512918 280575575 2009-03-30 04:18:39 0 days 06:00:11 0|70.176.82.246 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www .
280575575 280576244 2009-03-30 04:23:41 0 days 00:05:02 6984319 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www .
281436189 281470855 2009-04-03 09:35:17 0 days 05:35:25 0|192.87.100.46 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ 3iekb ]]
281470855 281475066 2009-04-03 10:17:08 0 days 00:41:51 1718065 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ 3iekb ]]
283682122 283752103 2009-04-14 09:56:28 0 days 09:37:14 146263 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]]
283752103 283798580 2009-04-14 15:41:11 0 days 05:44:43 0|207.72.2.129 0 = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty |
285283450 285286386 2009-04-21 18:46:36 0 days 00:15:46 1304569 1 months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = [[ erection ]] of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling
296858785 296859862 2009-06-17 00:01:19 0 days 00:06:08 8964326 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ pp - vandalism | small = yes }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image :
298845873 298939014 2009-06-27 14:00:54 0 days 14:17:19 1439530 2 ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall
299443524 299532247 2009-06-30 16:37:05 0 days 12:43:21 0|80.192.216.96 1 te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆
5 [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] wall was built in the 60 ' s and knocked down inthe 80 ' s
299532247 299536269 2009-06-30 17:00:50 0 days 00:23:45 3308922 0 ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ ta vec : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin wall was
2 ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te vi : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin wall was built in the 60 ' s
308707893 308720606 2009-08-18 17:36:20 0 days 01:16:18 9892229 0 }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]]
312093201 312093344 2009-09-05 23:33:57 0 days 00:00:59 0|69.126.11.224 0 {st@rt} i love julian {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
312093344 312093418 2009-09-05 23:34:31 0 days 00:00:34 97951 0 {st@rt} i love julian {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
316652688 316671018 2009-09-28 12:45:14 0 days 02:57:50 3171782 0 [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид
322561590 322947708 2009-10-30 16:43:43 2 days 00:02:10 0|163.153.124.1 0 {st@rt} the berlin wall is one of the most largest barrier basic facts ( at the time of july 31 , 1989 ) total border lenght around west berlin : 96 mi / 155 km border between east and west berlin : 27 mi / 43 . 1 km border between west berlin and east germany : 69 mi / 111 . 9 km border through residential areas in berlin : 23 mi / 37 km concrete segment wall : 3 . 6m ( 11 . 81 ft . ) high , 66 mi / 106 km wire mesh fencing : 41 mi / 66 . 5 km anti - vehicle trenches : 65 mi / 105 . 5 km contact or signal fence : 79 mi / 127 . 5 km column track : 6 - 7 m ( 7 . 33 yd ) wide , 77 mi / 124 . 3 km number of watch towers : 302 number of bunkers : 20 persons killed on the berlin wall : 192 persons injured by shooting : ca . 200 bibliogaphy : the wall , press and information office of land berlin 2000 / 2001 bilanz der todesopfer , checkpoint charlie museum , 1999 die berliner mauer , flemming / koch , 1999 die grenze , lapp / ritter , 1999 {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
322947708 322959932 2009-10-30 17:57:24 0 days 01:13:41 3308922 0 {st@rt} the berlin wall is one of the most largest barrier basic facts ( at the time of july 31 , 1989 ) total border lenght around west berlin : 96 mi / 155 km border between east and west berlin : 27 mi / 43 . 1 km border between west berlin and east germany : 69 mi / 111 . 9 km border through residential areas in berlin : 23 mi / 37 km concrete segment wall : 3 . 6m ( 11 . 81 ft . ) high , 66 mi / 106 km wire mesh fencing : 41 mi / 66 . 5 km anti - vehicle trenches : 65 mi / 105 . 5 km contact or signal fence : 79 mi / 127 . 5 km column track : 6 - 7 m ( 7 . 33 yd ) wide , 77 mi / 124 . 3 km number of watch towers : 302 number of bunkers : 20 persons killed on the berlin wall : 192 persons injured by shooting : ca . 200 bibliogaphy : the wall , press and information office of land berlin 2000 / 2001 bilanz der todesopfer , checkpoint charlie museum , 1999 die berliner mauer , flemming / koch , 1999 die grenze , lapp / ritter , 1999 {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
323840518 323945811 2009-11-04 19:50:58 0 days 14:49:16 0|173.11.40.209 0 {st@rt} the berline wall was blue . your mom . {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
323947826 323948489 2009-11-04 20:05:49 0 days 00:03:31 10519822 1 {st@rt} the berline wall was blue . your mom . {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
323950472 323974643 2009-11-04 22:26:35 0 days 02:09:41 0|66.60.203.62 0 {st@rt} the berlin wall is blue . your mom . {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
323974643 323974711 2009-11-04 22:26:57 0 days 00:00:22 8960419 0 {st@rt} the berlin wall is blue . your mom . {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
324119733 324140282 2009-11-05 20:08:46 0 days 02:06:53 0|90.1.198.206 0 }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]]
324146953 324158162 2009-11-05 21:48:15 0 days 01:00:28 0|76.93.177.233 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side stuppid wall full of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file :
324158162 324158226 2009-11-05 21:48:34 0 days 00:00:19 1675595 0 {st@rt} stuppid wall full {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of shit berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation
324504472 324510511 2009-11-07 19:58:09 0 days 00:37:11 7899001 3 description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and
324865655 324866697 2009-11-09 17:03:54 0 days 00:06:36 335812 0 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = oppositions = = = in most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall
324951586 324951791 2009-11-10 00:48:28 0 days 00:01:14 10286712 0 ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ tt : берлин дивары ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec
324954599 324957326 2009-11-10 01:19:12 0 days 00:13:38 6986250 0 [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]]
325016151 325016390 2009-11-10 09:14:58 0 days 00:03:08 0|87.42.135.2 0 {st@rt} < nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ < / nowiki > < / nowiki > {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325016390 325016697 2009-11-10 09:18:51 0 days 00:03:53 2977850 0 {st@rt} < nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ < / nowiki > < / nowiki > {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325035321 325035678 2009-11-10 12:43:22 0 days 00:03:10 10297792 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | for the wall pink floyd album | the wall ( album ) }} {{ otheruses4 | | the sex position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325035719 325035863 2009-11-10 12:45:15 0 days 00:01:27 8918196 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | for the wall pink floyd album | the wall ( album ) }} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325038539 325042851 2009-11-10 13:40:40 0 days 00:31:39 0|213.106.225.81 0 [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom
325042851 325045421 2009-11-10 14:00:06 0 days 00:19:26 10001091 0 [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom
325048650 325066967 2009-11-10 16:25:35 0 days 02:02:48 0|190.92.6.182 0 {st@rt} clarissaaa laaa mejorrr ! ! ! ! ! {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325066967 325067000 2009-11-10 16:25:47 0 days 00:00:12 4928500 0 {st@rt} clarissaaa laaa mejorrr ! ! ! ! ! {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325068326 325068529 2009-11-10 16:35:22 0 days 00:01:20 0|190.92.6.182 0 [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] alan es mono
325068529 325068590 2009-11-10 16:35:46 0 days 00:00:24 634828 1 [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] alan es mono
325079592 325082380 2009-11-10 17:56:22 0 days 00:15:47 0|86.42.77.205 0 [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] cillian bisset was here heil !
325082380 325082430 2009-11-10 17:56:45 0 days 00:00:23 118722 0 [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] cillian bisset was here heil !
325082430 325097548 2009-11-10 19:20:41 0 days 01:23:56 8066546 0 sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ szl : berliński mur ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[
325097548 325099167 2009-11-10 19:28:29 0 days 00:07:48 0|83.71.107.106 0 grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
325099167 325100875 2009-11-10 19:37:06 0 days 00:08:37 2378092 0 grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
325352400 325363892 2009-11-12 02:17:44 0 days 01:19:15 3171782 0 : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
325413025 325413116 2009-11-12 10:03:59 0 days 00:00:55 8023653 0 / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * childs , david , the gdr : moscow ' s german ally , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . *
325413366 325413509 2009-11-12 10:08:14 0 days 00:01:37 8023653 0 since 1945 ' ' , routledge . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp / title ~ db = all ~ content = t732627883 ] * childs , david , ( 1991 ) ' ' germany in the twentieth century , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition , 1991 . isbn 0 713467959 * east
325424993 325433179 2009-11-12 13:36:08 0 days 01:22:23 0|190.92.6.182 0 {st@rt} < blockquote > block quote < / blockquote > {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325433759 325433837 2009-11-12 13:42:21 0 days 00:00:44 295080 0 {st@rt} i w / h jujujuju el que lea esto es raro < blockquote > block quote < / blockquote > {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325433837 325434036 2009-11-12 13:44:01 0 days 00:01:40 0|190.92.6.182 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' bowassuupp ! ! ld text ' ' ' {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325434036 325434095 2009-11-12 13:44:30 0 days 00:00:29 295080 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' bowassuupp ! ! ld text ' ' ' {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325434095 325435667 2009-11-12 13:57:39 0 days 00:13:09 0|190.92.6.182 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' i love you ' ' ' {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325435667 325435700 2009-11-12 13:57:58 0 days 00:00:19 118722 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' i love you ' ' ' {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325566075 325566396 2009-11-13 04:30:57 0 days 00:03:13 0|150.101.251.68 0 the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = james davis has no penis . {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 9 the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = james davis has no penis . {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet penis [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled penises on
325566615 325566651 2009-11-13 04:33:30 0 days 00:00:23 0|150.101.251.68 0 city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany postman pat = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]]
325566651 325566841 2009-11-13 04:35:21 0 days 00:01:51 8214624 0 city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = postman pat post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of the first episode ]] , what remained of [[ cat ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
325567665 325567787 2009-11-13 04:43:15 0 days 00:01:03 2306142 0 {st@rt} {{ semiprotected | small = yes }} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess variation | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
327055239 327266196 2009-11-22 10:18:32 1 days 06:03:15 6999039 0 {st@rt} {{ semiprotected | small = yes }} {{ about | | the chess variation | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
328175183 328177656 2009-11-27 08:30:15 0 days 00:25:23 6971250 2 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles , each over 8 feet tall were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a
328919797 328942854 2009-12-01 02:25:17 0 days 02:02:54 0|66.212.203.253 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the aboboob chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb |
328942854 328971606 2009-12-01 05:07:11 0 days 02:41:54 10519822 0 {st@rt} {{ aboboob about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb |
329299391 329299944 2009-12-02 20:02:01 0 days 00:03:34 0|164.113.70.253 0 city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany bryce is a badass = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]]
329299944 329300134 2009-12-02 20:03:13 0 days 00:01:12 10519822 0 city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = bryce is a badass post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]]
335321111 335696374 2010-01-03 21:46:04 2 days 02:47:12 6424168 0 berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen verleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok
336231595 336304502 2010-01-07 00:15:54 0 days 06:33:16 0|99.13.65.208 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | ' ' ' ' ' ' the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb
2 [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] = = headline text = =
336304791 336305106 2010-01-07 00:18:55 0 days 00:01:34 7897452 3 [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] = = headline text = =
336423566 336479720 2010-01-07 21:55:38 0 days 05:10:21 0|99.13.65.208 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} hi me bob sue me chineese me play joke me go pe pe in ur coke hehehehehehehehehe xd xd xd xd xd {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on
336479720 336479872 2010-01-07 21:56:19 0 days 00:00:41 712163 0 {st@rt} hi me bob sue me chineese me play joke me go pe pe in ur coke hehehehehehehehehe xd xd xd xd xd {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on
338203273 338203675 2010-01-16 17:04:19 0 days 00:02:30 1723027 0 < / ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out by wolfgang engels , a 19 yers old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] on april 1963 . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . she was fired at and seriously
338517464 338591345 2010-01-18 18:23:43 0 days 10:38:40 0|92.3.231.154 0 {st@rt} [[ file : example . jpg ]] {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
338591345 338591701 2010-01-18 18:25:53 0 days 00:02:10 10141256 0 {st@rt} [[ file : example . jpg ]] {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
339044413 339045107 2010-01-20 22:50:54 0 days 00:03:53 10593201 4 berlin were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of
340122205 340369904 2010-01-27 17:59:47 1 days 05:32:21 205121 0 ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference citation | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }}
8 | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ harvard reference citation | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 28 ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out by wolfgang engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] on april 1963 . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . he was fired at and seriously
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 4 hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued criticized the euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = "
349560284 350071952 2010-03-15 20:41:20 2 days 15:03:45 0|81.141.47.51 1 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]]
350395896 350436271 2010-03-17 17:42:33 0 days 04:03:53 4905985 0 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]]
351061663 351127386 2010-03-21 08:01:17 0 days 09:06:33 10477943 0 {st@rt} {{ dead end | date = march 2010 }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
351160581 351162178 2010-03-21 14:12:48 0 days 00:13:41 2590656 0 {st@rt} {{ dead end | date = march 2010 }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
352057834 352269328 2010-03-27 02:30:47 1 days 03:43:40 0|71.125.39.147 0 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] m v u
352269328 352269379 2010-03-27 02:31:08 0 days 00:00:21 9801177 0 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] m v u
353242365 353313537 2010-04-01 08:24:59 0 days 09:29:51 0|137.163.16.202 0 {st@rt} fagg and proud ; ) {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
353313537 353314156 2010-04-01 08:32:40 0 days 00:07:41 329633 0 {st@rt} fagg and proud ; ) {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
354463006 355151597 2010-04-10 15:18:30 3 days 11:14:02 0|84.77.74.198 0 of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post pre - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder -
355152540 355152786 2010-04-10 15:25:33 0 days 00:01:33 0|89.129.52.24 0 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = porte hola = = = = = pre - war germany = = = jauma ola after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
355153463 355153543 2010-04-10 15:30:34 0 days 00:00:27 8918196 1 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = porte hola = = jauma ola = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
356218953 356249720 2010-04-15 21:02:51 0 days 02:47:14 0|24.163.70.153 0 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' = = bold text = = i warn that this page could at any time be edited by the public and the information may not be valid ' ' '
356249720 356250524 2010-04-15 21:07:43 0 days 00:04:52 0|24.163.70.153 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' [[ [[ i warn that this page could at any time be edited by the public and the information may not be valid ]] ]] ' ' ' {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
356250740 356252869 2010-04-15 21:21:25 0 days 00:12:22 262550 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' i warn that this page could at any time be edited by the public and the information may not be valid ' ' ' {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
1 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' = = bold text = = i warn that this page could at any time be edited by the public and the information may not be valid ' ' '
358424098 358477517 2010-04-26 19:50:25 0 days 04:11:50 0|190.12.39.253 0 {st@rt} = = = = headline text = = = = {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
358477517 358479681 2010-04-26 20:00:49 0 days 00:10:24 262550 1 {st@rt} = = = = headline text = = = = {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin def liga de quito campeon carajo = = = = headline text = = < ref > <
358879068 359062196 2010-04-29 14:19:01 0 days 21:08:01 0|66.109.249.254 0 the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = kate weav {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on
359062397 359062465 2010-04-29 14:20:27 0 days 00:00:18 11743424 0 the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = kate weav and todd baily {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on
359983575 360333358 2010-05-05 17:55:53 1 days 15:02:58 0|199.197.102.119 0 {st@rt} {{ { hi weggie its jack tj built the wall { about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer .
362143454 362328765 2010-05-15 21:49:53 1 days 02:29:48 8066546 0 hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ arz : سور برلين ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن
365700612 365763238 2010-06-03 03:24:03 0 days 07:04:01 0|75.62.4.255 0 {st@rt} {{ about ab ' ' ' out | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg
2 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' '
365763238 365768478 2010-06-03 04:13:10 0 days 00:49:07 10721057 0 {st@rt} {{ ab ' ' ' out about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} suk my dik bitch {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image
2 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' '
366102397 366473744 2010-06-07 01:51:09 2 days 02:22:20 0|74.109.24.193 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
1 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' '
366473744 366474355 2010-06-07 01:55:31 0 days 00:04:22 10141256 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
1 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' '
367011049 367156561 2010-06-10 07:15:07 0 days 14:39:00 962462 0 {st@rt} {{ infobox building | name = berlin wall | native _ name = {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | native _ name _ lang = | former _ names = | alternate _ names = | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
376102866 376154207 2010-07-29 21:06:22 0 days 05:43:39 9540157 31 | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ citation cite book | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145
385639836 385936888 2010-09-20 16:41:44 1 days 15:12:36 13107813 0 {st@rt} it is 166km long bilt in 1961 eaten in mad land {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
385936888 385937197 2010-09-20 16:43:46 0 days 00:02:02 2483182 0 {st@rt} it is 166km long bilt in 1961 eaten in mad land {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
387833321 387912954 2010-09-30 13:35:12 0 days 12:06:49 0|72.21.118.21 0 {st@rt} boobies {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
387912954 387913008 2010-09-30 13:35:37 0 days 00:00:25 13102546 0 {st@rt} boobies {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
389132750 389329152 2010-10-07 14:59:01 0 days 21:54:30 0|141.43.69.1 5 wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; and a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 15 stretch at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; and a third section in liesenstraße . a long stretch of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known
392939112 393650061 2010-10-29 18:21:46 3 days 12:40:54 0|205.211.141.243 1 on 1 april 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed confused that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement
393650061 393650284 2010-10-29 18:23:16 0 days 00:01:30 7209796 1 on 1 april 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] confused proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement
397267310 397310835 2010-11-17 14:50:04 0 days 06:45:09 0|217.207.245.34 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of barney hoyt rocks { f the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg |
397310835 397311008 2010-11-17 14:51:22 0 days 00:01:18 2483182 0 {st@rt} barney hoyt rocks { f {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg |
397311008 397311333 2010-11-17 14:53:44 0 days 00:02:22 0|217.207.245.34 0 {st@rt} {{ barney rocks { about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer .
397311333 397311377 2010-11-17 14:54:02 0 days 00:00:18 11795830 0 {st@rt} barney rocks { {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer .
398275853 398276932 2010-11-22 17:17:16 0 days 00:06:46 0|217.86.65.6 1 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb |
398276932 398276983 2010-11-22 17:17:34 0 days 00:00:18 6149938 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb |
399052561 399053190 2010-11-27 01:01:09 0 days 00:05:12 16710 5 ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ paradigm shift ]] * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ removal of hungary
400217192 400251407 2010-12-03 03:16:12 0 days 04:06:05 0|67.11.7.6 0 {st@rt} {{ frances rodriguez did this editing because she is retarted and now you dont know about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer .
400251407 400251431 2010-12-03 03:16:24 0 days 00:00:12 13286072 0 {st@rt} frances rodriguez did this editing because she is retarted and now you dont know {{ about the berlin wall you know about my ugly nasty sister and you should arrest her because this might be illigal ! ! ! | } the ' ' ' berlin
403353689 403517345 2010-12-21 12:26:21 0 days 21:51:55 3035831 0 [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bo : པེར་ལིན་ལྕགས་རི། ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]]
409750750 409807471 2011-01-24 18:58:58 0 days 06:00:34 0|139.142.139.130 0 grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = fuck u {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living
409807471 409807529 2011-01-24 18:59:14 0 days 00:00:16 8596147 0 grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = fuck u {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living
410029373 410140875 2011-01-26 09:58:43 0 days 13:47:55 0|213.150.157.75 1 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view , from the west berlin side , of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied
410140875 410141159 2011-01-26 10:01:32 0 days 00:02:49 7007500 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view , from the west berlin side , of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones300 ,
412002387 412002545 2011-02-04 17:10:31 0 days 00:00:48 1004750 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
414875848 417326916 2011-03-05 22:32:58 13 days 21:13:26 10808929 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
417971513 417971711 2011-03-09 15:42:15 0 days 00:01:45 0|65.51.198.66 0 {st@rt} its kew jonny and lorry and the piglett are kew . . . . . . . . . right ? {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
417971711 417971739 2011-03-09 15:42:27 0 days 00:00:12 6636894 0 {st@rt} its kew jonny and lorry and the piglett are kew . . . . . . . . . right ? {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
417971739 417972277 2011-03-09 15:46:29 0 days 00:04:02 14155608 0 {st@rt} kew kats lorry and jonny are kew just like the piglett . . . . right ? kewwwwww {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
417972277 417972355 2011-03-09 15:47:17 0 days 00:00:48 1004750 0 {st@rt} kew kats lorry and jonny are kew just like the piglett . . . . right ? kewwwwww {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
417972559 417972599 2011-03-09 15:49:25 0 days 00:00:22 1004750 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 0 {st@rt} {{ use dmy dates | date = june 2011 }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }}
100 web . archive . org / web / 20071012011801 / http : / / die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archivedate = 2007 - 10 - 12 | title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 -
105 co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of
111 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 – usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]]
115 web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = =
116 reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans
117 {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = {{ lang | de | 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by
125 catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom – beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry
129 gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november
134 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | title = freedom without walls | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called
137 {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . twinity . com / en / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had [[ u2 ]]
138 ? year = & activity _ id = 214 | title = wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 - 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied musem | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin "
139 en / 4 _ 3 . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 | title = american commemorative stamps presented to the museum | accessdate = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = <
143 / web . archive . org / web / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 4 of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] wulff to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom and a minute of silence honored those who died trying to flee to the west . " it is our shared responsibility
463995141 464157560 2011-12-05 04:03:16 0 days 18:19:02 10158359 0 [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ be - x - old : бэрлінскі мур ]] [[ bo : པེར་ལིན་ལྕགས་རི། ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[
485297583 489424180 2012-04-27 04:49:49 23 days 21:13:49 14405583 5 s website . {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 . 516111 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display =
6 website . {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | longitude = 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall
9 }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e km | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments
490220839 490859654 2012-05-05 22:33:53 3 days 21:41:52 8066546 0 کند ]] [[ pap : muraya di berlin ]] [[ km : ជញ្ជាំង ប៊ែរឡាំង ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului berliner mauer ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di
490859654 490948661 2012-05-06 08:11:21 0 days 09:37:28 16038205 0 کند ]] [[ pap : muraya di berlin ]] [[ km : ជញ្ជាំង ប៊ែរឡាំង ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : berliner mauer zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di
492197810 492573792 2012-05-14 19:57:21 2 days 06:38:51 14893258 0 hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ xmf : ბერლინიშ კიდა ]] [[ arz : سور برلين ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn :
499137099 499177879 2012-06-24 19:40:20 0 days 05:36:49 11292982 0 mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ xmf : ბერლინიშ კიდა ]] [[ arz : سور برلين ]] [[ mzn : برلین دیوار ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ oc : mur
499242068 499662251 2012-06-27 21:31:47 2 days 15:13:16 24902 4 ]] . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = defection attempts = = = {{ see further | deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : conrad - schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] soldier [[ conrad schumann
505558329 506362125 2012-08-08 08:38:19 4 days 22:07:23 9013713 7 down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http :
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 21 - wall . html | title = germany marks 50th anniversary of berlin wall | publisher = uk telegraph | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - | accessdate = 13 | location = london }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . foxnews . com / world /
42 org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm | archivedate = 2008 - 04 - 09 | title = goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 2008 - 04 -
50 article1338387 / | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | publisher = the globe and mail | date = 26 october 2009 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 | location = toronto }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china +
53 wall ? most russians don ' t know & # 124 ; reuters | publisher = uk . reuters . com | date = 5 november 2009 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 | first = dmitry | last = solovyov }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall
560696523 560697108 2013-06-20 02:48:53 0 days 00:07:08 5681311 0 1989 file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ < ref name = " history . com " > {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was
560703430 560704004 2013-06-20 04:18:37 0 days 00:07:34 5681311 0 1989 file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ < ref name = " history . com " > {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 18 http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ on [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 31 border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of
671419593 671583896 2015-07-15 17:14:07 1 days 01:17:11 1968383 0 out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ further | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p =
1 , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the barrier became a more practical position . = = = brain drain = = = {{ further | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188
729057394 733423677 2016-08-07 18:35:16 29 days 02:59:40 3131428 0 {st@rt} {{ about | distinguish2 | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border
734284492 734407317 2016-08-14 03:25:55 0 days 18:58:58 4977632 0 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = --> * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] – {{ official website for the state capital of berlin * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] *
735630692 735645810 2016-08-22 04:13:51 0 days 02:27:50 21305328 2 ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 – dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * * ' ' in the 2015 film [[ bridge of spies ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german
749015840 749083438 2016-11-12 08:11:55 0 days 11:36:02 25459627 0 wall }} * * [ https : / / secure . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * https : / / www . openstreetmap . org / relation / 6651797 berlin wall on openstreetmap ] * other resources : * * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany /
776886357 779016763 2017-05-06 14:40:43 12 days 16:04:21 558022 3 only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 250px | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]]
780019390 781687181 2017-05-22 17:34:23 10 days 04:39:20 8719036 6 between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ korean demilitarized zone [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[
7 inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * * ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin
8 german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ military demarcation line ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]]
12 between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing
13 german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin
14 ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 35 in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . < ref name =
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 8 permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states . * the former management station at bergfelde , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in an already reforested area of the border strip and is used together with surrounding terrain as a nature protection tower by the deutschen waldjugend . *
810365117 810365760 2017-11-14 20:40:55 0 days 00:04:10 6554947 1 the area , however , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports has reported having often been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / gallery / 2014 / apr /
812700355 813096804 2017-12-01 19:07:37 2 days 08:34:21 27015025 0 title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | deadurl = no yes | df = dmy }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s with hundreds of guards . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen
825749968 825750205 2018-02-15 05:27:12 0 days 00:01:58 29164674 0 ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ ipa - de | bɛʁˈliːnɐ ˈmaʊ̯ɐ | pron | de - berliner mauer . ogg }} ) was a guarded concrete [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that physically and ideologically divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago
825811905 825814813 2018-02-15 16:00:22 0 days 00:19:34 5946478 1 such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . < ref > {{ cite cornell international law journal | last1 = goodman | first1 = micah | date = ( 1996 | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | url = https : / / scholarship . law
838879438 838895196 2018-04-29 23:54:28 0 days 02:14:24 19082616 0 [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} [[ file : president ronald reagan ' s speech at the berlin wall , june 12 , 1987 . webm | thumb | 250px upright = 1 . 15 | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]]
839289662 840547834 2018-05-10 16:16:26 8 days 02:24:23 29463730 0 {st@rt} {{ distinguish2 distinguish | the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence : 3 . . . nf6 | berlin defence ]]
1 {st@rt} {{ distinguish2 | text = the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence : 3 . . . nf6 | berlin defence ]] }}
843144692 843537822 2018-05-29 19:55:32 2 days 14:29:27 30675059 1 wall | date = 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | last = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' '
10 wall | date = 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la
854070499 854078225 2018-08-08 20:29:20 0 days 01:04:58 3563616 1 ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by [[ wolfgang engels ]] , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] ' ' ( nva ) . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . he was fired at and seriously
856004544 858448093 2018-09-07 07:51:25 16 days 00:16:21 15622650 0 {st@rt} {{ very long | date = september 2018 }} {{ distinguish | text = the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence : 3 . . . nf6
group 12
left_string del_string ins_string right_string
from revision id to revision id timestamp timegap editor
7969787 7969802 2004-11-29 23:56:41 0 days 21:05:14 0|64.174.210.9 0 territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . hi = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was
7969802 8079487 2004-11-29 23:57:10 0 days 00:00:29 0|64.174.210.9 0 territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . hi = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 3 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was
11755213 11755223 2005-04-01 09:38:57 0 days 00:00:46 0|217.68.115.26 0 thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin fuck ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was
11755223 11763678 2005-04-01 09:39:31 0 days 00:00:34 0|217.68.115.26 0 berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was
14125556 14140365 2005-05-23 20:14:41 1 days 10:42:33 54820 2 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . the [[ german democratic republic | east german ]] government called it the ' ' ' " antifaschistischen schutzwall " ' ' ' ' ' ( " anti - fascist protection wall " ) ' ' . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was
14140365 14260653 2005-05-24 02:16:18 0 days 06:01:37 6661 2 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . the [[ german democratic republic | east german ]] government called it the ' ' ' " antifaschistischen schutzwall " ' ' ' ' ' ( " anti - fascist protection wall " ) ' ' . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was
17902797 18119157 2005-07-04 08:34:54 3 days 15:43:24 0|62.171.194.11 2 built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . coz ryan smells like really bad poo ! ! ! ! ! = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet
18119157 18119315 2005-07-04 08:39:48 0 days 00:04:54 0|24.17.97.123 0 east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished coz ryan smells like really bad poo ! ! ! ! ! . = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet
18119489 18119581 2005-07-04 08:49:33 0 days 00:03:19 7580 2 east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet
18210660 18248123 2005-07-06 09:08:31 0 days 13:27:13 0|203.221.154.11 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . jess is wicked . = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet
18248123 18248155 2005-07-06 09:09:39 0 days 00:01:08 0|203.221.154.11 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . jess is wicked . = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet
19041793 19066933 2005-07-18 07:51:29 0 days 09:40:01 0|82.110.149.173 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . npa 4 life = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet
19067249 19067310 2005-07-18 08:03:06 0 days 00:01:57 7580 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . npa 4 life = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet
24150723 24150980 2005-09-27 11:40:40 0 days 00:04:54 0|212.219.59.226 0 [[ 1066 ]] and camply decorated over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . years later , a crack team of builder monkeys would rebuild the wall , only to have their work cruelly critiscised by the daily mail . in a fit of rage , the mokeys destroyed sweden . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ london ]] , was deep within the
24150980 24151055 2005-09-27 11:41:54 0 days 00:01:14 7580 3 [[ 1066 ]] and camply decorated over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . years later , a crack team of builder monkeys would rebuild the wall , only to have their work cruelly critiscised by the daily mail . in a fit of rage , the mokeys destroyed sweden . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ london ]] , was deep within the
26052050 26386659 2005-10-24 22:19:06 3 days 22:30:51 0|24.118.221.35 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . subject of an ungodly long project assigned by 10th grade history teachers nation wide ( u . s ) = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep
26386659 26390590 2005-10-24 23:06:47 0 days 00:47:41 127734 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . subject of an ungodly long project assigned by 10th grade history teachers nation wide ( u . s ) = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep
26390590 26460471 2005-10-25 18:24:27 0 days 19:17:40 0|206.131.39.76 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . subject of many history essays nationwide . a total pain in the ass . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep
26460471 26467857 2005-10-25 20:08:33 0 days 01:44:06 21397 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . subject of many history essays nationwide . a total pain in the ass . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 8 to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured
28792067 28792082 2005-11-20 01:04:30 0 days 00:00:18 159620 2 east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] , [[ berlin ]] , the [[ soviet ]] army
36652943 36689141 2006-01-25 20:46:27 0 days 04:56:55 838711 0 in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . , by [[ alec roberts ]] = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured
36689141 36689372 2006-01-25 20:48:08 0 days 00:01:41 269651 0 in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished , by [[ alec roberts ]] . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured
51848752 51927725 2006-05-07 03:30:21 0 days 10:40:35 0|134.48.165.202 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . united states president ronald regan played a humungous role in the " fall of the berlin wall " . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii
51927725 51928692 2006-05-07 03:38:24 0 days 00:08:03 767514 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . united states president ronald regan played a humungous role in the " fall of the berlin wall " . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii
77998390 78107608 2006-09-27 14:33:25 0 days 15:28:56 0|204.122.253.240 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = riddle = = what if a baby is born on the berlin wall ? where is it from ? = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii
78107608 78107896 2006-09-27 14:35:15 0 days 00:01:50 142220 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = riddle = = what if a baby is born on the berlin wall ? where is it from ? = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 1 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . jesus . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 1 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . jesus . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war
113273294 113334386 2007-03-07 15:54:57 0 days 07:32:17 0|65.1.6.32 1 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . [ img ] http : / / i175 . photobucket . com / albums / w142 / aswnut / peanut . jpg [ / img ] = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war
113334386 113334424 2007-03-07 15:55:06 0 days 00:00:09 2654847 1 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . [ img ] http : / / i175 . photobucket . com / albums / w142 / aswnut / peanut . jpg [ / img ] = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war
113700927 113720783 2007-03-09 01:12:20 0 days 01:28:40 0|24.251.130.168 0 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . the berlin wall was one of japan ' s worst things that ever happended to them . the japanese all died . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war
113720783 113721501 2007-03-09 01:15:51 0 days 00:03:31 2198470 0 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . the berlin wall was one of japan ' s worst things that ever happended to them . the japanese all died . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war
121573836 121815930 2007-04-10 23:58:00 0 days 22:34:01 0|71.251.78.138 5 service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies , which gained ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . > = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war
121815930 121816065 2007-04-10 23:58:38 0 days 00:00:38 1587622 8 prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . jauan is a dumbass fuck the berlin wall asshole > > > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies , which gained ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war
131436845 131436990 2007-05-17 01:14:01 0 days 00:00:39 0|71.48.127.221 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . black power = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] niggaz rule muthafuckas .
131437128 131437212 2007-05-17 01:15:13 0 days 00:00:29 302522 5 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . black power = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] niggaz rule muthafuckas .
142514453 144205776 2007-07-12 16:14:10 7 days 20:53:32 0|71.247.128.158 0 rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end
144205776 144205863 2007-07-12 16:14:45 0 days 00:00:35 0|71.247.128.158 0 rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end
154511088 155319953 2007-09-03 01:14:47 3 days 23:07:00 0|71.122.210.90 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . sex = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world
155319953 155368689 2007-09-03 07:34:14 0 days 06:19:27 0|142.165.77.7 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . sex = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world
233812027 233916638 2008-08-24 11:43:29 0 days 13:36:43 7706949 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . an alternative story to the creation of the berlin wall that is not very well known and has been dismissed by numerous scholars is that the berlin wall was created during an epic battle of [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / tron _ ( film ) tron ] between adolf hitler and alun king . the berlin wall was the wall that king shat out of his vehicle , and the brandenburg gate marks the place of impact for hitler and his ultimate demise . this is how hitler actually died , engaged in a heated tron battle . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
233916638 233916986 2008-08-24 11:46:30 0 days 00:03:01 377396 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . an alternative story to the creation of the berlin wall that is not very well known and has been dismissed by numerous scholars is that the berlin wall was created during an epic battle of [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / tron _ ( film ) tron ] between adolf hitler and alun king . the berlin wall was the wall that king shat out of his vehicle , and the brandenburg gate marks the place of impact for hitler and his ultimate demise . this is how hitler actually died , engaged in a heated tron battle . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
248618478 248619037 2008-10-30 14:29:35 0 days 00:03:40 0|217.42.107.75 1 rest of it . the fall of the great wall of china paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 34 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
248619037 248638203 2008-10-30 16:20:12 0 days 01:50:37 352579 6 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 34 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
271560704 271630409 2009-02-18 19:11:38 0 days 06:28:06 0|65.79.248.113 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . ' ' ' [[ bold text ]] [ = = http : / / www . example . com link title = = [[ file : [[ media : example . jpg ]] < math > < nowiki > insert formula here < / nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - # redirect [[ < s > target page name < / s > < br / > < sup > < sub > superscript text < / sub > < small > < gallery > small text < / gallery > < gallery > < blockquote > image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 < / blockquote > { | class = " wikitable " border = " 1 " | < ref > - ! header 1 ! header 2 ! header 3 | - | row 1 , cell 1 | row 1 , cell 2 | row 1 , cell 3 | - | row 2 , cell 1 | row 2 , cell 2 | row 2 , cell 3 < / ref > | } < / gallery > < / small > < / sup > ]] < / math > ]] ] ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
271630409 271630532 2009-02-18 19:12:11 0 days 00:00:33 6163802 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . ' ' ' [[ bold text ]] [ = = http : / / www . example . com link title = = [[ file : [[ media : example . jpg ]] < math > < nowiki > insert formula here < / nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - # redirect [[ < s > target page name < / s > < br / > < sup > < sub > superscript text < / sub > < small > < gallery > small text < / gallery > < gallery > < blockquote > image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 < / blockquote > { | class = " wikitable " border = " 1 " | < ref > - ! header 1 ! header 2 ! header 3 | - | row 1 , cell 1 | row 1 , cell 2 | row 1 , cell 3 | - | row 2 , cell 1 | row 2 , cell 2 | row 2 , cell 3 < / ref > | } < / gallery > < / small > < / sup > ]] < / math > ]] ] ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' = = background = = < math > sjfjfjxdfhkhnkjghnkghfklgh # redirect [[ dhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhf ]] < / math > [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb |
273667722 273674256 2009-02-27 15:56:35 0 days 00:34:13 9091630 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . it was built by oliver smith , who resided in hampshire , uk . in the 1950 ' s it was used by [ retards ] who used to headbutt it . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
273674565 273674705 2009-02-27 15:59:03 0 days 00:00:44 4666642 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . it was built by santa vii , who resided in hampshire , uk . he was a gay man who liked to eat dead , mutilated animals . in the 1950 ' s it was used by retards who used to headbutt it . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
274315302 274322212 2009-03-02 02:37:47 0 days 00:30:41 0|71.217.202.193 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . kkk = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
274322212 274328124 2009-03-02 03:04:29 0 days 00:26:42 0|64.92.142.206 3 almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . 2067 kkk = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
274331907 274344223 2009-03-02 04:30:16 0 days 01:07:26 0|67.165.36.36 0 almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 2067 kkk 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 2001 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 2008 . the
277119282 277132095 2009-03-14 05:57:04 0 days 01:33:48 0|58.172.9.133 0 rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = the background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east
277132095 277132148 2009-03-14 05:57:30 0 days 00:00:26 0|58.172.9.133 0 rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = the background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east
306233278 306295438 2009-08-05 22:49:30 0 days 06:10:55 9487683 0 all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . the berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifascistischer schutzwall }} ) . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
321349222 321400601 2009-10-22 16:02:51 0 days 07:11:40 0|216.248.234.63 0 almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . people are very sick in this country . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
321400601 321400717 2009-10-22 16:03:44 0 days 00:00:53 0|216.248.234.63 0 of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . people are very sick in this country . they are not educated in their own language . most germans were at peace when the berlin wall fell . this is a retard writing . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
321400717 321400884 2009-10-22 16:04:50 0 days 00:01:06 7746361 0 almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . people are very sick in this country . they are not educated in their own language . most germans were at peace when the berlin wall fell . this is a retard writing . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
325016705 325016969 2009-11-10 09:22:03 0 days 00:03:04 0|87.42.135.2 1 almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . what was hitler mad ? because he saw his gas bill . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
325016969 325017008 2009-11-10 09:22:21 0 days 00:00:18 6513930 2 almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . what was hitler mad ? because he saw his gas bill . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
325037769 325038462 2009-11-10 13:08:19 0 days 00:06:06 10001091 0 almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist authorities . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
325399702 325401741 2009-11-12 08:06:48 0 days 00:21:22 10999656 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . owairoa rm 20 this is the berlin page = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
325401741 325401770 2009-11-12 08:07:06 0 days 00:00:18 9518048 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . owairoa rm 20 this is the berlin page = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
331504394 331525878 2009-12-14 00:33:15 0 days 02:15:08 0|74.179.15.90 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = war filipović = = mirco crocrop filipović was very angered by the wall because he absolutly hates art and the dividing of a country so he spent months feeling ot the wall looking for a weak spot . 6 months later with president ronald " tha truth " reagan by his side he threw a high roundhouse kick taking the entire wall down . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
331525878 331526070 2009-12-14 00:34:28 0 days 00:01:13 10783139 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = war filipović = = mirco crocrop filipović was very angered by the wall because he absolutly hates art and the dividing of a country so he spent months feeling ot the wall looking for a weak spot . 6 months later with president ronald " tha truth " reagan by his side he threw a high roundhouse kick taking the entire wall down . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
341571052 341696405 2010-02-03 15:41:01 0 days 16:44:02 0|195.194.47.34 0 almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . you can ' t put stuff on the p : \ drive ! = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
341696405 341696550 2010-02-03 15:41:56 0 days 00:00:55 10519822 0 almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . you can ' t put stuff on the p : \ drive ! = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
364487169 364554671 2010-05-27 21:52:20 0 days 07:13:21 0|75.105.128.36 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = justin bieber is a gay fags background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 5 tribune 1 " / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took place on 3 october 1990 . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre
838878947 838879438 2018-04-29 21:40:04 0 days 00:04:19 764861 4 tribune 1 " / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took place on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " cnn . com " / > = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre
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238414 238415 2001-09-16 15:09:28 129 days 22:13:31 35 5 in 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . it came down on november 9 , 1989 . see [[ berlin ]] ; http : / / www .
6 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . it came down on november 9 , 1989 . see [[ berlin ]] . wall - berlin . org /
13872 86615 2002-02-25 15:51:15 6 days 11:48:33 0|62.253.64.7 4 the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . the wall was over 155km long . after the initial construction it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october
9 to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[
86615 86626 2002-06-06 12:52:54 100 days 21:01:39 0|168.169.199.81 0 {st@rt} after [[ ww ii ]] berlin was divided wasdivided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest
86626 86668 2002-06-06 13:00:44 0 days 00:07:50 62 0 {st@rt} after [[ ww ii ]] berlin wasdivided was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest
102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 2 {st@rt} after [[ ww ii ]] berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far
19 helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin , ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , 1989 hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in in september 1989
206507 206604 2002-09-09 16:14:40 0 days 01:43:38 372 1 where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] did a concert in berlin celebrating the the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3
732239 732530 2003-03-08 18:33:30 3 days 10:55:39 6815 0 {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] < div style = " float : right " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall , on november 16 , 1989 . ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city
732530 732537 2003-03-08 21:13:53 0 days 02:40:23 4388 12 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering [[ west germany ]] . the wall physically divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up to
732558 773189 2003-03-08 21:25:25 0 days 00:08:13 4388 0 which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city into west berlin and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up to the fourth generation wall , begun in 1975 . this wall was reinforced
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 6 americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states ,
9 . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . from [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] . the citizens of east germany from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany )
42 . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . from [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] , the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' prevented the citizens of east germany from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic
1097715 1098066 2003-06-30 22:31:21 1 days 09:23:53 7495 0 {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from
1546609 1554867 2003-10-10 15:08:08 3 days 03:50:24 0|195.157.85.87 0 , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) formed , although nominally independent , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by [[ east germany ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors
1596460 1596496 2003-10-20 16:27:26 0 days 00:10:19 26248 1 november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony with the the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . roger waters performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz in [[ 1990 ]] . the fall of the wall , the first step to the [[ reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]]
1744576 1744581 2003-11-15 23:19:05 0 days 00:03:05 2 1 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . < div style = " float : right ; margin :
2 berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviets led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) ,
3 lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the americans . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent , were in effect
2155508 2155517 2004-01-15 01:43:47 1 days 18:55:42 0|209.6.243.123 0 through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating celebratsaddsadaing the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom "
2155517 2302553 2004-01-15 01:44:37 0 days 00:00:50 0|209.6.243.123 0 through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebratsaddsadaing celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom "
2959424 2959465 2004-03-28 22:45:23 0 days 11:17:03 55079 0 united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet
1 kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union
2964656 3053555 2004-03-29 07:53:56 0 days 09:05:02 0|24.12.96.52 0 , the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - & # 8212 ; [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow
3053555 3156940 2004-04-04 14:23:59 6 days 06:30:03 57417 1 | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade ]] " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain
3374365 3416164 2004-04-28 20:43:18 1 days 16:58:42 23616 0 was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = related articles = = * [[ berlin ]] * [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http
3668312 3668416 2004-05-21 03:41:41 8 days 09:46:46 8780 3 ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " [[ berlin blockade ]] " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and
3702165 3783344 2004-05-23 15:02:43 2 days 11:07:51 0|212.100.173.72 0 was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = related articles = = * [[ berlin ]] * [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 9 , the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin & # 8212 ; - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow
38 into the west between 1949 and 1961 . construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city ; as it completely surrounded west
4779998 4780030 2004-07-22 08:05:56 1 days 20:16:33 0|217.169.121.36 0 [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] ( as well as the rest of germany ) was divided into four sectors . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states | usa ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had
5637725 5637810 2004-09-03 21:31:42 0 days 00:15:54 49471 0 the german democratic republic . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] ( , as well as the rest of germany ) was divided into four sectors . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states | usa ]] , the [[ united
7274640 7274734 2004-11-09 22:10:20 0 days 00:01:27 0|84.57.81.84 0 german democratic republic . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , as well as like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france
9268476 9300388 2005-01-10 23:50:02 0 days 03:03:49 151197 4 west berlin and west germany . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east , as east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to the rest of west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood
9338110 9340902 2005-01-13 15:39:41 1 days 13:58:21 0|198.20.32.180 3 west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union
12 ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]]
13 [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and
9340902 9400082 2005-01-13 19:37:16 0 days 03:57:35 28107 12 the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade
13 united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]]
14 kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , [[ köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 4 wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west german side of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively
16 , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen
9614078 9649252 2005-01-24 13:17:26 0 days 03:28:40 55217 3 - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 29 s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) (
10084850 10084995 2005-02-09 02:13:18 0 days 00:02:21 0|152.163.100.198 1 access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union
10 ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]]
11 [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and
29 | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain
31 ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally
35 the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 15 into an [[ enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . the construction of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies .
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 12 the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet
13 united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union
14 kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , [[ köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led
33 berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( west berlin ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty
37 the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of west germany that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were
61 effectively turning the western sectors into an enclave in east germany . during the construction of the wall national people ' s army | nva and kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . the construction of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies .
10144491 10147296 2005-02-10 23:53:18 1 days 16:43:47 0|64.45.226.93 0 being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as
10147296 10244127 2005-02-11 01:34:32 0 days 01:41:14 28107 0 being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as
10599750 10685284 2005-02-27 00:20:44 3 days 02:23:39 90467 1 the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the berlin - helmstadt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 4 ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty
5 berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] and were completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the
12 workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . the streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built
21 of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ;
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 1 ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) were in effect a part of [[
2 largest and covered most of eastern berlin . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] and were completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the
9 workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . the streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built
18 helmstadt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt ]] [[ autobahn ]] . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . = = the years of the wall = = during the
12310883 12498340 2005-04-14 19:41:28 0 days 11:53:58 137616 0 . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected ) . ) this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s
2 the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was
13195082 13195297 2005-05-03 22:51:59 3 days 05:20:56 0|129.67.43.240 0 not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not
13207767 13207835 2005-05-04 04:55:42 0 days 01:03:36 0|129.67.43.240 7 four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the wall ' s creation was due partly to political expediency but largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open
13838373 13838493 2005-05-17 15:54:43 0 days 00:08:21 0|161.97.212.117 0 of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . ~ ( _ 8 ( l ) the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie
13838493 13838651 2005-05-17 15:58:16 0 days 00:03:33 67107 1 of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . ~ ( _ 8 ( l ) the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie
13838651 13838657 2005-05-17 16:02:47 0 days 00:04:31 67107 0 a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an [[ enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with
13855862 13887739 2005-05-17 23:05:53 0 days 00:00:27 6661 0 berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the capital of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt - an - der - main ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the
14015916 14016061 2005-05-21 09:38:46 2 days 17:36:54 0|216.27.183.43 2 however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin did the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened
14269487 14269638 2005-05-26 16:38:51 0 days 00:02:48 0|164.68.120.3 0 [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire barbeques on august 15 , 1961 ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed
14269815 14329087 2005-05-26 16:46:05 0 days 00:04:01 157530 5 [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german penises guarded [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbeques barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed
14830564 14834006 2005-06-07 04:56:11 0 days 06:28:40 0|81.180.132.3 2 of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstadt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into
14834006 14943216 2005-06-07 06:53:53 0 days 01:57:42 8780 2 of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstadt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into
15066593 15077566 2005-06-12 13:50:16 0 days 04:48:31 156968 3 his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin - & mdash ; by autobahn , to demonstrate allied rights . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 0 control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and contained the traditional city center , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , and the eastern districts of berlin - & mdash ; [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] .
20042747 20104674 2005-08-02 09:05:08 0 days 21:35:51 0|83.135.157.10 1 but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstadt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany /
20652186 20668374 2005-08-10 03:32:17 0 days 04:36:14 0|70.30.191.58 10 [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the gdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a
20668374 20669087 2005-08-10 03:48:06 0 days 00:15:49 21397 7 briefly replaced by a successor a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow west berliners to apply for visas to travel to east berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the bdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a
22024698 22103054 2005-08-29 14:58:12 1 days 02:59:08 92511 2 to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and contained the traditional city center , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , and the eastern districts of berlin & mdash ; [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the berlin
22103054 22154405 2005-08-30 05:20:39 0 days 14:22:27 28107 3 was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = see [[ history of berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and contained the traditional city center , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , and the eastern districts of berlin & mdash ; [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the berlin
22741071 22753187 2005-09-07 05:41:08 0 days 03:52:34 0|24.85.45.237 0 entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep filled with niggers within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital
22753187 22753298 2005-09-07 05:43:35 0 days 00:02:27 49312 0 entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was filled with niggers deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital
23361590 23389607 2005-09-17 09:11:31 0 days 12:12:41 271058 0 de : berliner mauer ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]]
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 8 | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” '
9 ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' '
10 ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' '
24 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] .
43 cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]]
45 allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and
49 the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany .
56 berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted
57 s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 7 {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin ]] from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was to restrict access
8 {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from [[ east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was to restrict access between
9 {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin
23 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on november 9 , 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the soviet army during the closing months of world war ii . as the capital ,
44 tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a currency reform in 1948 prompted the berlin blockade by the soviet union and led to the berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france west
48 the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an exclave of west germany , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s
55 . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make bonn the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted .
56 west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make bonn the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 20 ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by fuchs and theodore hall , it is unlikely that the rosenberg / greenglass data would have significantly aided the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] ,
23 . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by fuchs and hall seems to have only marginally sped up the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france
29 the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were and robert wrote another book in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision
32 under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor journey . in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin
35 position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed [ edit ] in fiction the book of daniel , a 1971 novel by e . l . doctorow , is loosely based on the rosenberg case , while robert coover ' s 1977 novel the public burning is a parodic reconstruction of their execution . tony kushner ' s 1992 play angels in america features a fictionalized version of ethel rosenberg , played by meryl streep in the hbo version . [ edit ] see also soviet atomic bomb project . the case is thought to have spurred lee harvey oswald ' s interest in marxism . [ 5 ] [ edit ] external links timeline of events relating to the rosenberg trial . ethel ' s brother says he trumped up evidence . project venona messages . rosenberg fbi files ( summary only ) heir to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was
28483115 28532961 2005-11-16 21:05:29 0 days 14:07:00 116385 0 eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 5 schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background
12 months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france
16 escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four -
18 the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the
28792067 28792082 2005-11-20 01:04:30 0 days 00:00:18 159620 11 [[ berlin ]] , the [[ soviet ]] army duringof [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france
15 [[ cold war ]] a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four -
17 berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the
28895370 28895372 2005-11-21 09:44:05 0 days 00:00:03 0|212.132.0.10 0 of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . i want 2 go there . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie
28895372 28895434 2005-11-21 09:45:36 0 days 00:01:31 44020 2 of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . i want 2 go there . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie
31042058 31084094 2005-12-12 19:26:03 0 days 06:57:07 549849 3 closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin itself was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] ,
35365390 35373255 2006-01-16 07:22:31 0 days 01:31:20 0|207.102.64.194 0 caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany was widely seen as being closer to the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr
36443992 36484473 2006-01-24 10:26:12 0 days 08:18:20 6661 0 caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr
36641976 36642576 2006-01-25 14:09:00 0 days 00:05:37 0|194.232.85.82 0 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority huge numbers of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore
36650338 36652600 2006-01-25 15:46:06 0 days 00:20:05 0|194.232.85.82 2 any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . the some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into
7 the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) penis around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built
36940912 37108530 2006-01-28 19:11:04 1 days 05:27:34 0|66.177.112.110 1 ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to poland and the soviet union . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin
38448507 38522275 2006-02-06 22:20:35 0 days 11:26:12 0|63.150.51.8 1 [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with
38769484 38769741 2006-02-08 15:09:30 0 days 00:02:42 0|84.64.190.165 0 . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti
38896088 38974751 2006-02-09 21:59:58 0 days 12:40:41 293907 2 westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin _ s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin _ u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . some lines were cut in
3 berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin _ s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin _ u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled
40378504 40459448 2006-02-20 18:39:58 0 days 14:44:59 386031 13 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . = = reason for the wall = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professional and skilled workers migrated daily , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( one day the entire mathematics department of the [[
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 1 crossed into the west , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . = = reason for the wall why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan
11 friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; varying reports claim either 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along
12 ) . = = the wall years = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the
40686196 40687505 2006-02-22 08:24:42 0 days 00:20:24 0|144.137.251.28 0 % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . suck my fucking dick asshole please , i love you u monster , suck my dicky doo da ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
40687505 40688772 2006-02-22 08:46:34 0 days 00:21:52 0|203.214.133.62 0 % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . suck my fucking dick asshole please , i love you u monster , suck my dicky doo da ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 1 are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = passage = = although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were
4 only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at [[ dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße
5 land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]]
10 to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01
64 , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border
65 was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet |
66 of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when
84 far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became
40814314 40816080 2006-02-23 04:56:58 0 days 00:18:12 386031 2 the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstadt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between
40898814 40900018 2006-02-23 19:38:26 0 days 00:09:50 89179 5 ' ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ division of germany | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defection ]] s , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration from [[ east germany ]] . germany ' s border was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only remained open in [[ berlin ]] . the border between [[ east
12 % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a jubilant public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
14 ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany ' s border was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only remained open in [[ berlin ]] . the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june | june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during an [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | east german uprising ]] and permananently closed in [[ 1961 ]] . it was finally reopened in [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently destroyed . from [[ 1949 ]] - [[ 1961 ]] 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin %
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 15 barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik ( , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organisation ) at [[ raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east
39 = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell , after all the efforts of the [[ berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other
40 = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell , after all the efforts of the [[ berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face
41 [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as kennedy ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[
45 his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin & mdash ; by [[ autobahn ]] , to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany
49 and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via
50 berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected
60 army to use lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were simply not willing to use lethal force so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no
40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 21 their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s
41618920 41618954 2006-02-28 15:38:46 0 days 00:00:19 0|65.241.105.4 0 [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel funnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / >
41619461 41619542 2006-02-28 15:44:33 0 days 00:00:53 800894 4 [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a funnel tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / >
41672068 41672131 2006-02-28 23:47:46 0 days 00:00:26 0|69.15.111.135 0 1989 ) ]] construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr
41672131 41672202 2006-02-28 23:48:13 0 days 00:00:27 161478 0 1989 ) ]] construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 28 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : | publisher = berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25
29 * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , | year = [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech
39 / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . | location = [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall
42309097 42336641 2006-03-05 13:06:23 0 days 06:06:51 686868 1 are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . without passport check ; likewhise soviet patrols could pass this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners
8 in south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving .
9 entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful
42377886 42382313 2006-03-05 20:29:26 0 days 00:35:54 686868 0 , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personal into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , providen provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries
46530181 46947936 2006-04-04 16:54:49 2 days 15:32:33 97676 1 administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the
58219539 58219714 2006-06-12 15:35:26 0 days 00:01:48 0|24.60.99.51 1 . they were relocated to munich , and berlin ' s economy fell . berlin was dependant on the money the prostitues brought in . munich flourished while berlin fell . whore riots broke out at the berlin wall , which was one of the reasons it fell . topless woman and teenagers were rioting atht they wanted their corner back so they could get more meat in the gooch . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the
63027687 63086213 2006-07-10 18:33:21 0 days 07:22:29 0|141.211.172.204 0 lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than
63357225 63858347 2006-07-14 22:07:07 2 days 17:42:04 1793767 2 day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin away with commusism . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the
3 many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader
80237146 80538105 2006-10-10 02:22:34 1 days 09:21:48 0|71.250.160.186 1 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and
82597586 82692252 2006-10-20 20:45:47 0 days 10:47:58 1063177 0 gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin ; another one was at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , with its famous sign reading in english , russian , french and german : " end of the free world . you are leaving american zone " . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u -
82835134 82879500 2006-10-21 21:17:43 0 days 04:29:04 2542109 2 an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > take pix however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western
83832893 83835783 2006-10-26 13:10:22 0 days 00:22:46 686868 0 gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin ; another one was at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , with its famous sign reading in english , russian , french and german : " end of the free world . you are leaving american zone " . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u -
89219950 89358889 2006-11-22 02:08:27 0 days 13:36:15 0|72.146.48.170 2 an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift |
93317647 93333338 2006-12-10 08:52:55 0 days 02:28:29 1102920 0 list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < div class
95977307 96015503 2006-12-23 00:22:37 0 days 03:58:53 508734 0 [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de
98453918 98470052 2007-01-04 19:21:16 0 days 01:21:18 873891 10 ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort
102660385 102792447 2007-01-24 00:22:45 0 days 10:41:48 0|24.155.249.78 0 ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 2 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[
102792447 102792502 2007-01-24 00:23:04 0 days 00:00:19 0|24.155.249.78 0 ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 2 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[
104426285 104427508 2007-01-30 22:07:57 0 days 00:05:34 63451 1 segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in
109202413 109820921 2007-02-21 15:00:14 2 days 13:06:22 3171782 0 es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[
110118193 110118448 2007-02-22 18:31:19 0 days 00:01:09 0|66.160.72.205 0 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] fuck the world ! world sucks monkey ass fuck mj ! fuck u all bitches hos im yaw moma britney spears looks like shit so many people died over this stupid cause fuck this world up everyones stupid asses after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 10 opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact q | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores ,
35 krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the
51 states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 17 it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 10 opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact q | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores ,
35 krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the
51 states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 17 it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 10 opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact q | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores ,
35 krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the
51 states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 17 of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg
115357154 115431063 2007-03-15 23:16:02 0 days 05:40:37 3849022 0 barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin roflcopter for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]]
115431063 115431184 2007-03-15 23:16:43 0 days 00:00:41 911178 0 barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin roflcopter for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]]
115708771 115802630 2007-03-17 15:36:20 0 days 12:35:58 0|91.64.129.222 11 gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u -
115803261 115804646 2007-03-17 15:49:40 0 days 00:09:19 54809 12 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u -
115804646 115804866 2007-03-17 15:50:50 0 days 00:01:10 54809 11 gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u -
117073720 117077906 2007-03-22 17:49:00 0 days 00:18:56 0|147.31.4.47 5 thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny your a noob berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the
117902707 117903581 2007-03-26 02:45:29 0 days 00:04:39 1804716 8 human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not demand the wall be removed . they wanted to reform east germany and did not want german unification at this time . the east german government decided to open the wall even though protestors had not demanded this , to take the initative away from the street protests which threatened their authority , privileges and power . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
118635394 118639947 2007-03-28 23:11:07 0 days 00:19:40 0|65.24.114.248 12 to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the
118654236 118657778 2007-03-29 00:33:26 0 days 00:17:42 911178 11 freedoms and economic prosperity . ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) the flight of growing numbers of northwestern germans to non - democratic countries via northern berlin led to germany destroying erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further shananagans . = = = proposed barrier = = = the
124875869 124876106 2007-04-22 15:18:00 0 days 00:01:07 0|68.41.84.92 0 = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell hell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ?
124876106 124876232 2007-04-22 15:18:37 0 days 00:00:37 4113076 0 = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin hell fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ?
129555771 129555882 2007-05-09 16:41:30 0 days 00:00:24 0|204.129.158.10 4 = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely from that day on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear
130123030 130123251 2007-05-11 16:47:08 0 days 00:00:57 0|209.184.226.15 3 ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account akccount of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions ,
130124262 130124523 2007-05-11 16:52:43 0 days 00:01:03 0|209.184.226.15 0 berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall wallpooalloveryou . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin
130124687 130125487 2007-05-11 16:57:06 0 days 00:03:41 2073927 0 berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wallpooalloveryou wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the poo
132298025 132298254 2007-05-20 21:18:24 0 days 00:01:13 0|70.143.50.176 2 ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers jhlbhnmbnhmj , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 3 barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]]
4 [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . , from the day construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]]
133074114 133074678 2007-05-24 01:30:42 0 days 00:02:52 715870 2 luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and
6 ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built
133074927 133075428 2007-05-24 01:35:04 0 days 00:03:00 715870 2 had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a
149103755 149424881 2007-08-05 22:30:58 1 days 14:46:20 0|125.238.29.168 0 denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] '
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 41 cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]]
47 ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social
52 troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built
62 brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east
63 now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government
153595819 153780641 2007-08-26 17:53:06 0 days 22:54:33 0|70.246.156.12 0 west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 4 , 000 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
153783102 153784826 2007-08-26 18:19:24 0 days 00:10:45 1718065 0 west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 4 , 000 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
157117672 157129007 2007-09-11 10:50:46 0 days 01:41:35 4857317 2 germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day
162097147 162236037 2007-10-04 13:31:03 0 days 16:27:02 0|209.174.242.3 1 / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end start of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode
162236037 162236073 2007-10-04 13:31:19 0 days 00:00:16 301395 3 / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the start end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode
162484765 162838184 2007-10-07 10:15:05 1 days 17:35:07 0|58.179.236.38 1 {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin tony ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 28 thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours
166163043 166165378 2007-10-21 23:47:46 0 days 00:12:04 605084 17 9th of november was a thursday in 1989 , and i was still at school . but on friday , i managed to get a seat on a flight to berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , and i stayed there for the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon , and by that time i had missed a test in history -
166331546 166354092 2007-10-22 20:00:56 0 days 01:42:19 716438 0 with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 the number of people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref
170290210 170292124 2007-11-09 09:20:51 0 days 00:19:27 0|213.221.119.178 0 göring ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 mi . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets .
1 ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it
170955559 171328388 2007-11-14 00:42:00 1 days 11:14:07 5809976 3 [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 97549375683254 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
171328388 171330844 2007-11-14 00:55:02 0 days 00:13:02 0|83.24.232.6 2 outfits eating pancakes going up the pyrimid of wakawakadoodooyeah ]] , the wall joined forces with mars and neptune [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 97549375683254 28 years , from the day destructio began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
174708204 174741786 2007-11-30 02:18:00 0 days 03:04:44 5918353 0 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 29 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
174741786 174746112 2007-11-30 02:42:18 0 days 00:24:18 28422 0 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 29 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1990 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
178433680 178872694 2007-12-19 03:34:38 2 days 00:13:36 0|67.188.74.176 9 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 280 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
178872694 178873340 2007-12-19 03:38:40 0 days 00:04:02 0|72.240.200.36 0 ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for 280 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
178873340 178873918 2007-12-19 03:42:19 0 days 00:03:39 2537811 9 ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for 28 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
179105571 179206430 2007-12-20 16:38:18 0 days 13:38:27 0|144.92.120.26 0 and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . it as at least worth noting , that jon hillman was the last person to die attempting to cross the berlin wall in october , 1989 . he tripped into a tangled mass of barbed - wire , badly cutting his scrotum . he bled out over a matter of hours as he screamed for pain and repeatedly deficated in his pants . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
179206430 179206678 2007-12-20 16:39:49 0 days 00:01:31 97951 0 and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . it as at least worth noting , that jon hillman was the last person to die attempting to cross the berlin wall in october , 1989 . he tripped into a tangled mass of barbed - wire , badly cutting his scrotum . he bled out over a matter of hours as he screamed for pain and repeatedly deficated in his pants . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
182012991 182138699 2008-01-04 18:01:55 0 days 16:24:11 0|75.138.94.78 0 " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and
182138699 182408420 2008-01-05 23:37:36 1 days 05:35:41 433328 0 by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government
182793062 183023326 2008-01-08 20:42:04 1 days 00:45:43 0|206.123.212.68 0 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 44 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
183023326 183023808 2008-01-08 20:44:31 0 days 00:02:27 0|206.123.212.68 0 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 44 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1945 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
185101957 185237071 2008-01-18 17:27:34 0 days 17:02:57 0|71.41.129.70 0 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
185237071 185237633 2008-01-18 17:30:37 0 days 00:03:03 0|71.41.129.70 0 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 30000000 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
185237633 185237754 2008-01-18 17:31:15 0 days 00:00:38 911178 0 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 30000000 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
186840155 186840524 2008-01-25 16:59:29 0 days 00:02:02 0|71.41.129.70 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
188385606 188405306 2008-02-01 16:54:15 0 days 01:52:34 0|71.41.129.70 2 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] beef ] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east -
189948667 189998964 2008-02-08 17:59:24 0 days 04:47:20 0|207.63.14.7 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 100 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
189998964 189999141 2008-02-08 18:00:10 0 days 00:00:46 0|207.63.14.7 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 100 1000 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
189999141 189999318 2008-02-08 18:00:55 0 days 00:00:45 2048686 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 1000 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
192259798 192705444 2008-02-20 01:47:10 1 days 17:47:01 6483353 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 5 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
192705444 192707199 2008-02-20 01:55:45 0 days 00:08:35 2537811 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 5 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
193137199 193162865 2008-02-22 00:38:28 0 days 02:00:50 6483353 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 almost 5 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
193162865 193162921 2008-02-22 00:38:46 0 days 00:00:18 461300 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for almost 5 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
197073715 197075558 2008-03-09 20:51:04 0 days 00:08:24 0|98.17.134.249 17 by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built
197075558 197077024 2008-03-09 20:57:57 0 days 00:06:53 0|98.17.134.249 1 defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin after the wall was built . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by
4 [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 3 zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built very well by east german construction workers . it was built right outside west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built
20 . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east
29 [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were no successful escapes into west berlin after the wall was built . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 27 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed
9 the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 1947 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 27 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 11 ]] [[ 1963 ]] until it was dismantled in 1984 . during this period at least 143 people were confirmed
9 the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1947 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany
204486644 204488418 2008-04-09 17:05:25 0 days 00:08:51 137113 0 taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a ddr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unneccessary move if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref >
210605542 210686797 2008-05-06 23:31:20 0 days 06:23:04 0|161.130.130.2 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the
210716210 210716844 2008-05-07 02:17:19 0 days 00:03:50 911178 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the
211225942 211226287 2008-05-09 10:02:08 0 days 00:03:52 686868 1 general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for tourist visits of east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the same day . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all
214991201 215551281 2008-05-28 18:27:39 2 days 12:19:20 355538 6 on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 miles ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , soviets were not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running
14 troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 27 states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union .
230777585 231070132 2008-08-10 19:03:42 1 days 09:57:22 0|68.223.184.198 0 bot generated title --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to taylor official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 .
231070132 231070273 2008-08-10 19:04:27 0 days 00:00:45 2306142 0 bot generated title --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to taylor official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 .
231070273 231100032 2008-08-10 21:53:45 0 days 02:49:18 4626 0 " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin - & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also
237420572 237421084 2008-09-10 02:42:59 0 days 00:04:00 7823265 3 formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence people could keep the rabbit problem the berlin people are normally very hot and have nice arses every one should go there cause you get laid every night and there is lots of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country
237421084 237421104 2008-09-10 02:43:05 0 days 00:00:06 2372780 2 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . many people lived in berlin and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , french and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german decided to build a wall so that the berlin people could keep the rabbit problem the berlin people are normally very hot and have nice arses every one should
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 15 1961 , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and walter at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the
47 bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers .
61 < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks ,
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 14 to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' , officials , and ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without submitting to east german passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]]
19 ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into west berlin and exit from east . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . = = = escape attempts = = = ] < / ref > during this period , at least 15 , 000 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into ' ' ' west berlin ' ' ' , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 20 , 000 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin
261502761 262136422 2009-01-05 18:46:03 2 days 23:19:18 0|209.189.130.83 6 separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until
263696071 263818058 2009-01-13 15:23:31 0 days 15:31:30 0|216.20.70.81 2 separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until
267773611 267775034 2009-02-01 05:39:44 0 days 00:12:12 214542 1 " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw
267775034 267775661 2009-02-01 05:45:14 0 days 00:05:30 214542 1 < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into
2 , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries
267777804 268040666 2009-02-02 14:56:26 1 days 08:53:01 0|87.38.134.241 3 time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , and my tiny nipples went to france according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref
276265321 276265514 2009-03-10 13:29:47 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.74.69.103 6 separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]]
14 berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der
276265541 276308584 2009-03-10 17:12:10 0 days 03:42:12 0|71.127.75.223 0 and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up
278326464 278326603 2009-03-19 13:45:28 0 days 00:01:08 3505251 1 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayrisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und soziales , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = "
279781081 279820445 2009-03-26 16:14:22 0 days 04:29:22 0|97.113.67.149 0 peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement
280246291 280459932 2009-03-29 18:01:34 1 days 00:32:54 0|96.227.178.26 0 speeches / wall . asp < / ref > indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . [ reference ? ] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it
280459932 280460425 2009-03-29 18:04:03 0 days 00:02:29 0|96.227.178.26 0 of the last chapter of the soviet union . indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . [ reference ? ] {{ opinion | date = is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . }} = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it
288394735 288559090 2009-05-07 22:00:38 0 days 19:51:31 9632273 0 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung sozialorkjytghkjgfhtdtftyugygu ] dnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = "
288559090 288559693 2009-05-07 22:03:59 0 days 00:03:21 911178 0 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialorkjytghkjgfhtdtftyugygu ] dnung sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = "
289216105 289227657 2009-05-11 10:18:48 0 days 01:59:47 1301909 1 ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border
296859862 297273023 2009-06-19 00:59:30 2 days 00:58:11 4562410 0 www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was
299164112 299165691 2009-06-28 19:04:01 0 days 00:10:50 0|75.2.134.42 1 ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to which could jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' '
299443524 299532247 2009-06-30 16:37:05 0 days 12:43:21 0|80.192.216.96 4 [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] the [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
299532247 299536269 2009-06-30 17:00:50 0 days 00:23:45 3308922 4 [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] berlin wall was built in the 60 ' s and knocked down inthe 80 ' s
6 [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin wall was built in the 60 ' s and knocked down inthe 80 ' s
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 15 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated urged the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german
16 the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in may 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states
20 federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 17 boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . ref early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these
306538732 306539582 2009-08-07 04:41:52 0 days 00:07:03 6984319 0 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers .
1 berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . non -
306539582 306540083 2009-08-07 04:46:29 0 days 00:04:37 6984319 1 even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling traveling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 .
306954476 307001452 2009-08-09 17:09:23 0 days 06:40:39 6984319 0 germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] , 1989 , the wall
4 had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] , 1989 , the wall stopped most such emigration and separated east germany
308484644 308602478 2009-08-18 02:36:12 0 days 12:03:29 6984319 1 in german history | announced on 9 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts
310513985 310535257 2009-08-28 12:43:20 0 days 03:32:26 6971250 4 in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east berlin and west berlin were again separated by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc |
310542185 311083982 2009-08-31 14:19:42 3 days 00:37:19 0|59.92.68.233 0 october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin wall will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8
311127689 311192075 2009-09-01 01:30:17 0 days 06:37:33 6984319 0 october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin wall will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8
313670259 314279419 2009-09-16 05:02:01 2 days 06:35:48 5794239 1 ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] 0 [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical :
315255142 315255881 2009-09-21 08:16:07 0 days 00:07:59 204692 1 section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if , since the prospect of the fall of west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely
5 july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ?
6 potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like
317824549 317979368 2009-10-05 04:18:29 0 days 16:16:48 1938651 1 tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic
2 airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " s - one each from the uk , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " (
318091580 318274763 2009-10-06 16:40:43 0 days 22:27:51 1476858 22 east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , which could jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 56 night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' * checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the western allies accredited to
323358471 323393153 2009-11-02 01:53:39 0 days 03:22:26 10834630 4 tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian access in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 "
323533642 323548201 2009-11-02 21:31:09 0 days 01:09:45 6340927 0 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . a west german television channel , ard , reporting incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference helped accelerate the flood . < ref > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved november 2 , 2009 . < / ref > the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would
323786711 323839905 2009-11-04 04:57:08 0 days 05:54:45 0|210.3.39.29 8 lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany
10 german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of
324422544 324469466 2009-11-07 15:15:06 0 days 07:49:57 0|173.78.68.123 3 democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]]
324923936 324925080 2009-11-09 22:26:16 0 days 00:05:39 6986250 0 berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن
324962097 324962711 2009-11-10 01:50:50 0 days 00:03:42 1723027 0 october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall
325101666 325109373 2009-11-10 20:21:24 0 days 00:40:22 0|173.78.68.123 3 germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . from west berlin , emigrants could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century .
325109943 325110541 2009-11-10 20:27:49 0 days 00:03:13 0|173.78.68.123 0 and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr
1 defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from
325134523 325134867 2009-11-10 22:44:03 0 days 00:02:00 0|68.187.237.50 0 and by boat using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at [[ checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin
2 at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * [[ checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the western allies accredited to
325185447 325190185 2009-11-11 05:02:52 0 days 00:42:42 0|210.3.39.29 10 }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] ( , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later
11 was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating germany separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known
14 ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
15 gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle
325190185 325190637 2009-11-11 05:07:12 0 days 00:04:20 10857892 12 }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known
13 was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the
15 ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle
325272110 325328825 2009-11-11 22:38:55 0 days 05:22:23 723158 0 - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were [[ fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background
1 fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background =
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 19 police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13th . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences
326442219 326773006 2009-11-19 18:33:39 1 days 18:21:48 3415874 2 police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13 . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences
326773006 326888943 2009-11-20 07:19:36 0 days 12:45:57 6971250 3 the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13 , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences
328227127 328272267 2009-11-27 21:55:57 0 days 05:30:49 0|91.34.110.26 2 | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} * luftbildatlas entlang der berliner mauer 1961 bis heute . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) . berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = =
329423612 329424623 2009-12-03 09:17:13 0 days 00:10:50 6971250 3 practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable
329424623 330019766 2009-12-06 06:50:22 2 days 21:33:09 49010 0 guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist riccardo ehrman , the berlin correspondant correspondent of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied "
330019766 330331803 2009-12-07 22:49:51 1 days 15:59:29 0|71.50.18.192 0 left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high hi . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june
330331803 330332083 2009-12-07 22:51:06 0 days 00:01:15 17447 0 left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address hi high }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr
336479872 336546683 2010-01-08 05:24:47 0 days 07:28:28 8066546 0 {{ link fa | sw }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]]
336829512 336831441 2010-01-09 17:49:45 0 days 00:11:53 10141256 1 [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade brigades ]] s & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 ,
339044413 339045107 2010-01-20 22:50:54 0 days 00:03:53 10593201 2 fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were [[ fascist de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 6 divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later it an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed
19 die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . east germans and others greeted such statements most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east
31 his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the
45 divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall ,
53 was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international
54 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet
55 die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west ,
61 general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 .
343988676 344092620 2010-02-14 22:03:46 0 days 12:35:09 3171782 0 ( berlien ) ]] [[ lmo : mür de berlin ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn :
347223391 347522257 2010-03-03 15:37:28 1 days 12:44:19 6229647 0 republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] if you lick it you will get aids fact ! " . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti -
347522257 347523561 2010-03-03 15:45:50 0 days 00:08:22 262550 0 republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] if you lick it you will get aids fact ! " . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti -
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 30 ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in virtual berlin . < to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in virtual berlin . < ref
66 german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > " conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes " ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref
357189889 357297916 2010-04-20 22:55:47 0 days 10:34:21 0|75.164.161.4 1 , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , came down because including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti -
362031860 362040150 2010-05-14 05:53:19 0 days 01:15:05 3171782 0 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ kn : ಬರ್ಲಿನ್ ಗೋಡೆ ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]]
362923271 363041154 2010-05-19 17:38:21 0 days 16:20:49 0|71.111.55.161 1 {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area (
363210288 363268461 2010-05-20 21:00:57 0 days 05:46:52 0|173.69.9.231 3 republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
364160963 364239018 2010-05-26 03:49:01 0 days 08:49:20 591174 1 east germany ]] ) , in 1961 , that completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet dominated [[ eastern block ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 2 germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of berlin , separating west berlin from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements
13 and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] " could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from
24 ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of berlin , separating west berlin from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of
28 circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such
384523324 384586437 2010-09-13 14:15:23 0 days 09:47:24 0|158.169.131.14 1 = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref >
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 14 with skepticism , as most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling travelling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408
399637116 399955415 2010-12-01 17:33:15 1 days 15:04:42 271168 0 the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]]
403665286 404621084 2010-12-28 11:37:15 6 days 04:15:39 13689206 2 wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the
409993256 410029342 2011-01-25 20:10:37 0 days 03:24:48 0|98.65.198.4 0 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions stubied of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }}
417972599 418362137 2011-03-11 22:01:37 2 days 06:12:12 14143658 4 < / ref > by 4 november , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or
435294058 435472529 2011-06-21 15:14:46 0 days 23:06:42 9771938 1 semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view , from the west berlin side , of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 6 nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , the berlin correspondent of ansa newsagency the reporters - - by most accounts , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as
443414712 443416955 2011-08-06 22:32:57 0 days 00:17:32 16710 1 - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ file : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view from the west berlin side of [[ berlin wall graffiti art | graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve
477491005 478048873 2012-02-21 10:24:10 3 days 04:14:32 1261928 0 east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east [[ germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) | url = http : / / www . archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = february 20 , 2012 }} < / ref > the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles
481923664 484820788 2012-03-31 09:10:21 16 days 11:08:20 11292982 0 [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ kn : ಬರ್ಲಿನ್ ಗೋಡೆ ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ ku : hêta berlînê ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien )
499054497 499130826 2012-06-24 13:05:40 0 days 14:00:21 1708682 0 for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[
503455175 503485036 2012-07-21 20:28:08 0 days 03:51:14 173996 1 ' rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact because of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( duty ) trains that traveled between their respective duty stations
504102528 505248510 2012-08-01 12:00:15 6 days 23:47:00 17222084 10 allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; . the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were
525466527 526071586 2012-12-02 21:25:07 3 days 20:00:22 2929257 1 schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 – cold war spy farce about an olympic athlete who defects . director [[ george marshall ]] * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , 1981 – a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route
534109278 534983192 2013-01-26 13:51:29 5 days 09:46:51 9090359 1 student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik ]] , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to
546489570 546994321 2013-03-26 00:13:50 2 days 16:58:12 1469567 0 east germany }} < br > [[ file : flag of east berlin ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ history allied occupation of berlin # the divided city | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region
576975983 576976108 2013-10-13 11:25:36 0 days 00:01:35 7496434 0 began in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 5 = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift | airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < /
54 was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on august 9 , 1961 the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders between east - and west - berlin
595829165 595829584 2014-02-17 04:49:55 0 days 00:04:16 182902 0 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied germany # british zone of occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin . these allowed visits by west berliners , other west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin
609218762 610971867 2014-05-31 19:49:06 12 days 09:28:54 8611774 2 . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin ]] city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall '
610971867 610979419 2014-05-31 20:49:32 0 days 01:00:26 3308922 3 {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > or suggesting that [[ capitalism ]] was somehow related to [[ fascism ]] . the [[ west berlin ]] city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall '
633183384 633189879 2014-11-10 04:55:00 0 days 01:15:20 1833 3 began in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in until that december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall
9 military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) were was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 21 complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on later the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . [[ günter schabowski ]] ,
667488103 667488605 2015-06-18 13:34:47 0 days 00:04:41 24555049 0 circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , ; from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref >
1 eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , from where which they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite
693645737 693646880 2015-12-03 22:49:28 0 days 00:08:04 23149456 4 been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the berlin airlift , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay was immensely popular with the residents of west berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that kennedy would not compromise on the status of west berlin .
699308679 699406529 2016-01-12 03:29:27 0 days 11:43:07 111277 5 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = david bowie concert 1987 = = having earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was accompanied with violent rioting in east berlin . according to tobias ruther , these protests in east berlin were the first
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 4 on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until government officials opened it was opened in november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961
37 + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , | first2 = alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 / http
60 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until it was opened in november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) | url
707177225 707245740 2016-02-27 18:44:15 0 days 11:04:30 22186892 1 been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the berlin airlift ]] . he was immensely popular with the residents of west berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that kennedy would not compromise on the status of west berlin .
710470018 712353861 2016-03-28 16:31:53 11 days 12:46:26 11324670 0 david bowie , 1987 = = = on june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin , played [[ glass spider tour | a concert close to the wall . this was attended by thousands of eastern concertgoers across the wall , < ref name = " fisher " > {{ cite web |
713111597 713738020 2016-04-05 17:01:56 3 days 16:22:20 29695 1 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com /
752045266 760657011 2017-01-18 08:28:16 50 days 03:00:30 29937011 3 ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] < nowiki / > from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com /
4 ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] from [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) of 13 august 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 9 ' ' ( in [[ separation barrier | german ]] , berlin mauer ) was a barrier that divided [[ east germany | germany ]] and separated [[ east berlin ]] < nowiki / > from [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) of 13 august 1961 to 9 november 1989 . this wall is
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 6 | 156 | km | mi }} around the three western sectors , and the {{ convert | 43 | km | mi }} that divided west and east berlin . {{ fact }} the barrier was built inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . generally , the wall was only
24 military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin . {{ fact }} the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were
774997908 774999975 2017-04-12 00:29:40 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 5 | km | mi }} around the three western sectors , and the {{ convert | 43 | km | mi }} that divided west and east berlin . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} the barrier was built inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . generally , the wall was
19 to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures
780019390 781687181 2017-05-22 17:34:23 10 days 04:39:20 8719036 10 cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line ( beirut ) ]] * [[ reunification of jerusalem ]] }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }}
15 cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line (
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 17 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ | series of revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 6 > * the former " kieler eck " ( kieler eck ) on kieler strasse in [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , close to the berlin - spandau schifffahrtskanal - the tower is protected as a historic monument and now surrounded on three sides by new buildings . it houses a memorial site named after the wallopfer [[ günter litfin ]]
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 21 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , a [[ revolutions of 1989 | series of revolutions ]] in nearby eastern bloc countries — [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] in particular — caused a chain reaction in
810231237 810234613 2017-11-14 02:24:09 0 days 00:25:23 6554947 5 in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg =
814621118 814764354 2017-12-10 20:15:35 0 days 21:20:10 6554947 2 in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip ; even sidewalks of west berlin streets even ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg =
823238815 823239462 2018-01-31 01:50:53 0 days 00:04:27 32940610 17 strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin and about 110 kilometers on the border of west berlin to the surrounding area . on the pages of the senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans (
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 25 other route guidance . the mauerweg is a total of about 160 kilometers long , of which run about 50 kilometers along the inner city border in the city of berlin and about 110 kilometers on the border of west berlin to the surrounding area . on the pages of the senate administration , the wall trail is divided into 14 individual sub - stages , which begin and end near railway or subway stations . if the inner - city border
825801993 825804625 2018-02-15 14:47:39 0 days 00:20:47 5946478 3 | 156 | km | mi }} around the three western sectors , and the {{ convert | 43 | km | mi }} that divided west and east berlin . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the date of 13 august became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com /
825804984 825807680 2018-02-15 15:11:19 0 days 00:20:57 5946478 2 his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled , by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming
825818178 825819094 2018-02-15 16:28:37 0 days 00:06:08 5946478 4 military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were
825831503 825832314 2018-02-15 18:02:19 0 days 00:05:30 5946478 0 left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > an important reason that the west berlin border , [[ crossing the inner german border ]] , was not closed earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . construction of a new railway bypassing west berlin , the [[
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 61 that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 & nbsp ; km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved
827808358 829158703 2018-03-07 00:20:49 8 days 02:58:44 1871064 0 eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin ; from which there they could then travel to west germany and to other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite
834027685 836226216 2018-04-13 13:11:08 9 days 21:47:36 29980587 0 flag | east germany }} * [[ file : flag of east berlin ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ allied occupation history of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | coordinates = {{ coord | 52 . 516111 | 13 . 376944 | region : de | display
849362847 851056229 2018-07-19 19:22:47 11 days 06:07:12 6726022 3 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) , was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 & nbsp ; km of wall , 154 & nbsp ; km border fence , 144 &
854070499 854078225 2018-08-08 20:29:20 0 days 01:04:58 3563616 3 ref > an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the [[ gesellschaft für sport und technik ]] ' ' , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to
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241970745 242241429 2008-10-01 13:26:10 1 days 04:25:43 0|198.110.209.235 0 | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 81 fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur muppet ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 81 fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur muppet ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď
267775034 267775661 2009-02-01 05:45:14 0 days 00:05:30 214542 0 | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by
275903826 276188699 2009-03-10 03:26:16 1 days 04:56:59 0|203.24.163.5 0 | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight eighte border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits
276188699 276189319 2009-03-10 03:30:38 0 days 00:04:22 5989171 0 | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eighte eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits
331714109 331722183 2009-12-15 01:19:38 0 days 00:50:20 0|76.174.34.173 0 , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} jasmin was there there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as
331722183 331722212 2009-12-15 01:19:49 0 days 00:00:11 10003852 1 , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} jasmin was there there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as
331722212 331722884 2009-12-15 01:23:48 0 days 00:03:59 0|76.174.34.173 0 , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} jasmin had seen it all there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as
331722884 331723216 2009-12-15 01:25:47 0 days 00:01:59 2378092 0 , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} jasmin had seen it all there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as
355563986 355970305 2010-04-14 14:19:41 1 days 21:50:13 0|98.23.105.178 0 | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits
513767223 514812998 2012-09-27 15:04:09 6 days 18:49:18 7809335 4 | abbr = on }} * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * * border distance through residential areas in berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3
514816402 515867543 2012-10-03 22:20:21 6 days 06:52:08 609725 1 = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border distance around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance between west and
2 = on }} * * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border distance between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance through residential areas in
3 abbr = on }} * * border distance between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border distance through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert |
10 inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border distance around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance between west and east berlin
11 on }} * * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance through residential areas in east berlin
12 = on }} * * border distance between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3 .
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 7 to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after the soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to
615295062 618841270 2014-07-28 16:55:14 26 days 03:09:29 114091 1 inline , title | other _ dimensions = * length of border around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border length of border between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border between
2 on }} * * length of border between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border length of border between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border through residential
3 = on }} * * length of border between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border length of border through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert
4 = on }} * * length of border through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment of wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall length : {{ convert | 106 | km |
5 | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * concrete segment of wall length : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi
6 | mi | abbr = on }} * anti - vehicle trenches length : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * contact or / signal fence length : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m |
8 , title | other _ dimensions = * length of border around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border between west and east
9 }} * * length of border between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border through residential areas in east
10 on }} * * length of border between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3 .
618841270 619750670 2014-08-04 01:20:28 6 days 08:25:14 14405583 1 _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * | border length between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border length between west and
2 | abbr = on }} * * border length between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * | border length between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border length through residential areas in
3 mi | abbr = on }} * * border length between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * | border length through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment of wall height : {{ convert
4 | mi | abbr = on }} * * border length through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * | concrete segment of wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * concrete segment of wall length : {{ convert |
5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment of wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * | concrete segment of wall length : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 |
6 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * concrete segment of wall length : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * | wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * anti - vehicle trenches length : {{ convert | 105 .
7 | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * | anti - vehicle trenches length : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * contact / signal fence length : {{ convert |
8 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * anti - vehicle trenches length : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * | contact / signal fence length : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 |
9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * contact / signal fence length : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * | column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | yd | abbr = on }} * column track length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km |
10 | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | yd | abbr = on }} * | column track length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * number of watch towers : 302 * number of bunkers :
11 | 7 | m | yd | abbr = on }} * column track length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * | number of watch towers : 302 * number of bunkers : 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _
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68486767 68703823 2006-08-09 22:23:19 1 days 00:21:42 0|217.88.158.5 0 location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . de / the berlin wall - www . the - berlin - wall . de will assist you in your journey through the history of the berlin wall and help you to discover the last remaining pieces of this most visible embodiment of the cold war , commentated routes , east side gallery . ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
68703898 68764117 2006-08-10 05:33:15 0 days 07:09:34 157842 0 location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . de / the berlin wall - www . the - berlin - wall . de will assist you in your journey through the history of the berlin wall and help you to discover the last remaining pieces of this most visible embodiment of the cold war , commentated routes , east side gallery . ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die
89358931 89531736 2006-11-22 22:04:55 0 days 19:56:13 0|85.178.123.221 0 across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner
233718719 233719779 2008-08-23 11:46:32 0 days 00:09:49 7701560 0 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 69 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ muppetcentral * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
112 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 69 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ muppetcentral * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
112 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [
281069184 281085471 2009-04-01 14:52:19 0 days 01:49:55 0|63.242.177.139 0 = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html ] freedom without walls : german mission in the united states * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original
314413450 314764222 2009-09-18 18:35:09 1 days 21:59:41 10586423 0 / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba - ac3c - d7af - 5b98808a1ebd6b9e the cwihp collection on the rise and fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
321122011 321159821 2009-10-21 08:47:46 0 days 06:11:06 0|80.254.146.68 0 the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on guardian video series on the berlin wall : 20 years on ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus /
324820066 324825240 2009-11-09 11:50:42 0 days 00:56:47 0|87.36.53.53 0 stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * hhgd admine @ vx [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from
324833874 324833939 2009-11-09 13:14:18 0 days 00:00:34 545027 2 stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * hhgd admine @ vx [ http : / / www . redtube . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from
324838374 324838628 2009-11-09 13:53:17 0 days 00:01:50 0|213.64.19.23 0 the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html ] deutsche welle , the berlin wall in detail , animeted video * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba
326127754 326393226 2009-11-17 19:21:27 1 days 11:09:57 8179044 0 the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video
332313949 332477899 2009-12-18 12:02:04 0 days 20:13:52 0|84.111.55.153 0 philipp meuser ( eds . ) . berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / ein - hod . info / article / wall / index . html a section of the wall placed at ein hod artists ' village , israel ] * [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _
332477899 332489251 2009-12-18 13:46:39 0 days 01:44:35 6971250 0 philipp meuser ( eds . ) . berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / ein - hod . info / article / wall / index . html a section of the wall placed at ein hod artists ' village , israel ] * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http :
629624465 631868858 2014-10-31 09:57:07 16 days 13:07:37 448012 0 ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . svenlittkowski . name / d / fallofthewallbysvenlittkowski . pdf eye witness view of the events of november 9 , 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _
631868858 631869000 2014-10-31 09:59:30 0 days 00:02:23 9505858 0 ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . svenlittkowski . name / d / fallofthewallbysvenlittkowski . pdf eye witness view of the events of november 9 , 1989 ] * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http :
632819951 632911058 2014-11-08 03:18:25 0 days 14:50:53 10340692 0 eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ external links | date = november 2014 }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http :
632911058 632912474 2014-11-08 03:39:03 0 days 00:20:38 10340692 3 the east german border system ] * {{ youtube | o2grqp7k0iy | escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin }} * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com / allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 2 berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ external links | date = november 2014 }} ]] and [[ wikipedia * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http :
706975021 707177225 2016-02-27 07:39:45 0 days 22:24:26 16283967 3 / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = http : | url = http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall /
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41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 1 britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | date accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as
4 publishyear = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | date accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the
58813816 58814119 2006-06-15 19:42:01 0 days 00:02:00 0|70.28.201.133 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 - 1961 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] ]]
58814119 58814173 2006-06-15 19:42:28 0 days 00:00:27 0|70.28.201.133 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the
58814173 58814260 2006-06-15 19:42:56 0 days 00:00:28 0|70.28.201.133 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 - 1961 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development
58814260 58821996 2006-06-15 20:25:47 0 days 00:42:51 157842 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development
85493361 85506823 2006-11-03 17:45:12 0 days 01:14:30 0|84.177.194.94 5 year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum .
114856947 114892736 2007-03-13 21:11:02 0 days 02:30:33 0|204.187.23.125 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] * more german pictures [ http : / / www . tubgirl . com ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold
114892736 114892766 2007-03-13 21:11:10 0 days 00:00:08 2654847 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] * more german pictures [ http : / / www . tubgirl . com ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold
123830148 123849129 2007-04-18 16:58:40 0 days 01:17:26 302522 0 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . 3840823501934 ` 59134059819034581 [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - 9468 - 4 = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 0 [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) = = alex is really dumb = divergence of german states = = - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 (
4 utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc
9 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - - = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader mat wood approved by soviet leader bainca
10 - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader mat wood approved by soviet leader bainca ,
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 54 hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 8264 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last =
80 = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = {{ weasel words }} even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first =
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 54 atlas [ full text ] raymond j . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2003 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ gdr border system | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ]] " speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the wall . ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by
55 full text ] raymond j . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2003 , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = {{ weasel words }} even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university
56 raymond j . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2003 , isbn 0 - 8264 471 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara
167330269 167330987 2007-10-27 00:51:18 0 days 00:04:40 50001 7 soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the wall . ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] .
173857018 173857115 2007-11-26 09:08:28 0 days 00:01:09 137113 1 a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the soviet union considered the new west germany to be largely a militaristic [[ puppet state ]] which had been properly [[ de - nazification denazification | de - nazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of
203261588 203261700 2008-04-04 10:59:02 0 days 00:01:01 0|87.33.62.141 0 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[
203261700 203261718 2008-04-04 10:59:08 0 days 00:00:06 4928500 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - - - - - = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall
1 [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) - 11 - - - - = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and
2 german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) - - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 miles ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - - - = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its
3 reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) - - - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - - = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
254999894 255064232 2008-11-30 21:29:49 0 days 06:39:11 7903804 0 title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id isbn = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the
2 the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall
313039666 313043981 2009-09-10 18:18:45 0 days 00:24:11 0|64.8.162.47 0 | - | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] this wall was made to keep out prostitutes . they came over and spread diseases like aids and herpes . ex . one person who contracted aids from the saliva of a monkey . wow thats disturbing . . and thats why they built the wall . . | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow
313043981 313044179 2009-09-10 18:20:05 0 days 00:01:20 7899452 0 | - | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] this wall was made to keep out prostitutes . they came over and spread diseases like aids and herpes . ex . one person who contracted aids from the saliva of a monkey . wow thats disturbing . . and thats why they built the wall . . | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow
317333853 317478433 2009-10-02 14:44:39 0 days 19:18:20 0|86.24.251.21 0 in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} was really good | - | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]]
317478433 317478524 2009-10-02 14:45:24 0 days 00:00:45 8918196 0 in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} was really good | - | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]]
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 19 / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / {{ it icon }} borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} 2007 [[ black - and - white | b & w ]] photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall
21 in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | -
323501406 323533536 2009-11-02 20:20:54 0 days 03:00:05 0|173.35.95.128 0 = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the chicken sandwhich [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[
323533536 323533642 2009-11-02 20:21:24 0 days 00:00:30 4883587 0 = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the chicken sandwhich [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[
324818143 324818231 2009-11-09 10:32:15 0 days 00:00:56 6971250 0 cite web | url = http : / / www . twinity . com / en / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 - 11 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la
324899230 324902376 2009-11-09 20:26:10 0 days 00:16:57 0|68.211.97.75 1 ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow green ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories
324902376 324902901 2009-11-09 20:28:59 0 days 00:02:49 118722 1 ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in green yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories
324937840 324940062 2009-11-09 23:43:42 0 days 00:11:39 16710 0 pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 - 1961 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20th . , 1961 . ]] on june 15
325433528 325433622 2009-11-12 13:40:26 0 days 00:00:48 0|190.92.6.182 0 - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] ' ' ' | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east
325481176 325491054 2009-11-12 20:02:04 0 days 00:53:47 9771399 0 in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} hi man | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | -
325493379 325493685 2009-11-12 20:17:37 0 days 00:01:55 10519822 0 in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} hi man | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | -
337517879 337694423 2010-01-13 23:22:52 0 days 21:04:14 11432846 0 in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} the berlin wall was created by jonny apple seed in 1956 | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | -
337694423 337710206 2010-01-14 00:59:19 0 days 01:36:27 0|98.18.21.252 0 in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} the berlin wall was created by jonny apple seed in 1956 | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | -
361362049 361546217 2010-05-11 20:49:54 0 days 22:20:17 0|67.238.225.63 1 the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of the berlin wall ]] | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints
367791832 367995322 2010-06-14 16:31:11 1 days 00:02:50 0|76.126.226.142 3 . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < / ref > this set up
379465324 379655969 2010-08-18 21:19:38 1 days 00:36:00 0|209.82.164.34 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} i c wiener | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints
379655969 379656612 2010-08-18 21:22:55 0 days 00:03:17 3683078 0 {st@rt} {{ i c wiener about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints
391276698 391495052 2010-10-18 19:14:35 1 days 00:32:39 10996774 0 subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p pp = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal
2 other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p pp = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 ,
4 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p pp = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 .
6 known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p pp = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany
398244809 398275575 2010-11-22 17:08:51 0 days 03:12:44 0|217.86.65.6 4 {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow
398275575 398275606 2010-11-22 17:09:04 0 days 00:00:13 13286072 0 {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone ( wow that is a vey cool lamb .
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 19 goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm | title = the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 6 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting
12 berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 9 november 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p .
13 . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 9 november 2009 - 11 - 09 | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin
16 / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 9 november 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through
18 - 12 | title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 9 november 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs ,
20 = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc | date = 12 august 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit
22 news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = august 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says
30 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 – usatoday . com | accessdate = 19 february 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]]
33 . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 9 february 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg |
35 content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2 november 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be
36 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 8 november 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > < ref name = "
38 . timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 8 november 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{
39 timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - | date = 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ quote |
42 co . uk / tol / news / world / europe / article6828556 . ece | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > =
46 / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom – beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 26 november 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the
49 www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 7 september 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the
53 history — 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 17 november 1989 - 11 - 17 }} – elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not
54 2010 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | title = freedom without walls | accessdate = 9 april 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref
55 the wall in the world 2009 – 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall – goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 9 november 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale
56 > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . twinity . com / en / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 9 november 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of november
60 php ? year = & activity _ id = 214 | title = wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 - 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = 23 july 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied musem | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < / ref > a sheet of
61 / en / 4 _ 3 . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 | title = american commemorative stamps presented to the museum | accessdate = 23 july 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > =
63 july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences
66 web / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 23 february 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated ,
81 = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of
93 . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author =
95 http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall
98 com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their
101 archivedate = 2007 - 10 - 12 | title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in
135 . htm | title = the wall in the world 2009 – 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall – goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity reconstructed a true - to
444182652 444482392 2011-08-12 18:46:58 1 days 16:17:34 2989394 2 - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 3 - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html | title = record of the conversation | language = {{ de icon }} | publisher = welt . de | date = 30 may 2009 - 05 - 30 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building
4 | title = record of the conversation | language = {{ de icon }} | publisher = welt . de | date = 2009 - 05 - 30 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative western reaction .
5 berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / | title = wall goes up in berlin - events of 1961 - year in review | publisher = upi . com | date = 29 may 1998 - 05 - 29 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the
6 = wall goes up in berlin - events of 1961 - year in review | publisher = upi . com | date = 1998 - 05 - 29 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin ,
9 - 04 - 09 | title = goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 9 april 2008 - 04 - 09 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe .
10 - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 2008 - 04 - 09 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang |
11 html | language = german | title = neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 | publisher = zlb . de | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall
12 die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989 " : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam
13 contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]] )
14 mauer - bau und fall der berliner mauer & # 124 ; opfer der mauer | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty
16 / article1338387 / | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | publisher = the globe and mail | date = 26 october 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 | location = toronto }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin
17 / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html | title = palestinians break israel ' s wall - middle east | publisher = al jazeera english | date = 9 november 2009 - 11 - 09 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant
18 . html | title = palestinians break israel ' s wall - middle east | publisher = al jazeera english | date = 2009 - 11 - 09 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in
19 berlin wall ? most russians don ' t know & # 124 ; reuters | publisher = uk . reuters . com | date = 5 november 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 | first = dmitry | last = solovyov }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main
20 - of - berlin - wall . html | title = germany marks 50th anniversary of berlin wall | publisher = uk telegraph | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = august 2011 - 08 - 13 | location = london }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . foxnews .
24 construction - berlin - wall - 1271894147 / | title = germany marks construction of the berlin wall | agency = associated press | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = august 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / news /
27 - construction / | title = reflecting on the berlin wall , 50 years after its construction | publisher = history . com | date = 2011 - 08 - 11 | accessdate = august 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germanworldonline . com / index .
30 1961 - 1989 / | title = 50 years berlin wall 1961 – 1989 [ video clips ] | publisher = german world | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = august 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel
33 www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away | url = http : / / www . youtube . com / watch
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 6 com / time / world / article / 0 , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html | newspaper = [[ time ( magazine ) | time ]] | date = 19 april 2009 - 04 - 19 | accessdate = 2013 - 05 - 06 }} < / ref > asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds '
7 0 , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html | newspaper = [[ time ( magazine ) | time ]] | date = 2009 - 04 - 19 | accessdate = 6 may 2013 - 05 - 06 }} < / ref > asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the
12 daybefore . html | title = the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? | publisher = voicesunderberlin . com | date = | accessdate = 26 march 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall
13 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html | title = cold war reheated | publisher = nytimes . com | date = | accessdate = 26 march 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' '
42 / voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html | title = the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? | publisher = voicesunderberlin . com | date = | accessdate = 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' '
44 . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html | title = cold war reheated | publisher = nytimes . com | date = | accessdate = 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston ,
633040519 633043240 2014-11-09 02:46:03 0 days 00:30:07 10340692 1 media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to - 1990 ] - [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] - a chronicle of
2 of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to 1990 ) ] - [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] - a chronicle of the
633074293 633082368 2014-11-09 12:29:03 0 days 02:03:34 21488686 2 rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification fascism | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf
724165325 724233530 2016-06-07 23:40:06 0 days 08:53:06 11795905 6 {{ cite book | last = crozier | first = brian | date = 1999 | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = forum | page pages = 170 - 171 | isbn = 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 }} {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{
779016763 779442748 2017-05-08 23:18:55 2 days 08:38:12 19339494 5 413 _ 1 _ berlin - wall | title = crosby , stills and nash sound a positive note at berlin wall | work = los angeles times | date = 21 november 1989 - 11 - 21 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in
6 title = crosby , stills and nash sound a positive note at berlin wall | work = los angeles times | date = 1989 - 11 - 21 | accessdate = 2 july 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall ,
7 / uk _ news / magazine / 3465301 . stm | title = did david hasselhoff really help end the cold war ? | work = bbc news | date = 6 february 2004 - 02 - 06 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]]
8 . stm | title = did david hasselhoff really help end the cold war ? | work = bbc news | date = 2004 - 02 - 06 | accessdate = 2 july 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' '
782699210 782774870 2017-05-29 02:55:58 0 days 10:24:10 30707369 0 freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , {{ isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and ( for persons
1 elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn | 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and ( for persons outside
3 < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , {{ isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to
4 ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn | 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin
6 the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , {{ isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ west germany | federal republic of germany
7 global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn | 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]]
9 proved particularly useful . < ref > crozier , brian ( 1999 ) . the rise and fall of the soviet empire . forum . p . 170 - 171 . {{ isbn 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild
10 particularly useful . < ref > crozier , brian ( 1999 ) . the rise and fall of the soviet empire . forum . p . 170 - 171 . isbn | 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183
12 , hans - hermann ( 2008 ) . ' ' the berlin wall : monument of the cold war ' ' . ch . links verlag , p . 72 . {{ isbn 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 < / ref > [[ file : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb |
13 hans - hermann ( 2008 ) . ' ' the berlin wall : monument of the cold war ' ' . ch . links verlag , p . 72 . isbn | 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 < / ref > [[ file : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | |
15 , [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . {{ isbn 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow '
16 [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn | 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s
18 . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , {{ isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 ,
19 uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , isbn | 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first
21 david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) {{ isbn 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the
22 , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn | 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall
24 s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , {{ isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman .
25 german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , isbn | 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . isbn
27 isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . {{ isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history /
28 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . isbn | 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp
30 ( 1991 ) ' ' germany in the twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition . {{ isbn 0 - 7134 - 6795 - 9 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m /
31 1991 ) ' ' germany in the twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition . isbn | 0 - 7134 - 6795 - 9 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east
33 / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . {{ isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , isbn 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org /
34 ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . isbn | 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , isbn 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search
36 the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , {{ isbn 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs
37 _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , isbn | 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs %
39 }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . {{ isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 * sarotte , mary elise , collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall , new york : basic books
40 none --> }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn | 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 * sarotte , mary elise , collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall , new york : basic books ,
810071958 810072027 2017-11-13 05:36:43 0 days 00:00:33 19339494 2 / www . newsweek . com / where - world - berlin - wall - 283566 | title = where in the world is the berlin wall ? | date = 11 november 2014 - 11 - 11 | work = newsweek | access - date = 2017 - 11 - 01 | language = en }} < / ref > [[ file :
3 - 283566 | title = where in the world is the berlin wall ? | date = 2014 - 11 - 11 | work = newsweek | access - date = 1 november 2017 - 11 - 01 | language = en }} < / ref > [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall ,
4 1965 < ref > {{ citation | last = gélin | first = daniel | title = the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall | date = 15 july 1965 - 07 - 15 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / combined | last2 = varela | last3 = arco
5 tt0058412 / combined | last2 = varela | last3 = arco | last4 = block | first2 = yolanda | first3 = nino del | first4 = karin | accessdate = 12 may 2017 - 05 - 12 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 –
810225119 810227691 2017-11-14 01:34:10 0 days 00:19:37 6554947 7 standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german news - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall and was
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 112 | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > until then , they could only visit east germany and east
115 | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began
843144692 843537822 2018-05-29 19:55:32 2 days 14:29:27 30675059 4 www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - website = rossmcelwee . com | archive - url = | archive - date = | dead - url = | access - date = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by
13 http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by
group 17
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43910200 43948107 2006-03-15 21:38:06 0 days 04:55:04 0|71.116.44.203 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development
43948107 43948178 2006-03-15 21:38:28 0 days 00:00:22 44020 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development
51996698 51997271 2006-05-07 16:25:07 0 days 00:04:52 0|216.49.149.108 0 wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
51997271 51997348 2006-05-07 16:25:49 0 days 00:00:42 223113 10 wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
52583154 52588137 2006-05-11 01:14:05 0 days 00:36:39 0|203.55.106.252 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . jack fahy = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
52588137 52588237 2006-05-11 01:14:41 0 days 00:00:36 0|203.55.106.252 0 s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . jack fahy was here = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
52588237 52588372 2006-05-11 01:15:48 0 days 00:01:07 145855 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . jack fahy was here = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
54492401 54611815 2006-05-22 23:17:09 0 days 15:31:13 0|210.18.208.34 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . mr kennedy is a donught . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
54611815 54612020 2006-05-22 23:18:29 0 days 00:01:20 1008387 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . mr kennedy is a donught . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
55336076 55789015 2006-05-29 19:52:40 2 days 20:35:15 0|168.103.141.14 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . erhkthdglkasgrlk = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
55789015 55792325 2006-05-29 20:11:53 0 days 00:19:13 416594 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . erhkthdglkasgrlk = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
83498591 83832893 2006-10-26 12:47:36 1 days 15:50:23 0|209.96.111.80 0 prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies germanys . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin
85254741 85255260 2006-11-02 14:24:12 0 days 00:03:21 0|204.13.204.162 0 and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . i fuckin hate germans = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . heeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
85255260 85256076 2006-11-02 14:29:43 0 days 00:05:31 1008387 1 and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . i fuckin hate germans heeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
86977625 86978084 2006-11-10 18:13:43 0 days 00:02:44 0|206.158.3.70 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . kt & hearts ; yab = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
86978875 86978923 2006-11-10 18:18:41 0 days 00:00:16 572610 1 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . kt & hearts ; yab = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
88440245 88440346 2006-11-17 16:03:05 0 days 00:00:38 0|72.159.168.35 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . mrs . love ' s class is the greatest class in the world ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
88440346 88440358 2006-11-17 16:03:10 0 days 00:00:05 1574574 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . mrs . love ' s class is the greatest class in the world ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
91304331 91359879 2006-12-01 11:48:04 0 days 08:16:39 579524 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two : by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of the socialist east germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengtehened , turning from a usual wall into the system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signalisation , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and perfidious shooting automata , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guard . < br > but the more work , ingenuities , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only with the impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at the back . the wall meant : system , that the communists had built , attracted no - one . it pushed away . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
95161280 95209117 2006-12-19 00:45:35 0 days 04:03:39 0|207.7.167.43 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} why would people be stupid and put up a wall in a = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
95209117 95229938 2006-12-19 02:43:29 0 days 01:57:54 81718 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} why would people be stupid and put up a wall in a = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
111352020 111353043 2007-02-27 16:33:08 0 days 00:05:31 0|205.126.63.15 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} , beer is good ! ! ! ! beer is good ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
111379689 111392335 2007-02-27 19:34:44 0 days 00:57:11 0|132.162.192.18 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} , beer is good ! ! ! ! beer is good ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
111406382 111406543 2007-02-27 20:36:24 0 days 00:00:45 0|205.126.72.236 2 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
111406766 111406786 2007-02-27 20:37:33 0 days 00:00:04 0|205.126.63.15 1 being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} do \ = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
111406786 111406884 2007-02-27 20:37:59 0 days 00:00:26 2360249 1 view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . i dont know what to do \ the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
111406884 111406932 2007-02-27 20:38:11 0 days 00:00:12 0|205.126.72.236 1 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
111407321 111407534 2007-02-27 20:40:52 0 days 00:00:54 302522 1 , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = mrs ramsay tell them to stop over writing me = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
115016570 115357144 2007-03-15 17:35:21 1 days 08:00:05 0|165.138.121.8 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} all nazis should live forver not haha i love hitler - - - damn jews = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
115357144 115357154 2007-03-15 17:35:25 0 days 00:00:04 2198658 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} all nazis should live forver not haha i love hitler - - - damn jews = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
118145580 118145673 2007-03-27 00:44:43 0 days 00:00:31 0|24.16.228.161 0 soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . i ' m serious people = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
118145673 118145720 2007-03-27 00:44:55 0 days 00:00:12 2198470 1 soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . i ' m serious people ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
123394654 123514873 2007-04-17 12:56:31 0 days 12:50:44 0|81.100.106.51 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} in jfk ' s speech he sad ' ich bin berliner ' which he thought to mean i am a berliner , but in german this actually means ' i am a doughnut ' lol = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
123514873 123515047 2007-04-17 12:57:23 0 days 00:00:52 3647339 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} in jfk ' s speech he sad ' ich bin berliner ' which he thought to mean i am a berliner , but in german this actually means ' i am a doughnut ' lol = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
123515983 123516541 2007-04-17 13:05:31 0 days 00:03:06 0|24.73.99.18 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} the berlin wall is made of pie and potatoes . 70 % potatoes 30 % pie = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
123516548 123517699 2007-04-17 13:11:36 0 days 00:06:03 2875882 3 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} the berlin wall is made of pie and potatoes . 70 % potatoes 30 % pie = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
125581203 125903168 2007-04-25 18:25:58 1 days 00:10:39 0|216.56.26.30 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} colleen is stupid = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
125903775 125906845 2007-04-25 18:41:03 0 days 00:12:40 764861 1 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} colleen is stupid = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
127671209 127671245 2007-05-02 12:53:50 0 days 00:00:14 0|68.85.23.179 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} then the y would be retarted and eat hotdogs . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
127671395 127671439 2007-05-02 12:55:05 0 days 00:00:20 0|68.85.23.179 1 west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} then the y would be retarted and eat hotdogs . big boy = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
127671439 127671464 2007-05-02 12:55:16 0 days 00:00:11 385115 2 and were not to fire first under any circumstances . if the allies challenged the barrieer they were to eat hotdogs with out using their hands or knees . hey there big boy was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
127671586 127671718 2007-05-02 12:56:48 0 days 00:00:50 0|68.85.23.179 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} the willie wonka factory suplies everlasting chocalote = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
127671718 127671956 2007-05-02 12:58:05 0 days 00:01:17 1749459 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} the willie wonka factory suplies everlasting chocalote = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
127671956 127672022 2007-05-02 12:58:30 0 days 00:00:25 0|68.85.23.179 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} hey there big boyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
127672022 127672041 2007-05-02 12:58:36 0 days 00:00:06 2198658 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} hey there big boyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
127672041 127672125 2007-05-02 12:59:10 0 days 00:00:34 0|68.85.23.179 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} hey there big boyyyyyy ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
127672125 127672193 2007-05-02 12:59:31 0 days 00:00:21 1283289 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} hey there big boyyyyyy ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
128043972 128044131 2007-05-03 20:31:52 0 days 00:00:35 0|69.125.136.170 1 the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} bath room = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
128044362 128044374 2007-05-03 20:32:44 0 days 00:00:03 1614547 7 from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = one of the leaders said he had to go to the bath room viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = i dont no why he just didnt ask the sarge about that one stipud idoits = = official crossings and usage = = berlin
129201765 129222220 2007-05-08 12:45:05 0 days 02:39:44 0|68.85.23.179 0 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} hd = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
129222220 129222453 2007-05-08 12:46:41 0 days 00:01:36 1749459 0 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . hd = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
129555771 129555882 2007-05-09 16:41:30 0 days 00:00:24 0|204.129.158.10 9 meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
129555882 129556310 2007-05-09 16:43:07 0 days 00:01:37 2073927 8 charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to never eat cheese on a roller coaster again . ' ' the shadow of the victory ' = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its
9 cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to never eat cheese on a roller coaster again . ' ' ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
131436650 131436693 2007-05-17 01:12:30 0 days 00:00:14 0|71.48.127.221 1 ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} niggaz rule = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
131437128 131437212 2007-05-17 01:15:13 0 days 00:00:29 302522 4 germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . it was really gay and full of nazi skinheads who are stupid mutherfuckers 4real . . niggaz rule that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
132707539 132822797 2007-05-23 00:48:47 0 days 08:37:08 0|24.113.241.251 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} suck my dick this shit aint real = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
132822797 132822819 2007-05-23 00:48:54 0 days 00:00:07 2198658 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} suck my dick this shit aint real = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
152951162 153108042 2007-08-23 08:06:12 0 days 15:20:35 0|59.100.147.18 0 a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
153108042 153108080 2007-08-23 08:06:31 0 days 00:00:19 4414625 0 a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
160548666 160589462 2007-09-27 00:19:41 0 days 03:33:40 0|70.119.146.173 0 the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} hi joey ! = ] = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
160590967 160592013 2007-09-27 00:31:33 0 days 00:04:52 2048686 1 the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} hi joey ! = ] = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
166317359 166331432 2007-10-22 18:18:07 0 days 01:08:33 0|204.171.49.205 0 the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} hitler eats me . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
166331432 166331546 2007-10-22 18:18:37 0 days 00:00:30 4131122 0 the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} hitler eats me . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
169291974 169292136 2007-11-05 02:26:16 0 days 00:01:01 0|141.151.18.144 0 the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} yooooo dawwwggg ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
169292136 169297346 2007-11-05 03:00:35 0 days 00:34:19 0|168.122.247.39 0 the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} yooooo dawwwggg ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
173175378 173176362 2007-11-22 22:26:06 0 days 00:06:09 137113 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . - [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
173256912 173333858 2007-11-23 19:40:42 0 days 09:28:53 0|72.90.88.128 2 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . you look like your mother shit on your head = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
173333858 173353310 2007-11-23 21:37:46 0 days 01:57:04 137113 4 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . you look like your mother shit on your head = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
176514246 176894686 2007-12-10 01:01:41 1 days 20:04:34 0|203.97.42.184 1 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . nuts = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
176894686 176928245 2007-12-10 04:23:41 0 days 03:22:00 0|97.97.161.97 1 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . nuts = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
181089717 181089981 2007-12-31 00:27:50 0 days 00:01:39 0|208.104.149.90 2 the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . < / font > < font size = 300 > he advised < / font > the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east
181089981 181090151 2007-12-31 00:28:53 0 days 00:01:03 0|208.104.149.90 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . < font size = 500 > caitlin wolfe 2009 vintage lane rock hill sc 29730 < / font > = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 18 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . < font size = 150 > < font color = green > caitlin wolfe < br > < br > < br > < br > 2009 vintage lane < br > < br > < br > < br > rock hill sc 29730 < / font > < / font > = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
186020848 186157650 2008-01-22 18:13:56 0 days 16:14:06 0|89.242.10.211 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . - poo = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
186157650 186157668 2008-01-22 18:14:02 0 days 00:00:06 134937 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . - poo = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
186265094 186265517 2008-01-23 02:53:48 0 days 00:02:30 0|121.1.57.190 0 the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states countries . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its
186265517 186280526 2008-01-23 04:29:08 0 days 01:35:20 911178 0 the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german countries states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its
188151539 188151752 2008-01-31 14:22:58 0 days 00:01:22 0|208.108.158.196 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . chris was here ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
188151752 188151765 2008-01-31 14:23:02 0 days 00:00:04 4928500 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . chris was here ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
188168848 188169113 2008-01-31 16:07:30 0 days 00:01:38 0|208.108.156.224 0 down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
188169113 188178589 2008-01-31 16:56:12 0 days 00:48:42 911178 0 down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
191058845 191452071 2008-02-14 17:19:08 1 days 14:07:01 0|70.118.101.154 0 airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 200px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
191452071 191452132 2008-02-14 17:19:23 0 days 00:00:15 6395239 0 airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 200px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
194653335 194683842 2008-02-28 16:50:18 0 days 02:51:27 0|68.119.97.2 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . they fuck each other = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 200px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
194683842 194684124 2008-02-28 16:51:30 0 days 00:01:12 642191 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . they fuck each other = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 200px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
196053579 196053859 2008-03-05 15:51:39 0 days 00:01:28 0|84.12.55.2 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . i love you ! ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
196053859 196054243 2008-03-05 15:53:39 0 days 00:02:00 6227797 3 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . i love you ! ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
199098110 199098162 2008-03-18 15:13:44 0 days 00:00:15 1879647 4 remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this page is empty you shouldn ' t be here , go away now ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 miles ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
199637820 199658671 2008-03-20 19:38:31 0 days 01:38:41 0|209.174.158.226 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . i love pieeeeeee = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
199658671 199658993 2008-03-20 19:39:50 0 days 00:01:19 911178 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . i love pieeeeeee = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
203261588 203261700 2008-04-04 10:59:02 0 days 00:01:01 0|87.33.62.141 5 the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
203261700 203261718 2008-04-04 10:59:08 0 days 00:00:06 4928500 4 ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) - - - - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control
5 , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) - - - - - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
237592684 237637552 2008-09-11 03:07:47 0 days 04:33:39 0|221.133.205.214 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint and in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
237637552 237637573 2008-09-11 03:07:55 0 days 00:00:08 4928500 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint and in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
237717618 237717720 2008-09-11 14:35:33 0 days 00:00:33 0|65.43.198.120 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . sam feure was here hehe = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
237717720 237717789 2008-09-11 14:36:00 0 days 00:00:27 6391508 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . sam feure was here hehe = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
240058380 240115670 2008-09-21 23:52:51 0 days 04:38:02 0|71.176.120.87 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . lku = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
240121082 240121512 2008-09-22 00:25:34 0 days 00:02:14 736477 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . lku = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
246467509 246467798 2008-10-20 10:02:16 0 days 00:02:16 0|58.179.157.209 2 to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . massive fucking failure ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
246467798 246467841 2008-10-20 10:02:36 0 days 00:00:20 3022076 4 wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . phail ! uckten shniden . . . aka . . . massive fucking failure ! edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
246982976 247126364 2008-10-23 07:50:40 0 days 14:32:48 0|217.89.108.69 0 reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
258398278 258398451 2008-12-16 18:24:29 0 days 00:00:58 0|75.70.205.58 0 reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . it is a purple people eater from uranus = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
258398451 258398465 2008-12-16 18:24:34 0 days 00:00:05 2372780 0 reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . it is a purple people eater from uranus = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
264171111 264173997 2009-01-15 02:17:34 0 days 00:17:04 0|67.184.63.75 1 ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
264173997 264175505 2009-01-15 02:26:53 0 days 00:09:19 7214503 0 reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] . " . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
1 [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] . " = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control
271265000 271489755 2009-02-18 02:49:35 0 days 23:33:42 0|98.217.163.171 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
272610872 272689603 2009-02-23 09:54:15 0 days 09:43:56 0|220.238.184.192 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . we have sex = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
272715063 272732729 2009-02-23 15:30:03 0 days 01:49:41 0|82.168.231.109 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . we have sex = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
273706407 274045045 2009-03-01 03:16:07 1 days 08:22:00 0|201.130.175.30 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . fuck you = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
274045045 274046676 2009-03-01 03:26:10 0 days 00:10:03 1469567 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . fuck you = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
296772448 296775707 2009-06-16 15:49:37 0 days 00:18:53 0|194.74.22.170 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . lah lah lah lah lah lahlah lah get a life you freaks = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
296787253 296787288 2009-06-16 16:59:55 0 days 00:00:13 0|91.105.119.223 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . lah lah lah lah lah lahlah lah get a life you freaks = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
297771721 298292200 2009-06-24 06:10:43 2 days 11:15:26 9974086 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . many people passed away in the building of the wall , as it was very difficult to build . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
298292200 298293536 2009-06-24 06:19:21 0 days 00:08:38 4916882 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . many people passed away in the building of the wall , as it was very difficult to build . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
298293536 298471813 2009-06-25 01:01:19 0 days 18:41:58 0|202.61.173.123 1 = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . bushpigs = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
298471974 298472172 2009-06-25 01:04:25 0 days 00:01:35 0|202.61.173.123 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . wikipedia is pre good but not as good as wiki answers = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
298472172 298472210 2009-06-25 01:04:47 0 days 00:00:22 8786164 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . wikipedia is pre good but not as good as wiki answers = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
306561115 306563005 2009-08-07 08:26:04 0 days 00:18:50 6984319 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
306563005 306563071 2009-08-07 08:26:46 0 days 00:00:42 6984319 0 , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 60 a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . a high point was when over 1000 colorfully 1 , 000 colourfully designed foam domino tiles , each over {{ convert | 8 | ft | m }} tall , that were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city
420447970 422046294 2011-04-02 22:14:24 9 days 15:56:56 1426328 4 ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , 26 june 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised
505558329 506362125 2012-08-08 08:38:19 4 days 22:07:23 9013713 3 . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of
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238414 238415 2001-09-16 15:09:28 129 days 22:13:31 35 2 {st@rt} built in 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . it came down on [[ november 9 , 1989 . see [[ berlin ]] .
13872 86615 2002-02-25 15:51:15 6 days 11:48:33 0|62.253.64.7 5 citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down was regularly improved up the fourth generation wall , built from 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 seperate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . there was also mesh fencing , signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners at friedrichstrasse , the western powers opened two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the country border and dreilinden in berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin , 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , 1989 hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany begun in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on october 18 , 1989 . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd
8 {st@rt} built in [[ berlin ]] on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into
86668 97004 2002-06-06 13:36:28 0 days 00:35:44 0|210.49.193.178 0 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany begun in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 , 1989 . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and many immediately went to
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 8 attractiveness of the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . from to stop the migration , construction of the berlin wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] , the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' prevented the citizens of east germany from entering
30 gave a concert in berlin celebrating the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel
1092751 1097715 2003-06-29 13:07:28 21 days 00:30:08 0|213.157.9.245 2 s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on [[ august 23 , 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the
1776158 1788297 2003-11-20 08:50:12 4 days 09:24:16 7580 0 chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz on on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded
1864344 1864936 2003-12-03 16:40:35 0 days 00:20:36 13102 0 ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . in [[ 1855 ]] , the american [[ central intelligence agency | cia ]] and british intelligence pulled off an intelligence coup by tunneling under the wall in [[ operation gold ]] to install eavesdropping equipment . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary
1865423 2144113 2003-12-03 19:09:03 0 days 01:10:13 835 0 ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . in [[ 1955 ]] , the american [[ central intelligence agency | cia ]] and british intelligence pulled off an intelligence coup by tunneling under the wall in [[ operation gold ]] to install eavesdropping equipment . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 16 s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . = = the fall of the wall = = on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary
4067832 4160094 2004-06-13 09:23:06 1 days 00:12:45 47506 1 350px ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' east german border guard , hans conrad schumann , defects leaps to freedom over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ; photo by peter leibing . ' ' < / center > < / div > = = the years of the wall = = the
4217580 4226911 2004-06-22 08:54:23 2 days 00:36:09 51336 1 the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guest including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . the fall of
5178672 5180399 2004-08-13 07:38:57 0 days 05:29:34 24744 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 , 1989 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a
3 a family ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 [[ 1962 ]] . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail
5 border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[
7034922 7038047 2004-11-01 16:47:39 2 days 17:54:14 0|209.71.11.137 0 replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned . tens
7038047 7053303 2004-11-01 19:57:22 0 days 03:09:43 0|66.152.54.130 0 a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shit shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned . tens
7274073 7274103 2004-11-09 21:57:26 0 days 02:25:17 0|83.109.145.235 0 fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | the fall of the berlin wall marked the symbolic end of the cold war . american poststamp commemorating the event . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000
7369764 7466688 2004-11-12 05:56:03 2 days 07:30:17 6661 2 the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps to the west over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first
8251853 9112175 2004-12-09 01:50:11 0 days 00:52:44 28107 0 , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before the german
9112175 9112336 2005-01-05 02:38:45 27 days 00:48:34 0|67.164.50.76 0 west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]]
9112487 9156541 2005-01-05 02:49:50 0 days 00:04:52 615 6 on the wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[
9762535 9765302 2005-01-29 12:56:12 3 days 11:13:15 124324 0 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' ossis ' ' and ' ' wessis ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that one quarter of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 6 wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a
10087212 10087443 2005-02-09 03:43:17 0 days 01:23:14 0|152.163.100.198 6 brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989
10 full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always
11 of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to
10087443 10091995 2005-02-09 03:51:22 0 days 00:08:05 0|152.163.100.198 0 wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped
12 demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions
18 - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 52 wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 , 1961 in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside
76 rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall
79 and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to
80 to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks
81 bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on [[ february 6 , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both
103 wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 , 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the
114 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic , erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east
115 through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic , erich honecker , resigned on [[ october 18 , 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted
121 a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 , 1989 . after a misunderstanding , günter schabowski announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned
10365915 10406521 2005-02-17 20:18:45 0 days 00:42:19 44727 1 berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 , [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided
10465172 10473676 2005-02-20 16:23:58 1 days 16:56:07 137616 0 replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 23 berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
12498340 12585093 2005-04-19 00:04:06 4 days 04:22:38 157530 0 first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact
6 reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 , 1990 ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]]
13207767 13207835 2005-05-04 04:55:42 0 days 01:03:36 0|129.67.43.240 1 wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier
15055113 15059402 2005-06-12 06:08:12 0 days 00:13:20 5016 1 [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government to west berlin on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 7 ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at templehof airport on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle
9 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col glover
11 . the battle groups were pentomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in
15 outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday [[ 21 august , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men .
23 post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues .
25 four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , [[ 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and
27 agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and [[ december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of
31 conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 , 1961 ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying
19029093 19029187 2005-07-17 18:24:30 0 days 00:01:24 90467 1 [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
19111126 19261911 2005-07-20 22:42:15 2 days 00:00:08 0|195.4.0.21 0 a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the gdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . due to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 17 was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' '
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 16 its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 , 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun
27920075 27932424 2005-11-10 16:11:08 0 days 03:02:57 471054 0 back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was
27932424 27932542 2005-11-10 16:12:28 0 days 00:01:20 471054 0 germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into
27932542 27961254 2005-11-10 21:55:35 0 days 05:43:07 0|67.38.154.248 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on clownon november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german
27961617 27964176 2005-11-10 22:22:28 0 days 00:23:17 246113 1 {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]]
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 7 wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] '
37710041 37796162 2006-02-02 04:37:22 0 days 09:53:21 21887 3 outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers
37796258 37828716 2006-02-02 10:58:24 0 days 06:20:16 471054 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on june 7 , 2003 | berlin wall on [[ 7 june 7 ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' '
2 berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ 9 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' '
38580629 38580746 2006-02-07 06:12:02 0 days 00:01:32 58229 4 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on 7 june 2003 | berlin wall on [[ 7 potsdamer platz ]] , june ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' )
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 18 jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on june 26th , 1963 ]] but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 53 chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " anniversery on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost
89 [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3
91 however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 1 east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 , 1989 , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall
5 was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26th , 1963 ]] but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / /
61 opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually
62 = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " eventually all walls fall ” ]] on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven
41351748 41471054 2006-02-27 15:56:41 0 days 19:52:39 346341 0 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversery anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right |
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 3 < / ref > < ref > {{ web reference | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | publishyear year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | date
6 by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ web reference | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | publishyear year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | date = 2006 - 02 -
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 26 in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 25 weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st
26 republic ]] , in 1918 . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary
43550317 43550620 2006-03-13 06:02:37 0 days 00:02:47 635781 1 [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , [[ october 3 | october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate
47397931 47528615 2006-04-08 08:27:20 0 days 19:47:08 686868 4 of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards tolerated the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes more and more . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july
47528615 47569595 2006-04-08 16:43:58 0 days 08:16:38 686868 0 , including the most famous one at [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were not allowed visa free travel until starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . they could visit the gdr , but only at the conditions prevalent before , which included application for a visa several days in
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 13 requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a
17 ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in
39 . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] ,
43 of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb |
44 western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px |
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 13 was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues .
15 of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , [[ 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and
17 post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and [[ december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of
39 different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . = = the fall ,
42 to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px |
43 to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing
44 death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on [[ february 6 , 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on
52670596 52734504 2006-05-11 22:10:56 0 days 06:44:33 0|168.212.165.131 0 [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ [ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date
53314730 53320980 2006-05-15 14:40:50 0 days 00:45:56 204661 0 [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [ [[ november 9 ] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date
54483047 54492401 2006-05-22 07:45:56 0 days 01:49:11 157842 0 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[
57664095 57682142 2006-06-09 10:35:15 0 days 03:35:40 0|195.37.69.10 0 the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere , and the bars near the wall spontaneously gave out [[ free beer ]] . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 19 had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german
70385855 70704241 2006-08-20 03:58:21 1 days 19:33:21 0|68.163.106.28 0 ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere , and the bars near the wall spontaneously gave out [[ free beer ]] < sup > ' ' [ citation needed ] ' ' < / sup > . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to
71159208 71240734 2006-08-22 20:50:27 0 days 08:01:02 2059435 0 restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast broadcasted on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a
71240734 71260410 2006-08-22 22:30:29 0 days 01:40:02 302522 0 restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcasted broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a
71559993 71739362 2006-08-25 03:40:23 0 days 18:50:59 0|24.39.240.74 0 the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere , and the bars near the wall spontaneously gave out [[ free beer ]] {{ fact }} . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to
79606749 79608608 2006-10-05 06:59:52 0 days 00:18:35 21887 3 in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though
5 and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and [[ december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever
94311148 94378908 2006-12-14 22:23:57 0 days 05:22:56 0|24.227.2.106 0 : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall wallpoop , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px |
94378908 94389378 2006-12-14 23:10:12 0 days 00:46:15 302522 0 : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wallpoop wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px |
98077276 98151344 2007-01-03 10:49:19 0 days 08:46:57 2001738 1 of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' '
99129270 99129501 2007-01-07 17:51:00 0 days 00:01:21 82835 3 allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat
6 led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing
9 ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate =
12 berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23
110122222 110123969 2007-02-22 18:55:10 0 days 00:07:37 0|66.160.72.205 0 was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on to stick his dick through a glory hole to have some skandonavion kid suck on his wrinkly old balls [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that
110123969 110131239 2007-02-22 19:27:51 0 days 00:32:41 911178 0 was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on to stick his dick through a glory hole to have some skandonavion kid suck on his wrinkly old balls [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 38 germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ * < s > [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior
57 between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day
60 directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 44 men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males
45 of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males ,
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 38 germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ * < s > [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior
57 between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day
60 directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 44 men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males
45 of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males ,
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 38 germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ * < s > [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior
57 between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day
60 directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 44 men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males
45 of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males ,
114832623 114833011 2007-03-13 16:57:58 0 days 00:01:40 0|66.18.62.36 0 the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east
1 colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops
117516576 117565003 2007-03-24 18:16:14 0 days 04:36:28 0|70.187.198.127 0 ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east
128181973 128203778 2007-05-04 13:40:30 0 days 02:43:05 0|65.43.196.223 0 allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on the [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : '
1 challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' '
2 the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 | 15th of june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' "
128203778 128208648 2007-05-04 14:05:23 0 days 00:24:53 764861 0 allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on the [[ june 15 | 15th of june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international
2 , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on the [[ june 15 | 15th of june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' "
132545593 132623467 2007-05-22 06:33:14 0 days 07:59:39 715870 11 start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 7 | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ east german government announced on november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the
21 berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin
22 ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was
133071645 133072963 2007-05-24 01:21:37 0 days 00:07:22 715870 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development
1 of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 , 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest ,
4 berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
133073625 133074114 2007-05-24 01:27:50 0 days 00:02:33 715870 0 challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' '
133074114 133074678 2007-05-24 01:30:42 0 days 00:02:52 715870 1 john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans
3 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of
133074678 133074927 2007-05-24 01:32:04 0 days 00:01:22 715870 1 mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been that morning sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german
142504621 142514453 2007-07-04 19:20:38 0 days 00:50:04 715870 0 wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of [[ august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] — formerly the hunting grounds of [[
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 13 ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd
15 instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded
16 ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead
21 berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ august 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and
59 the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers
156321626 156954834 2007-09-10 16:47:50 2 days 22:10:52 0|86.3.9.126 0 equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on mciecjhrfn5fn5rhf , khfhjkhfrjfhjfhoirfhrhfruyes this is silly [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in
156954834 156963155 2007-09-10 17:30:51 0 days 00:43:01 302522 0 equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on mciecjhrfn5fn5rhf , khfhjkhfrjfhjfhoirfhrhfruyes this is silly [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in
158505369 158505901 2007-09-17 15:08:13 0 days 00:02:46 0|216.174.135.206 0 were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on june 2007 i slept with anthonys mom but after doing that i decided i probally needed a drink and before u know it she squirted in my mouth [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand
158505901 158506910 2007-09-17 15:13:17 0 days 00:05:04 5173527 1 were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on june 2007 i slept with anthonys mom but after doing that i decided i probally needed a drink and before u know it she squirted in my mouth [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 10 of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain species appear to both masturbate and to use objects as tools to help them do so , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }}
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 67 random article interaction about wikipedia community portal recent changes contact wikipedia donate to wikipedia help search toolbox what links here related changes upload file special pages printable version permanent link cite this article in other languages العربية বাংলা български català česky dansk eesti esperanto français galego 한국어 bahasa indonesia interlingua italiano עברית kernewek lëtzebuergesch मराठी nederlands 日本語 plattdüütsch polski português русский simple english slovenščina suomi svenska türkçe vèneto 中文 this page was last modified 12 : 24 book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , 26 september 2007 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license . ( see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered
161589849 161589959 2007-10-01 16:38:46 0 days 00:00:29 0|142.25.180.54 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers jacking off to the berlin wall , beacuse it is amazing [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on
161589959 161590174 2007-10-01 16:39:56 0 days 00:01:10 0|142.25.180.54 1 [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers jacking off intensly to the berlin wall , beacuse it is amazing [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 12 these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate school . but on friday , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend ,
17 footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] downloaded in resolutions up to 3072x2048 ) which i shot on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] .
167927996 167928156 2007-10-29 21:06:15 0 days 00:00:44 0|156.108.140.131 0 up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of chocolate [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]]
167973779 168012407 2007-10-30 04:17:45 0 days 03:51:40 60895 0 set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the chocolate [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]]
170955559 171328388 2007-11-14 00:42:00 1 days 11:14:07 5809976 4 an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction destructio began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape across the wall to west
171328388 171330844 2007-11-14 00:55:02 0 days 00:13:02 0|83.24.232.6 3 pyrimid of wakawakadoodooyeah ]] , the wall joined forces with mars and neptune [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 97549375683254 years , from the day destructio construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape across the wall to west
173772237 173793815 2007-11-26 01:15:55 0 days 01:57:45 0|72.208.179.78 1 - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began there were fights and protest wibegan on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross across the wall into west berlin
173793815 173794040 2007-11-26 01:17:14 0 days 00:01:19 4264700 0 - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction there were fights and protest wibegan began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross across the wall into west berlin
188238452 188247561 2008-01-31 22:19:11 0 days 00:38:51 0|208.102.187.49 1 , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand
188247561 188248620 2008-01-31 22:24:03 0 days 00:04:52 911178 1 construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = ' ' ' on ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand
188831750 189293337 2008-02-05 17:22:49 2 days 00:13:36 0|190.40.211.238 14 }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van
15 before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = ]] ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven
195987434 196053252 2008-03-05 15:48:29 0 days 08:59:18 0|84.12.55.2 0 the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . = = = proposed barrier = = = on gay [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[
196053859 196054243 2008-03-05 15:53:39 0 days 00:02:00 6227797 0 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . : - ) = = = proposed barrier = = = gay on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[
198121387 198121407 2008-03-14 03:58:55 0 days 00:00:12 0|203.19.252.190 0 to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . lilko was here 08 [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around
198121407 198123197 2008-03-14 04:12:33 0 days 00:13:38 6207262 0 to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . lilko was here 08 [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 12 germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[
13 from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 3 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 11 from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 3 1 april ]] , 1951 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav halctav
201305220 201315450 2008-03-27 13:24:11 0 days 01:06:52 0|66.226.192.60 0 to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the berlin wall is a wall in america lol [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around
201315450 201315598 2008-03-27 13:25:08 0 days 00:00:57 266416 1 to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the berlin wall is a wall in america lol [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around
202716037 202716386 2008-04-02 03:29:15 0 days 00:02:12 0|150.101.240.77 0 to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . once upon a time there was a boy his name was joe and he built the berlin wall and the great wall of china [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around
202717161 202719285 2008-04-02 03:47:47 0 days 00:13:46 0|75.22.78.148 0 to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . once upon a time there was a boy his name was joe and he built the berlin wall and the great wall of china [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around
211252560 212120617 2008-05-13 14:57:15 4 days 01:27:41 4530193 0 1962 . ]] early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin
214991201 215551281 2008-05-28 18:27:39 2 days 12:19:20 355538 0 to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around
225402367 225461510 2008-07-13 20:36:04 0 days 06:15:02 203434 0 in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year date = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 .
1 by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year date = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 18 were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http
20 germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed
22 used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as
28 germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
36 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity
38 a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the
40 the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to
44 image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the
46 kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would
52 kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd
54 of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded
56 s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead
58 of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and
60 reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at
64 ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) .
69 escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later
74 notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] ,
78 western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president
84 jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists
88 | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the
93 what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date
95 ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day
97 west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to
99 , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further
101 the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip
103 " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then
107 summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or
111 exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb
112 least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right |
113 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former
117 | | former [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the
121 ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the "
123 " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]]
127 holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time
129 few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb
133 }} [[ image : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven
137 waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] ,
140 [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date
142 east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938
144 also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[
146 [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right
150 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm |
152 berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02
233803434 233812027 2008-08-23 22:06:46 0 days 00:53:38 0|90.196.115.40 0 , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] " , and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date =
235938141 235938341 2008-09-03 01:22:28 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.5.221.188 0 germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 april , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed
237719711 237723132 2008-09-11 15:05:31 0 days 00:18:46 0|65.43.196.231 0 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] in september , a person tried to parachute out of their apartment roof . on august 23 , 1989 , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped
237723132 237723180 2008-09-11 15:05:49 0 days 00:00:18 6391508 0 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] in september , a person tried to parachute out of their apartment roof . on august 23 , 1989 , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 17 order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier
18 to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday , august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 0 a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( "
1 ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and 17 december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar
26 reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " )
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 18 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]]
21 a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of
23 to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 13 , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them
240240944 240242156 2008-09-22 15:58:49 0 days 00:07:42 736477 14 to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 23 , 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance
242241429 242501570 2008-10-02 14:29:23 1 days 01:03:13 0|205.202.240.123 0 used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on david is awesomer than james even if thats not a word ! ! ! ! ! ! ! october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february
242502520 242502726 2008-10-02 14:35:57 0 days 00:01:10 166539 1 used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on david is awesomer than james even if thats not a word ! ! ! ! ! ! ! october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 94 official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 1 {st@rt} {{ articleissues lang - de | contradict = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets
2 {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 94 official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 1 {st@rt} {{ articleissues lang - de | contradict = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets
2 {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png
248089272 248095035 2008-10-28 00:19:45 0 days 00:29:50 0|98.15.190.110 5 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the
256879370 256880581 2008-12-09 18:55:46 0 days 00:06:26 0|87.80.224.75 0 separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened destroyed on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171
256880581 256882622 2008-12-09 19:05:46 0 days 00:10:00 3505251 0 separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was destroyed opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171
262762670 263247726 2009-01-10 21:42:09 2 days 06:10:03 5026668 9 " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some
266478122 266480479 2009-01-26 07:26:56 0 days 00:20:28 119438 3 on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in [[ friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image
4 the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image :
5 remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of
6 of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall
267776477 267777243 2009-02-01 05:59:00 0 days 00:06:41 214542 10 opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance ,
274491714 274520296 2009-03-02 20:53:24 0 days 01:54:49 0|209.175.132.230 0 . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened closed on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171
274982274 275036583 2009-03-04 23:09:46 0 days 04:08:48 8412829 0 . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was closed opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171
280764248 280886430 2009-03-31 16:22:09 0 days 15:34:58 9349949 0 andropov ]] , then the the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , letter to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name =
281608811 281686628 2009-04-04 12:14:06 0 days 11:20:47 15708 0 europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com /
1 separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058
2 germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on 9 november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and
3 used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february
282826152 283095827 2009-04-11 01:43:22 1 days 06:23:43 0|24.19.182.13 0 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st 201st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 . . {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9th , 2009 ,
283095827 283095895 2009-04-11 01:43:52 0 days 00:00:30 9217058 0 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 201st 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 . . {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9th , 2009 ,
283525140 283525851 2009-04-13 08:35:28 0 days 00:08:43 0|194.144.117.217 1 a reformist government started to dismantle the iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' . when the east german government announced on [[ 9 november 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed
293533219 294710470 2009-06-06 02:50:18 5 days 10:47:34 593712 1 ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened brought down on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 ,
296787393 296787974 2009-06-16 17:03:57 0 days 00:03:26 0|71.187.249.58 0 used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 33 october 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 ,
296787974 296788035 2009-06-16 17:04:22 0 days 00:00:25 6681090 0 used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 33 3 october 2099 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 ,
298939014 299164112 2009-06-28 18:53:11 1 days 04:52:17 0|67.81.121.251 1 " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) .
2 , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile
300484953 300485855 2009-07-05 22:25:18 0 days 00:05:57 145194 0 east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 ,
1 ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and
4 begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist
8 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 2 iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article
3 between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide death strip containing anti - vehicle trenches , " | 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058
19 between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article
20 east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058
306954476 307001452 2009-08-09 17:09:23 0 days 06:40:39 6984319 2 circumventing the wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9th in german history | announced on 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and
310327705 310493352 2009-08-28 04:57:31 0 days 20:25:38 0|24.4.124.83 0 resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 november 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed
310493352 310493478 2009-08-28 04:58:53 0 days 00:01:22 0|24.4.124.83 0 used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 october 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21
312892342 313039666 2009-09-10 17:54:34 0 days 16:43:54 4530193 0 these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up ( the authorities would later brick up windows ) . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref
313044179 313129853 2009-09-11 04:02:49 0 days 09:42:44 43300 1 * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] *
313129853 313154666 2009-09-11 08:28:09 0 days 04:25:20 6971250 2 these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up ( the authorities would later brick up windows ) . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref
315255881 315255964 2009-09-21 08:16:52 0 days 00:00:45 204692 1 ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 0 wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of [[ february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the
4 resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on [[ november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and
8 was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]]
11 miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on [[ october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of
19 intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on [[ december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well
23 ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on [[ august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = "
27 begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of
31 : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on [[ 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and
34 colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on [[ august 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http
38 / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , [[ 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin ,
41 to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , [[ 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable
44 not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on [[ august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers
46 high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , [[ june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961
50 f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches /
54 www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , [[ august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was
58 kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the
62 of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col .
64 weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements
66 of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men
68 ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west
72 pay this . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( '
73 . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august ]] [[ 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung
74 ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 ]] and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung '
75 ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and [[ 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung ' '
78 attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on [[ august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad
82 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[
86 | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on [[ june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations
90 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on [[ august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to
94 itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand
100 way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration
102 west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to
106 , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to
108 : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , [[ 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west
113 image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic
117 even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin
121 opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and
123 exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost
125 least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and [[ december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the
127 left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall
129 " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the
133 unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on [[ july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before
135 | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in
150 [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby
157 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848
165 of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 ,
176 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 10 kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > , often initiated by former members of the political opposition in east germany like [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday . because , that date is also known as the ' ' [[ schicksalstag ]] ' ' ( fateful
12 when several important events have taken place in german history - and some of them are infamous . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] is also the date of the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration
22 wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of [[ february 21 ]] , [[ 1947 ]] . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown .
26 resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans
30 was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii
32 miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1949 ]] , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited
40 intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on [[ december 11 ]] , [[ 1957 ]] that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60
44 ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on [[ august 28 ]] , [[ 1958 ]] , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref
48 begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary
52 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity
55 colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on [[ august 1 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus
59 / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , [[ 12 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of
62 to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , [[ 13 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to
65 not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on [[ august 15 ]] . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]]
67 high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[
71 [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical
75 www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , [[ august 14 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that
78 kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then
82 of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded
84 s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead
86 of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and
88 ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall
92 pay this . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ 26 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] and [[ 17 december ]] [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during
95 ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ 26 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] and [[ 17 december ]] [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' '
98 attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . <
102 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb
106 | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on [[ june 12 ]] , [[ 1987 ]] . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the
110 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in
114 itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the
120 way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial
122 west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 17 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on
126 , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how
128 : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , [[ 10 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding
131 the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs
133 image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 21 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including
137 even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] . until then they could only visit
141 of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance ,
143 exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left |
144 least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost
145 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of
147 left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the "
149 " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on [[ july 1 ]] , the
153 through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time
155 | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[
166 [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] ,
172 ) , when several important events have taken place in german history - and some of them are infamous . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ 9 november ]] is also the date of the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the
174 nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . so , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ november 9 ]] ,
176 so , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which
317824549 317979368 2009-10-05 04:18:29 0 days 16:16:48 1938651 6 ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . hackworth on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col
317979368 317979510 2009-10-05 04:19:39 0 days 00:01:10 1938651 0 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and [[ france ]] ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by
324105954 324119733 2009-11-05 18:01:53 0 days 01:22:11 0|12.165.250.13 2 main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = }} < / ref > < ref name = " raze " / > on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc
324283750 324284101 2009-11-06 15:01:12 0 days 00:02:38 6971250 0 com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in the october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated however that only about a tenth of the population where still unhappy with the unification
324362083 324382889 2009-11-07 01:13:57 0 days 02:22:29 1885851 0 thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate , 09 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped
324660090 324677923 2009-11-08 17:52:51 0 days 01:56:50 216103 1 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = op - ed | date = 11 / 17 / 1989 }} elie wiesel ' s new york times op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009
324721869 324735230 2009-11-08 23:27:36 0 days 01:21:33 0|97.113.74.253 0 - 08 | date = sep 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s
324804014 324808994 2009-11-09 08:55:14 0 days 00:57:05 6971250 2 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ november 9th in german history | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848
324842902 324843477 2009-11-09 14:31:09 0 days 00:04:20 6971250 1 | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz topography of terror ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 2 [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party
3 : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and
22 / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the
23 to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to
326393226 326442219 2009-11-18 00:11:51 0 days 04:50:24 5680520 2 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ november 9th in german history | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the abdication
331526070 331714109 2009-12-15 00:29:18 0 days 23:54:50 1885851 0 the following days . ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate , 09 10 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german
343367241 343531716 2010-02-12 12:15:15 0 days 19:45:50 0|72.160.142.19 0 the erosion of the political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government ' s [[ günter schabowski bmfs ]] announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined
343531716 343535162 2010-02-12 12:50:05 0 days 00:34:50 6971250 1 the erosion of the political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government ' s [[ bmfs günter schabowski ]] announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 17 in the following days . ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000
20 image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : "
21 and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = =
22 were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition
378596217 378678572 2010-08-13 08:10:38 0 days 11:44:52 158685 0 be torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 9 november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september
378678572 378683462 2010-08-13 09:01:52 0 days 00:51:14 6971250 0 be torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 9 10 november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september
381017545 381022563 2010-08-26 00:36:45 0 days 00:30:16 0|85.177.90.101 0 / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ eastsidegallery ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall adjacent to the [[ topography of terror ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial
381022563 381024125 2010-08-26 00:47:39 0 days 00:10:54 0|85.177.90.101 0 > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ eastsidegallery east side gallery ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall adjacent to the [[ topography of terror ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 0 ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along
1 - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans
2 later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]]
3 miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 7 , 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had
6 = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat |
7 [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter
8 de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area
10 close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border ; and by sunday morning , 13 august 13 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to
11 encroach on west berlin at any point . later , it was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on 17 august 17 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda
12 [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on 26 july 26 , 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics -
13 ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , 26 june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to
15 de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ de icon }} neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was mainly
18 the status of west berlin . clay and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday , 19 august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the
21 of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on 21 august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men
22 ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west
25 speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th
28 [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | right | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and
29 juggling on the berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 19 , 1989 , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url =
32 itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand
35 in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration
36 west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on 17 november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson for the politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the
38 went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to
40 image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that
42 even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 22 december 22 , 1989 . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | right
43 | right | west germans curiously peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and
45 exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november 9 and december 23 , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all
46 least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and 23 december 23 , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining
47 almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of 9 november 9 , and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for
48 and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after 9 november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall
49 " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on 13 june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the
50 unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on 1 july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had
51 section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany .
52 = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]]
53 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 in german history | 9 november 9 ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref
57 17 }} - elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until 3 october 3 ; that day was finally chosen as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin
59 was not official and complete until october 3 ; that day was finally chosen as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on 9 november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in
78 , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also
97 : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and
102 of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the
392382725 392382924 2010-10-23 10:41:25 0 days 00:01:59 0|79.75.56.31 0 kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on 26 june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on 26 july 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : /
394823423 395570081 2010-11-08 17:02:34 3 days 23:13:57 0|79.75.31.192 0 wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the
395570204 395601663 2010-11-08 20:05:29 0 days 03:02:13 0|88.107.151.166 0 ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 13th august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete
395601663 395608167 2010-11-08 20:42:26 0 days 00:36:57 3308922 0 ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13th 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete
397311377 397346572 2010-11-17 18:23:51 0 days 03:29:49 0|86.136.223.82 0 ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 15 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete
397346572 397458363 2010-11-18 07:28:43 0 days 13:04:52 6971250 0 ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 15 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete
397607940 397878109 2010-11-20 15:42:29 1 days 12:56:02 0|79.74.81.116 0 ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on 28 august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = "
397878109 397878286 2010-11-20 15:43:36 0 days 00:01:07 0|79.74.81.116 0 | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august 1 in the same year , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > [ http : /
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 22 border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[
422046294 422046414 2011-04-02 22:15:20 0 days 00:00:56 1426328 1 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy ]] , 26 june 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' (
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 23 . east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied , and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on 15 august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > "
25 to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to freedom in west germany on 24 august 24 , 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . < ref > {{ cite
27 failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death , in full view of the western media , on 17 august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and
29 ' , london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on 6 february 6 , 1989 . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident ,
31 ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 – usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = 12 june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the
37 htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = 15 september 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11 " > {{
43 world / europe / article6828556 . ece | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = 10 september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25
57 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of 5 november , had [[ u2 ]] and [[ tokio hotel ]] perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio
62 2005 . < ref > {{ cite news | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = 5 july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate =
64 wall " . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = 8 september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archiveurl = http : / / web
67 north and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = 5 november 5 , 2009 | url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 .
73 - to - flee - east - germany . html ' more than 1 , 000 died ' trying to flee east germany ] . [[ the daily telegraph ]] , [[ 13 august 13 ]] , [[ 2003 ]] . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image
74 / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of 9 november 9 , 1989 ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }}
443414712 443416955 2011-08-06 22:32:57 0 days 00:17:32 16710 5 " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 22 december 1989 . [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | upright
445092140 445097289 2011-08-16 04:28:36 0 days 00:53:53 9243491 0 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = [ on august 13 , 2011 , event ( 50 years ago , construction began ) ] . . . . . . . ( adding text and refs . ) = =
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 1 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = on 50th anniversary commemoration august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” .
470608040 471803134 2012-01-17 03:36:57 6 days 14:24:52 508734 0 wall in twinity | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5 november , had [[ u2 ]] and [[ tokio hotel ]] perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and
505558329 506362125 2012-08-08 08:38:19 4 days 22:07:23 9013713 2 speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 june 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 2 url = http : / / www . archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = 20 february 20 , 2012 }} < / ref > the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http :
7 it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( 26 june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech
15 wall . " = = [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 12 , 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of
568939424 569120812 2013-08-18 19:36:42 1 days 04:36:40 59005 3 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard
576711458 576975608 2013-10-13 11:19:23 1 days 23:12:39 7496434 0 demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin in december 1990 . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german
576975608 576975983 2013-10-13 11:24:01 0 days 00:04:38 7496434 0 , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) were reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 15 which was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on 9 august 9 , 1961 the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders between east - and
37 ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall - bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 19 , 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin ,
42 brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on 26 june 26 , 1963 , u . s . president john f . kennedy visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 27 | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]] )
46 = http : / / www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away , < ref > {{ youtube | - ummj _ jnway | crosby ,
613835077 615294848 2014-07-02 13:43:53 10 days 19:48:20 7669583 0 = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on november 21 , 1989 , [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] in front of the brandenburg gate . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 1989 - 11 - 21 / entertainment / ca - 413 _ 1 _ berlin - wall | title = crosby , stills and nash sound a positive note at berlin wall | work = la times | date = 1989 - 11 - 21 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]]
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 0 > this may explain reports of east berliners appearing in west berlin earlier than the opening of the bornholmer straße border crossing . = = = demolition = = = the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been fall of the berlin wall ( {{ lang - de | mauerfall }} ) began the evening of 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to
635210295 635851215 2014-11-29 03:10:52 4 days 19:13:09 917223 0 visa ]] < ref name = willis > {{ cite book | last1 = willis | first1 = jim | title = daily life behind the iron curtain | date = 19 march 19 , 1946 | publisher = abc - clio | location = santa barbara , california | isbn = 9780313397639 | url = http : / / books . google
1 person to die in an escape attempt was [[ winfried freudenberg ]] who was killed when his homemade [[ natural gas ]] - filled [[ aerostat | balloon ]] crashed on 8 march 8 , 1989 . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident ,
2 uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 21 november 21 , 1989 , [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[
699308560 699308679 2016-01-11 15:46:20 0 days 00:01:01 23149456 0 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = david bowie concert 1987 = = having earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6th 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was accompanied with violent rioting in east berlin . according to tobias ruther , these
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 26 dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post ' ' . retrieved 2 november 2009 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november , he was handed a note announcing the changes , but given no
702891954 702892130 2016-02-02 06:54:16 0 days 00:01:51 13816079 1 [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency that was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem , i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on 9 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ' s ]] plan to close the
714997403 722498372 2016-05-28 14:48:32 45 days 12:07:39 27823944 5 . archive . org / web / 20110920132624 / http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | archivedate bot = 20 september 2011 }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] "
735821858 736676388 2016-08-29 03:36:10 5 days 18:00:42 27823944 5 / web / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | archivedate bot = 25 june 2009 }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often
752045266 760657011 2017-01-18 08:28:16 50 days 03:00:30 29937011 9 perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | date = 31 october 2014 | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | subscription = yes }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 3 page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | date = 31 october 2014 | subscription = yes | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | | subscription = yes accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 32 stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . {{ fact }} on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through
774997638 774997751 2017-04-12 00:08:06 0 days 00:01:12 204692 1 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | west germans peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall . on 5 january 1990 . file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 . file
779016763 779442748 2017-05-08 23:18:55 2 days 08:38:12 19339494 2 394 }} < / ref > = = concerts by western artists and growing anti - wall sentiment = = = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on 6 june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin , played [[ glass spider tour | a concert close
3 2016 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | work = [[ vox ( website ) | vox ]] | date = 11 january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in
4 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | work = [[ vox ( website ) | vox ]] | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = 12 january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last = fisher | first
780019390 781687181 2017-05-22 17:34:23 10 days 04:39:20 8719036 2 {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] stand - off between us and soviet tanks , ( october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 12 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate accrssdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} < / ref > by gdr
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 17 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded took place on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]]
810071958 810072027 2017-11-13 05:36:43 0 days 00:00:33 19339494 1 thatcher - visits - the - berlin - wall . html mrs . thatcher visits the berlin wall ] , ' ' [[ the new york times ]] ' ' , 30 october 30 , 1982 < / ref > < / small > < / center > = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on 6 june 1987 ,
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 16 remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 67 opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = 189 – 190 on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border
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655639 722501 2003-02-09 18:37:49 1 days 16:39:13 5894 0 destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org /
732530 732537 2003-03-08 21:13:53 0 days 02:40:23 4388 0 sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee . from [[ [ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , england and france ( [[ west - berlin ]] ) formed a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by [[ east germany ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east
732558 773189 2003-03-08 21:25:25 0 days 00:08:13 4388 2 and dreilinden on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 31 destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < i > < br > remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 ) . < / i > < / div > not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see the picture on the right ) , a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[
32 of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the oberbaumbrücke , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left no longer entirely represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today ' s [[ graffiti ]] s are mostly visible on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously wasn ' t achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] =
41 image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall , on november 16 , 1989 . ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city
1744562 1744576 2003-11-15 23:16:00 4 days 15:00:13 2 0 of the wall was the first step to the [[ reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > ' ' remainder of berlin
5169825 5169859 2004-08-12 20:44:12 0 days 00:06:25 12741 0 notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 [[ 1962 ]] . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the brandenburg gate , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb
5187225 5188293 2004-08-13 18:25:16 0 days 01:56:36 0|81.241.199.46 0 to defect . also the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls ( [[ ddr border system ]] ) . . = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved .
5188293 5189242 2004-08-13 19:14:28 0 days 00:49:12 36250 1 to defect . also the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls ( [[ ddr border system ]] ) . . = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved .
5520672 5558538 2004-08-29 15:36:04 7 days 00:03:18 86444 0 by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down
7583907 7584008 2004-11-17 17:32:32 0 days 00:01:17 0|64.90.246.103 0 whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . supercalifragilexiispalligous = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb
7584008 7586970 2004-11-17 17:36:49 0 days 00:04:17 54115 1 whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . supercalifragilexiispalligous = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb
9220520 9263540 2005-01-09 04:58:30 2 days 07:45:20 0|63.231.146.138 2 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 23 ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the berlin - helmstadt [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 18 | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel
25 one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . the creation of the wall had important implications for both the germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 20 one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when
12869650 12901447 2005-04-27 04:43:24 0 days 00:26:06 84553 4 transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . for additional information , got o the link below www . hl2 - cheats . tk the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] and were completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected ) . this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the
13372525 13372526 2005-05-07 06:16:55 0 days 01:30:30 28107 0 . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989
13887739 13888008 2005-05-18 15:54:53 0 days 16:49:00 0|161.97.212.117 0 is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ) . celebrate good times c ' mon . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation
13888008 14015916 2005-05-18 16:01:52 0 days 00:06:59 8780 0 is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ) . celebrate good times c ' mon . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation
14016176 14016194 2005-05-21 09:51:08 0 days 00:05:33 0|216.27.183.43 5 reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation
15054564 15054752 2005-06-12 05:48:45 0 days 04:11:01 5016 8 , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] ,
19 the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected ) . further , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was
15055113 15059402 2005-06-12 06:08:12 0 days 00:13:20 5016 2 krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after due to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news
18615057 18831061 2005-07-14 18:41:13 3 days 00:16:28 0|212.129.219.9 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . hello : ) = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were
18831061 18833308 2005-07-14 19:12:10 0 days 00:30:57 157530 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . hello : ) = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were
18897215 18909779 2005-07-15 19:37:56 0 days 03:20:32 21397 0 one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin _ s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin _ u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost stations ]] ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie |
19111126 19261911 2005-07-20 22:42:15 2 days 00:00:08 0|195.4.0.21 3 days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . due the note said that east berliners would be allowed to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv that all travel restrictions had been abandoned . tens of thousands
20890583 20913067 2005-08-13 09:16:40 0 days 08:49:25 1104 0 of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . further furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this
21691530 21712367 2005-08-24 08:24:03 0 days 07:10:29 0|130.246.132.26 0 " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu
21712367 21742465 2005-08-24 18:24:13 0 days 10:00:10 28107 2 " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu
22753298 22800912 2005-09-07 22:29:07 0 days 16:45:32 36204 0 one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “sometime every wall falls down ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit
24618114 24828196 2005-10-05 18:04:22 2 days 13:19:55 0|24.51.178.10 4 one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit
24828196 24828244 2005-10-05 18:05:02 0 days 00:00:40 94806 4 one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit
24828279 24828564 2005-10-05 18:10:39 0 days 00:05:08 0|24.51.178.10 6 one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit
24828564 24828569 2005-10-05 18:10:52 0 days 00:00:13 94806 6 one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit
25206069 25233466 2005-10-10 23:10:57 0 days 08:15:01 0|68.190.3.99 0 scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] there was a lot of celebrations . = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu
25310925 25339829 2005-10-12 07:16:05 0 days 08:33:41 0|193.17.96.40 0 scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] there was a lot of celebrations . = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 41 berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of
45 majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers ţ = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin
26918322 26918978 2005-10-30 22:32:59 0 days 00:07:33 67107 41 wiki / ethel _ and _ julius _ rosenberg " categories : 1915 births | 1953 deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | cold war spies | u . s around 2 . history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit this pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main pagecommunity portalcurrent eventsrecent changesrandom articlehelpcontact usdonations search
42 ethel _ and _ julius _ rosenberg " categories : 1915 births | 1953 deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | cold war spies | u . s . history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main pagecommunity portalcurrent eventsrecent changesrandom articlehelpcontact usdonations search toolbox what links here related changes upload file special pages printable version permanent link
27085773 27294496 2005-11-03 23:14:54 2 days 05:55:40 0|68.117.68.151 0 is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) this means a piece of shit has just won the war = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly
27294496 27296993 2005-11-03 23:46:28 0 days 00:31:34 0|68.21.9.175 0 is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) this means a piece of shit has just won the war = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly
27296993 27602033 2005-11-07 07:19:43 3 days 07:33:15 558022 0 scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 1 , 000 crosses ]] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu
31084094 31163157 2005-12-13 06:53:38 0 days 11:27:35 0|68.40.56.111 0 is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | 1 , 000 crosses ]] [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
31163157 31163181 2005-12-13 06:53:58 0 days 00:00:20 44020 0 is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | 1 , 000 crosses ]] [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
31280210 31292225 2005-12-14 05:13:56 0 days 02:17:08 0|203.194.7.88 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . hello my name is nicloe & i came from canada im 21 n love the wall i will sleep on it tonite = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were
31292225 31292308 2005-12-14 05:14:46 0 days 00:00:50 44020 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . hello my name is nicloe & i came from canada im 21 n love the wall i will sleep on it tonite = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were
36646145 36646475 2006-01-25 14:49:01 0 days 00:02:47 0|216.235.137.59 1 - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier penis around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been
36650338 36652600 2006-01-25 15:46:06 0 days 00:20:05 0|194.232.85.82 6 - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) penis around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been
40013407 40013833 2006-02-17 14:26:02 0 days 00:03:52 0|66.190.92.129 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . brandon really is a pig though = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 10 phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years escape attempts = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and
21 current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes
40785084 40814212 2006-02-23 04:37:43 0 days 04:17:05 386031 2 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = seondary response = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in
5 berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = in popular culture = = in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie |
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 93 reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly
40854169 40898814 2006-02-23 19:28:36 0 days 06:34:56 913692 0 the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = seondary secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if
40900018 40900572 2006-02-23 19:43:11 0 days 00:04:45 89179 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = why it = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after [[ the end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[
40903227 40903298 2006-02-23 20:05:51 0 days 00:00:37 89179 0 the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = later celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall ,
40903298 40903474 2006-02-23 20:07:14 0 days 00:01:23 89179 0 part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversery on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly
40903474 40904100 2006-02-23 20:12:19 0 days 00:05:05 89179 0 most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossing points crossings and escape attempts = = during most the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a
40904100 40904220 2006-02-23 20:13:14 0 days 00:00:55 89179 0 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " eventually all walls fall ” ]] = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
41672426 41672571 2006-02-28 23:50:37 0 days 00:00:55 0|69.15.111.135 0 germany ' s peaceful revolution because it was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
41672571 41672639 2006-02-28 23:51:02 0 days 00:00:25 800894 0 germany ' s peaceful revolution because it was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
41674806 41674959 2006-03-01 00:05:47 0 days 00:01:13 0|72.15.91.239 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 2007 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy
41675119 41675140 2006-03-01 00:07:06 0 days 00:00:15 60449 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 2007 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 10 size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . (
24 ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag ,
31 ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden .
42688981 42743997 2006-03-08 02:29:01 0 days 06:23:18 0|150.101.251.66 2 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november
42743997 42744056 2006-03-08 02:29:26 0 days 00:00:25 247414 0 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november
43550317 43550620 2006-03-13 06:02:37 0 days 00:02:47 635781 4 peaceful revolution and because it is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 | october 3
43550620 43620580 2006-03-13 20:57:16 0 days 14:54:39 1077726 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers ba goo to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]]
43620580 43620636 2006-03-13 20:57:53 0 days 00:00:37 1022601 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ba goo = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to you all = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course
47528615 47569595 2006-04-08 16:43:58 0 days 08:16:38 686868 1 gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were not allowed visa free travel until [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit the gdr , but only at the conditions prevalent before , which included application for a visa several days in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least
48935289 49049354 2006-04-18 20:13:20 0 days 18:06:16 6661 0 with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . the gdr east german regime announced to open 10 new border crossings the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]]
49133030 49652114 2006-04-22 21:22:48 3 days 13:31:21 576576 0 aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . in 1979 two families were spotted on a field near the town of [[ hof ]] in [[ bavaria ]] . they had escaped via a hot air balloon which the had stitched and sewn together themselves . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth
49652114 49652243 2006-04-22 21:23:37 0 days 00:00:49 576576 0 aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . in 1979 two families were spotted on a field near the town of [[ hof ]] in [[ bavaria ]] . they had escaped via a hot air balloon which the had stitched and sewn together themselves . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth
51477991 51561037 2006-05-04 18:50:20 0 days 14:23:12 0|209.7.107.26 0 part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . jews suck = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
51561037 51568725 2006-05-04 19:52:50 0 days 01:02:30 389512 0 part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . jews suck = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
51589662 51848718 2006-05-06 16:49:23 1 days 18:26:01 0|72.228.114.173 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , there was itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold
51848718 51848752 2006-05-06 16:49:46 0 days 00:00:23 223113 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . there = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was no berlin wall , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was no holocaust . it was all
52000258 52000362 2006-05-07 16:50:25 0 days 00:00:45 819974 2 all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inner - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
52169001 52169542 2006-05-08 17:30:21 0 days 00:03:23 0|204.14.67.138 0 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] this is bull . though berlin wall rocks . lol that means laugh out loud . willy wonka , willy wonka , the amazing choclate tere . love ya . bye have a iice day ! ! ! ! ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]]
52169542 52169681 2006-05-08 17:31:13 0 days 00:00:52 393959 1 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] this is bull . though berlin wall rocks . lol that means laugh out loud . willy wonka , willy wonka , the amazing choclate tere . love ya . bye have a iice day ! ! ! ! ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]]
53023761 53023891 2006-05-13 17:37:52 0 days 00:00:59 0|12.189.32.36 0 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] eggs the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]]
53023891 53023975 2006-05-13 17:38:34 0 days 00:00:42 1008387 0 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] eggs the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]]
53334351 53424530 2006-05-16 00:54:14 0 days 08:46:35 0|66.156.78.171 0 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] it was part of the iron curtain . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]]
53469237 53500500 2006-05-16 13:10:13 0 days 05:20:12 0|204.10.216.173 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . < font size = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west berlin
1 the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the 36 > < center > basically this wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however ,
54612020 54612820 2006-05-22 23:23:58 0 days 00:05:29 0|67.76.205.110 2 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13
55921252 55951737 2006-05-30 16:19:39 0 days 03:20:15 0|207.228.209.68 0 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] i llike pie ! ! ! ! ! ! ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august
55951737 55951899 2006-05-30 16:20:33 0 days 00:00:54 774663 0 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] i llike pie ! ! ! ! ! ! ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august
60675338 60893108 2006-06-27 19:57:01 1 days 03:53:52 0|86.136.216.81 0 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] and no niall the russians never went near germany . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of the [[
60893108 60894512 2006-06-27 20:05:23 0 days 00:08:22 0|86.136.216.81 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . and no niall the russians never went near germany . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
1 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] and no niall the russians never went near germany . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of the [[
60894512 60894996 2006-06-27 20:08:25 0 days 00:03:02 0|86.136.216.81 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . leigh pickering you are wrong and no niall the russians never went near germany . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their
1 between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . and no niall the russians never went near germany . is right give him a chocolate bar = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
2 the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . and no niall the russians never went near germany . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and
60894996 60895964 2006-06-27 20:13:57 0 days 00:05:32 0|86.136.216.81 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . leigh pickering you are wrong and niall is right give him a chocolate bar = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
60895964 60896018 2006-06-27 20:14:17 0 days 00:00:20 306178 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . leigh pickering you are wrong and niall is right give him a chocolate bar = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
60896018 60921964 2006-06-27 22:57:46 0 days 02:43:29 0|81.110.120.61 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . leigh pickering you are wrong and niall is right give him a chocolate bar = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
63357225 63858347 2006-07-14 22:07:07 2 days 17:42:04 1793767 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which steve walker tore down the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals
63858347 63858464 2006-07-14 22:07:48 0 days 00:00:41 1265360 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . steve walker tore down = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall in an effort to do away with commusism . he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and
64683314 64683405 2006-07-19 16:14:14 0 days 00:00:39 157842 0 image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . a portion of the berlin wall can be seen in the lower left . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known
67065553 67168412 2006-08-02 02:59:39 0 days 10:18:14 0|140.144.41.95 0 to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive big emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger "
67168587 67168760 2006-08-02 03:02:13 0 days 00:01:12 529595 0 to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = big massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger "
73604370 73604617 2006-09-03 17:49:45 0 days 00:01:59 0|69.15.111.135 0 ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
73605029 73605688 2006-09-03 17:57:34 0 days 00:04:49 302522 1 ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
78350243 78394704 2006-09-28 22:50:15 0 days 04:00:18 0|71.145.176.135 1 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . ' ' ' = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]]
78394704 78409397 2006-09-29 00:19:00 0 days 01:28:45 1008387 1 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . ' ' ' = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]]
78409397 79060701 2006-10-02 16:29:41 3 days 16:10:41 0|84.66.53.77 0 part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . one notable emission of the celebrations though was anthony petane who cried like a baby amoung the ruins crying and screaming for the motherland . tough tits = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
79060701 79066912 2006-10-02 17:05:48 0 days 00:36:07 764861 0 part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . one notable emission of the celebrations though was anthony petane who cried like a baby amoung the ruins crying and screaming for the motherland . tough tits = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
79283264 79360490 2006-10-04 00:26:58 0 days 06:52:26 0|69.110.32.177 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] they had boobs , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[
79360490 79360549 2006-10-04 00:27:24 0 days 00:00:26 416594 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . they had boobs = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , pussy and sex there , they loved to rub boobs = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western
84628126 84628356 2006-10-30 15:08:34 0 days 00:01:17 0|216.79.72.2 0 germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government
84630440 84632700 2006-10-30 15:33:12 0 days 00:13:01 1008387 1 germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now
84732512 84732536 2006-10-31 00:15:12 0 days 00:00:08 1574574 3 policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . la la la la la . . . la la la la soccer a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
85254171 85254386 2006-11-02 14:18:06 0 days 00:01:51 0|204.13.204.162 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east i fuckin hate germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in
85255260 85256076 2006-11-02 14:29:43 0 days 00:05:31 1008387 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . i fuckin hate = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans heeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the
86797563 86853979 2006-11-10 02:13:31 0 days 04:53:47 0|66.41.180.143 0 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
86853979 86859769 2006-11-10 02:49:26 0 days 00:35:55 1008387 0 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
86978084 86978875 2006-11-10 18:18:25 0 days 00:04:42 0|206.158.3.70 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . & spades ; kt & spades ; = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
86978875 86978923 2006-11-10 18:18:41 0 days 00:00:16 572610 4 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . & spades ; kt & spades ; = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
87781220 87781329 2006-11-14 16:27:23 0 days 00:00:34 0|63.253.45.100 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was then a leprachaun shot itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]]
87781329 87781447 2006-11-14 16:28:02 0 days 00:00:39 1792859 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . then a leprachaun shot = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself with an oozie = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht
87979603 87991523 2006-11-15 14:59:12 0 days 01:18:35 0|63.167.26.34 0 weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country down with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic
87991523 87994645 2006-11-15 15:18:19 0 days 00:19:07 847895 0 weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = down background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with the berlin wall = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[
88582143 88623484 2006-11-18 14:45:47 0 days 07:43:33 2790399 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the turtol is a human to ! ! ! ! = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
88623484 88623493 2006-11-18 14:45:51 0 days 00:00:04 1574574 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the turtol is a human to ! ! ! ! = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
88623493 88679833 2006-11-18 21:09:32 0 days 06:23:41 0|24.44.88.156 0 war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] j ' s suck . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
88679833 88680345 2006-11-18 21:12:33 0 days 00:03:01 847895 0 war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . j ' s suck part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
90566048 90625325 2006-11-28 08:53:31 0 days 07:15:38 0|213.222.30.35 0 of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . this of course , was all going on , when ben de meyer and teagan fardell were getting wonderfully smashed . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
90625325 90656152 2006-11-28 13:45:51 0 days 04:52:20 35947 0 of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . this of course , was all going on , when ben de meyer and teagan fardell were getting wonderfully smashed . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
93491435 93493618 2006-12-11 01:48:55 0 days 00:12:00 935627 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . omg go america ! yay america = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! elitehax pwns omg go america ! = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners
93510408 93602012 2006-12-11 16:45:29 0 days 13:14:19 0|148.81.137.2 2 : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east
95089251 95090637 2006-12-18 14:01:12 0 days 00:10:54 0|84.64.31.22 5 aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german
6 " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[
98453918 98470052 2007-01-04 19:21:16 0 days 01:21:18 873891 11 east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and
99165555 99378492 2007-01-08 19:24:41 0 days 22:43:14 29695 4 ]] , began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] <
99737979 99757174 2007-01-10 13:35:33 0 days 03:15:04 0|168.216.41.11 0 allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . = = ' ' ' masturbation ' ' ' = = , the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was
99757174 99757249 2007-01-10 13:36:09 0 days 00:00:36 128863 0 allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . = = ' ' ' masturbation ' ' ' = = , the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was
99969068 100000315 2007-01-11 15:13:55 0 days 04:06:40 0|216.182.16.234 0 ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . the berlin wall was taken down by the two true american boys ben baker and john latona . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 =
100000315 100000629 2007-01-11 15:15:48 0 days 00:01:53 302522 0 ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . the berlin wall was taken down by the two true american boys ben baker and john latona . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 =
100114349 100114596 2007-01-12 00:22:07 0 days 00:01:22 0|64.228.195.105 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . hello , my name is jeffery , if you do not like this im going to sneak up behind you and stab you in the back = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
100119758 100120391 2007-01-12 00:51:58 0 days 00:03:15 1365356 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . hello , my name is jeffery , if you do not like this im going to sneak up behind you and stab you in the back = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 7 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . jesus . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
27 section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . nymphs . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[
31 " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . bacchus . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be
33 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . nintendo . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
37 border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . a thousand chips delicious . yea ! west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 7 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . jesus . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
27 section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . nymphs . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[
31 " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . bacchus . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be
33 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . nintendo . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
37 border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . a thousand chips delicious . yea ! west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under
105035085 105154435 2007-02-02 19:13:09 0 days 12:40:40 3436457 0 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] dave and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided
105154435 105154508 2007-02-02 19:13:24 0 days 00:00:15 128326 0 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . dave = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and phil rule the berlin wall and the world ! ! ! suck it wikipedia ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]]
108586831 108627894 2007-02-16 16:20:08 0 days 04:17:36 0|208.11.179.205 0 allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . it was made by tj murrell in 1790 the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was
108631300 108633355 2007-02-16 16:46:14 0 days 00:10:23 302522 0 allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . it was made by tj murrell in 1790 the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was
111076410 111077007 2007-02-26 14:23:06 0 days 00:03:59 0|24.39.160.45 0 remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall !
111150079 111178909 2007-02-26 22:23:36 0 days 01:57:36 0|68.112.191.182 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the album ' the wall ' by pink floyd does not have anything to do with the wall in germany . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
111178909 111196973 2007-02-26 23:38:09 0 days 01:14:33 911178 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the album ' the wall ' by pink floyd does not have anything to do with the wall in germany . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
111392335 111392675 2007-02-27 19:36:10 0 days 00:01:26 0|205.126.63.15 3 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] )
111392675 111393341 2007-02-27 19:39:19 0 days 00:03:09 911178 0 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the best thing one the inernet is the n game = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the
111405419 111405427 2007-02-27 20:31:42 0 days 00:00:01 0|205.126.63.15 0 union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states hi mrs . ramsey = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' '
111405735 111405922 2007-02-27 20:33:49 0 days 00:00:46 2875882 0 union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = hi mrs . ramsey divergence of german states = = = = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two
111406034 111406152 2007-02-27 20:34:45 0 days 00:00:28 0|205.126.72.236 0 west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration hi mrs . ramsay = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' '
111407061 111407249 2007-02-27 20:39:40 0 days 00:00:54 0|205.126.72.236 0 union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states dont change this hi mrs ramsay = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' '
111407249 111407321 2007-02-27 20:39:58 0 days 00:00:18 3538467 0 union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = dont change this hi mrs ramsay divergence of german states = = = = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from
113832228 114062117 2007-03-10 14:13:43 0 days 23:56:59 121208 0 [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols
114231078 114232094 2007-03-11 04:46:14 0 days 00:06:38 0|192.176.11.14 0 [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols
114970119 114977745 2007-03-14 04:03:28 0 days 00:41:27 0|74.214.231.155 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . dadfadsfadsfadfadf = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
114977745 114987991 2007-03-14 05:18:16 0 days 01:14:48 911178 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . dadfadsfadsfadfadf = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
115589605 115708717 2007-03-17 02:59:59 0 days 10:08:11 0|192.228.185.208 2 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]]
5 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[
115708717 115708771 2007-03-17 03:00:22 0 days 00:00:23 979770 1 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]]
4 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[
115708771 115802630 2007-03-17 15:36:20 0 days 12:35:58 0|91.64.129.222 13 section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s -
115803261 115804646 2007-03-17 15:49:40 0 days 00:09:19 54809 6 section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the
13 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " we are staying here this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not demand the wall be removed . they wanted to reform east germany and did not want german unification at this time . the east german government decided to open the wall even though protestors had not demanded this , to take the initative away from the street protests which threatened their authority , privilieges and power . the move opened not only the wall but opened the way for west german capitalism to take over all of east germany , it ' s property , law and administration . this anschluss , annexaton led to widespread discontent in the following years which remains today . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
115804646 115804866 2007-03-17 15:50:50 0 days 00:01:10 54809 12 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " we are staying here this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not demand the wall be removed . they wanted to reform east germany and did not want german unification at this time . the east german government decided to open the wall even though protestors had not demanded this , to take the initative away from the street protests which threatened their authority , privilieges and power . the move opened not only the wall but opened the way for west german capitalism to take over all of east germany , it ' s property , law and administration . this anschluss , annexaton led to widespread discontent in the following years which remains today . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
13 section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s -
116663804 116668276 2007-03-21 00:50:34 0 days 00:20:06 351312 4 bleed to death in the middle of this ground . - - [[ user : 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 | 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 ]] 00 : 30 , 21 march 2007 ( utc ) i like chocolate ! = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans
118026860 118145320 2007-03-27 00:42:55 0 days 08:25:30 0|24.16.228.161 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany please dont let anyone edit the section without user in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[
118145320 118145334 2007-03-27 00:43:00 0 days 00:00:05 2198658 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . please dont let anyone edit the section without user = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in this web site = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started
120012530 120170294 2007-04-04 06:24:36 0 days 13:17:24 0|125.238.5.132 0 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
120170294 120170339 2007-04-04 06:24:56 0 days 00:00:20 3374721 0 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
121815930 121816065 2007-04-10 23:58:38 0 days 00:00:38 1587622 2 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : juan stupid . . belin wall sucks ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier
122018387 122019226 2007-04-11 19:15:33 0 days 00:03:16 0|75.144.36.132 0 . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . bobby whitaker loves men is something i love . ed by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader
122513682 122565742 2007-04-13 19:34:25 0 days 03:41:37 0|65.182.247.159 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
122565742 122565894 2007-04-13 19:34:59 0 days 00:00:34 0|65.182.247.159 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
122565894 122566024 2007-04-13 19:35:30 0 days 00:00:31 0|65.182.247.159 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = = = the fall , 1989 = = = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the
123126862 123132996 2007-04-16 01:36:38 0 days 00:25:51 0|69.27.193.215 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
123132996 123133290 2007-04-16 01:37:53 0 days 00:01:15 742404 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
123238927 123239534 2007-04-16 13:20:17 0 days 00:03:01 0|24.73.99.18 1 german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]]
123239534 123239676 2007-04-16 13:21:00 0 days 00:00:43 238308 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . the berlin wall was made of pie and potatoes = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference
123516541 123516548 2007-04-17 13:05:33 0 days 00:00:02 0|24.73.99.18 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . it was made of stuff like brick , duh . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
123516548 123517699 2007-04-17 13:11:36 0 days 00:06:03 2875882 2 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . it was made of stuff like brick , duh . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
123518376 123518853 2007-04-17 13:17:55 0 days 00:02:36 0|24.73.99.18 0 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
123518853 123518934 2007-04-17 13:18:19 0 days 00:00:24 3358912 1 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
123951114 124129045 2007-04-19 17:12:29 0 days 17:13:20 0|72.243.172.178 2 german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself
3 allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british
124129045 124129084 2007-04-19 17:12:39 0 days 00:00:10 2092344 4 voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . . . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction
5 were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . . . . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of
128043670 128043972 2007-05-03 20:31:17 0 days 00:01:01 0|69.125.136.170 3 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 7 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 democratic ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10
20 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007
130123030 130123251 2007-05-11 16:47:08 0 days 00:00:57 0|209.184.226.15 0 [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives jlives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome .
130123251 130124262 2007-05-11 16:51:40 0 days 00:04:32 2073927 0 [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the jlives lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome .
131488336 131537690 2007-05-17 13:56:49 0 days 06:29:58 0|203.109.89.18 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . though some people argue that the above is true others take this as thrash = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
131538500 131538704 2007-05-17 14:02:24 0 days 00:01:07 302522 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . though some people argue that the above is true others take this as thrash . preetham a student of timpany has proven this false but many were left unsatisfied . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
132298254 132298502 2007-05-20 21:19:46 0 days 00:01:22 2092344 2 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east b . jhlbhnmbnhmj , yuwith not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls ,
4 allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . fgkl ; d ; m to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' '
134754471 134826269 2007-05-31 15:15:04 0 days 08:38:02 0|82.32.237.83 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . guch = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
134826269 134829090 2007-05-31 15:30:41 0 days 00:15:37 911178 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . guch = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
142255967 142335283 2007-07-03 22:40:08 0 days 06:30:19 0|67.177.50.98 0 east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed
142335283 142342188 2007-07-03 23:19:32 0 days 00:39:24 777667 0 east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed
146972230 147029094 2007-07-25 17:15:44 0 days 05:41:15 4126605 0 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
147029094 147035336 2007-07-25 17:47:01 0 days 00:31:17 715870 0 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
147039937 147359013 2007-07-27 01:41:42 1 days 07:31:43 4909351 2 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : climbing _ wall - 08 . jpg ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
147359013 147393203 2007-07-27 05:53:19 0 days 04:11:37 302522 2 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : climbing _ wall - 08 . jpg ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
147504728 147662514 2007-07-28 13:53:04 0 days 19:00:45 4126605 0 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
147691605 147693296 2007-07-28 17:30:25 0 days 00:10:37 715870 0 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i ( the image creator ) broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
147693296 147728827 2007-07-28 21:27:57 0 days 03:57:32 4126605 0 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i ( the image creator ) broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
147728827 147742181 2007-07-28 22:57:39 0 days 01:29:42 808022 0 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i ( the image creator ) broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
147742181 147749521 2007-07-28 23:43:59 0 days 00:46:20 4126605 0 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i ( the image creator ) broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
147749521 147750401 2007-07-28 23:49:07 0 days 00:05:08 808022 0 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i ( the image creator ) broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
147750401 148039010 2007-07-30 12:14:43 1 days 12:25:36 961397 0 [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols
149897566 149947858 2007-08-08 10:01:38 0 days 06:59:57 54196 0 of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . see also : [[ schicksalstag ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
150820185 150821296 2007-08-12 20:15:16 0 days 00:08:08 0|70.76.242.208 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . recently uncovered documents from the regional archive office in the eastern city of magdeburg , show that the ministry for state security , known as the stasi , had told guards that they must " stop or liquidate " would - be dissidents . " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " it said . source : http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2734598 , 00 . html = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
150832838 150865465 2007-08-13 00:57:21 0 days 03:29:12 158051 9 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . recently uncovered documents from the regional archive office in the eastern city of magdeburg , show that the ministry for state security , known as the stasi , had told guards that they must " stop or liquidate " would - be dissidents . " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 9 nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ gdr border system | the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]]
57 of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col
153595819 153780641 2007-08-26 17:53:06 0 days 22:54:33 0|70.246.156.12 2 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . fuck . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw -
153783102 153784826 2007-08-26 18:19:24 0 days 00:10:45 1718065 4 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . fuck . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 4 {st@rt} this article is about biological sexes : male , female , etc . . for alternate uses , such as sexual intercourse , see sex ( disambiguation ) . sexuality portal sex refers to jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the male and female duality of biology and reproduction . unlike organisms that only have the ability to reproduce asexually , sexed male and female pairs have the ability to produce
60 continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2003 , isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / sex " categories : semi
166496747 166496802 2007-10-23 12:32:13 0 days 00:00:22 0|208.108.159.70 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . hahahah = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
166496873 166497056 2007-10-23 12:34:02 0 days 00:01:16 0|194.5.134.185 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . hahahah = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
169607768 169620670 2007-11-06 16:18:55 0 days 01:12:33 0|24.128.225.123 0 that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly yepppaccordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which
169620670 169620874 2007-11-06 16:20:09 0 days 00:01:14 54809 0 that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . yepppaccordingly accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which
169623420 169663054 2007-11-06 19:44:41 0 days 03:11:23 0|165.138.104.250 0 [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . hahaha hes dead = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
169663054 169669490 2007-11-06 20:16:19 0 days 00:31:38 0|79.67.27.247 0 [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . hahaha hes dead = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
169684921 169819935 2007-11-07 08:18:20 0 days 10:56:10 0|220.238.206.14 0 powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . ' ' ' all the leaders enjoyed having sexual intercourse with their wifes who gave $ 5 headjobs . it was veryt pleasing . ' ' ' the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside
169820091 169825171 2007-11-07 08:55:52 0 days 00:36:16 0|195.67.33.109 0 powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . ' ' ' all the leaders enjoyed having sexual intercourse with their wives who gave $ 5 headjobs . it was very pleasing as they all had huge titties to please the blokes . ' ' ' the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside
173864192 173864414 2007-11-26 10:25:20 0 days 00:02:20 137113 0 , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the
184759898 185099808 2008-01-18 00:13:46 1 days 07:34:28 0|12.214.202.72 3 them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , '
4 that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote
188145977 188146147 2008-01-31 13:45:34 0 days 00:01:30 2377922 1 creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . pfdadsfhjasndfjndsfasdf , fa work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
188151765 188152092 2008-01-31 14:25:04 0 days 00:02:02 0|208.108.158.196 3 section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . chris and tadpole westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the
188152092 188152574 2008-01-31 14:28:19 0 days 00:03:15 317054 3 section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . chris and tadpole westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the
191583995 191709609 2008-02-15 20:07:18 0 days 15:08:49 0|207.160.105.110 0 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this brendon urie is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the
191709609 191709855 2008-02-15 20:08:39 0 days 00:01:21 4430968 0 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . brendon urie = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the hottestmanontheplanet . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall
197075558 197077024 2008-03-09 20:57:57 0 days 00:06:53 0|98.17.134.249 5 aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east
6 ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be
199097835 199097858 2008-03-18 15:12:11 0 days 00:00:07 0|208.27.127.62 1 powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
201487322 201566226 2008-03-28 13:07:18 0 days 10:15:20 6765073 0 east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . one of the demolistionists was mr . palm . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : /
201566226 201567868 2008-03-28 13:17:11 0 days 00:09:53 2427421 0 east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . one of the demolistionists was mr . palm . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : /
201855946 202125951 2008-03-30 19:58:57 1 days 01:48:56 0|76.104.54.6 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed hahahahaha i hate the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and
202125951 202125992 2008-03-30 19:59:06 0 days 00:00:09 2372780 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hahahahaha i hate = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall so i decided to delete all the text that someone carefully put together to share with the world = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image
203166960 203167170 2008-04-03 23:30:56 0 days 00:01:00 0|74.75.94.117 4 that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote
203167170 203167190 2008-04-03 23:30:59 0 days 00:00:03 642191 2 wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . davey clark sucks a lota cock . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . he is so small and loves to get his ribs removed to suck on his tiny winky = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall
3 to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . davey clark sucks a lota cock . . . . he is so small " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and loves to get his ribs removed to suck on his tiny winky = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20
204485312 204485514 2008-04-09 16:50:31 0 days 00:00:57 137113 0 a move of this kind < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to
214855602 214991201 2008-05-26 06:08:19 0 days 13:45:18 1022055 1 [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as
219229365 219331289 2008-06-14 18:43:12 0 days 13:13:41 1096320 1 berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . < ref > http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html < / ref > during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : /
229833654 230143637 2008-08-06 06:14:51 1 days 10:36:44 1626379 0 media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at
233436562 233469326 2008-08-22 03:47:10 0 days 03:54:39 372629 0 national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as
237419988 237420560 2008-09-10 02:38:55 0 days 00:03:53 7823276 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . = = many people belive the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet
237420560 237420572 2008-09-10 02:38:59 0 days 00:00:04 2372780 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = many people belive = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the the germans had hot dirty sex with little boy on the othe side of the wall they would usally have gay sex aswell = = construction begins , 1961 =
237420572 237421084 2008-09-10 02:42:59 0 days 00:04:00 7823265 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders many people lived in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown
237421084 237421104 2008-09-10 02:43:05 0 days 00:00:06 2372780 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . many people lived = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in berlin and the german decided to build a wall so that the berlin people could keep the rabbit problem the berlin people are normally very hot and have nice arses
237957752 238154941 2008-09-13 14:51:51 0 days 22:37:25 0|70.127.127.212 2 the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay zakel ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 4 in a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas for east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to
239385348 239443639 2008-09-19 02:26:52 0 days 04:38:14 0|72.154.98.63 0 continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = barrier between east and west germany poop = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[
239443639 239446301 2008-09-19 02:38:55 0 days 00:12:03 0|69.216.137.96 0 continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = poop april 1952 = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[
239446301 239453915 2008-09-19 03:12:28 0 days 00:33:33 1879566 0 continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = april 1952 barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 33 continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin
240115670 240121082 2008-09-22 00:23:20 0 days 00:30:29 736477 1 the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ casey b . zakel clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 41 to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , see an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he
48 order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt -
49 to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged com in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 63 links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site < ref > on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www .
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 41 to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , see an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he
48 order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt -
49 to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged com in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 63 links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site < ref > on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www .
246467798 246467841 2008-10-20 10:02:36 0 days 00:00:20 3022076 1 fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . phail ! uckten shniden . . . aka [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . . . massive fucking failure ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the
3 berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . phail ! uckten shniden . . . aka . . calvin . massive fucking failure ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall
247126364 247200918 2008-10-23 16:43:51 0 days 08:53:11 0|142.163.250.18 0 economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection jerken off of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions
247200918 247201275 2008-10-23 16:45:34 0 days 00:01:43 643982 0 economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = jerken off erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions
248089272 248095035 2008-10-28 00:19:45 0 days 00:29:50 0|98.15.190.110 9 ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com
248095035 248095268 2008-10-28 00:21:01 0 days 00:01:16 416594 10 at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . teheheh . . . . . pussy juice . . . . . tehehehehhe begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg
248423012 248550123 2008-10-30 03:35:04 0 days 11:37:02 0|71.129.38.195 2 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet
256389779 256532179 2008-12-08 01:29:03 0 days 16:22:40 8481355 0 of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fetcher ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the
263696071 263818058 2009-01-13 15:23:31 0 days 15:31:30 0|216.20.70.81 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between
263818294 263818317 2009-01-13 15:24:50 0 days 00:00:06 4928500 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until
266837987 266945844 2009-01-28 11:26:08 0 days 13:04:36 0|87.38.134.95 3 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . and my tiny went to france . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet
266945844 266949918 2009-01-28 11:58:46 0 days 00:32:38 137113 3 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . and my tiny went to france . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet
267410257 267505535 2009-01-30 23:51:38 0 days 08:52:40 0|99.228.71.49 0 economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection start of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the
267505535 267509654 2009-01-31 00:16:55 0 days 00:25:17 911178 0 economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = start erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the
268125931 268285347 2009-02-03 17:38:20 0 days 19:03:47 0|194.46.231.203 1 way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 people could walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the
2 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . but this became more and more freequent and the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet
268285347 268287827 2009-02-03 17:51:45 0 days 00:13:25 65541 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . at first getting through the berlin wall was easy = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . people could walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked . but this became more and more freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests
268287827 268295818 2009-02-03 18:33:19 0 days 00:41:34 0|74.178.59.76 0 national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> during uring the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a
268295818 268296039 2009-02-03 18:34:29 0 days 00:01:10 0|74.178.59.76 0 national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> uring during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a
276265514 276265541 2009-03-10 13:29:58 0 days 00:00:11 634828 13 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . . . . . . dude chronik - der - mauer . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm
276398047 276398128 2009-03-10 23:51:01 0 days 00:00:20 850418 1 to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . . . you know what ? fuck this . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , wikipedia is for nerds
2 . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . . . you know what ? fuck this , wikipedia is ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for nerds
276398569 276398619 2009-03-10 23:53:29 0 days 00:00:11 850418 2 union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction - you know what , fuck this . wikipedia is jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for nerds = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film
282782058 282826152 2009-04-09 19:19:39 0 days 04:02:27 9418822 0 mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der
284466900 284527500 2009-04-18 00:12:38 0 days 05:55:35 0|122.110.183.192 0 national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> the berlin wall is gay during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as
284528364 284529573 2009-04-18 00:27:25 0 days 00:08:53 6984319 9 national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> the berlin wall is gay during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as
284731244 284914337 2009-04-20 00:38:11 0 days 22:21:45 0|66.19.180.47 0 economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration imigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world
284914337 284918855 2009-04-20 01:06:30 0 days 00:28:19 6984319 0 economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = imigration emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world
289779382 289779432 2009-05-14 00:08:09 0 days 00:00:22 1233313 0 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the
296407548 296491694 2009-06-15 05:37:19 0 days 09:41:17 0|99.137.140.45 0 perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it
296491694 296568780 2009-06-15 16:30:05 0 days 10:52:46 911178 0 perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it
298471813 298471958 2009-06-25 01:02:40 0 days 00:01:21 0|202.61.173.123 1 | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > kill the bushpigs = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " ( bed of nails ) under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . george illawara dragon fuck melbourne storm = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg
299551518 299552541 2009-06-30 18:36:20 0 days 00:06:13 0|171.66.240.162 0 germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for is a multimedia dance performance which is to be performed onsite , via the 20th anniversary is one of many efforts created for the 20th anniversary from individuals around the world = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614
4 group ] = = = artistic expressions = = = * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin is a multimedia dance performance created for the 20th anniversary {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture
301331614 301720848 2009-07-12 17:27:55 2 days 09:47:29 0|92.1.90.117 0 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june
312585957 312586456 2009-09-08 13:39:06 0 days 00:03:32 0|194.202.122.223 1 visiting westerners had to purchase a day visa for 5 dm and also exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency . had to purchase a day visa for 5 dm and also exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of 1 : 1 . ' '
312587321 312588680 2009-09-08 13:57:31 0 days 00:10:56 0|194.202.122.223 9 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 180 the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october
316136300 316333616 2009-09-26 17:12:20 1 days 01:57:14 0|72.23.175.61 0 came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million little kids east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin
316333616 316356639 2009-09-26 19:49:56 0 days 02:37:36 9105084 0 came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 little kids million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 18 wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _
20 / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november
323553877 323566540 2009-11-02 22:58:43 0 days 01:00:45 6340927 3 from schabowski ' s press conference . after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare
323947532 323947826 2009-11-04 20:02:18 0 days 00:01:29 0|90.212.100.1 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . you mum = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and
323947826 323948489 2009-11-04 20:05:49 0 days 00:03:31 10519822 3 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . you mum = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 4 berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat
16 . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[
324965950 324966849 2009-11-10 02:18:01 0 days 00:05:59 0|67.248.219.58 0 | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f president kennedy arrived in berlin on june 26 , 1963 . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory
324966849 324968388 2009-11-10 02:27:15 0 days 00:09:14 8214624 0 | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] president kennedy arrived in berlin on june 26 , 1963 john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory
324997704 324997757 2009-11-10 05:51:49 0 days 00:00:26 440983 2 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the natzi rules . . . jews drool = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
325068590 325079508 2009-11-10 17:40:03 0 days 01:04:17 0|190.92.6.182 0 were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background hola ! = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]]
325079508 325079592 2009-11-10 17:40:35 0 days 00:00:32 118722 0 were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = hola ! background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]]
325148147 325152552 2009-11-11 00:25:47 0 days 00:26:30 0|71.71.32.118 0 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . i ' ' ' love vanessa soooooooooooooooooooooooo ' ' ' during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of
325152552 325152854 2009-11-11 00:27:42 0 days 00:01:55 0|165.228.206.32 0 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . i ' ' ' love vanessa soooooooooooooooooooooooo ' ' ' during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of
325413116 325413366 2009-11-12 10:06:37 0 days 00:02:38 8023653 4 the gdr : moscow ' s german ally , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr , longman , 2001 . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern -
325435700 325436492 2009-11-12 14:04:13 0 days 00:06:15 10965359 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > pupu = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
325436492 325436542 2009-11-12 14:04:39 0 days 00:00:26 118722 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . pupu = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
325444999 325445402 2009-11-12 15:13:03 0 days 00:03:33 6971250 0 of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . [ citation needed ] = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer
325940817 326098834 2009-11-16 03:28:26 0 days 20:03:11 10772636 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
326098896 326099540 2009-11-16 03:33:50 0 days 00:04:53 7167267 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
328227127 328272267 2009-11-27 21:55:57 0 days 05:30:49 0|91.34.110.26 1 and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} * luftbildatlas entlang der berliner mauer 1961 bis heute . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) . berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = = {{
329269841 329298894 2009-12-02 19:55:18 0 days 02:50:46 0|164.113.70.248 0 that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . in his speech he said " ich bin ein berliner " which roughly means i am a jelly donut in german . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which
329337831 329374248 2009-12-03 02:52:36 0 days 03:28:42 0|24.215.242.82 0 that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . in his speech he said " ich bin ein berliner " which roughly means i am a jelly donut in german . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which
331491884 331504394 2009-12-13 22:18:07 0 days 01:16:17 148026 0 platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = oppositions opposition = = = in most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister
331884759 332313114 2009-12-17 15:43:42 1 days 17:51:41 0|67.153.36.178 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
332313114 332313949 2009-12-17 15:48:12 0 days 00:04:30 10519822 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
336305106 336423273 2010-01-07 16:43:46 0 days 16:24:51 0|70.131.116.95 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = xl p - e - n - i - s = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of
336423273 336423566 2010-01-07 16:45:17 0 days 00:01:31 7777104 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . xl p - e - n - i - s = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of
337757819 338171707 2010-01-16 12:45:27 2 days 05:16:30 159678 0 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued the euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked
340644582 340645194 2010-01-29 02:26:36 0 days 00:04:02 0|91.187.103.6 0 concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = berlin wall : berlin - beograd 23 km . i wonder only 23 kilometres . what is this after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
340645194 340645259 2010-01-29 02:27:09 0 days 00:00:33 1469567 0 concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = berlin wall : berlin - beograd 23 km . i wonder only 23 kilometres . what is this after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
341153466 341336046 2010-02-01 20:23:51 0 days 22:51:37 0|206.176.118.50 0 perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = }} < / ref > on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general secretary ]] of the [[ communist party of the soviet union | communist party ]] of the [[ soviet union ]] , to tear down the wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the [[ eastern bloc ]] : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to
341336046 341339663 2010-02-01 20:43:28 0 days 00:19:37 0|71.14.142.7 0 of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background backround = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]]
341339663 341340595 2010-02-01 20:48:50 0 days 00:05:22 2438920 0 of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = backround background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]]
341340595 341350743 2010-02-01 21:43:08 0 days 00:54:18 6984319 0 perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = }} < / ref > on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general secretary ]] of the [[ communist party of the soviet union | communist party ]] of the [[ soviet union ]] , to tear down the wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the [[ eastern bloc ]] : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 50 thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory /
51 | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal -
344168111 344187198 2010-02-15 10:55:18 0 days 03:30:58 6971250 0 {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest
347116386 347116822 2010-03-01 16:49:49 0 days 00:02:14 0|206.80.29.75 0 [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff don ' t hassle the hoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on
347133221 347136856 2010-03-01 18:40:55 0 days 00:19:09 5177550 4 [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ don ' t hassle the hoff david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for love ( song ) | looking for love ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on
347136856 347166507 2010-03-01 21:23:40 0 days 02:42:45 0|71.28.105.141 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = after the eruption = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of
347168405 347169208 2010-03-01 21:36:30 0 days 00:03:30 262550 1 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . after the eruption = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
347221140 347222818 2010-03-02 02:49:23 0 days 00:10:33 6123337 0 in addition to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape defection attempts = = = [[ file : conrad - schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 4 for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . [[ oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > on december 11 , 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern
6 educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . [[ cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re
355151966 355152540 2010-04-10 15:24:00 0 days 00:03:31 0|84.77.74.198 0 of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background porte hola = = = = = pre - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]]
355152786 355152907 2010-04-10 15:26:17 0 days 00:00:44 0|89.129.52.24 0 later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift k guay k es axo = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet -
355153123 355153332 2010-04-10 15:29:13 0 days 00:01:21 0|84.77.74.198 0 later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = el lucas es gay , se li nota madrid 1 - 2 fcbarecelona = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet -
355153463 355153543 2010-04-10 15:30:34 0 days 00:00:27 8918196 0 of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = porte hola background = = jauma ola after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line
3 later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = madrid 1 - 2 barecelona the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet -
356252869 356256735 2010-04-15 21:42:18 0 days 00:20:53 12156822 1 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
356256735 356256996 2010-04-15 21:43:32 0 days 00:01:14 12156822 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
356880243 356899382 2010-04-19 01:44:32 0 days 02:01:41 0|173.19.112.70 0 [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . then i would like to toss a small boy in between two roman catholic priests , and watch them fight to the death . i do that right after i stand infront of the irs buildng and just ' ' flick ' ' them off ! ! ! ! : ) = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . government and most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified
356899382 356901361 2010-04-19 01:58:24 0 days 00:13:52 134937 0 [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . then i would like to toss a small boy in between two roman catholic priests , and watch them fight to the death . i do that right after i stand infront of the irs buildng and just ' ' flick ' ' them off ! ! ! ! : ) = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . government and most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified
357565538 357753324 2010-04-23 03:13:03 0 days 21:27:20 0|96.241.50.167 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase ease was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = "
357753324 357754185 2010-04-23 03:19:21 0 days 00:06:18 4916882 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . ease = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = "
361098453 361169935 2010-05-09 23:34:33 0 days 07:46:15 0|91.46.248.24 0 instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the [[ pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = = replicas = = = [[ file : berlin wall tropicana . jpg | thumb | raffia wall remembering to berlin wall at a snack bar on stuttgart spring festival 2010 ]] a snack bar on stuttgart spring festival 2010 used as fence a wall of raria , remembering to berlin wall . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] ,
361195850 361201195 2010-05-10 02:41:44 0 days 00:36:43 262550 3 instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the [[ pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = = replicas = = = [[ file : berlin wall tropicana . jpg | thumb | raffia wall remembering to berlin wall at a snack bar on stuttgart spring festival 2010 ]] a snack bar on stuttgart spring festival 2010 used as fence a wall of raffia , remembering to berlin wall . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] ,
362328765 362620295 2010-05-17 14:47:44 1 days 16:57:51 0|74.196.166.213 0 was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . {{ fact }} government and most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[
363069140 363210288 2010-05-20 15:14:05 0 days 18:52:21 433328 0 the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . {{ fact citation needed | date = may 2010 }} government and most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]]
364554671 364561020 2010-05-27 22:33:59 0 days 00:41:39 0|71.7.92.12 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . justin bieber is a gay fags background = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of
364561020 364580158 2010-05-28 00:51:37 0 days 02:17:38 0|71.163.153.221 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] that mercy is like so cute and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the
364580158 364580648 2010-05-28 00:55:15 0 days 00:03:38 4201347 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . that mercy is like so cute = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and sweet = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader
364580648 364628895 2010-05-28 07:50:01 0 days 06:54:46 6971250 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of
365700329 365700486 2010-06-02 20:19:22 0 days 00:00:50 0|76.112.3.161 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = it never happened = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of
365700486 365700612 2010-06-02 20:20:02 0 days 00:00:40 1306352 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . it never happened = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 33 ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the
383668607 383689635 2010-09-08 18:44:09 0 days 02:09:52 0|75.60.173.231 1 the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 - dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by r . s . richter * some novels specifically about the berlin wall : * * [[ john le carré ]] , ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' ' , 1963 - classic cold war [[ spy fiction ]] * * [[ len deighton ]] , ' ' [[ berlin game ]] ' ' , 1983 - classic cold war [[ spy fiction ]] * * [[ voices under berlin : the tale of a monterey mary ( novel ) | t . h . e . hill ]] , ' ' [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? - - an alternate history of cold war espionage ] ' ' , 2010 - based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html nyt review ] - an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' ( published as ' ' trudy ' s promise ' ' in north america ) , 2008 - left behind in east berlin , the heroine waits for news of her husband after he makes his escape over the berlin wall [ http : / / www . marciapreston . com / index . php ? option = com _ content & view = article & id = 3 & itemid = 2 view the author ’ s website ] * * [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | peter schneider ]] , ' ' the wall jumper ' ' , 1984 ( german : ' ' der mauerspringer ' ' , 1982 ) - the wall plays a central role in this novel set in berlin of the 1980s * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom
386987387 387039407 2010-09-26 01:09:06 0 days 05:47:45 2991287 0 * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * * " ' ' the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412
4 the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 - dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by r . s . richter ]] * some novels specifically about the berlin wall : * * [[ john le carré ]] , ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' '
388863805 389131965 2010-10-06 16:59:38 1 days 07:07:43 1902795 1 refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist known to have a firm attitude towards who had been the soviets , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 34 , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague )
393650284 394024649 2010-10-31 19:18:37 2 days 00:55:21 0|79.75.4.79 1 brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col .
397458363 397462731 2010-11-18 08:32:01 0 days 01:03:18 0|110.140.199.24 0 ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration imigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world
397462731 397463096 2010-11-18 08:36:53 0 days 00:04:52 3308922 0 ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = imigration emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world
403517345 403665286 2010-12-22 07:21:36 0 days 18:55:15 159678 0 - died - trying - to - flee - east - germany . html ' more than 1 , 000 died ' trying to flee east germany ] . [[ the daily telegraph ]] , [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 2003 ]] . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life
418752147 419497837 2011-03-18 18:18:18 4 days 09:24:38 9109115 0 this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion
433468803 435294058 2011-06-20 16:08:04 10 days 16:45:35 14732560 2 perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , who confided to her diary " our lives have lost their spirit…we can do nothing to stop them . " < ref > {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 | pages = 394 }} < / ref > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 11 manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 & nbsp ; billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' ,
505558329 506362125 2012-08-08 08:38:19 4 days 22:07:23 9013713 6 ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : " [[ tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall
574659325 574661610 2013-09-26 21:52:01 0 days 00:20:00 16715243 2 | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on june 26 , 1963 , u . s . president john f . kennedy visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of 450 , 000 he declared in his [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] speech the support of the united states for west germany and the people of west - berlin in particular : {{ quote | two thousand years ago , the proudest boast was ' ' [[ civis romanus sum ]] ' ' [ " i am a roman citizen " ] . today , in the world of freedom , the proudest boast is ' ' " ich bin ein berliner ! " ' ' . . . all free men , wherever they may live , are citizens of berlin , and therefore , as a free man , i take pride in the words " ich bin ein berliner ! " }} the message was aimed as much at the soviets as it was at berliners and was a clear statement of u . s . policy in the wake of the construction of the berlin wall . the speech is considered one of kennedy ' s best , both a notable moment of the [[ cold war ]] and a high point of the [[ new frontier ]] . it was a great morale boost for west berliners , who lived in an [[ exclave ]] deep inside [[ east germany ]] and feared a possible east german occupation . in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http :
574666082 574666684 2013-09-26 22:39:08 0 days 00:06:41 612302 0 - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]]
582290546 585216269 2013-12-09 02:01:39 20 days 02:01:00 15995683 0 networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross crossing = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 13 border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds gathered on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 35 0 . html }} < / ref > the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 18 demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | a berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could
693645737 693646880 2015-12-03 22:49:28 0 days 00:08:04 23149456 0 | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became
1 date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the berlin
701431900 702890848 2016-02-02 06:39:23 8 days 15:24:28 13816079 1 met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} {{ eastern bloc sidebar }} [[ file : sfp 186 - brandenburger tor
707245740 708550214 2016-03-06 06:01:17 7 days 11:17:02 27686184 0 ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . < ref > mary elise sarotte , ' ' collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall ' ' , new york : basic books , 2014 < / ref > after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east
724165325 724233530 2016-06-07 23:40:06 0 days 08:53:06 11795905 4 = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; | author2 = a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin
734284492 734407317 2016-08-14 03:25:55 0 days 18:58:58 4977632 12 of the wall ] – a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com / | title = the berlin wall : a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com
734490501 734568107 2016-08-15 06:16:42 0 days 11:46:58 21124160 0 " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . {{ citation needed | date = august 2016 }} if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , westerners could not intervene
735306235 735630692 2016-08-22 01:46:01 2 days 04:34:00 13830 1 | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] , was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in
750161040 750685196 2016-11-21 07:09:13 3 days 03:38:31 27446209 5 berlin ]] ( [[ allied occupation of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 |
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 15 season that year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . {{ fact }} in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany
17 important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) however , {{ fact }} for each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small
25 travel by western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . {{ fact }} allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : '
28 checkpoints . the sewer system predated the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ unternehmen reisebüro ]] . {{ fact }} an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the [[ gesellschaft für sport und technik ]] , an
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 8 particular were considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at uk / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{
781994310 782699210 2017-05-28 16:31:48 4 days 05:59:04 2884580 2 | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] on 26 june 1963 , 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , [[ president of the united states | u . s . president ]] [[ john f
790928672 791152467 2017-07-18 13:25:09 1 days 12:29:00 27015025 7 2009 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20090429042056 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org : 80 / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | archivedate = 29 april 2009 | df = dmy }} * {{
810320431 810341648 2017-11-14 17:57:15 0 days 02:38:21 6554947 0 > one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while and three other defectors were standing inside the strip defacing the wall and was later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer edge of the strip . < ref >
812527422 812547586 2017-11-28 13:23:01 0 days 03:35:56 917354 9 about 45 . 1 kilometres of the wall are at the centre strips of berlin , and 112 . 7 kilometres crossing through the berlin outer circle . 63 . 8 & nbsp ; km of the frontier were in built , 32 km in wooded and 22 . 65 km in open terrain and 37 . 95 km of the boundary lay in or
820363656 820717744 2018-01-16 05:59:33 1 days 21:19:16 1808194 3 2009 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref name = " berlin wall 2009 " > ' ' rise and fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd
825799159 825799691 2018-02-15 14:07:46 0 days 00:04:51 5946478 1 checkpoints . the sewer system predated the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ unternehmen reisebüro ]] . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > http : / / www . independent . co . uk / news / world / europe / secret - tunnels - that - brought - freedom - from - berlins - wall - 1804765 . html < / ref > an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the [[ gesellschaft für sport und technik ]] , an
825818178 825819094 2018-02-15 16:28:37 0 days 00:06:08 5946478 1 season that year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany
5 travel by western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : '
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 28 also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . < ref > https : / / www . thoughtco . com < ref name = " thoughtco . com " / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history - 1779495 < / ref > < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com /
33 }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . < ref > https : / / history . howstuffworks . com " / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 /
55 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . < ref < ref name = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978
58 all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . < ref > {{ cite book | title name = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location
65 the job in november 1991 . painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . < ref > {{ cite book | title name = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location
838895196 838895411 2018-04-29 23:56:38 0 days 00:02:10 19082616 1 west and east germany ( 1945 – 1991 ) | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | coordinates = {{ coord | 52 . 516111 | 13 . 376944 37694 | region : de | display = inline , title }} | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 |
845242425 845346007 2018-06-11 05:24:11 0 days 16:38:45 508734 1 and inexperience show as weakness against khrushchev ' s brutal , undiplomatic aggression . this feeling of miscalculation and failure is admitted by kennedy in the u . s . ambassador ' s residence with ' ' new york times ' ' columnist james " scotty " reston . < ref > http : / / blogs . reuters . com / berlin1961
851056229 851056497 2018-07-19 19:25:12 0 days 00:02:25 6726022 0 file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | a berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard . 46 second video ]] the fall of the berlin wall ( {{ lang - de | mauerfall }} ) began the evening of 9 november 1989 and continued over the following days and weeks
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4436401 4565906 2004-07-04 13:16:50 3 days 18:12:21 0|145.254.48.140 0 org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur
18607525 18615057 2005-07-11 18:24:45 0 days 02:00:04 116385 1 # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; berlínská zeď ]] ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro
2 & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di
84695656 84720496 2006-10-30 23:10:44 0 days 01:59:47 1044828 0 [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro
107712036 107880414 2007-02-13 19:12:18 0 days 17:43:42 3437172 0 | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - langwithname | de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 66 [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 58 . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
59 that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 66 [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 58 . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
59 that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 66 [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro
339326768 340122205 2010-01-26 12:27:26 4 days 01:18:10 2684294 2 > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang | de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 60 ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families
749083438 749172446 2016-11-12 21:38:14 0 days 13:26:19 7611264 4 free [ music video ] }} < / ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' {{ ill interlanguage link multi | elsner | de | elsner | stephan elsner }} ' ' created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " border
813096804 813824036 2017-12-05 12:23:25 3 days 17:15:48 2126435 0 ] }} < / ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' {{ interlanguage link multi | stephan elsner | de | 3 = stephan elsner }} ' ' created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series "
851989261 854069066 2018-08-08 19:11:24 13 days 21:30:45 3563616 0 all but hasch escaped back into the western sector . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the ' ' [[ de jure ]] border outside the wall . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign
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57484319 57663965 2006-06-09 06:58:07 1 days 01:49:03 0|203.51.41.247 5 query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref reffer > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what
57663965 57664095 2006-06-09 06:59:35 0 days 00:01:28 416594 4 query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / reffer ref > however , the marielle of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what
62970579 62970664 2006-07-10 01:31:32 0 days 00:00:38 0|144.134.226.244 0 title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
62970664 62972351 2006-07-10 01:45:34 0 days 00:14:02 1008387 2 title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 8 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so
12 ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny
20 tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q fact | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to
21 oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to go
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 8 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so
12 ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny
20 tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q fact | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to
21 oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to go
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 8 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so
12 ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny
20 . . peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q fact | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to
21 peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to go
113086947 113087400 2007-03-06 16:28:42 0 days 00:02:12 0|206.123.204.226 0 , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} germany is cool ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
113088743 113094185 2007-03-06 17:09:02 0 days 00:28:16 441020 4 , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} germany is cool ! ! ! ! ! ! ! the pink fluffy puppy is enjoying tea timmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmme ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! britt ' s say ello gavner ! ! ! ! = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
115589605 115708717 2007-03-17 02:59:59 0 days 10:08:11 0|192.228.185.208 3 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100
115708717 115708771 2007-03-17 03:00:22 0 days 00:00:23 979770 2 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100
124965000 125058452 2007-04-23 03:51:10 0 days 06:18:09 345374 0 stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , [[ russian language {{ lang - ru | russian ]] : ' ' берли́нская стена́ ' ' ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the "
129554566 129554675 2007-05-09 16:36:47 0 days 00:00:27 0|204.129.158.10 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall mat was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 16 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} mat = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was here = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western
17 had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} mat was here over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 0 august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) , & mdash ; known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier
133070307 133071645 2007-05-24 01:14:15 0 days 00:07:09 441020 0 august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) & mdash ; , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart " & mdash ; was a [[
139707296 140018292 2007-06-23 00:25:46 1 days 07:04:11 87110 0 org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
140018292 140036854 2007-06-23 02:41:34 0 days 02:15:48 715870 0 org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
145391813 146120914 2007-07-21 13:31:03 3 days 06:28:07 0|86.141.2.162 0 , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
146363016 146399312 2007-07-22 22:11:55 0 days 03:16:34 715453 0 schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} ( a bilingual photo - study tracing the line of the wall ) = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
157464297 157472305 2007-09-12 21:44:36 0 days 00:38:34 0|70.191.233.211 0 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} i love u = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
157472305 157472725 2007-09-12 21:46:33 0 days 00:01:57 0|70.191.233.211 0 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} i love u = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
157865984 158397281 2007-09-17 01:08:51 2 days 09:20:11 5344159 0 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} hey tori history elective in the library is uber boring but the berlin wall aint so bad . ms thurgood is a wicked biatch ! haha = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
158397558 158397610 2007-09-17 01:10:37 0 days 00:00:21 603177 0 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} hey tori history elective in the library is uber boring but the berlin wall aint so bad = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 18 stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang such as when the sex of the chromosomes ( genetic sex ) does not match the sex of the external genitalia ( anatomic sex ) – this is known as intersex . discordances between the biological and psychosocial levels ( such as when the gender identity does not match the anatomic sex ) or between the various psychosocial levels ( such as when the gender role does not match the gender identity ) are even more common , but less well understood . in gender theory , the term " heteronormativity " refers to the idea that human beings fall into two distinct and complementary categories , male and female ; that sexual and marital relations are normal only when between two people of different genders ; and that people should follow roles determined by their gender . instead , some people have sought to define their sexuality and sexual identity in non - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany
65 + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean this article in other languages العربية বাংলা български català česky dansk eesti esperanto français galego 한국어 bahasa indonesia interlingua italiano עברית kernewek lëtzebuergesch मराठी nederlands 日本語 plattdüütsch polski português русский simple english slovenščina suomi svenska türkçe vèneto 中文 this page was last modified 12 : 24 , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }}
75 august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http
161773404 161777106 2007-10-02 12:48:39 0 days 00:25:12 0|217.111.20.10 1 ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) including [[ east berlin ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the
175574157 175780121 2007-12-04 20:53:39 0 days 23:18:37 0|72.24.86.213 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} this is not a real page . [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20
175780121 175780202 2007-12-04 20:54:06 0 days 00:00:27 1371800 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} this is not a real page . [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20
175780202 175780470 2007-12-04 20:55:23 0 days 00:01:17 0|72.24.86.213 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} ' ' ' this page has graphical and innapropriate language . ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20
175780470 175782201 2007-12-04 21:03:34 0 days 00:08:11 2073927 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} ' ' ' this page has graphical and innapropriate language . ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20
187678853 188026093 2008-01-30 23:10:09 1 days 10:43:02 0|125.254.66.122 0 art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was created for the lols and was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' '
188026093 188026301 2008-01-30 23:11:00 0 days 00:00:51 911178 2 art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was created for the lols and was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' '
188588563 188768514 2008-02-03 09:12:54 0 days 20:16:01 5755540 0 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | 250px | poster in memory of the fall ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
188831750 189293337 2008-02-05 17:22:49 2 days 00:13:36 0|190.40.211.238 12 [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} . on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
24 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | 250px | poster in memory of the fall ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
190526557 190567614 2008-02-11 06:43:37 0 days 04:17:35 2304267 0 [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 200px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven
191583995 191709609 2008-02-15 20:07:18 0 days 15:08:49 0|207.160.105.110 1 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert hottestmanontheplanet . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink
194824648 194826992 2008-02-29 04:11:06 0 days 00:13:41 3622922 0 ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new
1 | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} ( a bilingual photo - study tracing the line of the wall ) = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
199635645 199635934 2008-03-20 17:50:41 0 days 00:01:27 0|70.240.178.117 0 ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} wow this is gay ; ) - charles {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[
199635934 199637820 2008-03-20 17:59:50 0 days 00:09:09 274040 0 ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} wow this is gay ; ) - charles {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[
201855065 201855908 2008-03-29 18:09:49 0 days 00:04:00 0|68.47.21.231 0 | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information we love this site it helps to learn aout berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index .
201855908 201855946 2008-03-29 18:10:01 0 days 00:00:12 6475994 0 | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} we love this site it helps to learn aout = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin i love learning about new states so this a good site to veiw so u can learn about berlin
202125992 202294334 2008-03-31 14:00:02 0 days 18:00:56 0|72.159.133.157 1 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer berlinerma ' ' ' < small > bold text < / small > ' ' ' uer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the
202294334 202294554 2008-03-31 14:01:05 0 days 00:01:03 266416 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' ' ' {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinerma ' ' ' < small > bold text < / small > ' ' ' uer berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the
204489282 204489539 2008-04-09 17:11:12 0 days 00:01:19 137113 0 | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
232470905 232501695 2008-08-17 15:03:12 0 days 04:24:36 7029070 0 : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[
233469326 233480684 2008-08-22 05:34:15 0 days 01:47:05 6454287 0 : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[
233681008 233718719 2008-08-23 11:36:43 0 days 06:12:05 7701560 0 = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org
233719779 233803434 2008-08-23 21:13:08 0 days 09:26:36 1224855 0 the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 8 , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] ( now the muppets studio , llc , {{ fact - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability
9 district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check june - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
12 }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} a regular practice for the first few episodes of ' ' the muppet show ' ' , and [[ zz top ]] , among others , have appeared as muppet versions of themselves on ' ' sesame street . the puppet characters of ' ' [[ farscape ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the storyteller ]] ' ' , ' ' mother goose stories ' ' , ' ' [[ the hoobs ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ construction site ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ dinosaurs ( tv series ) | dinosaurs ]] ' ' , as well as from the films ' ' [[ labyrinth ( film ) | labyrinth ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ teenage mutant ninja turtles ( film ) | teenage mutant ninja turtles ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ buddy ( film ) | buddy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the country bears ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the dark crystal ]] ' ' , are not considered muppets {{ fact | date = june 2008 }} , as they were made by [[ jim henson ' s creature shop ]] , rather than by henson ' s muppet workshop . the puppet casts of ' ' [[ puppet up ! ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ tinseltown ]] ' ' are also not considered muppets as they were made by the jim henson company after the sale of the muppets in 2004 . the ' ' [[ star wars ]] ' ' character [[ yoda ]] was voiced by [[ frank oz ]] , one of henson ' s regular performers , and is often referred to as a muppet in media and reference works ; he is not , however , a muppet and henson ' s organization was not involved in the character ' s design . the muppets ' popularity has been so expansive it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all
13 = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both muppet characters have been treated as celebrities in their own right {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . the muppets have presented at the [[ academy awards ]] and [[ emmy awards ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; made [[ cameo role | cameo appearances ]] in such feature films as ' ' [[ rocky iii ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ an american werewolf in london ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ mr . magorium ' s wonder emporium ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the
78 . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo sesame street }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]]
79 : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa [[ category : muppets | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 77 * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street link fa | eo }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 8 , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] ( now the muppets studio , llc , {{ fact - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability
9 district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check june - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
12 }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} a regular practice for the first few episodes of ' ' the muppet show ' ' , and [[ zz top ]] , among others , have appeared as muppet versions of themselves on ' ' sesame street . the puppet characters of ' ' [[ farscape ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the storyteller ]] ' ' , ' ' mother goose stories ' ' , ' ' [[ the hoobs ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ construction site ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ dinosaurs ( tv series ) | dinosaurs ]] ' ' , as well as from the films ' ' [[ labyrinth ( film ) | labyrinth ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ teenage mutant ninja turtles ( film ) | teenage mutant ninja turtles ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ buddy ( film ) | buddy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the country bears ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the dark crystal ]] ' ' , are not considered muppets {{ fact | date = june 2008 }} , as they were made by [[ jim henson ' s creature shop ]] , rather than by henson ' s muppet workshop . the puppet casts of ' ' [[ puppet up ! ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ tinseltown ]] ' ' are also not considered muppets as they were made by the jim henson company after the sale of the muppets in 2004 . the ' ' [[ star wars ]] ' ' character [[ yoda ]] was voiced by [[ frank oz ]] , one of henson ' s regular performers , and is often referred to as a muppet in media and reference works ; he is not , however , a muppet and henson ' s organization was not involved in the character ' s design . the muppets ' popularity has been so expansive it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all
13 = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both muppet characters have been treated as celebrities in their own right {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . the muppets have presented at the [[ academy awards ]] and [[ emmy awards ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; made [[ cameo role | cameo appearances ]] in such feature films as ' ' [[ rocky iii ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ an american werewolf in london ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ mr . magorium ' s wonder emporium ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the
78 . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo sesame street }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]]
79 : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa [[ category : muppets | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 77 * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street link fa | eo }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet
255351633 255510581 2008-12-02 22:30:35 0 days 18:39:06 0|66.204.137.171 0 germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . none of this mess is true . . . dont copy . . im serious im saving ur tyme . . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow
255510581 255510724 2008-12-02 22:31:21 0 days 00:00:46 1469567 0 germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . none of this mess is true . . . dont copy . . im serious im saving ur tyme . . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow
257065090 257165827 2008-12-11 00:05:45 0 days 08:37:29 0|67.8.35.37 0 , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was for a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east
257165827 257165857 2008-12-11 00:05:55 0 days 00:00:10 1395162 1 , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was for a diva ima ima diva [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) ,
258133599 258134007 2008-12-15 15:47:51 0 days 00:02:16 0|71.130.177.243 11 germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . ]] = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow
258135144 258137090 2008-12-15 16:03:25 0 days 00:09:50 1430004 13 economy grew and the standard of living continually ' ' ' improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . ]] = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow
259288175 259372387 2008-12-21 17:33:38 0 days 13:08:38 0|67.246.17.107 0 germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . the berlin wall did not exist . [[ burnt hills magazine ]] . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in
259372387 259372596 2008-12-21 17:35:03 0 days 00:01:25 7801357 0 germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . the berlin wall did not exist . [[ burnt hills magazine ]] . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in
264008204 264154274 2009-01-15 00:21:01 0 days 14:00:26 0|209.183.34.47 0 germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . bisdhophh . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in
264154274 264154297 2009-01-15 00:21:11 0 days 00:00:10 1395162 0 germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . bisdhophh . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in
265376378 265412359 2009-01-21 02:49:05 0 days 03:42:53 0|173.32.111.184 0 berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was put up by the russians . it was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[
265412359 265415707 2009-01-21 03:13:49 0 days 00:24:44 911178 0 berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was put up by the russians . it was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[
265415707 265543543 2009-01-21 19:47:46 0 days 16:33:57 0|92.9.239.248 0 germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . : ) = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in
265553126 265706760 2009-01-22 14:35:11 0 days 17:59:39 0|87.194.34.71 0 germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . : ) = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in
272467225 272476022 2009-02-22 11:42:29 0 days 01:00:09 0|93.132.133.36 4 hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some {{ who }} believe < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of
277132148 277225474 2009-03-14 18:13:47 0 days 12:16:17 6984319 3 | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = princeton university press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis |
4 . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = gthe unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location =
5 | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher =
277228002 277228319 2009-03-14 18:30:22 0 days 00:01:43 6984319 1 typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher =
278854164 278854882 2009-03-22 01:36:01 0 days 00:04:25 6984319 0 [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ eastern bloc defection }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : eastern bloc ]] {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de -
279717789 279717857 2009-03-26 01:54:53 0 days 00:00:30 6984319 1 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} the speech ]] is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . < ref
279717857 279781081 2009-03-26 11:45:00 0 days 09:50:07 147354 0 / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ eastern bloc defection }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : eastern bloc ]] {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de -
284228283 284228388 2009-04-16 15:49:01 0 days 00:00:47 0|204.185.221.237 0 speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f d . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to
284228388 284229554 2009-04-16 15:57:40 0 days 00:08:39 1099776 1 speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john d f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to
285306642 285874157 2009-04-24 15:57:31 2 days 19:25:34 4264344 0 berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) also known as ynh was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[
285874157 285874976 2009-04-24 16:02:16 0 days 00:04:45 1304569 0 berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) also known as ynh was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[
300317419 300484953 2009-07-05 22:19:21 0 days 22:43:52 145194 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - move - indef }} : ' ' for {{ about | | the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37
300500909 300613467 2009-07-06 15:44:37 0 days 15:30:14 433328 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ about otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 33 first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : * {{ harvard reference | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 -
34 | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war * {{ harvard reference | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the
35 ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press
305129751 305130153 2009-07-30 19:15:32 0 days 00:01:56 0|130.218.10.1 0 www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} * {{ = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press
306295438 306295642 2009-08-05 22:50:42 0 days 00:01:12 9487683 0 referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifascistischer schutzwall }} ) , expressing their view that the western countries were fascist . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 139 was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]]
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 159 toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , which included the final movement of [[
317310493 317333375 2009-10-01 19:23:13 0 days 02:12:27 0|64.8.186.156 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} dan oster is blacker than the night sky {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on
317333375 317333853 2009-10-01 19:26:19 0 days 00:03:06 0|64.8.186.156 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} dan oster is blacker than the night sky {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on
318295676 318864606 2009-10-09 13:29:12 2 days 18:49:36 0|66.203.21.94 0 oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' matt gallimore ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east
318868236 318870568 2009-10-09 14:12:19 0 days 00:16:08 0|82.151.243.166 0 oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the matt gallimore ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east
320937531 320965013 2009-10-20 07:53:33 0 days 04:29:28 3308922 0 = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} * [ http : / / hss . kennesaw . edu / about / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / ] = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 &
321444047 321882716 2009-10-25 04:24:27 2 days 08:11:47 0|70.29.23.160 1 move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation oyggggggggggggggggggccupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and
321882716 321882756 2009-10-25 04:24:46 0 days 00:00:19 10101378 1 move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet oyggggggggggggggggggccupation occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and
322561037 322561220 2009-10-28 16:39:22 0 days 00:01:02 0|66.141.186.241 0 the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was part of game called call of duty world at war ( this game owns halo 3 ) [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east
323786711 323839905 2009-11-04 04:57:08 0 days 05:54:45 0|210.3.39.29 7 oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] )
323839905 323840518 2009-11-04 05:01:42 0 days 00:04:34 10519822 0 oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' s wall , and the
324251250 324280095 2009-11-06 14:30:34 0 days 04:23:51 492987 2 > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / /
324422544 324469466 2009-11-07 15:15:06 0 days 07:49:57 0|173.78.68.123 0 the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east
324677923 324678298 2009-11-08 17:54:44 0 days 00:01:53 216103 1 it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = op - ed | date = 11 / 17 / 1989 }} - elie wiesel ' s new york times op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t complete until
324735970 324762845 2009-11-09 02:09:24 0 days 02:37:38 10972407 8 ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " }} ' ' {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang | de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed improvement and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin , since the prospect of the fall of west berlin after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , could call into question the reliability of the united states in the eyes of its other allies . on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany into east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements - - arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units - - left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm berlin wall ] < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s , visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . it was forbidden to export east german currency out of the east , but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . east berliners and east germans could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , soviet military patrols could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when traveling in this manner . * ' ' ' rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( duty ) trains that traveled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons traveling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the western allies accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr . this was intended to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , which could jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all berlin . ordinary citizens of the western allied powers , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 , < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german ] < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " . < ref name = " bbcsept2007 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system preceded the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = }} < / ref > on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general secretary ]] of the [[ communist party of the soviet union | communist party ]] of the [[ soviet union ]] , to tear down the wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the [[ eastern bloc ]] : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate , 09 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus ! " }} ' ' ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant ' ' {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben hier " }} ' ' , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution ( german ) | peaceful revolution ]] " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = {{ lang | de | 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson for the politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist riccardo ehrman , the berlin correspondant of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( oct 21 , 2009 ) [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " the wall street journal . < / ref > [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " east germany " has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = oppositions = = = in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that she wanted the soviet leader to do what he could to stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " / > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times }} < / ref > {{ cquote | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders , and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . thehindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = sep 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freude }} ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freiheit }} ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 | november 9 in german history ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ november 9th in german history | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . [[ nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued the euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 11 / 17 / 1989 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign is focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and students at over 20 universities will participate in " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | title = freedom without walls | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise " – journey of the wall takes place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks are being sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite news | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , there still was talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 percent of west germans and 12 percent of east germans wished that east and west should be separated again by a " wall " . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated however that only about a tenth of the population was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans also make similar distinctions between north and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = november 5 , 2009 | url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall portions | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ paradigm shift ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = princeton university press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ citation | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ harvard reference | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba - ac3c - d7af - 5b98808a1ebd6b9e the cwihp collection on the rise and fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . wallofberlin . com " virtual berlin wall " ] - website linked to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . pictures can be uploaded on a chose region of the wall for a fee ( in english ) * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] official website berlin . de * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german and englisch ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com / allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] * [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] { [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / m . fleischmann & w . strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / photogallery . htm gallery at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
324838074 324838374 2009-11-09 13:51:27 0 days 00:02:43 8008470 0 }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed improvement and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin , since the prospect of the fall of west berlin after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , could call into question the reliability of the united states in the eyes of its other allies . on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 14 millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang | de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14th . , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a
325013038 325015782 2009-11-10 09:06:34 0 days 00:31:07 0|87.194.245.78 0 the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefedfsdfewfvfegrgreg following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]]
325015782 325016151 2009-11-10 09:11:50 0 days 00:05:16 0|87.194.245.78 0 the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefedfsdfewfvfegrgreg following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]]
325035863 325037769 2009-11-10 13:02:13 0 days 00:16:58 0|79.200.123.131 0 [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | stq }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]]
325363892 325364899 2009-11-12 02:24:44 0 days 00:07:00 0|202.158.12.194 6 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr )
325364899 325364978 2009-11-12 02:25:22 0 days 00:00:38 10122993 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' nazi germany ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by roger jr republic ( gdr ) (
325364978 325366116 2009-11-12 02:34:13 0 days 00:08:51 0|202.158.12.194 8 despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 10 despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post
325401770 325413025 2009-11-12 10:03:04 0 days 01:55:58 8023653 0 | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity , longman [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * the gdr : moscow ' s german ally , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * the fall of the gdr , longman , 2001 . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 ] * the two red flags : european social democracy & soviet communism since 1945 , routledge , 2000 . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp / title ~ db = all ~ content = t732627883 ] * germany in the twentieth century , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition , 1991 . isbn 0 713467959 * east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? , [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s ] the economist intelligence unit , 1987 . isbn 0850582458 , 9780850582451 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt = hot _ author ] * {{ harvard reference | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher
325413116 325413366 2009-11-12 10:06:37 0 days 00:02:38 8023653 0 | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * childs , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity , longman [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail .
325491054 325493064 2009-11-12 20:13:50 0 days 00:11:46 0|58.110.138.78 0 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) also refered to as the big one was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it
325493379 325493685 2009-11-12 20:17:37 0 days 00:01:55 10519822 1 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) also refered to as the big fat hitler ' elephant , was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 0 {st@rt} {{ semiprotected | small = yes }} {{ otheruses4 about | | the chess variation | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in
327838324 327857129 2009-11-25 13:15:18 0 days 03:14:04 0|91.34.116.46 0 = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} * luftbildatlas entlang der berliner mauer 1961 bis heute . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) . berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall
329298894 329299391 2009-12-02 19:58:27 0 days 00:03:09 0|164.113.70.248 0 became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] michael abbott , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate
336546683 336646937 2010-01-08 19:12:55 0 days 13:48:08 0|199.104.215.251 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ciilllaaa wass here homeskillet 8 ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating
1 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came
336646937 336647165 2010-01-08 19:14:22 0 days 00:01:27 10519822 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } ciilllaaa wass here homeskillet 8 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders
337289445 337291195 2010-01-12 00:41:44 0 days 00:10:22 11416782 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nailsand other defenses . . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
337291195 337291639 2010-01-12 00:44:20 0 days 00:02:36 11416782 0 entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70
337291639 337292088 2010-01-12 00:46:56 0 days 00:02:36 11416782 0 oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } . the berlin wall is inportant ] the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
337292088 337292211 2010-01-12 00:47:44 0 days 00:00:48 11416782 1 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } . the berlin wall is inportant ] the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] .
337292211 337292695 2010-01-12 00:50:29 0 days 00:02:45 0|99.155.204.237 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall is important the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
1 entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70
337360247 337514893 2010-01-13 01:57:31 0 days 15:56:45 11416782 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall is important the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
337516047 337517879 2010-01-13 02:18:38 0 days 00:12:57 10141256 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall is important the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
338517464 338591345 2010-01-18 18:23:43 0 days 10:38:40 0|92.3.231.154 2 | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - < nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
343221538 343273921 2010-02-11 02:24:15 0 days 05:14:05 0|24.150.126.46 0 city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref rfjfjdoahdoahoghs9edth0ay9gy호호호호호호호홓ef > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany
343273921 343281262 2010-02-11 03:19:02 0 days 00:54:47 0|68.91.195.43 0 city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / rfjfjdoahdoahoghs9edth0ay9gy호호호호호호호홓ef ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 0 [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ' ' ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer
27 }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 7 kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} - elie wiesel ' s , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore ,
347169208 347169563 2010-03-01 21:38:10 0 days 00:01:40 0|71.28.105.141 0 | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - the wall was erected in 1961 because more than 2 . 6 million east germans escaped to west berlin or west germany from 1949 to 1961 ( total population of east germany was about 17 million ! ) . | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
347169563 347173518 2010-03-01 21:57:27 0 days 00:19:17 3308922 0 | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - the wall was erected in 1961 because more than 2 . 6 million east germans escaped to west berlin or west germany from 1949 to 1961 ( total population of east germany was about 17 million ! ) . | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
347835864 347938339 2010-03-05 17:38:22 0 days 14:44:18 0|168.212.234.210 0 broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} < math > lol + your mom = bow chicka bow wow < / math > = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel
347938339 347938375 2010-03-05 17:38:33 0 days 00:00:11 5026668 0 broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} < math > lol + your mom = bow chicka bow wow < / math > = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel
347938375 347939416 2010-03-05 17:44:36 0 days 00:06:03 0|168.212.234.210 0 broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} [[ www . bungie . net ]] = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel
347939416 347939480 2010-03-05 17:45:02 0 days 00:00:26 2438920 0 broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} [[ www . bungie . net ]] = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel
350205915 350238859 2010-03-16 17:39:53 0 days 03:18:52 11648302 0 | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - hahahah | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
350239234 350241563 2010-03-16 17:55:09 0 days 00:13:04 0|142.30.138.142 0 right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - hahahah dhiraj did this | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
350241563 350241786 2010-03-16 17:56:22 0 days 00:01:13 0|142.30.138.142 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the dhiraj did this hahahahathe ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ,
350241786 350241903 2010-03-16 17:57:03 0 days 00:00:41 118722 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } dhiraj did this hahahahathe the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ,
1 right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - hahahah dhiraj did this | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
350242185 350242282 2010-03-16 17:59:12 0 days 00:00:37 3308922 0 | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - hahahah | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
351044536 351060308 2010-03-20 22:45:12 0 days 01:42:12 0|81.97.32.153 2 | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - fluffy but not that much pink haha lol bekky love u bbe xx will u get with me xx yes xx | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
351060308 351060690 2010-03-20 22:47:54 0 days 00:02:42 10141256 2 view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] i love u big wonger {{ wrapper }} | - fluffy but not that much pink haha lol bekky love u bbe xx will u get with me xx yes xx | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
352335796 352581884 2010-03-28 18:53:38 1 days 04:58:34 7029070 1 [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | stq }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | sw }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]]
356256996 356283811 2010-04-16 00:35:24 0 days 02:51:52 0|99.192.21.152 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } hey ryan macdonald ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
356284386 356284790 2010-04-16 00:42:20 0 days 00:03:00 2366658 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } hey ryan macdonald ! natzies man ! there freakin natzies ! ( hi dryden ! ) the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
356284790 356292067 2010-04-16 01:24:46 0 days 00:42:26 320521 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } hey ryan macdonald ! natzies man ! there freakin natzies ! ( hi dryden ! ) the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
356292067 356293522 2010-04-16 01:33:47 0 days 00:09:01 0|72.19.72.70 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } hey ryan macdonald ! natzies man ! there freakin natzies ! ( hi dryden ! ) the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
356433987 356774242 2010-04-18 12:22:50 1 days 17:20:10 442513 0 of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ berlin wall }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de -
357297916 357496729 2010-04-21 22:33:18 0 days 23:37:31 0|71.111.55.161 2 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a ( n ) concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east
357496729 357497351 2010-04-21 22:36:29 0 days 00:03:11 0|71.111.55.161 1 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a ( n ) concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east
357754185 357886421 2010-04-23 20:04:43 0 days 16:45:22 0|66.204.53.81 0 | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for german reunification . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 njlbjhkb jk [ jbk < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > ] | {{ history of the berlin wall }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin
357886421 357897333 2010-04-23 21:02:09 0 days 00:57:26 262550 0 | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for german reunification . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 njlbjhkb jk [ jbk < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > ] | {{ history of the berlin wall }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin
359062981 359088635 2010-04-29 16:54:10 0 days 02:30:03 0|216.56.16.82 0 hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) | don ' t fence me in ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} j = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel
359088635 359097792 2010-04-29 17:45:19 0 days 00:51:09 262550 0 hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) | don ' t fence me in ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} j = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel
359099839 359174646 2010-04-30 01:21:33 0 days 07:25:25 0|68.6.148.124 0 the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} megan and cesar are the best : ) following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]]
359174646 359174897 2010-04-30 01:23:12 0 days 00:01:39 11229014 0 the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} megan and cesar are the best : ) following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]]
361362049 361546217 2010-05-11 20:49:54 0 days 22:20:17 0|67.238.225.63 0 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ [[ history of the berlin wall | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing
362658157 362719228 2010-05-18 01:11:44 0 days 06:21:38 0|24.77.65.77 0 became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) michael abbott willy brandt , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate
362719228 362836899 2010-05-18 16:41:03 0 days 15:29:19 0|207.255.148.130 0 the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} gkjgjhgkjgkjhgkjhgkjgkjhgkjhg following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]]
362836899 362837172 2010-05-18 16:42:36 0 days 00:01:33 12004132 0 the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} gkjgjhgkjgkjhgkjhgkjgkjhgkjhg following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]]
362850946 362884229 2010-05-18 21:03:07 0 days 03:04:47 0|74.177.76.63 0 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built nigga are soooooooo awsome because we are black by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including
362884229 362884424 2010-05-18 21:04:16 0 days 00:01:09 0|74.177.76.63 0 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) " nigga are soooooooo awsome because we are black by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]]
362884424 362885497 2010-05-18 21:10:40 0 days 00:06:24 2309336 0 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) " nigga are soooooooo awsome because we are black " by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including
363210288 363268461 2010-05-20 21:00:57 0 days 05:46:52 0|173.69.9.231 1 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east jews out of germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed
363586451 363606306 2010-05-22 20:25:36 0 days 02:23:07 12423703 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } mr . staebell stinks the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]]
363606306 363606575 2010-05-22 20:27:27 0 days 00:01:51 12423703 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } mr . staebell stinks this is for my project please dont change anything the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]]
363606575 363608452 2010-05-22 20:40:59 0 days 00:13:32 262550 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } this is for my project please dont change anything the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]]
363839927 363922577 2010-05-24 13:48:27 0 days 12:02:32 12423703 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } ' ' ' hi sen ' ' ' the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]]
363922577 363922750 2010-05-24 13:49:36 0 days 00:01:09 12423703 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } ' ' ' hi sen ' ' ' this is thwe happy the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]]
363922750 363922912 2010-05-24 13:50:38 0 days 00:01:02 7007500 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } this is thwe happy the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]]
363922912 364011539 2010-05-24 22:54:04 0 days 09:03:26 591174 0 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east
365700612 365763238 2010-06-03 03:24:03 0 days 07:04:01 0|75.62.4.255 1 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} suk my dik bitch {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art
365763238 365768478 2010-06-03 04:13:10 0 days 00:49:07 10721057 1 {st@rt} {{ ab ' ' ' out | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} suk my dik bitch {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art
367011049 367156561 2010-06-10 07:15:07 0 days 14:39:00 962462 1 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image = image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous "
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 0 the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of berlin , separating
370027692 370610424 2010-06-28 15:06:03 3 days 11:49:44 0|77.22.20.27 0 [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move .
378715810 378954266 2010-08-14 23:31:40 1 days 09:23:09 0|72.224.163.217 0 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding
378954496 378954602 2010-08-14 23:34:40 0 days 00:00:57 1064243 7 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by bruno ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 , that completely cut off [[ lesbian ]] from surrounding gays and from [[
386053284 386987387 2010-09-25 19:21:21 4 days 13:30:16 12323565 0 berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} {{ dead link | date = september 2010 | bot = h3llbot }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall
387096525 387171247 2010-09-26 19:04:14 0 days 09:23:05 0|208.22.12.236 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } jfk was at the berlin wall , he was also wearing a cowboy hat . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr ,
387171914 387172021 2010-09-26 19:08:59 0 days 00:00:44 2483182 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } jfk was at the berlin wall when it was being knocked down , he was also wearing a cowboy hat . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr ,
388863805 389131965 2010-10-06 16:59:38 1 days 07:07:43 1902795 0 = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin
392383335 392860491 2010-10-25 21:03:30 2 days 10:18:25 0|67.149.116.202 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} buttcrack of a hobo {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west
392860491 392860812 2010-10-25 21:05:27 0 days 00:01:57 3308922 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} buttcrack of a hobo {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west
394469996 394471250 2010-11-02 22:59:55 0 days 00:07:26 0|74.178.248.60 0 period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr gdpr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage
394472308 394539558 2010-11-03 07:45:49 0 days 08:40:05 0|222.155.189.91 0 and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 | ref = harv | postscript = }} = = = = = = = = = = = * {{ cite document | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york
394539558 394540940 2010-11-03 08:01:49 0 days 00:16:00 307602 0 [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 | ref = harv | postscript = }} = = = = = = = = = = = * {{ cite document | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york
394540940 394543666 2010-11-03 08:30:39 0 days 00:28:50 6971250 0 period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdpr gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage
394786114 394823380 2010-11-04 17:48:21 0 days 03:51:26 0|86.168.6.218 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } go germany ! ! ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr ,
394823380 394823423 2010-11-04 17:48:37 0 days 00:00:16 4928500 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } go germany ! ! ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr ,
398275606 398275799 2010-11-22 17:10:10 0 days 00:01:06 0|217.86.65.6 0 oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' is that a cool lamb ? ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august
398275799 398275853 2010-11-22 17:10:30 0 days 00:00:20 10902791 0 oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the is that a cool lamb ? ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august
398520724 398753727 2010-11-25 04:28:33 1 days 06:12:17 433328 2 as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 6 - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} {{ dead link | date = september 2010 | bot = h3llbot }} | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20071012011801 / http : / / die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archivedate = 2007 - 10 - 12 | title = the berlin wall : 2010 | bot = h3llbot }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs ,
400135808 400152873 2010-12-02 17:05:45 0 days 01:38:16 0|76.79.232.194 2 ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage
400251431 400293690 2010-12-03 10:55:24 0 days 07:39:00 6971250 2 east germany . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage
409045868 409131270 2011-01-21 08:54:09 0 days 11:33:30 0|87.102.56.120 0 . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < xxsarahxtronxx / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails |
409131270 409131317 2011-01-21 08:54:44 0 days 00:00:35 818523 0 . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } xxsarahxtronxx the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails |
427752945 427753574 2011-05-06 14:38:50 0 days 00:04:15 13543148 6 . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " {{ citation _ needed | date = may 2011 }} < / ref > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 17 marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} - elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until 3 october ,
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 23 / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall : she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartment at 48
40 / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . he attempted to swim
456816319 457176613 2011-10-24 17:17:08 2 days 05:16:21 11498870 1 and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite document journal | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher =
2 east german relations , 1953 – 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 | ref = harv }} * {{ cite document journal | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west
3 crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite document journal | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 |
4 a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite document journal | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher =
5 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite document journal | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european
6 fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite document journal | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year
457176613 457259952 2011-10-25 03:40:00 0 days 10:22:52 15559104 0 the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} {{ eastern bloc sidebar }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] headed a union of nations on his western border , the eastern bloc , that then included poland , hungary
479597706 479685255 2012-03-01 17:59:02 0 days 13:09:10 404531 0 ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = schulte | first = bennet | title = the berlin wall . remains of a lost border . ( die berliner mauer . spuren einer verschwundenen grenze ) | publisher = be . bra verlag , berlin | year = 2011 | isbn = 9783814801858 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war
485297583 489424180 2012-04-27 04:49:49 23 days 21:13:49 14405583 13 at the author ' s website . {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be |
507237640 507256650 2012-08-13 19:31:32 0 days 02:05:37 16130333 3 empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | year = 2009 | isbn = 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker
513767223 514812998 2012-09-27 15:04:09 6 days 18:49:18 7809335 3 | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance between east and west berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9
6 display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border distance around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance between east and west berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9
514816402 515867543 2012-10-03 22:20:21 6 days 06:52:08 609725 7 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | yd | abbr = on }} * column track distance length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * number of watch towers : 302 * number of bunkers : 20 | size
529724987 531002642 2013-01-03 00:01:58 8 days 08:25:09 38455 0 * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) |
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 20 joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | upright | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late
538916225 539045002 2013-02-19 14:35:21 0 days 19:26:43 6569922 0 }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ be - x - old : бэрлінскі мур ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ bo : པེར་ལིན་ལྕགས་རི། ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley verleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ kn : ಬರ್ಲಿನ್ ಗೋಡೆ ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ ku : hêta berlînê ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ lmo : mür de berlin ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ xmf : ბერლინიშ კიდა ]] [[ arz : سور برلين ]] [[ mzn : برلین دیوار ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nah : berlin pāntli ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ oc : mur de berlin ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pap : muraya di berlin ]] [[ km : ជញ្ជាំង ប៊ែរឡាំង ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ szl : berliński mur ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : pader ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ tt : берлин дивары ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінський мур ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
552093309 552345669 2013-04-26 23:24:06 1 days 14:10:59 9755426 0 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} {{ de icon }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november when half a million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz
553801374 557657945 2013-05-31 09:40:08 24 days 17:10:53 10146143 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ lead too long | date = april 2013 }} {{ use dmy dates | date = august 2012 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic
557657945 557702538 2013-05-31 16:13:19 0 days 06:33:11 1108424 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ lead too long | date = april 2013 }} {{ use dmy dates | date = august 2012 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic
558026448 560696523 2013-06-20 02:41:45 17 days 06:01:03 5681311 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ lead too long | date = april 2013 }} {{ use dmy dates | date = august 2012 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic
560696523 560697108 2013-06-20 02:48:53 0 days 00:07:08 5681311 3 ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = june 19 , 2013 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening
560698146 560703430 2013-06-20 04:11:03 0 days 01:09:43 1108424 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ lead too long | date = april 2013 }} {{ use dmy dates | date = august 2012 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic
7 / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = june 19 , 2013 }} < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
560703430 560704004 2013-06-20 04:18:37 0 days 00:07:34 5681311 3 ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = june 19 , 2013 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening
7 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ lead too long | date = april 2013 }} {{ use dmy dates | date = august 2012 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic
561819989 561998312 2013-06-28 17:53:41 1 days 04:43:33 1108424 0 berliner " ) speech ( audio ) | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} in a speech on 26 july 1963 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] – speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour . the wall violated postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move
580930170 580957593 2013-11-09 22:18:25 0 days 03:47:52 400707 7 day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? | publisher = voicesunderberlin . com | date = | accessdate = 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < . / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 nyt review <
588262665 588536853 2013-12-31 15:50:04 1 days 18:53:36 8066546 0 }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} {{ link fa | stq }}
621484363 623748474 2014-09-01 19:17:59 16 days 05:53:03 16752040 0 clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} {{ link fa | stq }}
1 }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} {{ link fa | stq }}
623748474 623768119 2014-09-01 21:48:29 0 days 02:30:30 7852030 0 clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }}
1 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} {{ link fa | stq }}
623768119 623786249 2014-09-02 00:27:28 0 days 02:38:59 16752040 0 clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} {{ link fa | stq }}
1 }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} {{ link fa | stq }}
631993537 632215818 2014-11-03 00:37:18 1 days 14:51:48 18865486 7 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = =
632340179 632389254 2014-11-04 07:32:40 0 days 09:03:37 14508071 8 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = =
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 0 eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} }} < ref > {{ cite book | last1 = chaichian | first1 = mohammad | title = empires and walls : globalization , migration , and colonial control | date = 2014 | publisher = haymarket books | location = chicago , il | isbn = 978 - 1608464227 | pages = 119 - 148 | url = http : / / www . amazon . com / empires - walls - globalization - migration - domination / dp / 1608464229 / ref = asap _ bc ? ie = utf8 }} < / ref > * {{ cite journal | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york
650204750 650204928 2015-03-06 21:47:55 0 days 00:01:15 24044265 0 [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 | ref = harv | postscript = }} < ref > * {{ cite book | last1 = chaichian | first1 = mohammad | title = empires and walls : globalization , migration , and colonial control | date = 2014 | publisher
650210446 650219949 2015-03-06 23:43:55 0 days 01:14:21 84417 3 wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last1 = chaichian | first1 = mohammad | title = empires and walls : globalization , migration , and colonial control | date = 2014 | publisher = haymarket books | location = chicago , il | isbn = 978 - 1608464227 | pages = 119 - 148 | url = http : / / www . amazon . com / empires - walls - globalization - migration - domination / dp / 1608464229 / ref = asap _ bc ? ie = utf8 }} < / ref > * [[ david childs ( academic ) | childs , david ]] ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' '
666337026 667114924 2015-06-15 22:53:30 5 days 09:14:20 7226930 0 june 2008 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 9 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} the fall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped
667488963 667873886 2015-06-21 05:01:08 2 days 15:22:57 24420788 0 century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} {{ berlin wall }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ authority control }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[
684592433 685909337 2015-10-15 19:25:09 8 days 03:02:36 2425663 0 century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} {{ berlin wall }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ destroyed heritage }} {{ authority control }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961
687661190 687970626 2015-10-28 20:12:15 1 days 20:27:38 3035650 0 had to submit to east german border controls . = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list of deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : conrad east german guard - schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] soldier [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the
687970626 688303202 2015-10-31 00:32:15 2 days 04:20:00 9011270 1 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html | title = cold war reheated | publisher = nytimes . com | accessdate = 26 march 2013 }} < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' ( published as '
688759360 692779504 2015-11-28 07:11:52 25 days 09:14:36 558022 0 marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} {{ eastern bloc sidebar }} [[ file : sfp 186 - brandenburger tor . ogv | thumb | right | 200px | brandenburg gate in 1945 , after the end of world war 2 ]] following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] headed a union of nations on his western border , the eastern bloc , that then included poland , hungary
699864491 699931497 2016-01-15 09:15:39 0 days 10:22:27 17832782 0 eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ wiktionary | berlin wall }} ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east dudes to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm /
200563955 200564084 2008-03-24 16:12:14 0 days 00:00:40 5362986 0 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from dudes east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm /
237419988 237420560 2008-09-10 02:38:55 0 days 00:03:53 7823276 1 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east the germans had hot dirty sex with little boy on the othe side of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]]
237420560 237420572 2008-09-10 02:38:59 0 days 00:00:04 2372780 1 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = many people belive the the germans had hot dirty sex with little boy on the othe side territories east of the wall they would usally have gay sex aswell = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg |
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 1 ' ' demarcated the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east germany ]] and [[ west germany ]] the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime
23 sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and
28 closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and west germany . many families were split and east berliners cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west
31 over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the
42 by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town towns of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible
48 helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station
58 berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east germany ]] and [[ west germany ]] for 28
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 18 and ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into west a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as entry berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . = = = escape attempts = = = ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german cole sprouse ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ selena gomez ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) : ' ' [[ a muppets christmas : letters to santa ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) ' ' in post - production ' ' and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 29 piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration placate west german of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the bunny picnic
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 36 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german cole sprouse ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ selena gomez ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) : ' ' [[ a muppets christmas : letters to santa ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) ' ' in post - production ' ' and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 29 piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration placate west german of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the bunny picnic
247524156 247836466 2008-10-26 20:24:39 1 days 16:52:01 8171315 0 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states east germany from west germany for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
255192882 255210778 2008-12-01 15:04:41 0 days 02:27:24 0|70.91.241.121 2 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany eastital from west germany for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was
255210778 255210981 2008-12-01 15:05:58 0 days 00:01:17 3290566 1 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water separated eastital east germany from westitaly for 40 years and 2 day , from the day construction began on august 16 , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered
2 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water separated eastital from westitaly west germany for 40 years and 2 day , from the day construction began on august 16 , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
255510724 255707690 2008-12-03 21:07:26 0 days 22:36:05 0|164.116.126.140 2 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side scorching heat of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of
255707690 255707707 2008-12-03 21:07:31 0 days 00:00:05 4678253 2 {st@rt} this is a wall that is the guinness book of world records for the most people having sex in it ! though most of them die from the scorching heat west side of this wall ! when u have sex with someone stick the dickin the hole the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28
257231828 257283627 2008-12-11 15:12:00 0 days 08:02:47 0|168.184.255.133 1 was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east eas ' s t berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]]
257283627 257283841 2008-12-11 15:13:34 0 days 00:01:34 7873346 0 | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the single bitches and hoes bouncing on german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ eas ' s t east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]]
258133599 258134007 2008-12-15 15:47:51 0 days 00:02:16 0|71.130.177.243 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 everyone fucked the berlin wall from the west we asshole niggerst side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image
258135144 258137090 2008-12-15 16:03:25 0 days 00:09:50 1430004 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 everyone fucked the berlin wall from the we asshole niggerst west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlindsfsdfsfssssssssss satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image
265327769 265328211 2009-01-20 18:41:58 0 days 00:02:24 0|86.42.160.9 0 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' crap west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989
269767784 269853148 2009-02-10 21:25:40 0 days 07:23:39 0|76.118.246.211 5 freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin .
269853251 269858109 2009-02-10 21:45:42 0 days 00:19:34 5047767 3 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from gelanovichville for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]]
4 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated germany from gelanovichville west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 .
5 freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin .
274322212 274328124 2009-03-02 03:04:29 0 days 00:26:42 0|64.92.142.206 2 cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east left to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm /
274344223 274348982 2009-03-02 04:57:55 0 days 00:27:39 96897 2 berlin , according to the beloved childrens show dora the explorer . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from left east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm /
274460739 274475784 2009-03-02 17:50:25 0 days 01:02:42 0|170.177.47.11 0 ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany your cat from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]]
274475784 274475826 2009-03-02 17:50:38 0 days 00:00:13 1564706 0 ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated your cat east germany from his catfor more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] ,
1 western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated your cat from his catfor west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . <
277302153 277678292 2009-03-16 17:17:05 1 days 16:10:45 0|150.155.15.230 1 western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany southern koria for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 .
277678607 277679396 2009-03-16 17:23:06 0 days 00:04:19 118722 1 western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated northern germany from southern korea west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 .
277908340 277908940 2009-03-17 17:45:00 0 days 00:02:46 6984319 0 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the western [[ usa ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began
279635295 279717154 2009-03-26 01:50:34 0 days 07:15:48 0|67.71.5.81 0 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving easter eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name =
289234676 289238128 2009-05-11 11:58:11 0 days 00:31:11 0|87.38.134.94 0 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany your mom from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989
289238128 289238321 2009-05-11 12:00:07 0 days 00:01:56 7777104 0 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated your mom east germany from my mam for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989
1 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated your mom from my mam west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref
307884163 308149981 2009-08-15 17:08:42 1 days 11:27:52 0|90.200.32.121 1 to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans united kindom had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during
308149981 308150074 2009-08-15 17:09:16 0 days 00:00:34 10141256 0 iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . berlin is in ireland prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million united kindom east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during
323760074 323771791 2009-11-03 21:37:36 0 days 01:01:38 6340927 4 administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a member of the east german politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . < ref name = "
323786711 323839905 2009-11-04 04:57:08 0 days 05:54:45 0|210.3.39.29 6 de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both
323839905 323840518 2009-11-04 05:01:42 0 days 00:04:34 10519822 6 patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in from east germany . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several
324422544 324469466 2009-11-07 15:15:06 0 days 07:49:57 0|173.78.68.123 5 into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated east germany the gdr from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article
324923280 324923860 2009-11-09 22:20:11 0 days 00:02:41 0|67.71.41.102 3 german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin north dakota ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti
324923860 324923936 2009-11-09 22:20:37 0 days 00:00:26 6774658 3 the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the country of [[ yugoslavia ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ north dakota east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large styrofoam walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti
324941032 324941378 2009-11-09 23:50:15 0 days 00:01:51 0|75.186.53.125 0 west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at berlin during the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to
325109943 325110541 2009-11-10 20:27:49 0 days 00:03:13 0|173.78.68.123 2 the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = =
325367759 325368253 2009-11-12 02:49:55 0 days 00:03:44 0|202.158.12.194 0 concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany roger jr from tekken , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
325368253 325368306 2009-11-12 02:50:15 0 days 00:00:20 6188256 0 concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from roger jr from tekken east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
342120568 342120659 2010-02-05 16:38:33 0 days 00:00:44 0|207.35.35.12 0 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany la minerve , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
342120659 342120724 2010-02-05 16:39:01 0 days 00:00:28 634828 0 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from la minerve east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
342120724 342122033 2010-02-05 16:47:53 0 days 00:08:52 0|207.35.35.12 1 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany quebec city , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
342122033 342122084 2010-02-05 16:48:13 0 days 00:00:20 1004750 1 a wood barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from quebec city east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
351723532 352026983 2010-03-25 19:49:45 1 days 13:39:09 12002892 0 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east the jews and the hebrews they tend to slay each other . germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death
352026983 352027035 2010-03-25 19:50:03 0 days 00:00:18 5499713 0 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from the jews and the hebrews they tend to slay each other . east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death
367431885 367780883 2010-06-13 15:03:46 1 days 23:52:59 0|184.60.66.188 0 }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of west berlin tokoyo , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall
367780883 367781258 2010-06-13 15:06:33 0 days 00:02:47 0|85.166.180.247 1 constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of tokoyo , separating it west berlin from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to
378954266 378954496 2010-08-14 23:33:43 0 days 00:02:03 0|72.224.163.217 2 was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin lesbian ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [
3 barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany gays and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www
4 democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin homos ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com /
378954496 378954602 2010-08-14 23:34:40 0 days 00:00:57 1064243 2 mauer }} ) was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by bruno ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 , that completely cut off [[ lesbian west berlin ]] from surrounding gays and from [[ homos ]] . the barrier included dildos placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : /
3 a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by bruno ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 , that completely cut off [[ lesbian ]] from surrounding gays east germany and from [[ homos ]] . the barrier included dildos placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage
4 barrier constructed by bruno ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 , that completely cut off [[ lesbian ]] from surrounding gays and from [[ homos east berlin ]] . the barrier included dildos placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles
389132750 389329152 2010-10-07 14:59:01 0 days 21:54:30 0|141.43.69.1 13 wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north shape of a web - based geographical information system at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city
401615969 401678743 2010-12-10 21:44:43 0 days 07:54:06 0|216.24.126.66 0 applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east e [[ file : ġ ]] ast german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , soviet military patrols could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of
401678743 401678973 2010-12-10 21:46:13 0 days 00:01:30 7209796 1 applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to e [[ file : ġ ]] ast east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , soviet military patrols could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 20 of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east as the ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' swarmed through , they were greeted by ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' waiting with flowers and champagne amid wild rejoicing . soon afterward , a crowd of west berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . = = = demolition = = = [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg
514812998 514816402 2012-09-27 15:28:13 0 days 00:24:04 7809335 0 border distance between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft
602872991 605164623 2014-04-21 16:03:57 16 days 00:51:54 1286176 0 | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti -
738198431 738865701 2016-09-11 14:47:01 4 days 00:24:17 19921271 6 well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman hans joachim friedrichs proclaimed , " this is a historic day . east germany the gdr has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening its borders . . . the gates in the berlin wall stand open
809973970 809974101 2017-11-12 17:49:09 0 days 00:01:03 6554947 0 the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and west berlin sidewalks not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg
810222160 810225119 2017-11-14 01:14:33 0 days 00:20:34 6554947 0 40824233 / ' ' 1961 – ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > as was the case with the inner german border , a strip of gdr east german territory was left outside the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos
810229030 810231237 2017-11-14 01:58:46 0 days 00:14:28 6554947 0 / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs / 9799537166800 / < / ref > the strip was accessed from east germany by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall and was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall . < ref
811107061 811348758 2017-11-21 01:55:16 1 days 10:25:28 6554947 0 com / watch ? time _ continue = 275 & v = owqstzgkbiy < / ref > as was the case with the inner german border , an unfortified strip of east german eastern territory was left outside the wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj
814525068 814617672 2017-12-09 22:28:01 0 days 13:04:23 6554947 0 were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from one of the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into the west western sector . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border outside the wall .
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7944053 7944077 2004-11-29 02:50:45 4 days 03:25:26 0|24.238.131.51 0 east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
7944077 7969787 2004-11-29 02:51:27 0 days 00:00:42 0|24.238.131.51 0 east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
9112336 9112364 2005-01-05 02:44:12 0 days 00:05:27 0|67.164.50.76 6 there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement and they wanted it to be acted upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven
9112487 9156541 2005-01-05 02:49:50 0 days 00:04:52 615 5 banana hammers they decided to pee on the wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement and they wanted it to be acted upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven
14506036 14541749 2005-05-31 22:32:52 0 days 10:16:04 251239 0 berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 300px | left | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
14541749 14541815 2005-06-01 19:19:18 0 days 20:46:26 0|66.30.82.215 5 berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 300px | left | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
14541815 14704826 2005-06-01 19:21:05 0 days 00:01:47 7891 5 berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 300px | left | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
19029247 19029295 2005-07-17 18:26:04 0 days 00:00:34 90467 1 [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
24618114 24828196 2005-10-05 18:04:22 2 days 13:19:55 0|24.51.178.10 6 the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
24828196 24828244 2005-10-05 18:05:02 0 days 00:00:40 94806 6 the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
24828279 24828564 2005-10-05 18:10:39 0 days 00:05:08 0|24.51.178.10 8 the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
24828564 24828569 2005-10-05 18:10:52 0 days 00:00:13 94806 8 the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
35373255 35495895 2006-01-17 03:54:16 0 days 20:31:45 0|208.180.17.49 5 assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to have held the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
35495895 35495922 2006-01-17 03:54:31 0 days 00:00:15 130135 5 fall of the wall = = [[ vin diesel ]] knocked down the berlin wall because he " didn ' t like the way it was looking at him " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to have held the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
40249035 40378504 2006-02-20 03:54:59 0 days 21:59:43 386031 1 the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
40904452 40904768 2006-02-23 20:17:12 0 days 00:02:18 89179 4 fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = later celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " eventually all walls fall
128043670 128043972 2007-05-03 20:31:17 0 days 00:01:01 0|69.125.136.170 2 create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . them = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > -
128044482 128044498 2007-05-03 20:33:12 0 days 00:00:04 0|69.125.136.170 1 nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . snowed = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > -
128044498 128044636 2007-05-03 20:33:41 0 days 00:00:29 1614547 2 the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = in the fall it snowed would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > -
128760514 128924265 2007-05-07 13:07:06 0 days 14:42:06 0|86.138.177.126 2 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . buh its nutin coz sparkenz here aliee = ] = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > -
128924265 128924320 2007-05-07 13:07:18 0 days 00:00:12 0|86.138.177.126 0 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . buh its nutin coz sparkenz here aliee = ] = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > -
129554933 129555118 2007-05-09 16:38:33 0 days 00:00:44 0|204.129.158.10 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello bianca = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > -
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 18 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . hello bianca = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > -
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 32 weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer "
166163043 166165378 2007-10-21 23:47:46 0 days 00:12:04 605084 29 the articles that doesn ' t have a translation and do it - i ' ll gladly put your translation up here on my site , with credits and all . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer "
201079999 201146668 2008-03-26 20:57:33 0 days 04:51:50 0|70.15.98.201 0 [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich _ at _ the _ wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]]
201146668 201146819 2008-03-26 20:58:09 0 days 00:00:36 2377922 0 [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich _ at _ the _ wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]]
324609028 324623980 2009-11-08 10:32:37 0 days 02:37:01 7861398 0 wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = oppositions = = = in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that she wanted the soviet leader to do what he could to stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " / > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times }} < / ref > {{ cquote | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders , and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . thehindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = sep 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of
324817912 324818143 2009-11-09 10:31:19 0 days 00:02:32 7861398 0 london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = sep 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} after the fall of the berlin wall , [[ french president ]] [[ françois mitterrand ]] warned thatcher like that a unified germany could make more ground than [[ adolf hitler ]] ever had and that europe would have to bear the consequences . < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 10 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / world / europe / article6828556 . ece | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[
324833961 324836146 2009-11-09 13:32:15 0 days 00:17:42 0|69.74.82.146 0 told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times }} < / ref > boooooobs < 3 = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[
324836146 324836187 2009-11-09 13:32:29 0 days 00:00:14 118722 0 told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times }} < / ref > boooooobs < 3 = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[
605164623 606205619 2014-04-28 17:30:58 7 days 01:27:01 19907598 0 nugent | work = times | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > {{ r | wiegrefe20100929 }} {{ rquote | right | i love germany so much that i prefer to see two of them . | prime minister of italy [[ giulio andreotti ]] < ref > http : / / mobile . ilsole24ore . com / solemobile / main ? fn = srchfd & id = search / news24 / abguvhth < / ref > }} = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig
606205619 606293854 2014-04-29 07:22:14 0 days 13:51:16 6971250 0 nugent | work = times | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > {{ r | wiegrefe20100929 }} {{ rquote | right | i love germany so much that i prefer to see two of them . | prime minister of italy [[ giulio andreotti ]] < ref > http : / / mobile . ilsole24ore . com / solemobile / main ? fn = srchfd & id = search / news24 / abguvhth < / ref > }} = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig
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15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 47 . ) = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as
48 = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track
40965017 40975096 2006-02-24 05:36:33 0 days 01:40:53 304316 1 | east ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history _ of _ germany _ since _ 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge
2 ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history _ of _ germany _ since _ 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of
3 west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history _ of _ germany _ since _ 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and
4 for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history _ of _ germany _ since _ 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers
82692252 82749727 2006-10-21 03:07:49 0 days 06:22:02 539606 0 | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti & death _ % 26death strip . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall
2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti & death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip
3 | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti & death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between
82749727 82826053 2006-10-21 15:48:05 0 days 12:40:16 1652680 0 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall graffiti % 26death strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between
111086584 111137285 2007-02-26 19:31:02 0 days 03:58:19 157842 6 agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f .
7 hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]]
8 . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was
9 [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155km
10 suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155km ( 96
11 berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " '
12 wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no
128156051 128181973 2007-05-04 10:57:25 0 days 04:18:47 0|194.98.51.226 1 [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of
146920623 146972230 2007-07-25 11:34:29 0 days 07:16:57 1624237 0 way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of
2 paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially
3 [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany
214855602 214991201 2008-05-26 06:08:19 0 days 13:45:18 1022055 3 was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich _ at _ the _ wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ december 25 ]] ,
4 concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich _ at _ the _ wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989
289417269 289461792 2009-05-12 13:40:30 0 days 06:11:04 433328 8 after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin _ wall _ at _ potsdamer _ platz _ march _ 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the
9 under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin _ wall _ at _ potsdamer _ platz _ march _ 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of
10 [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin _ wall _ at _ potsdamer _ platz _ march _ 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall
11 ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin _ wall _ at _ potsdamer _ platz _ march _ 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the
12 and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin _ wall _ at _ potsdamer _ platz _ march _ 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step
13 until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin _ wall _ at _ potsdamer _ platz _ march _ 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german
336829512 336831441 2010-01-09 17:49:45 0 days 00:11:53 10141256 4 sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : berlin _ fallofwall _ emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]]
5 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : berlin _ fallofwall _ emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] [[ image
440729712 441085492 2011-07-23 23:48:35 2 days 01:46:03 2304267 0 | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin _ wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east side gallery ]] , august 2006 file : berlin wall 1
498957428 499054497 2012-06-23 23:05:19 0 days 14:55:22 4905985 0 | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin _ wall _ ( 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east side gallery ]]
1 = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin _ wall _ ( 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east side gallery ]] , august
564987310 568314024 2013-08-13 05:21:35 24 days 06:11:02 1469567 0 on [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . * * the music video for [[ princess _ x _ ( musician ) | princess x ]] ' s song " free " ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref
1 graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . * * the music video for [[ princess _ x _ ( musician ) | princess x ]] ' s song " free " ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > {{
575077055 575102993 2013-09-30 06:21:17 0 days 05:04:59 7328338 1 treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of
2 acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[
3 murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall
4 the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] ,
5 germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen
6 = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the
7 structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel
8 adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel springer ag‬
9 = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel springer ag‬ ]] building
12 | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel springer ag‬ ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death _ strip , _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s
13 berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel springer ag‬ ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death _ strip , _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth (
14 death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel springer ag‬ ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death _ strip , _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification )
15 of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel springer ag‬ ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death _ strip , _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon '
16 ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top
17 teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the
18 fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was
19 | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with
20 ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth
21 teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe ,
22 , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make
23 [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more
24 tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to
25 and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale ,
26 cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 .
27 berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied -
28 you are leaving . jpg | thumb | a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _
29 leaving . jpg | thumb | a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany #
30 jpg | thumb | a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _
31 thumb | a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _
32 a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _
33 ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation |
34 are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation | british zone
35 ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation | british zone of occupation
580957869 581167329 2013-11-11 10:59:15 1 days 12:38:46 1469567 0 and east berlin . svg | thumb | < center > west and east berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [[ sharemap : public / west _ and _ east _ berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} )
1 berlin . svg | thumb | < center > west and east berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [[ sharemap : public / west _ and _ east _ berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a
2 svg | thumb | < center > west and east berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [[ sharemap : public / west _ and _ east _ berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed
3 american sector ]] [[ file : road sign delimiting british zone of occupation in berlin 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between
4 file : road sign delimiting british zone of occupation in berlin 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin
5 road sign delimiting british zone of occupation in berlin 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin . these
6 delimiting british zone of occupation in berlin 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin . these allowed visits
688328708 688485144 2015-11-01 06:43:08 1 days 01:51:26 264323 0 ' ' , 2001 – dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * * ' ' in the 2015 film [[ bridge _ of _ spies _ ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east
1 , 2001 – dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * * ' ' in the 2015 film [[ bridge _ of _ spies _ ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east berlin ]]
2 – dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * * ' ' in the 2015 film [[ bridge _ of _ spies _ ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east berlin ]] just as
700030765 700067540 2016-01-16 05:21:17 0 days 06:00:32 14508071 4 - bowie - sparks - howls - of - anguish - across - social - media - 2016 - 01 - 11 < / ref > : see also [[ berlin _ wall # david _ bowie . 2c _ 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song
5 - howls - of - anguish - across - social - media - 2016 - 01 - 11 < / ref > : see also [[ berlin _ wall # david _ bowie . 2c _ 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band
6 - anguish - across - social - media - 2016 - 01 - 11 < / ref > : see also [[ berlin _ wall # david _ bowie . 2c _ 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 10 [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert worldnews / 8698446 / berlin - wall - five - things - you - might - not - know . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} < /
11 ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf html | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} < / ref >
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41672218 41672333 2006-02-28 23:49:11 0 days 00:00:50 0|69.15.111.135 3 impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin
41672399 41672426 2006-02-28 23:49:42 0 days 00:00:06 161478 3 = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ] . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin
41674959 41675018 2006-03-01 00:06:11 0 days 00:00:24 0|72.15.91.239 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin
41675119 41675140 2006-03-01 00:07:06 0 days 00:00:15 60449 2 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin
43550620 43620580 2006-03-13 20:57:16 0 days 14:54:39 1077726 2 union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin
43620580 43620636 2006-03-13 20:57:53 0 days 00:00:37 1022601 2 its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ba goo to you all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin
44191484 44223493 2006-03-17 15:46:28 0 days 05:46:44 0|204.8.67.131 0 caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin
44223493 44223640 2006-03-17 15:47:50 0 days 00:01:22 86312 0 caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin
44734875 44739263 2006-03-21 00:38:56 0 days 00:28:19 0|68.154.38.227 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin
44746100 44747376 2006-03-21 01:44:03 0 days 00:09:47 371058 1 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin
51589662 51848718 2006-05-06 16:49:23 1 days 18:26:01 0|72.228.114.173 9 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
51848718 51848752 2006-05-06 16:49:46 0 days 00:00:23 223113 9 , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was no holocaust . it was all a jewish trick . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
52229625 52229737 2006-05-08 23:42:39 0 days 00:00:40 0|68.35.183.215 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . emily cordova is so fine its unbelievable ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
52229737 52229759 2006-05-08 23:42:45 0 days 00:00:06 1022601 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . emily cordova is so fine its unbelievable ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
52245238 52316233 2006-05-09 14:40:56 0 days 13:04:20 0|65.24.197.47 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . yunni vanchui says " fuck this wall we have to put it back up sometime in 2006 ! " = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
52316233 52316379 2006-05-09 14:42:03 0 days 00:01:07 0|65.24.197.47 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . yunni vanchui says " fuck this wall we have to put it back up sometime in 2006 ! " = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
52316379 52316505 2006-05-09 14:42:54 0 days 00:00:51 0|65.24.197.47 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . for more infomation go to www . google . com then type in berlin wall . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
52316505 52332523 2006-05-09 16:33:52 0 days 01:50:58 686868 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . for more infomation go to www . google . com then type in berlin wall . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
53329099 53333448 2006-05-15 16:02:11 0 days 00:26:27 0|64.107.141.20 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the fall of the berlin wall was awesome = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
53333448 53334351 2006-05-15 16:07:39 0 days 00:05:28 294180 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the fall of the berlin wall was awesome = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
54987836 54988059 2006-05-25 00:52:05 0 days 00:01:18 0|24.151.45.195 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . hairy vagina = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
54988059 54988126 2006-05-25 00:52:33 0 days 00:00:28 509520 1 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . hairy vagina = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
56422227 56485920 2006-06-02 12:32:22 0 days 11:03:06 0|142.227.176.250 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
56485920 56486266 2006-06-02 12:35:45 0 days 00:03:23 157842 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
56635024 56834115 2006-06-04 15:26:18 1 days 07:04:36 0|70.161.45.147 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . m nzxccm . zxnb . nzbvm . jjldgfsjldfgdulhgfljfdglgfuidblgfludfylihgvclg , vcxjglvcjxgkz < jglijegfuigetflilkjibk > lasdgflisdyuflishgedf eif hdslko li = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
56834115 56834463 2006-06-04 15:29:10 0 days 00:02:52 0|70.161.45.147 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . m nzxccm . zxnb . nzbvm . jjldgfsjldfgdulhgfljfdglgfuidblgfludfylihgvclg , vcxjglvcjxgkz < jglijegfuigetflilkjibk > lasdgflisdyuflishgedf eif hdslko li = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
56834463 56891516 2006-06-04 21:47:58 0 days 06:18:48 0|69.248.248.94 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . i < 3 germanyu = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
56891516 56891532 2006-06-04 21:48:05 0 days 00:00:07 1022601 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . i < 3 germanyu = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
56891532 56891673 2006-06-04 21:49:06 0 days 00:01:01 0|69.248.248.94 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
56891673 56891744 2006-06-04 21:49:36 0 days 00:00:30 491536 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
63357225 63858347 2006-07-14 22:07:07 2 days 17:42:04 1793767 6 = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . he bitched them too = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
63858347 63858464 2006-07-14 22:07:48 0 days 00:00:41 1265360 8 penis as a sledge hammer to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and david hasselhof then started a fight with steve walker because they are dirty commys , but he bitched them too with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
72819207 72833683 2006-08-30 15:28:55 0 days 01:33:59 0|193.219.221.80 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . and so it happened = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
72833683 72842365 2006-08-30 16:23:12 0 days 00:54:17 157842 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . and so it happened = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
76707482 76842969 2006-09-20 19:42:25 0 days 17:52:03 0|70.107.109.75 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . you smell like poop = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
76842969 76843040 2006-09-20 19:42:49 0 days 00:00:24 142444 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . you smell like poop = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
79283264 79360490 2006-10-04 00:26:58 0 days 06:52:26 0|69.110.32.177 3 berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . rub boobs = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[
79360490 79360549 2006-10-04 00:27:24 0 days 00:00:26 416594 3 [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . they had boobs , pussy and sex there , they loved to rub boobs govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[
85254171 85254386 2006-11-02 14:18:06 0 days 00:01:51 0|204.13.204.162 1 advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[
85309538 85456431 2006-11-03 11:59:03 0 days 16:30:16 0|80.140.92.92 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . franz stinkt ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[
85456431 85456438 2006-11-03 11:59:07 0 days 00:00:04 1574574 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . franz stinkt ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[
86725782 86754002 2006-11-09 17:48:19 0 days 02:24:51 0|70.244.100.3 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the berlin wall was also an attempt to keep eastern homosexual germans from crossing into straight western germany . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
86754320 86755139 2006-11-09 17:54:17 0 days 00:04:18 0|70.244.100.3 0 fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the berlin wall was also an attempt to keep eastern homosexual germans from crossing into straight western germany . in another method of stopping such imoral acts , the german congress instated a law stating that inorder for one person to commit sexual acts with another , they most must be of opposite sex and both holding a proper legal pass in order to have sexual intercorrse . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
86755363 86755510 2006-11-09 17:56:12 0 days 00:00:41 572610 0 fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the berlin wall was also an attempt to keep eastern homosexual germans from crossing into straight western germany . in another method of stopping such imoral acts , the german congress instated a law stating that inorder for one person to commit sexual acts with another , they most must be of opposite sex and both holding a proper legal pass in order to have sexual intercourse . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
86755510 86755902 2006-11-09 17:58:10 0 days 00:01:58 2697466 1 at first of [[ puppies ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the berlin wall was also an attempt to keep eastern homosexual germans from crossing into straight western germany . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
86949737 86977625 2006-11-10 18:10:59 0 days 02:38:29 0|206.158.3.70 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . & hearts ; kt waz here & hearts ; = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
86978875 86978923 2006-11-10 18:18:41 0 days 00:00:16 572610 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . & hearts ; kt waz here & hearts ; = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
86988970 87075291 2006-11-11 03:19:05 0 days 08:06:40 0|210.55.85.150 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . callum david is a homo = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
87075291 87075361 2006-11-11 03:19:36 0 days 00:00:31 813560 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . callum david is a homo = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
87781220 87781329 2006-11-14 16:27:23 0 days 00:00:34 0|63.253.45.100 1 economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . oozie = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
87781329 87781447 2006-11-14 16:28:02 0 days 00:00:39 1792859 3 was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . then a leprachaun shot itself with an oozie authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
87979603 87991523 2006-11-15 14:59:12 0 days 01:18:35 0|63.167.26.34 3 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
92185265 92185548 2006-12-05 08:35:49 0 days 00:02:53 0|80.208.142.253 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . ahmad sofia tata taia = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
92185548 92186033 2006-12-05 08:40:28 0 days 00:04:39 302522 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . ahmad sofia tata taia = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
92223263 92398419 2006-12-06 05:17:56 0 days 15:02:30 0|24.131.47.128 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . yeah dawg = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
92401874 92402213 2006-12-06 05:47:41 0 days 00:02:49 2046983 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . yeah dawg = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
92647253 92647407 2006-12-07 06:40:31 0 days 00:01:17 0|129.1.208.200 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . update : on their way to korea , nic and rodriguo passed through berlin , and , sorry to say , rodriguo was shot and killed . nic made the journey to korea and is now building the " rodriguo remembrance korean wall . " = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
92647407 92647645 2006-12-07 06:42:41 0 days 00:02:10 1199710 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . update : on their way to korea , nic and rodriguo passed through berlin , and , sorry to say , rodriguo was shot and killed . nic made the journey to korea and is now building the " rodriguo remembrance korean wall . " = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
93429915 93491214 2006-12-11 01:35:37 0 days 04:56:50 2420409 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . omg go america ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
95116131 95161247 2006-12-18 20:41:47 0 days 04:04:21 0|64.105.255.4 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . shana is weird ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
95161247 95161280 2006-12-18 20:41:56 0 days 00:00:09 1574574 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . shana is weird ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
99737979 99757174 2007-01-10 13:35:33 0 days 03:15:04 0|168.216.41.11 2 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . frau bailey was also a barrier . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht
99757174 99757249 2007-01-10 13:36:09 0 days 00:00:36 128863 2 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . frau bailey was also a barrier . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht
100676150 100881569 2007-01-15 15:24:20 0 days 22:54:14 0|195.7.41.117 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . they where all gay lords = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht
100881569 100887174 2007-01-15 15:58:55 0 days 00:34:35 441020 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . they where all gay lords = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 5 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . jesus . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 5 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . jesus . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht
104367345 104426170 2007-01-30 22:01:51 0 days 04:22:33 0|139.142.3.123 0 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . poop ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
104426170 104426285 2007-01-30 22:02:23 0 days 00:00:32 1111943 0 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . poop ! ! ! ! = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
105035085 105154435 2007-02-02 19:13:09 0 days 12:40:40 3436457 3 nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . wikipedia ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111392335 111392675 2007-02-27 19:36:10 0 days 00:01:26 0|205.126.63.15 2 europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . n game = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111392675 111393341 2007-02-27 19:39:19 0 days 00:03:09 911178 3 the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . the best thing one the inernet is the n game four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111405046 111405157 2007-02-27 20:30:38 0 days 00:00:29 0|205.126.63.15 1 for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . ramsy = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111405690 111405735 2007-02-27 20:33:03 0 days 00:00:14 0|205.126.63.15 1 republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = hi mrs . ramsey = = = = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . hi mrs . ramsy = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111405735 111405922 2007-02-27 20:33:49 0 days 00:00:46 2875882 3 ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = hi mrs . ramsey = = = = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111405922 111406034 2007-02-27 20:34:17 0 days 00:00:28 0|205.126.63.15 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111406152 111406172 2007-02-27 20:34:50 0 days 00:00:05 302522 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111406172 111406279 2007-02-27 20:35:15 0 days 00:00:25 0|205.126.72.236 1 which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111406279 111406382 2007-02-27 20:35:39 0 days 00:00:24 786651 1 the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = hi mrs ramsay = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111406382 111406543 2007-02-27 20:36:24 0 days 00:00:45 0|205.126.72.236 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111406618 111406676 2007-02-27 20:37:02 0 days 00:00:20 0|205.126.72.236 1 which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111406676 111406766 2007-02-27 20:37:29 0 days 00:00:27 786651 1 the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = mrs ramsay hi = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
112711235 112716572 2007-03-05 02:43:59 0 days 00:28:29 0|72.228.70.169 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
112716572 112716989 2007-03-05 02:45:51 0 days 00:01:52 3715895 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
117354193 117486747 2007-03-24 09:29:05 0 days 13:48:40 0|81.96.161.134 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . hi = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
117486747 117487278 2007-03-24 09:35:03 0 days 00:05:58 302522 1 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . hi = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
117565003 117647900 2007-03-25 01:01:30 0 days 06:45:16 0|76.187.22.156 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . miranda is cool . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
117647900 117647947 2007-03-25 01:01:43 0 days 00:00:13 1919481 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . miranda is cool . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
118026860 118145320 2007-03-27 00:42:55 0 days 08:25:30 0|24.16.228.161 1 [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . this web site = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
118145320 118145334 2007-03-27 00:43:00 0 days 00:00:05 2198658 1 need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . please dont let anyone edit the section without user in this web site 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
118145453 118145580 2007-03-27 00:44:12 0 days 00:00:38 0|24.16.228.161 0 soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . i ' m serious people = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
122272148 122501983 2007-04-13 14:59:43 0 days 21:08:22 0|169.244.28.181 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
122501983 122513682 2007-04-13 15:52:48 0 days 00:53:05 441020 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
123914874 123933094 2007-04-18 22:36:19 0 days 01:11:40 0|63.149.134.67 0 which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . is still standing = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
123933094 123946362 2007-04-18 23:36:43 0 days 01:00:24 3647339 1 west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . the berlin wall is still standing came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
123951114 124129045 2007-04-19 17:12:29 0 days 17:13:20 0|72.243.172.178 8 one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
124129045 124129084 2007-04-19 17:12:39 0 days 00:00:10 2092344 8 reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . . . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
124358508 124368308 2007-04-20 14:51:05 0 days 00:46:21 0|216.255.119.162 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . steve ricciardi was here = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
124368308 124368337 2007-04-20 14:51:13 0 days 00:00:08 2198658 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . steve ricciardi was here = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
125903168 125903426 2007-04-25 18:26:58 0 days 00:01:00 0|216.56.26.30 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . colleen is stupid = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
125903426 125903775 2007-04-25 18:28:23 0 days 00:01:25 0|216.56.26.30 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . colleen is stupid = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
125903775 125906845 2007-04-25 18:41:03 0 days 00:12:40 764861 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
125906845 125918703 2007-04-25 19:29:59 0 days 00:48:56 0|216.56.26.30 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . call me = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
125918703 125918809 2007-04-25 19:30:27 0 days 00:00:28 313262 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . call me = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
127626659 127671003 2007-05-02 12:52:18 0 days 05:53:56 0|68.85.23.179 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . if the allies challenged the barrieer they were to eat hotdogs with out using their hands or knees . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
127672193 127960159 2007-05-03 14:25:47 1 days 01:26:16 0|170.158.132.51 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . but in the end the americans own every 1 and they kicked ass to no 1 should mess with us = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
127960159 127961923 2007-05-03 14:33:42 0 days 00:07:55 302522 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . but in the end the americans own every 1 and they kicked ass to no 1 should mess with us = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
128924320 128949540 2007-05-07 15:00:35 0 days 01:53:17 0|67.131.1.162 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . white power ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
128949540 128950035 2007-05-07 15:03:06 0 days 00:02:31 302522 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . white power ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
129555118 129555699 2007-05-09 16:40:50 0 days 00:02:17 0|204.129.158.10 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . bianca d and derek b are super legit ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
129557916 129558680 2007-05-09 16:51:48 0 days 00:02:50 76027 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . bianca d and derek b are super legit ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
129954619 130104891 2007-05-11 15:20:36 0 days 16:40:06 0|164.58.29.130 3 german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . web = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
130104891 130104907 2007-05-11 15:20:41 0 days 00:00:05 2198658 2 [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . wikipedia is the most unreliable site for information on the web creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
130125487 130157604 2007-05-11 19:21:30 0 days 02:24:24 0|71.184.4.92 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . haha . see wikipedia is being changed . . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
130157604 130157844 2007-05-11 19:22:27 0 days 00:00:57 0|71.184.4.92 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . haha . see wikipedia is being changed . . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
131417137 131436491 2007-05-17 01:11:40 0 days 01:39:23 0|71.48.127.221 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
131436491 131436650 2007-05-17 01:12:16 0 days 00:00:36 452564 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
133347493 133410007 2007-05-25 13:23:13 0 days 08:23:44 0|151.199.194.224 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . hi chelsea ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht
133410007 133410058 2007-05-25 13:23:28 0 days 00:00:15 2198658 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hi chelsea ! ! ! ! = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht
133410058 133410210 2007-05-25 13:24:16 0 days 00:00:48 0|151.199.194.224 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . whoooooo hoooooo ! ! ! ! hi chelsea ! ! ! ! ! lalalalalalal = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht
133410210 133410308 2007-05-25 13:24:46 0 days 00:00:30 1749459 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . whoooooo hoooooo ! ! ! ! hi chelsea ! ! ! ! ! lalalalalalal = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht
138343035 138718813 2007-06-17 07:32:31 1 days 18:32:41 0|125.238.36.152 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . cock = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht
138723953 138725085 2007-06-17 08:35:55 0 days 00:12:29 1400373 1 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . cock = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht
151037517 151046095 2007-08-13 22:22:46 0 days 00:48:23 0|70.153.230.83 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht
158397281 158397558 2007-09-17 01:10:16 0 days 00:01:25 5344159 0 fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} hey tori history elective in the library is uber boring but the berlin wall aint so bad . ms thurgood is a wicked biatch ! haha = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
162088640 162088730 2007-10-03 20:23:43 0 days 00:00:25 0|142.25.180.23 1 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade noob was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} fgg = = construction begins , 2961 hello katie and emma = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before president bush died construction of the berlin
162088730 162088831 2007-10-03 20:24:13 0 days 00:00:30 4131122 1 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west fgg berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 2961 hello katie and emma = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before president bush died construction of the berlin
163373226 163412211 2007-10-09 21:03:18 0 days 03:10:18 0|12.214.229.98 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} hey like watz up = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
163412211 163412267 2007-10-09 21:03:37 0 days 00:00:19 4414625 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hey like watz up = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
165900742 166090762 2007-10-21 17:56:01 0 days 22:19:42 0|71.146.84.96 0 construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
166285669 166317359 2007-10-22 17:09:34 0 days 02:37:00 0|65.97.101.229 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
166357408 166496747 2007-10-23 12:31:51 0 days 16:15:59 0|208.108.159.75 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . & & i love taylor and jax sooo much < 3 xox = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
166498828 166499245 2007-10-23 12:49:18 0 days 00:02:53 0|195.110.70.55 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . & & i love taylor and jax sooo much < 3 xox = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
167863048 167863179 2007-10-29 16:11:22 0 days 00:00:46 0|164.113.70.85 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . and they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . he loved to see luis cry cuz he cried like a baby back bitch = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
167863179 167863508 2007-10-29 16:13:20 0 days 00:01:58 0|164.113.70.85 0 time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . he loved to see luis cry cuz he cried like a baby back bitch , and recent studies proved that the king really wasn ' t gay = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
167863508 167863816 2007-10-29 16:14:54 0 days 00:01:34 218593 2 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . and they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . he loved to see luis cry cuz he cried like a baby back bitch , and recent studies proved that the king really wasn ' t gay = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
169018449 169291934 2007-11-05 02:25:04 1 days 05:04:42 0|141.151.18.144 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . heyyyyy andrew ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
169291934 169291974 2007-11-05 02:25:15 0 days 00:00:11 4928500 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . heyyyyy andrew ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
171606006 171821210 2007-11-16 03:59:58 0 days 22:25:24 0|75.36.45.155 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . hi = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
171821210 171821331 2007-11-16 04:00:42 0 days 00:00:44 0|75.36.45.155 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . hi = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
176928245 177097561 2007-12-10 23:54:47 0 days 19:31:06 0|76.27.136.195 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . . . . . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
177097561 177175244 2007-12-11 09:00:47 0 days 09:06:00 2537811 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . . . . . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
181089537 181089717 2007-12-31 00:26:11 0 days 00:01:09 0|208.104.149.90 3 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . < / font > = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 17 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . < / font > = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
181090540 181090839 2007-12-31 00:33:04 0 days 00:01:42 0|208.104.149.90 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . < font size = 200 > < font color = purple > caitlin wolfe < br > < br > < br > < br > 2009 vintage lane < br > < br > < br > < br > rock hill sc 29730 < / font > < / font > = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
181090839 181090902 2007-12-31 00:33:25 0 days 00:00:21 2306142 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . < font size = 200 > < font color = purple > caitlin wolfe < br > < br > < br > < br > 2009 vintage lane < br > < br > < br > < br > rock hill sc 29730 < / font > < / font > = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
184759898 185099808 2008-01-18 00:13:46 1 days 07:34:28 0|12.214.202.72 8 ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . ]] ]] = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
185099808 185099823 2008-01-18 00:13:49 0 days 00:00:03 1879647 7 : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = < br / > headline text = = = = ]] ]] ]] ]] ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
188146376 188146488 2008-01-31 13:48:05 0 days 00:00:51 0|208.108.155.115 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . hahhahaha = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
188146883 188151005 2008-01-31 14:18:01 0 days 00:27:19 0|89.100.2.123 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . hahhahaha = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
191453257 191453299 2008-02-14 17:25:32 0 days 00:00:18 0|70.118.101.154 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 250px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers
191453299 191453321 2008-02-14 17:25:39 0 days 00:00:07 3369647 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 250px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers
195987434 196053252 2008-03-05 15:48:29 0 days 08:59:18 0|84.12.55.2 1 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . ¬¬¬ = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
196053859 196054243 2008-03-05 15:53:39 0 days 00:02:00 6227797 2 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . ¬¬¬ = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
196351478 196444249 2008-03-07 02:36:10 0 days 06:54:34 0|76.168.218.88 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . according to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . hiu = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
196444249 196444310 2008-03-07 02:36:27 0 days 00:00:17 2766867 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hiu = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . according to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
199057868 199068712 2008-03-18 12:26:26 0 days 01:25:30 0|208.108.154.93 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . hi ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
199068712 199068719 2008-03-18 12:26:30 0 days 00:00:04 4928500 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . hi ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
201207548 201207652 2008-03-27 01:14:00 0 days 00:00:30 0|41.233.103.133 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
201207652 201208461 2008-03-27 01:17:50 0 days 00:03:50 3622922 1 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
201855946 202125951 2008-03-30 19:58:57 1 days 01:48:56 0|76.104.54.6 4 to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . world = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
202125951 202125992 2008-03-30 19:59:06 0 days 00:00:09 2372780 3 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hahahahaha i hate the berlin wall so i decided to delete all the text that someone carefully put together to share with the world soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
202719369 202722337 2008-04-02 04:07:44 0 days 00:19:22 0|75.157.50.81 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . wogi bogi = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
202722337 202724227 2008-04-02 04:21:42 0 days 00:13:58 3622922 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . wogi bogi = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
202724324 202757101 2008-04-02 08:12:33 0 days 03:50:18 0|58.166.89.66 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
202757101 202827564 2008-04-02 16:17:17 0 days 08:04:44 3622922 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
203166714 203166894 2008-04-03 23:29:40 0 days 00:00:54 0|74.75.94.117 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . fucking chuffa = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
203166894 203166960 2008-04-03 23:29:56 0 days 00:00:16 6401397 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . fucking chuffa = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
203166960 203167170 2008-04-03 23:30:56 0 days 00:01:00 0|74.75.94.117 3 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . loves to get his ribs removed to suck on his tiny winky = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
203167170 203167190 2008-04-03 23:30:59 0 days 00:00:03 642191 4 fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . davey clark sucks a lota cock . . . . he is so small and loves to get his ribs removed to suck on his tiny winky west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
203261340 203261588 2008-04-04 10:58:01 0 days 00:01:46 0|87.33.62.141 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . willy willy washer = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
203261718 203261801 2008-04-04 11:00:00 0 days 00:00:52 0|87.33.62.141 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . fat cunt = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
203261801 203261815 2008-04-04 11:00:11 0 days 00:00:11 4015543 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . fat cunt = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
210368707 210598916 2008-05-06 16:37:44 0 days 23:06:12 0|204.186.234.250 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . i love my mommy = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
210598916 210598950 2008-05-06 16:37:52 0 days 00:00:08 5792322 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . i love my mommy = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
210598950 210599301 2008-05-06 16:39:38 0 days 00:01:46 0|204.186.234.250 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . sjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii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= = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
210599301 210599324 2008-05-06 16:39:45 0 days 00:00:07 4928500 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . sjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii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= = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237252350 237254360 2008-09-09 10:30:20 0 days 00:15:52 0|219.90.228.180 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237254360 237254375 2008-09-09 10:30:27 0 days 00:00:07 1395162 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237419988 237420560 2008-09-10 02:38:55 0 days 00:03:53 7823276 2 - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . they would usally have gay sex aswell = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237420560 237420572 2008-09-10 02:38:59 0 days 00:00:04 2372780 3 was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = many people belive the the germans had hot dirty sex with little boy on the othe side of the wall they would usally have gay sex aswell to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237420572 237421084 2008-09-10 02:42:59 0 days 00:04:00 7823265 11 agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . erosion = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237421084 237421104 2008-09-10 02:43:05 0 days 00:00:06 2372780 11 . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone from people bouncing up and down and erosion west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237592256 237592653 2008-09-10 22:33:57 0 days 00:02:15 0|76.101.200.188 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . suck a wee - wee ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237592653 237592684 2008-09-10 22:34:08 0 days 00:00:11 1395162 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . suck a wee - wee ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237717024 237717240 2008-09-11 14:32:29 0 days 00:01:18 0|65.43.198.120 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . sam was here ~ = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237727651 237730525 2008-09-11 15:42:56 0 days 00:14:24 0|163.1.149.137 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . sam was here ~ = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 17 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
246467287 246467509 2008-10-20 10:00:00 0 days 00:01:51 0|58.107.178.14 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . phail ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
246467841 246474655 2008-10-20 11:06:02 0 days 01:03:26 0|124.191.9.47 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . phail ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
246474655 246474803 2008-10-20 11:07:21 0 days 00:01:19 1398 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
248212563 248232882 2008-10-28 17:44:08 0 days 01:49:26 0|92.235.242.94 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . a kid searched this and din ' t understand it isn ' t that good ! x = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
248232882 248235009 2008-10-28 17:55:20 0 days 00:11:12 5177550 1 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . a kid searched this and din ' t understand it isn ' t that good ! x = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
248235009 248312085 2008-10-29 00:25:31 0 days 06:30:11 0|67.8.76.107 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . this is gay = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
248312085 248312104 2008-10-29 00:25:40 0 days 00:00:09 1667683 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . this is gay = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
248423012 248550123 2008-10-30 03:35:04 0 days 11:37:02 0|71.129.38.195 1 . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . pretty ! ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
248550123 248551311 2008-10-30 03:44:11 0 days 00:09:07 3689445 3 it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . the berlin wall was pretty ! ! ! ! ! ! divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
258364484 258372679 2008-12-16 15:55:23 0 days 00:54:04 0|75.70.205.58 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . hi people = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
258372679 258372702 2008-12-16 15:55:37 0 days 00:00:14 7566789 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . hi people = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
258398465 258399078 2008-12-16 18:27:46 0 days 00:03:12 8440996 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . in 1989 the berlin wall colapsed which helped cause a flat world = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
258399078 258399099 2008-12-16 18:27:53 0 days 00:00:07 2372780 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . in 1989 the berlin wall colapsed which helped cause a flat world = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
265707979 265792339 2009-01-22 22:11:08 0 days 07:29:19 0|38.116.202.94 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . boo ! ! ! i scared you ! ! ! hahahahaha = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
265797534 265797894 2009-01-22 22:37:55 0 days 00:01:48 634828 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . boo ! ! ! i scared you ! ! ! hahahahaha = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
268125931 268285347 2009-02-03 17:38:20 0 days 19:03:47 0|194.46.231.203 12 the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
268285347 268287827 2009-02-03 17:51:45 0 days 00:13:25 65541 11 barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side . , over 200 innocent people were killed this way . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
273103350 273165762 2009-02-25 10:48:59 0 days 08:21:42 0|193.172.26.226 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . joden ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
273165762 273165768 2009-02-25 10:49:05 0 days 00:00:06 4928500 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . joden ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
275036583 275070666 2009-03-05 01:56:17 0 days 02:46:31 0|99.145.18.73 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . . . . . . . . . . . . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
275070666 275070764 2009-03-05 01:56:48 0 days 00:00:31 97951 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . . . . . . . . . . . . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
275173185 275204500 2009-03-05 17:31:56 0 days 02:41:24 0|216.14.228.38 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . kevin loves weiner ! ! ! and some sloppy jalopy , and some thunda strap = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
275204500 275204795 2009-03-05 17:33:48 0 days 00:01:52 3190204 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . kevin loves weiner ! ! ! and some sloppy jalopy , and some thunda strap = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
276379143 276379297 2009-03-10 22:21:08 0 days 00:00:42 0|202.150.99.134 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . i love you montell i love you montell = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
276379297 276379329 2009-03-10 22:21:16 0 days 00:00:08 1879647 1 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . i love you montell i love you montell = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
277132148 277225474 2009-03-14 18:13:47 0 days 12:16:17 6984319 2 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian access in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > when large numbers of east germans then defected under the guise of " visits " , the new east german state essentially eliminated all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the inner german border officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving easter germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
841828828 841850873 2018-05-18 13:51:49 0 days 03:38:34 33790789 0 empire . forum . p . 170 - 171 . {{ isbn | 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 }} . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = = how khrushchev - kennedy relations affected the construction of the wall = = = < p > in april 1961 , khrushchev gained an impression that kennedy ' ' is not very smart ' ' when he saw washington supporting the failed invasion of cuba by anti - communist exiles which were than left to their fate . khrushchev decided to alarm rather than appease the president . he soon revealed his intention of signing the separate peace treaty with east germany that would abolish allied rights in west berlin . one of his intentions was therefore to get whole of the berlin . however , this action had risks behind it . ' ' the risks that we are taking is justified . if we look at it in the terms of a percentage , there is more than a 95 % chance that there will be no war ' ' < ref > {{ cite journal | last = afanasenko | first = e . i . | date = 1964 - 03 - 01 | title = the decisions of the june plenary meeting of the cpsu central committee and the tasks of public education bodies | url = http : / / dx . doi . org / 10 . 2753 / res1060 - 939306053 | journal = russian education & society | volume = 6 | issue = 5 | pages = 3 – 13 | doi = 10 . 2753 / res1060 - 939306053 | issn = 1060 - 9393 }} < / ref > . it meant that 5 % was an actual chance of having a war . khrushchev ' s assumptions about kennedy were false . he made clear that the chance of having a war was bigger that 5 % . he showed the unpredictability of us ' s policy . all though soviet forces were not on high alert , the plans were nonetheless changed to deal with the consequences of the kennedy ' s actions . it was then decided to block the access of the west berlin from the east . that is when the construction of the wall started < ref > {{ cite journal | date = 2010 | editor - last = leffler | editor - first = melvyn p . | editor2 - last = westad | editor2 - first = odd arne | title = the cambridge history of the cold war | url = http : / / dx . doi . org / 10 . 1017 / chol9780521837200 | doi = 10 . 1017 / chol9780521837200 }} < / ref > . < / p > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb
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1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 39 the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org /
4242842 4247378 2004-06-23 19:29:07 0 days 00:11:05 0|80.45.179.46 1 http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[
6170903 6272294 2004-09-26 19:54:05 1 days 03:37:52 0|68.127.11.132 1 http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[
6698144 6698178 2004-10-19 10:33:42 0 days 11:17:38 0|217.231.158.148 1 http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[
6969433 6969446 2004-10-29 22:52:47 6 days 02:22:45 0|141.156.41.50 1 http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[
13372568 13376839 2005-05-07 06:18:21 0 days 00:01:23 28107 0 of the city . besides , america had been caught off - balance , it being a sunday morning . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm speech ] on july 25 1961 that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and
18535564 18607525 2005-07-11 16:24:41 1 days 00:15:53 0|81.63.110.106 1 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : /
22624244 22650963 2005-09-05 22:13:52 0 days 07:16:01 28107 1 : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war
22687707 22698966 2005-09-06 14:26:01 0 days 04:33:04 0|213.86.60.3 1 : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war
22698966 22741071 2005-09-07 01:48:34 0 days 11:22:33 28107 1 : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war
23258905 23281713 2005-09-15 12:45:24 0 days 09:53:00 0|80.43.15.110 1 : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war
23281713 23327917 2005-09-16 06:15:04 0 days 17:29:40 28107 1 : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war
27964176 28136750 2005-11-12 19:33:42 1 days 21:11:14 0|80.184.142.8 1 att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[
28225109 28230173 2005-11-13 19:37:41 0 days 01:15:15 0|80.43.50.189 1 att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[
40238138 40238670 2006-02-19 04:13:33 0 days 00:05:26 69412 1 * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s * [ http : / / www . webpundit . net / pages / pundits / cp / columns / newberlinwall . htm the new berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[
40898814 40900018 2006-02-23 19:38:26 0 days 00:09:50 89179 6 permananently closed in [[ 1961 ]] . it was finally reopened in [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently destroyed . from [[ 1949 ]] - [[ 1961 ]] 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was
44682288 44689214 2006-03-20 18:09:05 0 days 01:00:11 1114786 1 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold
63086213 63215080 2006-07-11 12:36:14 0 days 18:02:53 0|84.136.20.147 1 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold
65187980 65188008 2006-07-22 10:10:30 0 days 00:00:20 0|86.141.127.26 1 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold
65188008 65188164 2006-07-22 10:12:48 0 days 00:02:18 135 1 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold
68486767 68703823 2006-08-09 22:23:19 1 days 00:21:42 0|217.88.158.5 1 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold
68703898 68764117 2006-08-10 05:33:15 0 days 07:09:34 157842 1 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold
70719583 70805687 2006-08-20 18:48:42 0 days 12:38:01 0|88.134.153.65 1 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold
70805687 70805788 2006-08-20 18:49:13 0 days 00:00:31 1514294 1 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold
99129270 99129501 2007-01-07 17:51:00 0 days 00:01:21 82835 2 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for
105154508 105175281 2007-02-02 20:43:43 0 days 01:30:19 911178 0 stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / a large number of collected http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / a large number of colelcted images in the flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold
3 / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / a large number of colelcted images in the flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold
108457024 108586738 2007-02-16 12:01:39 0 days 13:04:03 0|217.132.143.214 1 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal
147393203 147504639 2007-07-27 18:51:54 0 days 12:58:35 0|85.178.21.141 3 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
147504639 147504728 2007-07-27 18:52:19 0 days 00:00:25 0|85.178.21.141 1 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
149947858 150060455 2007-08-08 21:56:43 0 days 11:55:05 0|88.254.140.54 1 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 40 < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ shtml http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[
59 year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 40 . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching
61 . continuum , august 2003 , isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / sex " categories : semi - protected | sex viewsarticle discussion view source history personal toolssign in / create
80 , 1c , 2bw ^ two sexes are not enough ^ cytoplasmic fusion and the nature of sexes ^ " thickens the brow and upper bridge of the nose " [ 1 ] ^ [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] ^ nikolaos a . patsopoulos , et al . ( aug 2007 ) . " claims of sex differences : an empirical assessment in genetic associations " . j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones .
160893232 160904974 2007-09-28 12:55:47 0 days 01:39:54 3341545 2 [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . kill " http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date
162446548 162484247 2007-10-05 16:36:59 0 days 03:45:03 0|216.124.56.20 5 [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www .
8 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
162484247 162484765 2007-10-05 16:39:58 0 days 00:02:59 82432 1 http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ htt * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www .
7 germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
164032213 164038519 2007-10-12 13:16:17 0 days 00:48:45 0|193.179.31.229 1 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
179812877 179945723 2007-12-24 12:27:45 0 days 18:15:41 5803670 1 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
188772780 188831750 2008-02-03 17:09:13 0 days 07:08:31 6085301 0 victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the
2 the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the
196444310 196608741 2008-03-07 20:45:55 0 days 18:09:28 0|79.0.146.173 1 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
196608741 196612887 2008-03-07 21:04:14 0 days 00:18:19 0|79.0.146.173 0 [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 * {{ it }} [[ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 photo
2 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
204483235 204483897 2008-04-09 16:42:52 0 days 00:03:07 137113 2 2006 < ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history
214793313 214855602 2008-05-25 16:23:01 0 days 07:44:48 7002667 1 : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [[ [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw
225295527 225402367 2008-07-13 14:21:02 0 days 15:14:57 5299643 1 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
229166509 229217140 2008-08-01 12:51:26 0 days 08:29:32 6085301 0 iron curtain . < ref > http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html researchers confirm 125 berlin wall deaths
233480684 233599076 2008-08-22 19:56:57 0 days 14:22:42 0|198.7.247.188 1 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
233718719 233719779 2008-08-23 11:46:32 0 days 00:09:49 7701560 5 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
271925346 272012260 2009-02-20 06:03:12 0 days 08:13:00 0|84.177.182.215 1 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
272012260 272012445 2009-02-20 06:05:04 0 days 00:01:52 911178 1 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
274163078 274232751 2009-03-01 20:42:47 0 days 04:49:33 0|71.238.71.152 1 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
282662590 282781427 2009-04-09 15:13:59 0 days 15:06:29 9418822 2 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
282781427 282782058 2009-04-09 15:17:12 0 days 00:03:13 9418822 3 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by german embassy washington ] * a large number of collected images in the [
288559693 289216105 2009-05-11 08:19:01 3 days 10:15:02 9611157 1 , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories - personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
300713021 300962838 2009-07-08 10:00:17 1 days 08:10:31 10069869 1 , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories - personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
305129751 305130153 2009-07-30 19:15:32 0 days 00:01:56 0|130.218.10.1 2 www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} * [ http : / / hss . kennesaw . edu / about / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / ]
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 11 vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . and prior official figures listed 98 as being killed http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date
25 schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date
310125952 310318597 2009-08-27 07:01:23 0 days 22:10:20 0|79.220.97.128 2 mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german an englisch ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http :
314413450 314764222 2009-09-18 18:35:09 1 days 21:59:41 10586423 1 , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories - personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
315255881 315255964 2009-09-21 08:16:52 0 days 00:00:45 204692 3 : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 56 . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14th , [[ 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 90 : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 13 , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories - personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
16 - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large collection http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
28 : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw
34 marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 15 on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http :
320975384 320978520 2009-10-20 10:32:07 0 days 00:34:15 3058538 6 videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 -
7 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
321122011 321159821 2009-10-21 08:47:46 0 days 06:11:06 0|80.254.146.68 1 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
321246464 321349222 2009-10-22 08:51:11 0 days 13:33:22 332841 1 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 32 durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ]
324012977 324105756 2009-11-05 16:38:29 0 days 14:11:38 0|77.1.32.123 1 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
324297643 324361293 2009-11-06 22:46:16 0 days 06:16:54 0|38.107.109.130 1 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
324361439 324362083 2009-11-06 22:51:28 0 days 00:04:14 6163802 1 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
324820066 324825240 2009-11-09 11:50:42 0 days 00:56:47 0|87.36.53.53 3 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
324827563 324827614 2009-11-09 12:14:04 0 days 00:00:34 0|92.27.168.55 1 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
324838374 324838628 2009-11-09 13:53:17 0 days 00:01:50 0|213.64.19.23 1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
324932966 324937840 2009-11-09 23:32:03 0 days 00:24:17 16710 17 into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 1989 - 11 / 17 / 1989 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn
325218548 325218944 2009-11-11 09:54:29 0 days 00:05:02 6971250 1 = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : / /
326127754 326393226 2009-11-17 19:21:27 1 days 11:09:57 8179044 1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
327805035 327838324 2009-11-25 10:01:14 0 days 05:27:30 0|195.37.189.30 1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
327857129 328159601 2009-11-27 05:22:19 1 days 16:07:01 11108349 1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
328159601 328159849 2009-11-27 05:24:28 0 days 00:02:09 1623918 1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
328159849 328160753 2009-11-27 05:32:21 0 days 00:07:53 11108349 1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
328160753 328161039 2009-11-27 05:34:53 0 days 00:02:32 1623918 1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
332313949 332477899 2009-12-18 12:02:04 0 days 20:13:52 0|84.111.55.153 1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
332477899 332489251 2009-12-18 13:46:39 0 days 01:44:35 6971250 1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
341696550 341779103 2010-02-03 23:22:21 0 days 07:40:25 0|77.1.40.125 1 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 17 / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a soviet http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg
40 august 1 in the same year , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _
41 " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation
346776955 346946452 2010-02-28 20:32:14 0 days 20:44:54 11808820 1 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
348149601 348215111 2010-03-07 01:32:51 0 days 06:31:24 145394 1 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 5 . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on december 11 , 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . it
7 < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press ]] , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of
46 1978 }} * [[ childs ]] , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman , [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10
50 : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s ] the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0850582458 , 9780850582451 . [ [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt = hot
56 from the times * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] official website berlin . de * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http :
58 en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www
79 videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 -
80 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
369426506 369704750 2010-06-23 08:49:43 1 days 12:15:03 5812172 1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube
381576652 383513705 2010-09-07 20:13:40 9 days 21:55:10 1219174 5 . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and
385938027 386053284 2010-09-21 05:51:05 0 days 13:01:45 5812172 1 : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube ]] * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . {{ berlin
390478077 391228576 2010-10-17 12:46:44 4 days 01:24:36 9021902 6 & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . isbn 0582315697 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 amazon . co . uk
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 76 / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ de icon }} neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was mainly a means of
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 0 valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / commons / 6 / 6f / map - germany - 1945 . svg map - germany - 1945 ] berlin
23 / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s ] the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , 9780850582451 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt = hot
28 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube
29 : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube ]] * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . {{ berlin
399051464 399052561 2010-11-27 00:55:57 0 days 00:08:05 16710 6 german unity ) , batsford , third edition . isbn 0713467959 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ] http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s ( open library ) ] < / ref > the [[ soviet ]] government gave explicit orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{
210686797 210716210 2008-05-07 02:13:29 0 days 02:42:09 0|76.246.244.54 1 it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be killed and then the bodies sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move
210975287 211222812 2008-05-09 09:24:57 1 days 03:28:16 686868 6 during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols ' ' ' soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 32 = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west
33 between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents
238784960 238803915 2008-09-16 13:39:19 0 days 02:29:23 7869922 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] roy was here after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
238803915 238804035 2008-09-16 13:40:01 0 days 00:00:42 7869922 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] roy was here after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
238804035 238804107 2008-09-16 13:40:27 0 days 00:00:26 7869922 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] ray was here after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
238804107 238804205 2008-09-16 13:41:03 0 days 00:00:36 7869922 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] ray was here after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 64 as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed
248212563 248232882 2008-10-28 17:44:08 0 days 01:49:26 0|92.235.242.94 1 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) ,
248232882 248235009 2008-10-28 17:55:20 0 days 00:11:12 5177550 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) ,
249088521 249352359 2008-11-03 06:37:04 1 days 06:49:34 911178 0 territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided
249352359 249738980 2008-11-04 22:26:36 1 days 15:49:32 162210 0 territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided
255351460 255351569 2008-12-02 03:51:07 0 days 00:00:44 0|68.33.196.243 3 background = = [[ image : uyfukyfuvj , hvuyv [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the ddr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east
258364412 258364484 2008-12-16 15:01:19 0 days 00:00:29 836916 1 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [ joseph [ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits
267088797 267258659 2009-01-29 20:33:57 0 days 20:05:29 0|83.71.5.156 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after before the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four
267258659 267258897 2009-01-29 20:35:15 0 days 00:01:18 0|83.71.5.156 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] before after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four
267773611 267775034 2009-02-01 05:39:44 0 days 00:12:12 214542 2 and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet
269853251 269858109 2009-02-10 21:45:42 0 days 00:19:34 5047767 2 ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating the republic of dave from the russian communist headquarters ( in berlin gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]]
274455448 274459456 2009-03-02 16:42:07 0 days 00:17:30 0|70.133.170.228 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany
274459456 274460739 2009-03-02 16:47:43 0 days 00:05:36 355538 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany
275172016 275172493 2009-03-05 14:46:48 0 days 00:02:39 0|87.33.73.130 0 [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall was built for the craic . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 34 , 1600 until the wall was opened
275172493 275173185 2009-03-05 14:50:32 0 days 00:03:44 3505251 3 [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall was built for the craic . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 34 , 1600 until the wall was opened
276615854 276783143 2009-03-12 17:21:54 0 days 18:42:56 0|76.74.69.103 0 [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . jonah the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened
276783264 276783338 2009-03-12 17:22:49 0 days 00:00:22 2844657 1 [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . jonah the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened
280460425 280462457 2009-03-29 18:13:49 0 days 00:09:46 0|96.245.236.126 3 = is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . }} indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it
4 ref > is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . {{ opinion | date = is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the
281579157 281608811 2009-04-04 00:53:19 0 days 03:10:55 0|70.116.66.124 0 gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet block bloc nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen
282237256 282254456 2009-04-07 02:27:37 0 days 01:46:26 0|24.107.100.195 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after aaafter the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four
282254456 282254554 2009-04-07 02:28:22 0 days 00:00:45 7167267 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] aaafter after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four
282598973 282661555 2009-04-09 00:01:25 0 days 05:48:24 0|12.216.69.251 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] hey ! this page was edited by madi ! ! your welcome ! ! : ) after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
282661555 282662590 2009-04-09 00:07:30 0 days 00:06:05 6984319 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] hey ! this page was edited by madi ! ! your welcome ! ! : ) after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
299164112 299165691 2009-06-28 19:04:01 0 days 00:10:50 0|75.2.134.42 4 leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany ,
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
2 war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union ]] . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep
3 ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside
4 | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . < ref name = " miller4 " / > within two years , divisions occurred between the the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone
5 capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the and the other occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be
307307874 307307907 2009-08-11 05:34:03 0 days 00:00:15 164429 0 published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness
314764222 315251624 2009-09-21 07:26:58 2 days 12:51:49 204692 0 capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " / > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self
315336961 315504920 2009-09-22 13:41:29 0 days 19:25:53 764861 1 huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , [[ 1991 ]] * [[ paradigm shift ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker |
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 178 the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 16 date of the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 , the date of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom
17 the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in 1918 . however , the date of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s
317216603 317287122 2009-10-01 14:50:31 0 days 11:19:08 0|65.51.207.226 0 occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are ghghghghffffhhhhhhhfjare not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de |
317287122 317287236 2009-10-01 14:51:16 0 days 00:00:45 207712 0 occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation ghghghghffffhhhhhhhfjare are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de |
318091580 318274763 2009-10-06 16:40:43 0 days 22:27:51 1476858 17 enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies
323949431 323949763 2009-11-04 20:13:10 0 days 00:01:49 0|90.212.100.1 1 = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a attacked jews protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain
323949763 323950472 2009-11-04 20:16:54 0 days 00:03:44 10519822 1 = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , nazi leader [[ joseph stalin ]] attacked jews built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain
324105954 324119733 2009-11-05 18:01:53 0 days 01:22:11 0|12.165.250.13 8 gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet union | communist party ]] of the [[ soviet union ]] , to tear down the wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the [[ eastern bloc nations , saying : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can
9 on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying ]] : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause
324867570 324875649 2009-11-09 17:57:25 0 days 00:47:20 0|204.234.247.165 0 = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin stalen ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which
324875649 324876007 2009-11-09 17:59:34 0 days 00:02:09 3683078 0 = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalen stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which
324962711 324965950 2009-11-10 02:12:02 0 days 00:21:12 0|69.209.56.112 0 airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet
325413116 325413366 2009-11-12 10:06:37 0 days 00:02:38 8023653 7 . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 ] * the two red flags : european social democracy & soviet communism since 1945 ' ' , routledge , 2000 . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp / title ~ db = all ~ content = t732627883 ] * germany in
325566075 325566396 2009-11-13 04:30:57 0 days 00:03:13 0|150.101.251.68 2 = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations penises on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 3 penis . {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet penis [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled penises nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled
335696374 336036689 2010-01-05 18:08:52 1 days 20:22:48 0|206.253.42.34 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] hitler was the best person ever ! ! ! | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic
336036689 336036763 2010-01-05 18:09:19 0 days 00:00:27 10519822 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] hitler was the best person ever ! ! ! | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic
338604783 338609721 2010-01-18 20:10:50 0 days 00:30:41 0|94.9.30.213 0 ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] ben hatrick built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which
338609721 338609845 2010-01-18 20:11:36 0 days 00:00:46 1004750 0 ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader ben hatrick [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which
341779103 341918461 2010-02-04 17:03:26 0 days 17:41:05 0|80.195.85.18 1 in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . tess smells in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = "
341918690 341918847 2010-02-04 17:05:40 0 days 00:00:56 3150196 2 in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . tess smells in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = "
346182156 346183678 2010-02-24 23:07:35 0 days 00:08:59 0|202.134.38.186 1 . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin keeley hazell ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia ,
346183678 346183823 2010-02-24 23:08:22 0 days 00:00:47 262550 0 eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , the hot and sexy horny soviet leader [[ keeley hazell joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia ,
359841081 359978376 2010-05-04 02:23:01 0 days 13:00:10 0|66.170.198.190 0 . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin barrack obama ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia ,
359978376 359983575 2010-05-04 02:52:55 0 days 00:29:54 0|98.88.174.26 0 . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ barrack obama josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia ,
362031754 362031860 2010-05-14 04:38:14 0 days 00:01:16 0|65.100.196.54 1 . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the ussr , to prevent citizens from east germany escaping into west germany , that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along
364628895 364781062 2010-05-29 03:02:56 0 days 19:12:55 45645 0 , and completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern block ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in
1 cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet dominated [[ eastern block bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 7 wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany , however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti -
8 was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
377111406 378518722 2010-08-12 10:54:22 7 days 22:00:57 305208 0 changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 that all
395972413 396019020 2010-11-10 22:25:14 0 days 04:26:18 0|98.222.50.106 0 germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern and parts of western europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the
396019020 396020558 2010-11-10 22:34:56 0 days 00:09:42 5177550 0 germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern and parts of western europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the
399263461 399311566 2010-11-28 12:32:53 0 days 08:43:34 0|91.109.31.186 1 of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
400658430 400827797 2010-12-06 09:50:14 0 days 21:21:56 0|211.31.26.156 0 of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . hello everybody the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the
400827797 400827810 2010-12-06 09:50:23 0 days 00:00:09 13286072 0 of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . hello everybody the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the
422616275 423139570 2011-04-09 07:03:09 3 days 05:52:53 9366145 1 the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin ]] observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 77 beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall
103 west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste
113 that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 16 - list | 2 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front
448750565 448751555 2011-09-06 14:09:31 0 days 00:08:17 723354 0 = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up headed a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the eastern bloc , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain
471803134 472771510 2012-01-23 09:13:24 6 days 05:36:27 36352 0 category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]]
472771510 472772227 2012-01-23 09:22:00 0 days 00:08:36 6971250 0 category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]]
472772227 472781538 2012-01-23 11:03:38 0 days 01:41:38 7208260 0 category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]]
494695297 495094589 2012-05-30 08:17:37 2 days 08:55:03 577301 1 / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general secretary ]] of the [[ communist party of the soviet union | communist party ]] of the [[ soviet union ]] , to tear down the wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the [[ eastern bloc ]] : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we
495598155 496228492 2012-06-06 05:38:52 3 days 19:00:57 10079076 0 reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the
576012629 576163852 2013-10-07 17:10:28 1 days 00:25:25 18611911 2 one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the united states , the united kingdom , france and the [[ soviet union ]] and [[ saarland ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location fully within
576163852 576167532 2013-10-07 17:34:21 0 days 00:23:53 4358157 2 one of the five occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the united states , the united kingdom , france and the [[ soviet union ]] and [[ saarland ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location fully within
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 23 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through easily in the event of war . < ref > " rise and fall of the berlin wall " . ' ' history channel ' ' , 2009 .
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 18 its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government , allowing free travel across their common boarder . however this movement of people grew so large it caused difficulties for both countries . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany ,
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 2 in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . {{ fact }} in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = "
780019390 781687181 2017-05-22 17:34:23 10 days 04:39:20 8719036 4 [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , ( 1991 * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[
5 charlie ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 ) ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 7 in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = "
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22164068 22624244 2005-09-05 14:57:51 6 days 05:44:26 0|213.86.60.3 1 * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com co . uk / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border
40944082 40945287 2006-02-24 01:11:25 0 days 00:08:50 304316 11 claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm ] [ < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ] and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping
14 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ < / ref > < ref > http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg
64681432 64682237 2006-07-19 16:07:06 0 days 00:04:50 157842 8 personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp , http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] {{ cold war
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 27 german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications itc / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland
28 republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview hs / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }}
32 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw category / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245
33 killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article steroids / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had
36 been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 science / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents
37 trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi humanbody / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that
38 flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe sex / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[
44 had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 releases / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east
62 {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources wiki / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book |
76 as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however
77 ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[
78 denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 25 genetic associations " . j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc publications / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : /
26 " . j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs policyreview / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www
28 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody
30 http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com de / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http
31 / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category dw / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : /
32 www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids article / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www
33 columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily
34 edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily .
36 anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science 2 / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links
37 html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody hi / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further
38 : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex europe / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find
43 http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com co . uk / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary
44 / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases 2 / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from
45 www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks
46 . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 < / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations
163818437 163840161 2007-10-11 17:08:04 0 days 01:51:05 0|65.43.199.13 0 the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb gbh / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall
163840479 163881129 2007-10-11 20:22:05 0 days 03:12:25 400903 1 the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gbh gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall
166331546 166354092 2007-10-22 20:00:56 0 days 01:42:19 716438 4 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com de / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de /
5 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall ges / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en /
6 escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history ztg / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten .
11 / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en index . php / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed
12 / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be
188768514 188772780 2008-02-03 10:00:42 0 days 00:47:48 6085301 2 a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 52 ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] <
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 52 ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] <
274964752 274979258 2009-03-04 18:46:02 0 days 01:10:39 3505251 2 killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges index . php / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the
3 to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg de / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german
4 from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm start / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued
274979258 274981620 2009-03-04 18:57:41 0 days 00:11:39 3505251 2 < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start common / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl
3 name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index document / field / file / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 18 by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 10 people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section
324827738 324827897 2009-11-09 12:17:11 0 days 00:01:42 0|92.27.168.55 0 wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . archive . org / download / fallofberlinwall speakerscornershows2009 / heikoonfallofberlinwall . mp3 a unique documentary radio show ] on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans
324899230 324902376 2009-11-09 20:26:10 0 days 00:16:57 0|68.211.97.75 3 separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine magjghf / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > after its erection , around
324902376 324902901 2009-11-09 20:28:59 0 days 00:02:49 118722 3 separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magjghf magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > after its erection , around
325218548 325218944 2009-11-11 09:54:29 0 days 00:05:02 6971250 2 and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : ] < br / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] '
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 25 34897 http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / [ http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / http
26 firewall / article1338387 / http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html theglobeandmail . com ] < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html < / ref >
36 fall of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[
367791832 367995322 2010-06-14 16:31:11 1 days 00:02:50 0|76.126.226.142 2 hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / www . latimes . com / news 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < /
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 16 http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997
19 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical
28 < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html {{ dead link | date = august 2011 }} http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > the [[
443412986 443413503 2011-08-06 22:05:52 0 days 00:04:09 16710 0 intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg
2 http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1
4 > http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / {{ cite web | author = | url = http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / <
6 the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html {{ cite web | url = http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]]
445112728 445115677 2011-08-16 07:52:17 0 days 00:31:24 6971250 1 . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / en / / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society /
546489570 546994321 2013-03-26 00:13:50 2 days 16:58:12 1469567 2 the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? – an alternate history of cold war espionage ' ' , < ref > http : / / voicesunderberlin . com could we have stopped it ? | publisher = voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html < / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the
602473473 602872991 2014-04-05 15:12:03 2 days 17:59:28 88026 5 www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060219134229 | url = 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [
6 / / web . archive . org / web / 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html | title = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http :
17 www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http :
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 3 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ external links | date = november 2014 }} * [ http : spam : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www
647586466 649173174 2015-02-28 02:27:10 10 days 07:50:56 851535 1 german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa german - propaganda - archive / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins
734284492 734407317 2016-08-14 03:25:55 0 days 18:58:58 4977632 7 . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php en / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] – a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http
23 berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm deutsche bilder aus der vergangenheit | trans - title = my wall - german pictures from the past | language = de | publisher = [[ university https : / / secure . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / /
751172499 752045266 2016-11-29 05:27:46 5 days 08:30:00 6792845 1 stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . hindu . com / 2009 todays - paper / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate
2 . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . hindu . com / 2009 / 09 tp - opinion / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 8
3 ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . hindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 how - margaret - thatcher - pleaded - with - gorbachev - not - to - let - the - berlin - wall - fall - out - of - london / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 8 november 2009
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 9 considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki news / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot =
790928672 791152467 2017-07-18 13:25:09 1 days 12:29:00 27015025 4 yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20090429042056 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org : 80 / historical + resources % 2bresources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | archivedate = 29 april 2009 | df = dmy }} * {{ cite book | last1
5 / / web . archive . org / web / 20090429042056 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org : 80 / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk % 2bdesk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | archivedate = 29 april 2009 | df = dmy }} * {{ cite book | last1 = loescher | first = gil
793523187 793675442 2017-08-03 07:52:05 0 days 23:07:15 28903366 0 , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( 21 october 2009 ) [ https : / / www . wsj . com / article articles / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " ' ' the wall street journal ' ' . < / ref
810225119 810227691 2017-11-14 01:34:10 0 days 00:19:37 6554947 2 and political activist wolfram hasch , who was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign archives / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by
3 activist wolfram hasch , who was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 1987 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or
4 hasch , who was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov 01 / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors
822396886 822504643 2018-01-26 19:24:33 0 days 15:37:47 5841175 1 deaths . < ref name = " contemporary research " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php 178924 / de / start / index / id / 593792 | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german |
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 5 " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com " / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > in and around berlin .
8 parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com " / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > a fact standing out from
10 the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com " / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > = = = eastern bloc
12 in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com " / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > in 1955 , the soviets
14 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com " cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > it had
15 east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / > / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > it had the unintended result
19 {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com " / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > at midnight , the police
21 > the date of 13 august became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com " / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the barrier was built inside
23 at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday , 19 august 1961 . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com " / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > they arrived in a city
25 . east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com " / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the front of the convoy
37 | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . < ref > https : / / mashable . com " / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]]
39 to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . < ref > https : / / mashable . com " / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > east berliners and east germans could not , at first , travel
41 ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin to help alleviate this situation . < ref > https : / / mashable . com " / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the
43 visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . < ref > https : / / mashable . com " / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter
45 as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin . < ref > https : / / mashable . com " / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the
47 military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . < ref > https : / / mashable . com " / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the
49 . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . < ref > https : / / mashable . com " mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > = = = defection attempts = = = {{
50 in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / > / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list
845242425 845346007 2018-06-11 05:24:11 0 days 16:38:45 508734 5 at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . < ref > https : / / mashable . com " / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > ( see [[ history of the berlin s - bahn ]] .
group 33
left_string del_string ins_string right_string
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41675140 41675177 2006-03-01 00:07:21 0 days 00:00:15 0|72.15.91.239 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . northgate rocks ! = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
41675177 41675215 2006-03-01 00:07:35 0 days 00:00:14 60449 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . northgate rocks ! = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
51468255 51477891 2006-05-04 04:26:09 0 days 01:34:13 0|68.37.69.98 0 wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . hi joanna = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
51477891 51477991 2006-05-04 04:27:08 0 days 00:00:59 767514 0 wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . hi joanna = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
53469237 53500500 2006-05-16 13:10:13 0 days 05:20:12 0|204.10.216.173 3 with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . germay which is also stupid ! = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
53500500 53500522 2006-05-16 13:10:22 0 days 00:00:09 385115 2 see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . < font size = 36 > < center > basically this wall was super stupid yo ! it also messed up most of germay which is also stupid ! preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
53689482 53689519 2006-05-17 14:46:44 0 days 00:00:16 0|170.158.120.2 0 wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . ¿ ○♦♣♠○◘•♥☻m♥ = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
53689519 53690006 2006-05-17 14:49:45 0 days 00:03:01 1008387 0 wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . ¿ ○♦♣♠○◘•♥☻m♥ = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
54987836 54988059 2006-05-25 00:52:05 0 days 00:01:18 0|24.151.45.195 1 wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . i love titties = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
54988059 54988126 2006-05-25 00:52:33 0 days 00:00:28 509520 2 wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . i love titties = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
67063735 67063829 2006-08-01 16:31:24 0 days 00:00:33 0|66.32.195.73 0 wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . i know you wanna fuck yo mama , nigger = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
67064018 67065553 2006-08-01 16:41:25 0 days 00:08:52 1008387 2 wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . i know you wanna fuck yo mama , nigger = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
86755902 86759896 2006-11-09 18:20:00 0 days 00:21:50 0|206.158.3.70 0 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . after the wall was built , schnitzel was banned from all of germany . this is because schnitzel is mean and it kills baby cows . weisswurst was banned too because it tastes like poop . i am very cool . i went to germany one time and i saw the berlin wall . it was wicked boring and none of you should ever ever ever ever go see it it is a waste of time . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
86759896 86759980 2006-11-09 18:20:27 0 days 00:00:27 319064 0 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . after the wall was built , schnitzel was banned from all of germany . this is because schnitzel is mean and it kills baby cows . weisswurst was banned too because it tastes like poop . i am very cool . i went to germany one time and i saw the berlin wall . it was wicked boring and none of you should ever ever ever ever go see it it is a waste of time . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
86759980 86760104 2006-11-09 18:21:04 0 days 00:00:37 0|206.158.3.70 0 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . after the wall was built , schnitzel was banned from all of germany . this is because schnitzel is mean and it kills baby cows . weisswurst was banned too because it tastes like poop . i am very cool . i went to germany one time and i saw the berlin wall . it was wicked boring and none of you should ever ever ever ever go see it it is a waste of time . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
86760104 86760196 2006-11-09 18:21:32 0 days 00:00:28 145855 0 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . after the wall was built , schnitzel was banned from all of germany . this is because schnitzel is mean and it kills baby cows . weisswurst was banned too because it tastes like poop . i am very cool . i went to germany one time and i saw the berlin wall . it was wicked boring and none of you should ever ever ever ever go see it it is a waste of time . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
91645972 91703918 2006-12-03 02:08:58 0 days 05:40:21 0|69.34.58.90 0 was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . hitler wins go nazis go ! = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
91703918 91705950 2006-12-03 02:23:37 0 days 00:14:39 241822 0 was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = hitler wins go nazis go ! many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 11 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . jesus . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 11 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . jesus . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
100941637 100946186 2007-01-15 20:50:46 0 days 00:21:18 0|67.176.104.115 0 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . whoa ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! this is like whoa dude ! = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
100946186 100948158 2007-01-15 20:59:57 0 days 00:09:11 302522 13 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . whoa ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! this is like whoa dude ! = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
123623472 123829798 2007-04-18 15:39:51 0 days 19:14:18 0|209.66.200.83 1 the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . 9468 - 4 = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
123830148 123849129 2007-04-18 16:58:40 0 days 01:17:26 302522 1 agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . 3840823501934 ` 59134059819034581 - 9468 - 4 fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
126983726 127281050 2007-04-30 23:40:39 0 days 23:46:03 0|71.164.170.202 0 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . this helps the entire country = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
127281050 127284977 2007-04-30 23:58:21 0 days 00:17:42 76027 0 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . this helps the entire country = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
129554249 129554566 2007-05-09 16:36:20 0 days 00:01:13 0|204.129.158.10 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . hello = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 15 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . hello = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
163097473 163098190 2007-10-08 14:37:50 0 days 00:03:43 0|216.237.254.146 1 the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . it was fake it never happend , it was apart of disany . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
163102843 163105476 2007-10-08 15:13:04 0 days 00:12:54 5173527 5 the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . it was fake it never happend , it was apart of disany . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
166497262 166497309 2007-10-23 12:35:57 0 days 00:00:27 0|208.108.159.75 0 the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . ' ' ' heyy sam and nick ! ! ! ' ' ' = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
166497309 166497339 2007-10-23 12:36:09 0 days 00:00:12 4928500 1 the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . ' ' ' heyy sam and nick ! ! ! ' ' ' = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
166497339 166497507 2007-10-23 12:37:24 0 days 00:01:15 0|208.108.159.75 0 the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . ' ' ' the hannah montana concert is guna be so funn with nick and mitch ' ' ' = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
166499245 166499429 2007-10-23 12:50:36 0 days 00:01:18 0|195.110.70.55 0 the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . ' ' ' the hannah montana concert is guna be so funn with nick and mitch ' ' ' = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
173359524 173360419 2007-11-23 22:20:18 0 days 00:05:27 137113 0 the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 spelled out the official line to [[ socialist unity party | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
188168240 188168740 2008-01-31 16:05:10 0 days 00:02:45 0|208.108.156.224 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} samantha somogyi was here . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
188168740 188168848 2008-01-31 16:05:52 0 days 00:00:42 241822 1 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} samantha somogyi was here . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
197073715 197075558 2008-03-09 20:51:04 0 days 00:08:24 0|98.17.134.249 20 sphere , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well - financed federal republic . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 8 ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
202525275 202536820 2008-04-01 13:23:40 0 days 01:09:16 0|208.182.113.239 6 john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} four buffalo = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
202536820 202537943 2008-04-01 13:30:00 0 days 00:06:20 911178 6 penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , and seven groundhogs jumped over the berlin wall chasing a cat and four buffalo west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
237717240 237717440 2008-09-11 14:33:43 0 days 00:01:14 0|65.43.198.120 1 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} sam f was here hehehehe ! ! ! = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
237719427 237719525 2008-09-11 14:45:33 0 days 00:00:29 4164433 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} sam f was here hehehehe ! ! ! = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
248095268 248099439 2008-10-28 00:43:56 0 days 00:22:55 0|76.16.149.66 2 obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} your mom ! = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
248099439 248099489 2008-10-28 00:44:08 0 days 00:00:12 258000 1 chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . berlin = capital of your mom ! the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
256157274 256305388 2008-12-06 22:22:01 0 days 20:21:33 0|74.243.98.83 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} well actllay a few days ago was the anniversary of th fall of the berlin wall . also get of the computer you are spose to be spnding time with your family = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
256305388 256306859 2008-12-06 22:29:51 0 days 00:07:50 352579 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} well actllay a few days ago was the anniversary of th fall of the berlin wall . also get of the computer you are spose to be spnding time with your family = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
272950002 272958977 2009-02-24 13:56:12 0 days 01:12:51 0|206.131.56.160 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} im a cool cat . = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
272958977 272959089 2009-02-24 13:57:01 0 days 00:00:49 2372780 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} im a cool cat . = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
285286386 285289634 2009-04-21 19:04:36 0 days 00:18:00 0|66.99.126.132 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} and bitches 2 = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
285289634 285289733 2009-04-21 19:05:02 0 days 00:00:26 9454468 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} and bitches 2 = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
296640805 296772448 2009-06-16 15:30:44 0 days 16:39:46 0|194.74.22.170 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} you ate my cat now die but munch = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
296787288 296787393 2009-06-16 17:00:31 0 days 00:00:36 0|91.105.119.223 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} you ate my cat now die but munch = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
341918847 342118264 2010-02-05 16:24:05 0 days 23:18:25 0|207.35.35.12 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} aussi dofus = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} general
342118535 342118914 2010-02-05 16:27:52 0 days 00:02:13 0|207.35.35.12 0 agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} aussi dofus ca suce = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} general
342118914 342119150 2010-02-05 16:29:13 0 days 00:01:21 0|207.35.35.12 0 s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} aussi dofus ca suce mais tes un pas propre mon criss . = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} general
342119150 342120204 2010-02-05 16:35:38 0 days 00:06:25 3505251 3 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} aussi dofus ca suce mais tes un pas propre mon criss . = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} general
348982757 348982903 2010-03-10 12:56:28 0 days 00:01:09 0|84.14.123.189 0 " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) michael abbott , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervor . the wall violated postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move . they considered the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus they concluded that the possibility of a soviet military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " }} ' ' {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . east germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] : {{ quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [[ junker ]] s , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy
348982903 348982964 2010-03-10 12:56:49 0 days 00:00:21 7852030 0 " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) michael abbott , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervor . the wall violated postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move . they considered the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus they concluded that the possibility of a soviet military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " }} ' ' {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . east germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] : {{ quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [[ junker ]] s , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy
351162178 351194927 2010-03-21 17:53:22 0 days 03:40:34 0|65.188.39.230 0 agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} < s > - - - - strike - through texti agree with the nation of the us that hitler was a baby < / s > = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy
351194927 351202892 2010-03-21 18:41:14 0 days 00:47:52 3308922 0 agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} < s > - - - - strike - through texti agree with the nation of the us that hitler was a baby < / s > = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 7 to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . {{ fact }} = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | 220px | [[ universal newsreel ]]
825804625 825804984 2018-02-15 14:50:22 0 days 00:02:43 5946478 4 that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < / ref > = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | 220px | [[ universal newsreel ]]
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13872 86615 2002-02-25 15:51:15 6 days 11:48:33 0|62.253.64.7 3 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 28 ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west east berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]]
20652186 20668374 2005-08-10 03:32:17 0 days 04:36:14 0|70.30.191.58 0 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east west germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] ,
1 hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east west germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he
2 in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east west germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] ,
4 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east west berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the gdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision
5 replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west east berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the gdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all
7 in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east west berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . when asked who this would apply to etc . he couldn ' t answer because he really didn '
20668374 20669087 2005-08-10 03:48:06 0 days 00:15:49 21397 0 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 west east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in west germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of west germany resigned on [[ october 18 ]]
1 hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 west germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in west east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of west germany resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after which the ruthless western capitalist blood
2 in september more than 13 , 000 west germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in west germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of west east germany resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after which the ruthless western capitalist blood - sucking world order finally capitulated to the glories of communism .
5 - sucking world order finally capitulated to the glories of communism . he was briefly replaced by a successor a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow west east berliners to apply for visas to travel to east berlin . however , the bdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been
6 of communism . he was briefly replaced by a successor a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow west berliners to apply for visas to travel to east west berlin . however , the bdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular
9 in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that west east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . when asked who this would apply to etc . he couldn ' t answer because he really didn '
23255938 23258570 2005-09-15 02:46:22 0 days 00:49:46 0|64.12.116.198 0 german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west north berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall
1 : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east south berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' '
2 ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east south germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall
3 ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east south german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its
4 ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west north berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[
5 ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east south germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and
23258570 23258905 2005-09-15 02:52:24 0 days 00:06:02 89675 0 german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ north west berlin ]] from [[ south berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ south germany ]] . the south german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall
1 : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ north berlin ]] from [[ south east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ south germany ]] . the south german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' '
2 ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ north berlin ]] from [[ south berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ south east germany ]] . the south german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall
3 ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ north berlin ]] from [[ south berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ south germany ]] . the south east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its
4 ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between north west berlin and south germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[
5 ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between north berlin and south east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and
36641976 36642576 2006-01-25 14:09:00 0 days 00:05:37 0|194.232.85.82 3 crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to
43657363 43706232 2006-03-14 09:31:41 0 days 07:44:09 686868 0 kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = =
51451925 51460452 2006-05-04 01:46:05 0 days 01:09:32 0|205.188.117.13 0 economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east west germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight
51460452 51468255 2006-05-04 02:51:56 0 days 01:05:51 46160 0 economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while west east germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight
52367351 52419460 2006-05-10 02:13:47 0 days 05:54:41 0|71.235.38.203 1 germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west north eastern germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s
52419460 52431775 2006-05-10 03:47:28 0 days 01:33:41 145855 1 germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 5932 onwards , north eastern west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s
53714889 53718756 2006-05-17 18:02:04 0 days 00:24:14 0|204.14.12.53 1 belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east west and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf
53718756 53720035 2006-05-17 18:10:38 0 days 00:08:34 1008387 1 belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between west east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf
92402213 92580978 2006-12-07 00:18:00 0 days 18:30:19 0|65.1.22.233 0 , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west east berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = =
92580978 92585081 2006-12-07 00:38:00 0 days 00:20:00 1008387 0 , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via east west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . duhhhhhhhhhhhhhh i
94444428 94445836 2006-12-15 04:29:25 0 days 00:09:48 0|67.173.253.172 0 . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west east berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly
94445836 94446525 2006-12-15 04:34:23 0 days 00:04:58 3032809 0 . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in east west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly
95295938 95348829 2006-12-19 18:26:53 0 days 05:51:56 0|24.158.16.162 0 all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east west german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was
95348909 95349461 2006-12-19 18:30:37 0 days 00:03:17 302522 1 all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from west east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was
105269225 105429213 2007-02-03 22:36:11 0 days 17:33:44 0|71.167.154.124 1 checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east west german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east
105429213 105532218 2007-02-04 08:28:36 0 days 09:52:25 302522 1 checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , a [[ west east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east
118635394 118639947 2007-03-28 23:11:07 0 days 00:19:40 0|65.24.114.248 5 ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east northern germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic
9 advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east northwestern germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent
11 of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west northern berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed
118654236 118657778 2007-03-29 00:33:26 0 days 00:17:42 911178 5 ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while northern east germany became one of the richest , most powerful countries in the southern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic
8 many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) the flight of growing numbers of northwestern east germans to non - democratic countries via northern berlin led to germany destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent
10 significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) the flight of growing numbers of northwestern germans to non - democratic countries via northern west berlin led to germany destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further shananagans . = = = proposed
128704499 128759187 2007-05-06 22:18:52 0 days 03:51:06 0|71.240.172.25 0 vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west east berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood
128759187 128760514 2007-05-06 22:25:00 0 days 00:06:08 911178 0 vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded east west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood
128760514 128924265 2007-05-07 13:07:06 0 days 14:42:06 0|86.138.177.126 0 protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following
178433680 178872694 2007-12-19 03:34:38 2 days 00:13:36 0|67.188.74.176 0 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west south berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' '
1 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east north berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the
2 lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east north germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two
4 berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east north - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction
5 and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on
6 ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east north berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in
7 [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east north ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during
8 ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west south berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people
10 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east north german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans
12 ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west south berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the
13 the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east north germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall
14 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west south germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters
16 of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east south german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans
17 stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east south berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east
18 east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east south germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just
20 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east lower german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was
25 vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west north berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood
178873340 178873918 2007-12-19 03:42:19 0 days 00:03:39 2537811 0 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ south west berlin ]] from [[ north berlin ]] and the rest of [[ north germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' '
1 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ south berlin ]] from [[ north east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ north germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the
2 lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ south berlin ]] from [[ north berlin ]] and the rest of [[ north east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south german border between the two
4 berlin ]] and the rest of [[ north germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the north east - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction
5 and the rest of [[ north germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on
6 ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north east berlin | north ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in
7 [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north east ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during
8 ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north ]] and [[ south west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people
10 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the north east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrestification , that entering south berlin would be permitted , crowds of north germans
12 ' found }} < / ref > when the north german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrestification , that entering south west berlin would be permitted , crowds of north germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by south germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the
13 the north german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrestification , that entering south berlin would be permitted , crowds of north east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by south germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall
14 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrestification , that entering south berlin would be permitted , crowds of north germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by south west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were smuggled away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters
16 of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , south east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans
17 stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of south east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the south
18 south berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the south east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just
20 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the plans for the creation of the berlin wall came from lower east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by canadian leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was
25 vehicles , and a barbi - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded north west berlin . during the construction of the death star , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ space combat troops of the working class | kda ]]
187302258 187520641 2008-01-28 19:02:51 0 days 23:41:54 0|86.153.120.115 0 " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east west germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and
187520641 187520715 2008-01-28 19:03:15 0 days 00:00:24 0|86.153.120.115 0 " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and
188267882 188292941 2008-02-01 02:03:28 0 days 02:07:48 0|71.223.128.231 0 vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west east berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood
188292941 188309052 2008-02-01 03:39:07 0 days 01:35:39 1718065 0 vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded east west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood
193677464 193760678 2008-02-24 20:07:47 0 days 09:06:04 0|76.109.48.180 0 and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west east berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[
193760678 193766290 2008-02-24 20:33:43 0 days 00:25:56 2537811 0 and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; east west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[
197799039 197872871 2008-03-13 02:03:44 0 days 05:41:57 3554446 0 " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east west germany became rich , many west germans wanted to move to east germany . and some east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin
203048806 203049740 2008-04-03 14:33:54 0 days 00:04:52 0|208.108.155.10 0 remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east berlin and [[ west north east berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least
203050010 203050208 2008-04-03 14:36:30 0 days 00:01:07 2775239 1 the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated butt cheeks [[ north east west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least
234342442 234416798 2008-08-26 19:40:30 0 days 06:41:11 0|89.180.206.195 0 freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west east berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin
234416798 234445357 2008-08-26 22:08:36 0 days 02:28:06 5177550 0 freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into east west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin
237758626 237870717 2008-09-12 04:52:17 0 days 10:40:51 0|69.143.253.120 0 friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west east germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at
2 = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east west germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous
3 ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east west german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east
4 ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east west berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' '
5 east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east west german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all
6 berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' west east berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december
237870717 237881567 2008-09-12 06:22:52 0 days 01:30:35 5177550 0 friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' east west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' eastern countries ' ' ' could in general visit west germany . usually this involved application of a visa at
2 = who could cross = = = ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' eastern countries ' ' ' could in general visit west east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an west german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to west berlin were issued without previous
3 ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' eastern countries ' ' ' could in general visit west germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an west east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to west berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however west
4 ' could in general visit west germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an west german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to west east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however west german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' '
5 west german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to west berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however west east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all
6 berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however west german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' east west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 14 ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east the western and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[
15 consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image :
239832687 239837716 2008-09-20 19:14:07 0 days 00:29:33 2519868 2 borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . there are 2 , 000 walls that seperated the east eastern side from the west because they liked there private space the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13
246118237 246356283 2008-10-19 20:37:11 1 days 04:21:27 0|68.201.94.244 0 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west east berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated
246356283 246372059 2008-10-19 21:58:21 0 days 01:21:10 5177550 0 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ east west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated
254112696 254991403 2008-11-30 13:38:13 4 days 14:32:05 6661 0 infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy
254991403 254999894 2008-11-30 14:50:38 0 days 01:12:25 686868 0 infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy
257284183 257291690 2008-12-11 16:06:25 0 days 00:50:25 0|71.130.177.243 1 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east north germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on
7 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east north german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east
9 several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west east germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters
257291690 257299643 2008-12-11 16:51:58 0 days 00:45:33 352579 0 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated north east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on
4 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the north east german government announced on november 5 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east
6 several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by east west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few decades , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 0 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east west german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east
2 east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east west germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 0 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the west east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west germany , crowds of west
2 west german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west germany , crowds of west east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall
272589769 272603029 2009-02-22 23:32:00 0 days 01:05:48 9050933 0 republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west east germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[
272603029 272610872 2009-02-23 00:10:19 0 days 00:38:19 5177550 0 republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ east west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[
277302153 277678292 2009-03-16 17:17:05 1 days 16:10:45 0|150.155.15.230 0 ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east northern germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9
277678607 277679396 2009-03-16 17:23:06 0 days 00:04:19 118722 0 ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated northern east germany from southern korea for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9
313255946 313587017 2009-09-13 15:44:01 1 days 18:41:25 0|98.225.37.255 0 small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east north and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and
313587017 313610213 2009-09-13 17:58:49 0 days 02:14:48 3308922 0 small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between north east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and
314293733 314368006 2009-09-16 16:34:12 0 days 09:23:41 0|212.202.145.187 0 capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east west ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection
314368006 314368094 2009-09-16 16:34:43 0 days 00:00:31 0|212.202.145.187 0 capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ west east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection
317605383 317824549 2009-10-04 12:01:41 1 days 04:40:16 0|86.13.148.133 0 " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which east eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 %
324899230 324902376 2009-11-09 20:26:10 0 days 00:16:57 0|68.211.97.75 2 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east west germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers
324902376 324902901 2009-11-09 20:28:59 0 days 00:02:49 118722 2 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ west east germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers
324911771 324912788 2009-11-09 21:20:08 0 days 00:05:34 0|192.234.216.250 0 | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west east germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern
324913447 324914209 2009-11-09 21:27:55 0 days 00:04:10 0|96.50.68.135 0 | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to east west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern
325218944 325219992 2009-11-11 10:07:49 0 days 00:13:20 0|212.117.127.210 0 with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east west german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east
325219992 325221468 2009-11-11 10:24:02 0 days 00:16:13 6971250 0 with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the west east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east
361170062 361177167 2010-05-10 00:21:31 0 days 00:45:58 0|98.245.156.49 0 de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west east berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide
361177167 361195850 2010-05-10 02:05:01 0 days 01:43:30 0|98.148.178.135 0 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ east berlin ]] , separating it from east west germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the "
1 the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ east berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east west berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that
361195850 361201195 2010-05-10 02:41:44 0 days 00:36:43 262550 0 de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ east west berlin ]] , separating it from west germany ( including [[ west berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide
1 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ east berlin ]] , separating it from west east germany ( including [[ west berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the "
2 the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ east berlin ]] , separating it from west germany ( including [[ west east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 1 | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of berlin , separating west berlin from east germany ( including [[ east [[ west berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism |
392939112 393650061 2010-10-29 18:21:46 3 days 12:40:54 0|205.211.141.243 2 to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west north in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled
393650061 393650284 2010-10-29 18:23:16 0 days 00:01:30 7209796 2 to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the north west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled
401992519 402027187 2010-12-12 22:05:02 0 days 03:29:16 0|50.11.70.253 0 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east [ west germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included
1 democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east west berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage .
402027187 402032954 2010-12-12 22:39:08 0 days 00:34:06 3308922 0 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [ west [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ west berlin ]] . the barrier included
1 democratic republic ( gdr , [ west germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ west east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage .
489424180 489424644 2012-04-27 04:54:53 0 days 00:05:04 14405583 1 = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag | germany }} , {{ flag | east west germany }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _
701431900 702890848 2016-02-02 06:39:23 8 days 15:24:28 13816079 0 > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western west german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . '
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6686417 6698144 2004-10-18 23:16:04 17 days 09:54:52 0|216.104.211.5 0 west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . reuters msnbc . msn . com / newsarticle . jhtml ? type = worldnews & storyid = 6181106 ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate
1 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . reuters . com / newsarticle id / 5942091 / ] fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to checkpoint charlie . jhtml ? type = worldnews & storyid = 6181106 ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = external
2 east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . reuters . com / newsarticle . jhtml ? type = worldnews & storyid = 6181106 [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www
6969446 7034922 2004-10-29 22:53:25 0 days 00:00:38 0|141.156.41.50 0 * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of
7274559 7274640 2004-11-09 22:08:53 0 days 00:02:10 0|84.57.81.84 0 germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : /
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 38 alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200
10524422 10599750 2005-02-23 21:57:05 0 days 00:02:29 0|80.184.143.219 1 , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos ] photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls
11896685 11902442 2005-04-05 01:20:09 0 days 02:17:19 0|4.239.237.190 5 rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html / personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
11902442 12289902 2005-04-05 04:33:38 0 days 03:13:29 28107 5 rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html / personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
14541749 14541815 2005-06-01 19:19:18 0 days 20:46:26 0|66.30.82.215 6 rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm us army website ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : & # 3585 ; & # 3635 ; & # 3649 ; & # 3614 ; & # 3591 ; & # 3648 ; & # 3610 ; & # 3629 ; & # 3619 ; & # 3660 ; & # 3621 ; & # 3636 ; & # 3609 ; ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
14541815 14704826 2005-06-01 19:21:05 0 days 00:01:47 7891 6 rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm us army website ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : & # 3585 ; & # 3635 ; & # 3649 ; & # 3614 ; & # 3591 ; & # 3648 ; & # 3610 ; & # 3629 ; & # 3619 ; & # 3660 ; & # 3621 ; & # 3636 ; & # 3609 ; ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
22164068 22624244 2005-09-05 14:57:51 6 days 05:44:26 0|213.86.60.3 0 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities berlinphotos . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east
2 http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german )
29161539 29803715 2005-12-01 13:57:51 6 days 16:23:48 0|203.145.155.11 0 . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer historicphotos . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall
2 simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html com berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http
29803715 29803808 2005-12-01 13:59:20 0 days 00:01:29 49943 0 . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . historicphotos dieberlinermauer . blogspot . com berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 20 time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall
40944082 40945287 2006-02-24 01:11:25 0 days 00:08:50 304316 17 east germans and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * '
40946332 40946642 2006-02-24 01:21:12 0 days 00:02:18 304316 1 and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | date = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 7 | publisher = msnbc | publishyear = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | date accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[
53689296 53689482 2006-05-17 14:46:28 0 days 00:01:17 157842 4 a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] ^ " berlin wall " . encyclopedia britannica . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 ^ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ^ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ^ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm ^ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ^ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ^ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm ^ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ^ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ^ furlong , ray ( july 5 , 2005 ) . berlin wall memorial is torn down . bbc news . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 ^ reuters ( september 8 , 2004 ) . one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt . msnbc . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 [ edit ] further reading div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . ,
71923367 72819207 2006-08-30 13:54:56 4 days 12:17:24 0|84.136.71.53 0 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities stadtpanoramen . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer .
72842365 72875166 2006-08-30 19:28:45 0 days 03:05:33 63530 0 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . stadtpanoramen panorama - cities . de / en / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt .
78108348 78344366 2006-09-28 18:20:18 1 days 03:42:11 2160191 0 {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside
1 cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story
81768193 81768427 2006-10-16 11:36:46 0 days 00:02:33 686868 0 like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / index2 . html < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general
122566024 123036914 2007-04-15 18:34:05 1 days 22:58:35 0|69.81.140.251 0 = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary addictinggames . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech
2 {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 rainbowsphere . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title
3 . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm html | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin
129352059 129352259 2007-05-08 21:21:34 0 days 00:00:51 0|71.220.96.241 1 war ]] . < p > < img src = " http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / en / f / f1 / tiger _ mountain 0104 . jpg " border = " 0 " / > < / p > < div style = " width : 150px ; height : 24px ; background - color :
130123030 130123251 2007-05-11 16:47:08 0 days 00:00:57 0|209.184.226.15 2 / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin berloin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present
130123251 130124262 2007-05-11 16:51:40 0 days 00:04:32 2073927 2 / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berloin berlin . html personal akccount of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present
132910594 132997348 2007-05-23 19:22:33 0 days 07:30:33 869278 0 = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . addictinggames jfklibrary . com / rainbowsphere . html | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean ,
2 {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . addictinggames . com / rainbowsphere historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . html | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title
3 web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . addictinggames . com / rainbowsphere . html htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 25 ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover columbia . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de
29 east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and
30 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world humanhormones . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at
34 to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < androgens / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name =
35 that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news www . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august
39 germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 articles / testosterone . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism |
41 , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news www . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august
42 children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc sciencedaily . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 <
45 co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and
60 | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www en . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961
61 = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary wikipedia . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech
72 }} ( a bilingual photo - study tracing the line of the wall ) = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 23 an empirical assessment in genetic associations " . j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . columbia hoover . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens
27 j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy 3478177 . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science
29 893 . http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones dw - world . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone .
35 hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www news . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007
39 / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone 6943093 . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex
41 steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www news . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects
42 androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily bbc . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions
47 bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information ref > when the east german government announced on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and media from commons news stories from
62 by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en www . wikipedia . org / wiki / sex " categories : semi - protected | sex viewsarticle discussion view source history personal toolssign in / create account navigation main page contents
63 . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia jfklibrary . org / wiki / sex " categories : semi - protected | sex viewsarticle discussion view source history personal toolssign in / create account navigation main page contents featured content
64 new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki historical + resources / sex " categories : semi - protected | sex viewsarticle discussion view source history personal toolssign in / create account navigation main page contents featured content current events random article
65 article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / sex " categories : semi - protected archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | sex viewsarticle discussion view source history personal toolssign in / create account navigation main page contents featured content current events random article interaction about wikipedia community portal recent changes contact
166331546 166354092 2007-10-22 20:00:56 0 days 01:42:19 716438 3 were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft goethe . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer .
7 west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref
9 : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die chronik - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting
170313046 170423035 2007-11-09 22:14:07 0 days 09:25:19 1581958 5 defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted ,
188768514 188772780 2008-02-03 10:00:42 0 days 00:47:48 6085301 4 west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay
6 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb /
7 , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history of berlin wall ] < / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur
8 was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / ref > facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur .
204485065 204485312 2008-04-09 16:49:34 0 days 00:01:14 137113 1 fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 98 ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall -
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 68 [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet
71 on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com
74 www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 98 ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall -
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 68 [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet
71 on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com
74 www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[
245491777 245491946 2008-10-15 18:29:12 0 days 00:00:47 0|216.82.180.21 0 / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] *
1 * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info /
246467509 246467798 2008-10-20 10:02:16 0 days 00:02:16 0|58.179.157.209 4 peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he
255351569 255351633 2008-12-02 03:51:29 0 days 00:00:22 7801357 3 was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : ulfdu , fvc , jhv ; opjpojlkmni / nin / lkn / inddr . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the ddr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east
274964752 274979258 2009-03-04 18:46:02 0 days 01:10:39 3505251 1 than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe chronik - der - mauer . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] <
5 to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg index / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl
6 berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ( in german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors
274979258 274981620 2009-03-04 18:57:41 0 days 00:11:39 3505251 4 - institut " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors
274982026 274982274 2009-03-04 19:00:58 0 days 00:01:16 3505251 3 . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting
276265321 276265514 2009-03-10 13:29:47 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.74.69.103 1 that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer dude . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“
10 day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref
308887262 309060395 2009-08-20 13:05:07 0 days 22:19:29 6971250 4 call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < /
310125952 310318597 2009-08-27 07:01:23 0 days 22:10:20 0|79.220.97.128 0 www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger innerdeutsche - grenze . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de /
312604952 312612312 2009-09-08 16:29:46 0 days 00:47:21 10069869 0 public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / cyber - city 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , mixed reality installation after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss * [ http
315252773 315254957 2009-09-21 08:05:55 0 days 00:25:37 204692 0 - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < /
315255881 315255964 2009-09-21 08:16:52 0 days 00:00:45 204692 0 to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < /
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 0 by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en britishpathe . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann -
1 [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . workspace . php ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de /
2 / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / id = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann
3 . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] { [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang
19 [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann -
20 / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de /
21 . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann
26 bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901
35 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 |
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 12 rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = not all segments of the wall were
321400884 321435832 2009-10-22 19:30:08 0 days 03:25:18 2740078 1 life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www .
324735970 324762845 2009-11-09 02:09:24 0 days 02:37:38 10972407 5 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals — engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 mi ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 mi ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide meatspin . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript
7 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / /
324820066 324825240 2009-11-09 11:50:42 0 days 00:56:47 0|87.36.53.53 1 publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . guardian redtube . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] '
324827614 324827738 2009-11-09 12:15:29 0 days 00:01:25 0|92.27.168.55 1 ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . archive . org / download / fallofberlinwall / heikoonfallofberlinwall . mp3 ] a unique documentary radio show on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans modrow * [ http :
324827738 324827897 2009-11-09 12:17:11 0 days 00:01:42 0|92.27.168.55 1 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . archive . org / download / fallofberlinwall / heikoonfallofberlinwall 6nov2009speakerscorner . mp3 a unique documentary radio show ] on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans modrow *
324833874 324833939 2009-11-09 13:14:18 0 days 00:00:34 545027 0 littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * hhgd admine @ vx [ http : / / www . redtube guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] '
324914209 324915778 2009-11-09 21:36:21 0 days 00:08:26 9265862 0 and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / * [[ berlin border crossings
324932966 324937840 2009-11-09 23:32:03 0 days 00:24:17 16710 23 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 11 / 17 / 1989 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete
325413116 325413366 2009-11-12 10:06:37 0 days 00:02:38 8023653 6 . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 ] * childs , david , ( 2000 ) ' ' the two red flags : european social democracy & soviet communism since 1945 , routledge , 2000 . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp /
325552663 325566075 2009-11-13 04:27:44 0 days 02:02:39 0|150.101.251.68 6 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas ssdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipietmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' '
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 7 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . ssdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipietmas stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' '
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 21 " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / ] < br / > ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of
348982964 348983118 2010-03-10 12:57:46 0 days 00:00:57 0|84.14.123.189 0 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ https : / / www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in time 1989 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and photos of the time of the fall of the berlin wall and the german reunification , mostly licenced under cc * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / m . fleischmann & w . strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / photogallery . htm gallery at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | berlin wall ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | stq }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | sw }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley verleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ lmo : mür de berlin ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ szl : berliński mur ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ tt : берлин дивары ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
348983118 348983351 2010-03-10 12:59:15 0 days 00:01:29 7852030 0 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ https : / / www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in time 1989 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and photos of the time of the fall of the berlin wall and the german reunification , mostly licenced under cc * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / m . fleischmann & w . strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / photogallery . htm gallery at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | berlin wall ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | stq }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | sw }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley verleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ lmo : mür de berlin ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ szl : berliński mur ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ tt : берлин дивары ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 40 : " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . com ] ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel
41 " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / ] < / ref > * * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21
48 , longman . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 amazon . co . uk ] * childs , david , ( 2000 ) ' ' the two red flags : european social democracy & soviet communism since 1945 ' ' , routledge . [ http
367791832 367995322 2010-06-14 16:31:11 1 days 00:02:50 0|76.126.226.142 1 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / www articles . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date
376154207 377111406 2010-08-04 12:53:25 5 days 15:47:03 8729652 0 what he could to stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . thehindu hindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out
381576652 383513705 2010-09-07 20:13:40 9 days 21:55:10 1219174 0 / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home www . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http :
1 www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att berlin1969 . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / /
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 12 remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at http : / / www . berlin - wall - map some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . com fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] ,
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 65 / / web . archive . org / web / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 13 june 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 5 . com / audio / year _ in _ review / events - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in - berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / ] < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " > {{ cite web | url = = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel
7 why the soviet union should think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " [ http : / / www . upi . com / audio / year _ in _ review / events - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in - berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / ] < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " [[ file : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the
26 [ http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / theglobeandmail < . com ] < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks +
38 http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was
443412986 443413503 2011-08-06 22:05:52 0 days 00:04:09 16710 11 / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 ] < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . he attempted
13 > http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 /
505389806 505558329 2012-08-03 10:30:56 1 days 02:39:43 339081 9 ref > {{ cite web | title = sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / / www . dpa . de / detailansicht - 80er - jahre . 543 + m517a9d5ff09 . 0 . html }} < / ref > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people
539045002 543081696 2013-03-09 21:01:49 18 days 06:26:28 4905985 1 date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away , < ref > http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = | - ummj _ jnway < / ref > a song by tom fedora , as performed by [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[
575102993 575123746 2013-09-30 11:07:53 0 days 04:46:36 6971250 0 buchwald , frank church , et al . | url = http : / / www2 . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb441 / | publisher = thwe the national security archive at the george washington university in washington , d . c . | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | author = matthew m . aid and william burr
589252116 590300424 2014-01-12 01:24:43 6 days 18:43:57 1469567 0 , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / < / ref > something to do with the wall ( 1991 ) - imdb ] < / ref > * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | the spy who came
602473473 602872991 2014-04-05 15:12:03 2 days 17:59:28 88026 1 }} [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ] * [ http : / / www . youtube | youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] *
9 . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube | youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at youtube * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin
631992977 631993537 2014-11-01 09:45:30 0 days 00:08:10 6730078 2 originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | title = something to do with the wall ( 1991 ) - imdb ] < / ref > * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[
4 the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / | title = imdb . com ] < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie
14 ct - myths - berlin - wall - fall - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 < / ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = =
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 16 {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 – 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of 9 november
34 - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ youtube | o2grqp7k0iy | escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin }} * {{ wayback | date = 20060219134229 | url = http : / / www
43 one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of 9 november
46 {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 – 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / /
647586466 649173174 2015-02-28 02:27:10 10 days 07:50:56 851535 0 serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www research . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }}
668610901 668894661 2015-06-27 12:11:06 1 days 23:12:38 88026 5 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ http : / / www secure . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni
687309257 687661190 2015-10-26 23:44:37 2 days 04:58:42 88026 1 ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) | url = http : / / www . archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = 20 february 2012 }} < / ref >
700030765 700067540 2016-01-16 05:21:17 0 days 06:00:32 14508071 3 }} < / ref > although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of the wall , < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . vox . com / 2016 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | website = vox | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last = fisher | first = max }} < / ref > on his death , the [[ foreign office ( germany ) | german foreign office ]] tweeted " good - bye , david bowie . you are now among #
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 11 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm city of berlin | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > that is now much of the [[ potsdamer platz ]] development . later , the initial barrier was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large
706975021 707177225 2016-02-27 07:39:45 0 days 22:24:26 16283967 14 < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ] {{ dead link | date = august 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the
708550214 708557629 2016-03-06 07:11:16 0 days 01:09:59 88026 3 . < ref > mary elise sarotte , ' ' collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall ' ' , new york : basic books , 2014 < / ref > this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . this time , however , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by train through
736676388 737235458 2016-09-01 14:39:08 3 days 11:02:58 7903804 0 1946 | publisher = abc - clio | location = santa barbara , california | isbn = 9780313397639 | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = j - i99v70m0sc & pg = pt45 & lpg = pt45 & dq = visa + to + visit + west + germany + from + east &
751172499 752045266 2016-11-29 05:27:46 5 days 08:30:00 6792845 0 what he could to stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . hindu thehindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out
4 = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . hindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 article183758 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 15
5 9 . 15 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . hindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm ece | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 15 september 2009
760659119 760740289 2017-01-18 20:24:17 0 days 11:28:40 28903366 0 history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} * * [ https : / / secure www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * * [ http : / / www . dailysoft .
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 6 history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} * * [ https : / / www secure . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * * [ http : / / www . dailysoft .
768718339 770060658 2017-03-13 05:57:21 7 days 18:38:41 28903366 1 through the wall into west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( 21 october 2009 ) [ http : / / online www . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " ' ' the wall street journal
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 5 and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage www . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016
6 west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie telegraph . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot
787359385 787408974 2017-06-25 06:54:21 0 days 07:37:56 31190988 2 watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . < ref > {{ cite web | title = memorial landscape : berlin wall | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map www . com / | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better
787408974 787409030 2017-06-25 06:55:15 0 days 00:00:54 31190988 5 of ​​the border strip . the [[ german forest jungle | german forestry youth ]] ( {{ coordinate | text = dms | ns = 52 / 39 / 36 . 2 / n | ew = 13 / 17 / 59 . 4 / e | type = landmark | de - be }} ) . * the only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( bt - 11 ) in the erna - berger - strasse also in mitte - however , was moved by
787409030 787409131 2017-06-25 06:56:40 0 days 00:01:25 31190988 8 ; there is an exhibition about the wall in the area of ​​the potsdamer platz in planning < ref > {{ webarchiv | url = http : / / www . berlinwallexpo . de / _ / start . html | wayback = 20141220054134 text = web page on the border watch tower }} , accessed on 27 january 2014 . < / ref > . nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center . < ref > {{
790928672 791152467 2017-07-18 13:25:09 1 days 12:29:00 27015025 1 / / web . archive . org / web / 20091214050606 / http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de : 80 / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 % 2c1872 % 2c7925355 % 2c00 . html | archivedate = 14 december 2009 | df = dmy }} < / ref > a 2011 poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than
793523187 793675442 2017-08-03 07:52:05 0 days 23:07:15 28903366 1 had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( 21 october 2009 ) [ https : / / www . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " ' ' the wall street journal ' ' . < / ref > excerpts from schabowski
810009717 810071958 2017-11-13 05:36:10 0 days 07:44:21 19339494 4 strip , which has been turned into a park , near the [[ lohmühleninsel ]] < ref > [ http : / / www . kunstfabrik . org / # lue kunstfabrik am | title = flutgraben e . & nbsp ; v . ] < / ref > * the former " kieler eck " ( kieler eck ) on kieler strasse in [[ berlin -
810225119 810227691 2017-11-14 01:34:10 0 days 00:19:37 6554947 1 the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch , who was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian upi . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the
5 who was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 09 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in
6 apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east foreign - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall
820363656 820717744 2018-01-16 05:59:33 1 days 21:19:16 1808194 8 fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . the wall was reinforced by mesh [[ fence |
822396886 822504643 2018-01-26 19:24:33 0 days 15:37:47 5841175 2 name = " contemporary research " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 todeopfer - an - der - berliner - mauer | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de |
822504643 822507011 2018-01-26 19:42:05 0 days 00:17:32 5841175 1 bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam ]] has confirmed at least 140 deaths . <
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 4 belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took place on 3 october 1990 . = = background =
825811905 825814813 2018-02-15 16:00:22 0 days 00:19:34 5946478 5 = 1996 | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | url = https : / / scholarship . law 29 : iss . cornell . edu / cgi / viewcontent . cgi ? article = 1391 & context = cilj | journal = | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 29 possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . < ref > https : / / www . thoughtco . com / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - > < ref name = " cnn . com " / > < ref name = " history - 1779495 < / ref > < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin
30 . thoughtco . com / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history - 1779495 < / ref > < ref > https : / / www . cnn howstuffworks . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > < ref >
35 to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref " > west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all – all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 .
78 the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name =
85 lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august , the border with west
89 the date of 13 august became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the barrier was built inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . generally , the wall was
90 [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday , 19 august 1961 . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[
91 east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin
101 passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east
102 the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > east berliners and east germans could not , at first , travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall
103 , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin to help alleviate this situation . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any )
104 western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required
105 the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures
106 liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road :
845242425 845346007 2018-06-11 05:24:11 0 days 16:38:45 508734 9 night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > ( see [[ history of the berlin s - bahn ]] . ) ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( as a
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238415 390224186 2001-10-17 13:27:34 30 days 22:18:06 120 1 {st@rt} built in [[ berlin ]] on [[ august 13 ]] , 1961 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin |
3 country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 ]] - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd 1990 . see [[ berlin ]] ; http :
13872 86615 2002-02-25 15:51:15 6 days 11:48:33 0|62.253.64.7 6 the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and many immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd 1990 . see [[ berlin ]] ; http :
102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 7 increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . the wall was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering the american , british or french sectors of berlin . the wall divided the city into [[ west
21 on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and many immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through - it was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]]
794852 794855 2003-04-01 14:00:37 0 days 00:17:21 0|204.218.227.5 0 sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee . " alexandrea elenora clinea ! " yelled the gay homosexual . hahhahahahhahahhahahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahhahahhahahahhahahahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhaahahhahahhahahahahhahahhahahahahhahahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahahhahahahahhahahahahhahahahhahahahahhahahahahhahah from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , england and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) formed a part of [[ west germany ]] that
794855 898611 2003-04-01 14:02:35 0 days 00:01:58 0|62.253.64.7 0 sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee . " alexandrea elenora clinea ! " yelled the gay homosexual . hahhahahahhahahhahahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahhahahhahahahhahahahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhaahahhahahhahahahahhahahhahahahahhahahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahahhahahahahhahahahahhahahahhahahahahhahahahahhahah from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , england and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) formed a part of [[ west germany ]] that
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 7 the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee weißensee . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , england and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) formed a part of [[ west germany ]]
22 on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , and many people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard
23 [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned , and many people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein
1098066 1184497 2003-07-01 00:21:33 0 days 01:50:12 8272 0 hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and he was replaced by a short - lived successor [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were somewhat lifted by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski
1596399 1596409 2003-10-20 16:14:53 8 days 09:58:00 0|199.190.225.43 0 wall3 . jpg ]] < br > ' ' berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte berlinascxbnrtshmhughjynt thgvytghhn ghn ytghvbnghbvjn tjh ngfhn gfbvh ngbvhn gfhngfh ngfbv hnbgbv nghbnjhgjgythj yjhh , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin
1596409 1596460 2003-10-20 16:17:07 0 days 00:02:14 7580 0 wall3 . jpg ]] < br > ' ' berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlinascxbnrtshmhughjynt thgvytghhn ghn ytghvbnghbvjn tjh ngfhn gfbvh ngbvhn gfhngfh ngfbv hnbgbv nghbnjhgjgythj yjhh berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin
1608238 1711609 2003-10-22 21:22:46 0 days 00:50:12 26248 0 was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent , were in effect a
2440574 2497657 2004-02-19 04:27:57 4 days 17:12:26 35188 4 hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and . he was replaced by a short - lived successor [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were somewhat lifted by the new government
2959424 2959465 2004-03-28 22:45:23 0 days 11:17:03 55079 2 a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin
3 portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift
4 city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the
5 their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states
2959465 2964656 2004-03-28 22:48:54 0 days 00:03:31 55079 0 each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the "
1 had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick ]] , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin
3 portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade "
4 soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin
5 sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift
6 and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states .
7 covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow ]] , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states . from
8 of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and [[ weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states . from [[ 1949
9 eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states . from [[ 1949 ]]
3156940 3355675 2004-04-12 05:26:04 7 days 15:02:05 32383 1 some believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] , but because it is also of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] ; thus october 3 was chosen instead . the fall of the wall considerably
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 0 [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | right | 400px | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the soviet union , the usa , the united kingdom and france each had a
17 escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began
37 east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city ; as it
4565906 4583370 2004-07-11 21:51:25 7 days 08:34:35 82928 0 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states | usa ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest
5178672 5180399 2004-08-13 07:38:57 0 days 05:29:34 24744 7 access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , december 25 , [[ 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no .
5188293 5189242 2004-08-13 19:14:28 0 days 00:49:12 36250 0 over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city ; as it completely
5637810 5637884 2004-09-03 21:35:33 0 days 00:03:51 49471 5 west over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city ; as it
7586970 7587337 2004-11-17 19:19:38 0 days 01:42:49 0|64.90.246.103 0 schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] nigger nigger nigger nigger nigger nigger ! construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]]
7587337 7642354 2004-11-17 19:33:35 0 days 00:13:57 76027 0 schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] nigger nigger nigger nigger nigger nigger ! construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]]
9112175 9112336 2005-01-05 02:38:45 27 days 00:48:34 0|67.164.50.76 3 out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9
9338110 9340902 2005-01-13 15:39:41 1 days 13:58:21 0|198.20.32.180 14 ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee
15 had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] .
16 portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[
17 the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]]
20 by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union
21 the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to
22 and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[
23 of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]]
24 berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the
25 [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies
26 , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[
27 köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]]
9340902 9400082 2005-01-13 19:37:16 0 days 03:57:35 28107 15 and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick ]] , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the
16 france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , [[ lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet
17 each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg ]] , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union
20 under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , [[ pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]]
21 their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow ]] , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by
22 control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the
23 the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies
24 soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , [[ treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies .
25 sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow ]] , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after
26 by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and [[ weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949
27 far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]]
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 1 schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] the wall = = construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]]
18 orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb |
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 13 strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german
20 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , [[ barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at
10084850 10084995 2005-02-09 02:13:18 0 days 00:02:21 0|152.163.100.198 12 ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee
13 had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] .
14 portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[
15 the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]]
18 by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union
19 the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to
20 and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[
21 of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]]
22 berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the
23 [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies
24 , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[
25 köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]]
26 [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 9 to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to
10087212 10087443 2005-02-09 03:43:17 0 days 01:23:14 0|152.163.100.198 2 successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports
3 attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath
14 august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving .
23 communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this
24 , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall "
25 after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . in
10087443 10091995 2005-02-09 03:51:22 0 days 00:08:05 0|152.163.100.198 3 | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the
4 postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in
11 through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later
15 began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by
16 german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] ,
17 ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]]
21 ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon
23 restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 15 and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick ]] , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to
16 france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , [[ lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the
17 each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg ]] , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin
20 under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , [[ pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after
21 their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow ]] , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949
22 control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 ,
23 the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three
24 soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , [[ treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors
25 sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow ]] , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled
26 by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and [[ weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the
27 far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee ]] . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united
71 successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car
72 escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath
94 tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 ]] , ronald reagan gave a famous speech at the brandenburg gate , at which he challenged mikhail gorbachev to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay
95 , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan gave a famous speech at the brandenburg gate , at which he challenged mikhail gorbachev to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that
107 | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began
108 thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in
126 days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on november 9 , 1989 . after a misunderstanding , günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people
10365915 10406521 2005-02-17 20:18:45 0 days 00:42:19 44727 3 [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until november 9 , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it
14015916 14016061 2005-05-21 09:38:46 2 days 17:36:54 0|216.27.183.43 1 the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after
15054564 15054752 2005-06-12 05:48:45 0 days 04:11:01 5016 7 by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , and the eastern districts of berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 21 final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m 6 & nbsp ; m high and 1 . 5m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended
46 the traditional city center , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , and the eastern districts of berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four
18341759 18388981 2005-07-08 10:31:44 0 days 16:15:16 53921 8 sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german markk | east german marks . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced
19111126 19261911 2005-07-20 22:42:15 2 days 00:00:08 0|195.4.0.21 2 few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . due to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv that all travel restrictions had been abandoned . tens
20652186 20668374 2005-08-10 03:32:17 0 days 04:36:14 0|70.30.191.58 3 in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after which the ruthless western capitalist blood - sucking world order finally capitulated to the glories of communism . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for
20668374 20669087 2005-08-10 03:48:06 0 days 00:15:49 21397 10 . mass demonstrations against the government in west germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of west germany resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after which the ruthless western capitalist blood - sucking world order finally capitulated to the glories of communism . he was briefly replaced by a successor a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow west berliners to apply for visas to travel to east berlin
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 20 and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 25 the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled as it was heavily distrusted by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[
27961254 27961463 2005-11-10 21:57:48 0 days 00:02:13 0|67.38.154.248 0 {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall wheeee on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' '
27961617 27964176 2005-11-10 22:22:28 0 days 00:23:17 246113 2 {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee berlin wall on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' '
28532961 28612782 2005-11-17 19:37:39 0 days 22:32:10 0|84.92.121.217 0 germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later the people ' s favourite [[ robin hughes ]] ' s rival . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister
28612782 28612923 2005-11-17 19:39:40 0 days 00:02:01 0|84.92.121.217 0 germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , at the people ' s favourite [[ robin hughes ]] ' s rival . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany
28612923 28613740 2005-11-17 19:51:24 0 days 00:11:44 83165 0 germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , at the recommendation of [[ robin hughes ]] a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister
37796258 37828716 2006-02-02 10:58:24 0 days 06:20:16 471054 3 began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] or just 9 / 11 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital ,
38522275 38565790 2006-02-07 03:43:31 0 days 05:22:56 0|194.170.32.253 0 began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ 9 november ]] , [[ 1989 ]] or just 9 / 11 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital ,
38896088 38974751 2006-02-09 21:59:58 0 days 12:40:41 293907 1 | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 2 kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 19 in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he and was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 36 the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on june 26th , 1963 ]] but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org /
40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 5 to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 15 communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down
16 , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall
24 of east germany ' s peaceful revolution because it was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 16 tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall
24 apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution because it was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 , [[ october 3 ]]
43116053 43124562 2006-03-10 12:04:36 0 days 01:42:20 0|69.138.128.92 0 . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] and mollested hos [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org /
43124562 43194836 2006-03-10 21:24:43 0 days 09:20:07 0|206.110.235.21 0 . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] and mollested hos [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org /
43550317 43550620 2006-03-13 06:02:37 0 days 00:02:47 635781 5 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 | october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[
47569698 47686586 2006-04-09 11:25:46 0 days 18:40:55 86816 1 demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by
3 . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org /
51997348 51998094 2006-05-07 16:31:49 0 days 00:06:00 0|216.49.149.108 10 reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref
14 intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de
19 mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around
51998094 51998163 2006-05-07 16:32:31 0 days 00:00:42 223113 9 about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced
13 with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower fortification watchtowers , and twenty bunkers . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments
18 difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower fortification watchtowers , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty bunkers . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 16 four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues .
20 subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited
47 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
52214065 52229625 2006-05-08 23:41:59 0 days 01:41:12 1402196 0 ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , by brittany freytag was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ east germany
52230634 52245238 2006-05-09 01:36:36 0 days 01:48:21 389512 1 ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , by brittany " gaz " freytag was arguably the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ east
52362173 52364421 2006-05-09 20:01:35 0 days 00:14:02 0|24.225.9.211 0 language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 1970 ' s ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[
52364421 52367351 2006-05-09 20:19:06 0 days 00:17:31 145855 0 language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1970 ' s 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[
53141362 53157399 2006-05-14 15:15:22 0 days 02:55:36 0|82.82.185.33 0 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = hakki kazanci began the construction of the wall ! ! construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the
53168999 53179447 2006-05-14 18:07:38 0 days 01:16:25 157842 0 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = hakki kazanci began the construction of the wall ! ! construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the
57880127 58088350 2006-06-11 20:42:36 1 days 05:43:44 0|66.30.211.110 0 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government
58406027 58424207 2006-06-13 17:38:35 0 days 02:00:38 59264 1 mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[
2 ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the berlin wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 13 communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down
14 , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall
23 apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore ,
63357225 63858347 2006-07-14 22:07:07 2 days 17:42:04 1793767 8 the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at
64681432 64682237 2006-07-19 16:07:06 0 days 00:04:50 157842 4 his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speach at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret thatcher ]] , amony many others . the piece of the wall became part of the [[ winston churchill ]] memorial library . one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys
10 . = = portion of wall at westminster college = = a small portion of the wall can also bee seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] . westminster college is know for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speach at westminster college
65633170 65633547 2006-07-24 21:39:57 0 days 00:02:12 0|65.112.106.194 0 gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret thatcher ]] , amony among others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu
70203016 70228934 2006-08-17 14:17:04 0 days 03:25:10 119174 0 churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret margaret thatcher ]] , among others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http : / / www . westminster
70267189 70267284 2006-08-17 18:01:14 0 days 00:00:31 130684 1 and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into
78107977 78108348 2006-09-27 14:38:07 0 days 00:02:21 142220 0 wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown
79606749 79608608 2006-10-05 06:59:52 0 days 00:18:35 21887 10 east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was
86125050 86126158 2006-11-06 21:09:35 0 days 00:04:58 350153 1 wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown
86716477 86725782 2006-11-09 15:23:28 0 days 00:53:56 2148063 0 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning
95089251 95090637 2006-12-18 14:01:12 0 days 00:10:54 0|84.64.31.22 7 escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a
110985984 111074434 2007-02-26 14:03:40 0 days 11:02:25 0|24.39.160.45 0 , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 1931 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 48 some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the job , became distracted by other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' including west berlin . on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans .
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 48 some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the job , became distracted by other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' including west berlin . on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans .
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 48 some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the job , became distracted by other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' including west berlin . on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans .
112936932 113009009 2007-03-06 06:45:43 0 days 06:44:54 621997 0 successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of
113385689 113462887 2007-03-08 01:21:56 0 days 05:35:39 0|134.161.77.27 0 reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , zan preston and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989
114231078 114232094 2007-03-11 04:46:14 0 days 00:06:38 0|192.176.11.14 1 reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , zan preston communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and paul funke took charge and led the deconstruction of the berlin wall . late in the night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first
115567915 115568150 2007-03-16 15:11:51 0 days 00:01:04 0|170.211.170.126 0 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = heather is a slut bag skank on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting :
115568150 115570458 2007-03-16 15:23:05 0 days 00:11:14 0|70.189.134.83 0 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = heather is a slut bag skank on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting :
119194198 119196685 2007-03-31 03:37:08 0 days 00:17:34 196242 12 zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker united kingdom | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the
121051788 121058451 2007-04-07 21:56:21 0 days 00:37:41 0|217.132.96.102 0 in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on
121253825 121573640 2007-04-10 01:23:04 1 days 05:10:35 0|137.149.162.10 1 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 1647 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived
121573640 121573836 2007-04-10 01:23:59 0 days 00:00:55 3269692 1 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ january 19 ]] , [[ 1647 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived
127961923 127967878 2007-05-03 15:01:27 0 days 00:27:45 284038 0 construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] {{ fact }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by
130564003 130580466 2007-05-13 17:59:22 0 days 01:27:54 12858 0 construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] {{ fact | date = may 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 5 the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and until it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german
8 . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly & mdash ; after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany
25 which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 27 germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more
34 thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9
49 = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set up a
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 66 / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' 26 september 2007 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license . ( see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 3 {st@rt} this article is about biological sexes : male , female , etc . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . for alternate uses , such as sexual intercourse , see sex ( disambiguation ) . sexuality portal sex refers to the male and female duality of biology and reproduction .
68 bahasa indonesia interlingua italiano עברית kernewek lëtzebuergesch मराठी nederlands 日本語 plattdüütsch polski português русский simple english slovenščina suomi svenska türkçe vèneto 中文 this page was last modified 12 : 24 , 26 september 2007 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license . ( see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . rory ]] | title = stalin ' s . registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate
162086635 162086828 2007-10-03 20:14:23 0 days 00:01:00 0|142.25.180.23 0 germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 2961 hello katie and emma = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before president bush died construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 1 , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its the border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany |
166736883 166834669 2007-10-24 21:12:29 0 days 08:04:35 100426 1 intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de
167284000 167330269 2007-10-27 00:46:38 0 days 04:33:26 50001 1 intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de /
172911751 172915047 2007-11-21 14:57:47 0 days 00:22:32 137113 0 part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were
174243817 174244572 2007-11-27 23:20:12 0 days 00:03:39 0|68.210.132.92 0 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby packer ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which
174244572 174334338 2007-11-28 09:37:20 0 days 10:17:08 137113 0 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas packer dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which
175957057 175993501 2007-12-05 20:16:36 0 days 02:49:49 0|147.133.205.61 0 of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , retarded east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east
175993501 176001287 2007-12-05 20:51:38 0 days 00:35:02 2537811 0 of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , retarded east german leaders met the idiotic soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the
179014613 179015175 2007-12-19 19:26:21 0 days 00:02:29 0|71.107.178.35 0 of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , cameron san nicolas leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should
179015175 179016000 2007-12-19 19:30:21 0 days 00:04:00 4417781 0 of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should
188238452 188247561 2008-01-31 22:19:11 0 days 00:38:51 0|208.102.187.49 0 refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = ' ' ' on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' "
188768514 188772780 2008-02-03 10:00:42 0 days 00:47:48 6085301 11 " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , " ] the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]]
15 " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments
197723532 197732281 2008-03-12 15:22:03 0 days 00:45:35 3505251 1 wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 22 | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ich iterich ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 20 | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staitsrat ]] chairman [[ walter elbe ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niende hat die elsich , neine mauer ich iterich zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall
210975287 211222812 2008-05-09 09:24:57 1 days 03:28:16 686868 3 jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and ' ' ' , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the
218142316 219002173 2008-06-13 03:31:38 3 days 17:20:50 205121 0 [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 31 german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the
63 ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung "
67 berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in
72 longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels ,
77 peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = =
91 east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred
106 the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and
110 gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange
120 ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military
126 attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the
136 wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no .
149 . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the
154 , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite
236302681 236563607 2008-09-06 01:05:55 1 days 05:10:07 0|69.14.36.41 0 : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] i have too much pubic hair on my face . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at
236563607 236569880 2008-09-06 01:48:59 0 days 00:43:04 852522 0 : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] i have too much pubic hair on my face . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 75 | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in
240242156 240250311 2008-09-22 16:47:42 0 days 00:48:53 3505251 2 surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated 14 municipalities of the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] listed in counter - clockwise direction , from west berlin . these municipalities , subdivided by district , are listed in order from north to south : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' '
3 the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated 14 municipalities of the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , from share a border with former west berlin . these municipalities , subdivided by district , are listed in order from north to south : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[
245504761 245586319 2008-10-16 02:40:23 0 days 07:05:44 292168 0 : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the
249088521 249352359 2008-11-03 06:37:04 1 days 06:49:34 911178 8 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263
255351460 255351569 2008-12-02 03:51:07 0 days 00:00:44 0|68.33.196.243 1 berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : uyfukyfuvj , hvuyv [[ allied control council ]] fvc , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders
255351569 255351633 2008-12-02 03:51:29 0 days 00:00:22 7801357 2 paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : ulfdu , fvc , jhv ; opjpojlkmni / nin / lkn / inddr was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between
255794738 255794996 2008-12-04 06:19:57 0 days 00:02:18 241887 2 . 199 | 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 ]] ( [[ user talk : 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 | talk ]] ) 06 : 17 , 4 december 2008 ( utc ) < / nowiki > y from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref
256683536 256850381 2008-12-09 16:11:14 0 days 19:57:18 4634493 0 germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 , and . recent archiological evidence suggests it was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article
260620165 260986131 2008-12-31 00:06:32 1 days 18:56:37 7662999 0 it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the [[ berlin wall ]] located on the library grounds ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft
262762670 263247726 2009-01-10 21:42:09 2 days 06:10:03 5026668 4 authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for
5 permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 11 shot down in midair by soldiers . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octopussy octo ]] . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 12 shot down in midair by soldiers . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octo octopussy ]] . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip
265376259 265376312 2009-01-20 23:05:48 0 days 00:00:14 0|65.31.228.149 8 shot down in midair by soldiers . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octopussy octo ]] . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip
265376312 265376378 2009-01-20 23:06:12 0 days 00:00:24 118722 9 shot down in midair by soldiers . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octo octopussy ]] . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip
267777243 267777804 2009-02-01 06:03:25 0 days 00:04:25 214542 3 the wall ]] " . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octopussy ]] ' ' . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip .
269655083 269718055 2009-02-10 06:33:53 0 days 06:39:45 0|137.215.6.53 0 of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fetcher fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would
270266414 270320669 2009-02-12 23:01:02 0 days 04:39:16 0|216.77.203.11 0 : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] hiiiii and i like toes ! = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin
270337066 270344001 2009-02-13 01:09:48 0 days 00:40:33 8970988 0 : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin
270345564 271135545 2009-02-16 16:05:26 3 days 14:46:18 1104957 0 authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable
1 longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and
276265321 276265514 2009-03-10 13:29:47 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.74.69.103 12 , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik
277800121 277801434 2009-03-17 04:37:08 0 days 00:10:33 0|72.12.135.231 0 west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ usa ]] ( and it ' s allies ) and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter -
277903755 277906414 2009-03-17 17:34:06 0 days 00:11:27 6984319 0 west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began
278705102 278746206 2009-03-21 15:19:56 0 days 06:04:55 6984319 3 / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 186 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern .
4 > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 715 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de /
5 the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 186 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler /
6 border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 441 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat .
8 , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und
279058833 279124770 2009-03-23 10:55:07 0 days 09:35:13 3505251 3 ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 165 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern .
4 taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 000 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de /
5 zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 182 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler /
6 between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 000 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat .
8 the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und
279124770 279160858 2009-03-23 15:09:45 0 days 04:14:38 6984319 3 / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 186 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern .
4 > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 715 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de /
5 the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 186 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler /
6 border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 441 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat .
8 , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und
279160858 279162751 2009-03-23 15:21:43 0 days 00:11:58 3505251 3 ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 165 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern .
4 taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 000 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de /
5 zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 182 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler /
6 between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 000 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat .
8 the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und
279717154 279717291 2009-03-26 01:51:18 0 days 00:00:44 0|71.192.229.229 0 : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall " = = an seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet block nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} the speech is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . < ref > http : / / www . reaganlibrary . com / reagan / speeches / wall . asp < / ref > = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it
280764248 280886430 2009-03-31 16:22:09 0 days 15:34:58 9349949 2 the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent august 28 , 1958 , letter to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb
298826489 298845873 2009-06-26 23:43:35 0 days 02:18:11 24204 0 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall .
300484953 300485855 2009-07-05 22:25:18 0 days 00:05:57 145194 7 : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity
303769446 303808186 2009-07-23 20:46:49 0 days 03:35:51 7382148 1 protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . little known protester , carolyn schneider , would often rally for the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite
315336961 315504920 2009-09-22 13:41:29 0 days 19:25:53 764861 2 new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , [[ 1991 ]] * [[ paradigm shift ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first =
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 29 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , [[ 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist
48 | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , [[ 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref
163 also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin
179 of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 25 ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of [[ february 21 ]] , [[ 1947 ]] . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the
29 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
31 of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of
35 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1949 ]] , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and
39 < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on [[ april 1 ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east
43 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on [[ december 11 ]] , [[ 1957 ]] that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by
47 of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on [[ august 28 ]] , [[ 1958 ]] , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{
51 : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of
58 ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on [[ august 1 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages
70 ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] , [[ 1961 ]]
81 and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle
101 permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 ,
105 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at
109 seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on [[ june 12 ]] , [[ 1987 ]] . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{
113 germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref
117 monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred
136 brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 21 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer
140 of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive
152 attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german
162 concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , which included the final movement of [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s
179 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles
323553877 323566540 2009-11-02 22:58:43 0 days 01:00:45 6340927 0 day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a member of the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly
324942089 324949378 2009-11-10 00:33:49 0 days 00:39:52 0|71.112.226.115 0 | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] president john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics
324951791 324951813 2009-11-10 00:48:35 0 days 00:00:07 8214624 6 | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] president john f . kennedy acknowledged in a speech on july 25th , 1961 < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory /
333200951 333201260 2009-12-22 05:38:54 0 days 00:02:59 0|64.41.2.99 1 people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [[ junkers ]] s , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 26 < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , ; 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / /
27 of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , ; 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern .
28 zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler
34 = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 13 john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months
343781933 343782709 2010-02-13 18:35:30 0 days 00:04:59 5326371 3 > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims with graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts used east germans successfully escaped by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight
343784334 343784856 2010-02-13 18:48:35 0 days 00:03:09 5326371 9 the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . palestinians in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , [[ west bank pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] , in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref
347133221 347136856 2010-03-01 18:40:55 0 days 00:19:09 5177550 2 one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ crack heads ]] , [[ the stoners ]] , [[ the man whores france ]] and the [[ damn commies ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 59 global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization
356338854 356339026 2010-04-16 07:51:04 0 days 00:01:47 0|97.103.168.242 0 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , the berlin wall was constructed to prevent the theft of high fives . first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an
356339026 356340188 2010-04-16 08:04:04 0 days 00:13:00 3308922 1 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , the berlin wall was constructed to prevent the theft of high fives . first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an
361665081 361779090 2010-05-12 23:36:12 0 days 11:26:33 0|64.252.65.146 0 of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could
365795613 365892970 2010-06-03 20:14:53 0 days 11:24:49 0|198.235.178.54 0 wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1961 1962 , and completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet
365892970 365893156 2010-06-03 20:15:56 0 days 00:01:03 0|198.235.178.54 0 wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1962 1961 , and completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet
365935108 366083032 2010-06-04 21:09:55 0 days 20:17:25 0|24.20.116.168 0 ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1961 , and completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated
366474355 366509890 2010-06-07 06:39:26 0 days 04:43:55 0|124.171.154.106 0 ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1961 august 13 , completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet -
366521234 366522148 2010-06-07 08:36:01 0 days 00:08:43 6971250 4 former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ tunnel , the ]] ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , the wall . film by r . s . richter * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 30 november 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and , in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles .
37 had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise ( 1 nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846
41 of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] 9 november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the
73 the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing
82 of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could
399625658 399637116 2010-11-30 02:28:33 0 days 01:09:45 7328338 1 / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn : 9780582315693 , isbn : 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen &
418362137 418362289 2011-03-11 22:02:40 0 days 00:01:03 14143658 1 a million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 24 schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes " ; north sports final edition associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : 23 jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall : she died
90 = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty
104 and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 1 same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on 17 november 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated .
444619121 444827910 2011-08-14 17:10:20 1 days 04:20:43 10289486 2 | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 us $ . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft
445092140 445097289 2011-08-16 04:28:36 0 days 00:53:53 9243491 1 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = [ august 13 , 2011 , event ( germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom and a minute of silence honored those who died trying to flee to the west . " it is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again " , entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom ” , proclaimed president wulff . . " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe / germany / 8699626 / germany - marks - 50th - anniversary - of - berlin - wall . html | title = germany marks 50th anniversary of berlin wall | publisher = uk telegraph | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . foxnews . com / world / 2011 / 08 / 13 / germany - marks - construction - berlin - wall - 1271894147 / | title = germany marks construction of the berlin wall | publisher = ap | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / news / 2011 / 08 / 11 / reflecting - on - the - berlin - wall - 50 - years - after - its - construction / | title = reflecting on the berlin wall , 50 years ago , construction began ) ] . . . . . . . ( adding text and refs . ) = = = cultural differences = = = for
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 34 , waiting for favorable winds and taking a [[ night crossing | hot air balloon ]] , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and , in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind
615294848 615295062 2014-07-02 13:45:45 0 days 00:01:52 7669583 0 , with guests including [[ bon jovi ]] , [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ cyndi lauper ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . over the
623943583 629623801 2014-10-14 20:43:44 41 days 18:59:13 5495886 0 use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . finally , at 10 : 45 pm , [[ harald jäger ]] , the commander of the [[ bornholmer straße border crossing ]] yielded , allowing for the guards yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . as the ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]]
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 12 ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , and [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads .
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 11 million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) the longtime leader of east germany at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , the
41 million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 33 name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power
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1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 40 ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . og ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ]
1250101 1282616 2003-08-06 14:54:51 10 days 20:16:02 18489 0 org / www . wall - berlin . og ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ]
1393212 1534932 2003-09-05 00:59:03 12 days 16:43:23 16445 0 dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ]
1554867 1596399 2003-10-12 06:16:53 1 days 15:08:45 0|216.27.177.24 0 berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ]
2302553 2389072 2004-02-04 20:21:06 20 days 18:36:29 0|82.82.126.150 0 http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall
2389084 2440574 2004-02-14 11:15:31 0 days 00:01:45 14486 0 by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = related articles = = * [[ berlin ]] = = external link links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www
2440574 2497657 2004-02-19 04:27:57 4 days 17:12:26 35188 2 austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and he was replaced by a short - lived successor [[ egon krenz ]] a few
5 in the fall of 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were somewhat lifted by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]]
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 33 obviously wasn ' t achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = related articles see also = = * [[ berlin ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin
4016839 4016845 2004-06-10 12:45:25 0 days 00:01:06 0|151.188.16.51 0 wall , which obviously was not achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]]
4016845 4050087 2004-06-10 12:46:07 0 days 00:00:42 0|151.188.16.51 0 wall , which obviously was not achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]]
4705728 4728651 2004-07-18 08:33:17 5 days 16:18:12 0|203.103.193.193 0 a family ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on augist august 17 [[ 1962 ]] . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall .
6069019 6069215 2004-09-22 14:39:40 0 days 16:41:50 0|207.160.227.2 0 pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] blah bop bop
6069215 6103099 2004-09-22 14:50:33 0 days 00:10:53 23616 0 pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] blah bop bop
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 2 the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]]
28 berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , also called as ' ' ode to joy ' ' , with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]]
32 . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html / personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 27 = aftermath = = not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and
29 . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html / personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
18607525 18615057 2005-07-11 18:24:45 0 days 02:00:04 116385 9 # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
23800360 23988638 2005-09-25 11:46:04 2 days 09:27:45 271058 0 berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko nn : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 73 of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released & mdash ; for a price & mdash ; at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin _ s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin _ u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost stations ]] ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin there . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . when asked who this would apply to etc . he couldn ' t answer because he really didn ' t know ( he had been on vacation as previously noted ) . and at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when this would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be the same day . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to hold the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhof ]] performed his song ' ' looking for freedom ' ' , which was very popular in germany at that time , stand on the berlin wall . david hasselhof has later ( perhaps jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 73 the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at friedrichstra in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released & mdash ; for a price & mdash ; at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin _ s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin _ u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost stations ]] ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin there . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . when asked who this would apply to etc . he couldn ' t answer because he really didn ' t know ( he had been on vacation as previously noted ) . and at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when this would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be the same day . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to hold the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhof ]] performed his song ' ' looking for freedom ' ' , which was very popular in germany at that time , stand on the berlin wall . david hasselhof has later ( perhaps jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
24618114 24828196 2005-10-05 18:04:22 2 days 13:19:55 0|24.51.178.10 9 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
24828196 24828244 2005-10-05 18:05:02 0 days 00:00:40 94806 9 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
24828279 24828564 2005-10-05 18:10:39 0 days 00:05:08 0|24.51.178.10 11 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
24828564 24828569 2005-10-05 18:10:52 0 days 00:00:13 94806 11 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
27961617 27964176 2005-11-10 22:22:28 0 days 00:23:17 246113 3 {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 november 16 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer '
37796258 37828716 2006-02-02 10:58:24 0 days 06:20:16 471054 5 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on june 7 , 2003 | berlin wall on [[ june 7 ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was
40238750 40248977 2006-02-19 05:54:32 0 days 01:40:08 0|203.87.204.114 1 honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on all the protesting or this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he did not really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to have held the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( probably not even jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall remembered those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system a around 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ gdr border system ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
40248977 40249035 2006-02-19 05:55:16 0 days 00:00:44 309415 0 honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on all the protesting or this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he did not really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to have held the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( probably not even jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall remembered those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system a around 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ gdr border system ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 75 autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however ,
77 successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on all the protesting or
40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 25 ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / >
41742631 41742704 2006-03-01 12:27:13 0 days 00:01:00 0|212.219.250.36 0 and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = = = escape attempts and the like = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo
41742704 41742834 2006-03-01 12:28:40 0 days 00:01:27 0|212.219.250.36 0 and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = = = escape attempts and the like = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo
42309097 42336641 2006-03-05 13:06:23 0 days 06:06:51 686868 6 limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin accessible to westerners was the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at
42744056 42815657 2006-03-08 15:04:26 0 days 12:35:00 0|212.205.252.185 1 category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
42815657 42842651 2006-03-08 18:40:06 0 days 03:35:40 292494 1 category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
43706232 43741933 2006-03-14 15:53:30 0 days 06:21:49 0|209.7.107.26 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . you smell ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy
43741933 43751003 2006-03-14 17:04:20 0 days 01:10:50 209785 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . you smell ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy
44739550 44739797 2006-03-21 00:42:31 0 days 00:01:41 0|68.154.38.227 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . do you get it ? ! the same year ! ! ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy
44739797 44746100 2006-03-21 01:34:16 0 days 00:51:45 0|68.82.36.154 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . do you get it ? ! the same year ! ! ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy
44756611 44756764 2006-03-21 03:01:33 0 days 00:01:08 0|68.154.38.227 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . : ) = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy
44756764 44761040 2006-03-21 03:36:25 0 days 00:34:52 21887 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . : ) = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy
53575114 53610363 2006-05-17 01:16:10 0 days 04:00:16 0|205.188.117.13 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . & hearts ; = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
53610363 53610479 2006-05-17 01:16:53 0 days 00:00:43 0|205.188.117.13 0 union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . & hearts ; ( cc ) chicky copyright = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
53610479 53610865 2006-05-17 01:19:41 0 days 00:02:48 1008387 0 union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . & hearts ; ( cc ) chicky copyright = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
53610865 53645846 2006-05-17 06:59:26 0 days 05:39:45 92511 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . & hearts ; = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
54043685 54067486 2006-05-19 18:21:48 0 days 02:53:27 0|158.59.210.49 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . it was all approved by a faggot ass mother fucker . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
54067486 54067993 2006-05-19 18:25:33 0 days 00:03:45 0|158.59.210.49 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . it was all approved by a faggot ass mother fucker . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
54107483 54268993 2006-05-20 23:49:24 1 days 00:45:45 0|69.124.27.151 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . < math > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - # redirect [[ < nowiki > < math > [[ image : = = = = = = = = = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
54268993 54269525 2006-05-20 23:53:19 0 days 00:03:55 1008387 2 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . < math > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - # redirect [[ < nowiki > < math > [[ image : = = = = = = = = = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
55031131 55072830 2006-05-25 14:37:25 0 days 07:25:09 0|168.170.196.71 0 platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at assat [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance
55072830 55073990 2006-05-25 14:46:18 0 days 00:08:53 1008387 0 platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north assat at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance
55867956 55920128 2006-05-30 12:50:57 0 days 08:17:49 0|70.91.131.209 0 up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlinwall aster 2002aug22 lrg . jpg | thumb | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there used to be eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways useable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference ; when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new border crossings the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : borders ]] [[ category : articles containing fair use images ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
55920128 55920349 2006-05-30 12:52:38 0 days 00:01:41 1008387 0 up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlinwall aster 2002aug22 lrg . jpg | thumb | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there used to be eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways useable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference ; when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new border crossings the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : borders ]] [[ category : articles containing fair use images ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
62972351 63027662 2006-07-10 11:10:31 0 days 09:24:57 0|67.149.158.118 0 com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
63027662 63027687 2006-07-10 11:10:52 0 days 00:00:21 203358 0 com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
70267284 70291423 2006-08-17 20:23:08 0 days 02:21:54 0|169.139.176.84 0 berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo horma ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
70291423 70291818 2006-08-17 20:25:22 0 days 00:02:14 1667821 0 berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo horma ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
83835783 83837476 2006-10-26 13:23:30 0 days 00:13:08 686868 6 if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified that proposal to include private travels . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had
85456438 85490134 2006-11-03 16:13:21 0 days 04:14:14 0|66.44.161.178 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ' ' ' eric is gay ! ! ! ! ! ' ' ' = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
85491034 85493361 2006-11-03 16:30:42 0 days 00:12:25 1008387 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . erin ' s better ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
85493361 85506823 2006-11-03 17:45:12 0 days 01:14:30 0|84.177.194.94 7 : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo horma ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
85506823 85507378 2006-11-03 17:48:19 0 days 00:03:07 0|84.177.194.94 6 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo horma ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
86859769 86949737 2006-11-10 15:32:30 0 days 12:43:04 0|89.51.186.116 0 jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at the glienicke bridge ( ' ' glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check
87991523 87994645 2006-11-15 15:18:19 0 days 00:19:07 847895 2 was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = down with the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended
92585081 92645291 2006-12-07 06:22:24 0 days 05:44:24 0|129.1.208.200 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . nic taggie nicknamed jay the " korean wall " during a street hockey game when he meant the berlin wall . the nickname stuck and has lasted ever since . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
92646910 92647253 2006-12-07 06:39:14 0 days 00:02:56 1199710 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . nic taggie nicknamed jay the " korean wall " during a street hockey game when he meant the berlin wall . the nickname stuck and has lasted ever since . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
92647645 92647674 2006-12-07 06:43:01 0 days 00:00:20 0|129.1.208.200 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . wikipedia please stop deleting my work , the world must know about nic and his " korean wall " nickname for jay as a hockey goaltender . after all , the name was brought about because of confusion over the berlin wall . please stop being bitches and let this stay . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
92647674 92647828 2006-12-07 06:44:20 0 days 00:01:19 1199710 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . wikipedia please stop deleting my work , the world must know about nic and his " korean wall " nickname for jay as a hockey goaltender . after all , the name was brought about because of confusion over the berlin wall . please stop being bitches and let this stay . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
93876848 93880292 2006-12-12 19:52:20 0 days 00:14:37 0|72.20.141.105 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . shana is wierd ! ! ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
93881175 93881282 2006-12-12 19:57:01 0 days 00:00:31 198194 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . shana is wierd ! ! ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
94389378 94443968 2006-12-15 04:16:23 0 days 05:06:11 0|71.251.242.195 1 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = = = = = = = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
99129756 99137429 2007-01-07 18:28:55 0 days 00:36:37 0|74.117.24.31 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . < gallery > image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 < / gallery > = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
99137429 99152844 2007-01-07 19:42:40 0 days 01:13:45 302522 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . < gallery > image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 < / gallery > = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
99737979 99757174 2007-01-10 13:35:33 0 days 03:15:04 0|168.216.41.11 1 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . frau bailey quit her job and joined a necromatical sex cult ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
99757174 99757249 2007-01-10 13:36:09 0 days 00:00:36 128863 1 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . frau bailey quit her job and joined a necromatical sex cult ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
100000629 100114258 2007-01-12 00:20:16 0 days 09:04:28 0|64.228.195.105 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ass ass ass = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
100114258 100114349 2007-01-12 00:20:45 0 days 00:00:29 991086 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ass ass ass = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 2 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . jesus . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 2 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . jesus . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 53 term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > november 10 [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 53 term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > november 10 [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
111077007 111079436 2007-02-26 14:44:18 0 days 00:21:12 0|199.104.209.62 0 wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] this shit is nothing but lies don ' t believe this crap ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 52 wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . this shit is nothing but lies don ' t believe this crap ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
111196973 111243428 2007-02-27 03:05:37 0 days 03:27:28 0|71.211.223.181 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . england is far superior to poland . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
111243428 111243489 2007-02-27 03:05:58 0 days 00:00:21 345374 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . england is far superior to poland . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
111407321 111407534 2007-02-27 20:40:52 0 days 00:00:54 302522 0 [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = mrs ramsay tell them to stop over writing me construction begins , 1961 = = = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and
112425941 112454237 2007-03-04 00:54:45 0 days 02:13:45 0|63.215.27.155 0 com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
112454237 112464865 2007-03-04 01:49:57 0 days 00:55:12 284135 0 com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
112716989 112935331 2007-03-05 23:53:50 0 days 21:07:59 0|67.177.105.103 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . < math > insert formula here < / math > = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
112935331 112936932 2007-03-06 00:00:49 0 days 00:06:59 2198470 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . < math > insert formula here < / math > = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
113114464 113120365 2007-03-06 19:02:44 0 days 00:24:08 0|206.123.204.226 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . for mor info . on the first albino mexican call 970 - 884 - 2564 = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
113120365 113138879 2007-03-06 20:23:39 0 days 01:20:55 1265360 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . for mor info . on the first albino mexican call 970 - 884 - 2564 = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
113475667 113475754 2007-03-08 02:25:43 0 days 00:00:27 0|68.18.0.87 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . poopie ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = poopsed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
114836126 114852047 2007-03-13 18:17:45 0 days 01:06:46 0|151.188.16.26 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . and shannon is the coolest person ever . same with ashna . you ' re just jealous = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
114852047 114856947 2007-03-13 18:40:29 0 days 00:22:44 911178 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . and shannon is the coolest person ever . same with ashna . you ' re just jealous = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
115589605 115708717 2007-03-17 02:59:59 0 days 10:08:11 0|192.228.185.208 0 com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] = =
115708717 115708771 2007-03-17 03:00:22 0 days 00:00:23 979770 6 com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
116663804 116668276 2007-03-21 00:50:34 0 days 00:20:06 351312 1 from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . - - [[ user : 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 | 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 peter fechter ]] 00 : 30 , 21 march 2007 ( utc ) i like chocolate ! = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing
119194198 119196685 2007-03-31 03:37:08 0 days 00:17:34 196242 9 remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]]
10 of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie united states | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]] . the old
123570932 123623370 2007-04-17 20:25:12 0 days 03:20:46 0|70.162.132.231 0 walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , hello peoples [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]]
123623370 123623472 2007-04-17 20:25:33 0 days 00:00:21 645017 0 walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , hello peoples [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]]
123829798 123830148 2007-04-18 15:41:14 0 days 00:01:23 0|209.66.200.83 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . > > > > > > > > www . chubbybear . com < < < < < < < < < . . . . . for more info . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
123830148 123849129 2007-04-18 16:58:40 0 days 01:17:26 302522 2 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . > > > > > > > > www . chubbybear . com < < < < < < < < < . . . . . for more info . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
127967878 127976135 2007-05-03 15:37:17 0 days 00:35:50 0|68.192.33.121 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . heyy yoo ` = ) thisss be mary holleringgg at thiss pagee , , haha . . . best damn information yu can ever gettt mann . . yu noe yuu lovee it like whoaa ! so dont yu be playingg mann , cuz ' yu noe it aint right = / tisk tisk . . lmao . . love ya ' ll < 333 = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
127976135 127976672 2007-05-03 15:39:35 0 days 00:02:18 0|68.192.33.121 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . heyy this is anngiie babiie whoot whoot ! ! this is the fo realliest best site eevvaaa ! ! ya maaann ! ! i love this siite ! ! kk biiie looove yoooh < 333 tiffany was here < 3333333333333333333333333yeah yo fo shizzle heyy yoo ` = ) thisss be mary holleringgg at thiss pagee , , haha . . . best damn information yu can ever gettt mann . . yu noe yuu
127976915 127992744 2007-05-03 16:49:37 0 days 01:08:57 0|216.64.169.240 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . yooo wassuppp this is anngiie babiie whoot whoot ! ! this is the fo realliest best site eevvaaa ! ! ya maaann ! ! i love this siite ! ! kk biiie looove yoooh < 333 tiffany was here < 3333333333333333333333333yeah yo fo shizzle heyy yoo ` = ) thisss be mary holleringgg at thiss pagee , , haha . . . best damn information yu can ever gettt mann . . yu noe yuu lovee it like whoaa ! so dont yu be playingg mann , cuz ' yu noe it aint right = / tisk tisk . . lmao . . love ya ' ll < 333 = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
127992744 128043670 2007-05-03 20:30:16 0 days 03:40:39 0|69.125.136.170 3 was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . do = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
128044362 128044374 2007-05-03 20:32:44 0 days 00:00:03 1614547 5 | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of the war the germans decided to go make some brownies that they thoguht would be interesting to do be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
129354253 129366217 2007-05-08 22:25:05 0 days 00:54:51 0|71.234.214.112 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . germany kicks assss bitchessss = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
129366217 129366302 2007-05-08 22:25:31 0 days 00:00:26 2372073 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . germany kicks assss bitchessss = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
129554675 129554933 2007-05-09 16:37:49 0 days 00:01:02 0|204.129.158.10 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 3 user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 social market economy ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10
129949358 129954281 2007-05-10 22:39:14 0 days 00:18:48 0|12.176.89.237 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . this stuff is crap = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
129954281 129954619 2007-05-10 22:40:30 0 days 00:01:16 0|12.176.89.237 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . this stuff is crap = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
130123030 130123251 2007-05-11 16:47:08 0 days 00:00:57 0|209.184.226.15 1 _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories kstories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side
130123251 130124262 2007-05-11 16:51:40 0 days 00:04:32 2073927 1 _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and kstories stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side
132298502 132440511 2007-05-21 14:08:15 0 days 16:48:29 0|69.88.90.2 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ' ' ' alle die leute leibst meinem schwanze alle die jahr , und tag fur funf jahr . ' ' ' = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
132440511 132450928 2007-05-21 15:05:51 0 days 00:57:36 979695 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ' ' ' alle die leute leibst meinem schwanze alle die jahr , und tag fur funf jahr . ' ' ' = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
133071645 133072963 2007-05-24 01:21:37 0 days 00:07:22 715870 7 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the
133073625 133074114 2007-05-24 01:27:50 0 days 00:02:33 715870 7 the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand
138718813 138718856 2007-06-17 07:32:59 0 days 00:00:28 0|125.238.36.152 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . poop = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
138723953 138725085 2007-06-17 08:35:55 0 days 00:12:29 1400373 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . poop = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
138879702 138934720 2007-06-18 08:20:16 0 days 07:15:27 0|121.72.139.61 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . heaps of people eat poos for breakfast lunch and tea . when thirsty they drink some pee . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
138934720 138934785 2007-06-18 08:20:53 0 days 00:00:37 317054 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . heaps of people eat poos for breakfast lunch and tea . when thirsty they drink some pee . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
146287097 146344832 2007-07-22 17:09:21 0 days 07:36:21 0|76.111.26.72 0 [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . the above red panel words read ; " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint
155659633 155851144 2007-09-05 15:13:56 0 days 22:11:28 0|207.157.119.20 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . and i like pasta . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
155851144 155853769 2007-09-05 15:29:23 0 days 00:15:27 294180 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . and i like pasta . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
155853769 156050532 2007-09-06 13:50:20 0 days 22:20:57 0|69.246.212.189 1 gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes bad = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley |
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 73 " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupation ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] people like you . please donate today .
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 76 inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today . georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupation ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
161588251 161588587 2007-10-01 16:31:59 0 days 00:01:55 0|142.25.180.48 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . luke skywalker defeated the nazis with the force . later that day , luke died of aids . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
161592987 161593149 2007-10-01 16:54:19 0 days 00:00:42 5451838 4 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . luke skywalker defeated the nazis with the force . later that day , luke died of aids . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
164330493 165005648 2007-10-16 18:39:29 2 days 23:53:33 0|24.249.110.110 4 muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] so retarded
165005648 165005884 2007-10-16 18:40:39 0 days 00:01:10 614280 4 administration is not very good a group of people got csr for the next day for just sitting at the table where some kids were shooting off bottle caps that is so retarded : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
166090762 166091165 2007-10-21 17:58:16 0 days 00:02:15 0|71.146.84.96 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
167955046 167972708 2007-10-30 00:21:30 0 days 01:19:04 4906799 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states = = = chocolate on a hot day is good for the soul , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a
169825171 169972063 2007-11-07 22:37:47 0 days 13:41:55 5765655 0 the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august april 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures .
169972063 169975273 2007-11-07 22:51:51 0 days 00:14:04 5765655 0 the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ april august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures .
172964319 173175116 2007-11-22 22:18:16 1 days 02:32:10 137113 0 , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | ( [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer
173175116 173175378 2007-11-22 22:19:57 0 days 00:01:41 137113 0 , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . ( - [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 ) }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner
174038726 174056095 2007-11-27 03:11:09 0 days 01:32:45 2004568 7 william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] |
178873918 179014417 2007-12-19 19:23:05 0 days 15:40:46 0|71.107.178.35 0 into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . [[ special : contributions / 71 . 107 . 178 . 35 | 71 . 107 . 178 . 35 ]] ( [[ user talk : 71 . 107 . 178 . 35 | talk ]] ) 19 : 23 , 19 december 2007 ( utc ) = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
179015175 179016000 2007-12-19 19:30:21 0 days 00:04:00 4417781 1 into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . [[ special : contributions / 71 . 107 . 178 . 35 | 71 . 107 . 178 . 35 ]] ( [[ user talk : 71 . 107 . 178 . 35 | talk ]] ) 19 : 23 , 19 december 2007 ( utc ) = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
181089181 181089350 2007-12-31 00:23:54 0 days 00:01:03 0|208.104.149.90 5 university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader < / font > [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided
181089350 181089537 2007-12-31 00:25:02 0 days 00:01:08 0|208.104.149.90 0 into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . < font color = purple > = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 2 into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . < font color = purple > = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
16 < / b > came from < i > east german leader < / i > [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by < font color = red > soviet leader < / font > [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided
183023808 183108189 2008-01-09 03:50:28 0 days 07:05:57 0|72.70.120.222 0 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 march 15 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof
183108189 183108939 2008-01-09 03:55:28 0 days 00:05:00 0|71.232.128.61 1 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ march 15 october 3 ]] [[ 1988 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof
183108939 183109311 2008-01-09 03:58:10 0 days 00:02:42 0|72.70.120.222 0 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 january 9 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof
183109422 183109767 2008-01-09 04:01:15 0 days 00:02:22 162210 0 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ january 9 october 3 ]] [[ 1955 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof
183109767 183109949 2008-01-09 04:02:27 0 days 00:01:12 0|72.70.120.222 0 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 francesca ' s ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof
186292925 186294689 2008-01-23 06:18:42 0 days 00:15:14 686868 0 left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in
190370753 190525831 2008-02-11 02:22:08 0 days 14:44:45 0|64.215.123.218 2 ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ) )
190525831 190526102 2008-02-11 02:23:39 0 days 00:01:31 0|24.91.51.85 2 / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ whats up the berlin walll was really a stupid idea germany ) ) ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
195465346 195675603 2008-03-03 23:34:23 0 days 21:07:21 0|71.218.204.188 0 asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
195675603 195676011 2008-03-03 23:36:10 0 days 00:01:47 732608 0 asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 1 were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 11 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according
7 remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 5 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 1 were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 27 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 11 13 ]] [[ 1963 ]] until it was dismantled in 1984 . during this period at least 143 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according
7 remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 5 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[
199068893 199069199 2008-03-18 12:29:53 0 days 00:02:09 0|208.108.154.93 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . what it do baby boo ! ! ! ! = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
199069199 199069215 2008-03-18 12:29:59 0 days 00:00:06 4466297 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . what it do baby boo ! ! ! ! = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
199098110 199098162 2008-03-18 15:13:44 0 days 00:00:15 1879647 1 image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] tgykrtljy ; tiljoyeipjp ; tyijryoirt ; yjiortjyiotr ; yeiet i love cheese cake . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
201724471 201855065 2008-03-29 18:05:49 0 days 15:57:55 0|68.47.21.231 2 http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [[ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
201855065 201855908 2008-03-29 18:09:49 0 days 00:04:00 0|68.47.21.231 2 isbn 3875846958 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] you all need to suck my dick ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! us berliners love sucking dicks ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! all you pepole should try it ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
201855908 201855946 2008-03-29 18:10:01 0 days 00:00:12 6475994 2 3875846958 }} we love this site it helps to learn aout berlin i love learning about new states so this a good site to veiw so u can learn about berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [[ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
204492738 204492884 2008-04-09 17:28:11 0 days 00:00:41 137113 0 [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu /
221970072 223245034 2008-07-03 06:09:59 6 days 07:29:21 3622922 4 tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 upcoming days . ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more
237254375 237419653 2008-09-10 02:32:25 0 days 16:01:58 7823265 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . and then all of the people there sucked micheal jackson until he was glowing = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into
237419653 237419774 2008-09-10 02:33:12 0 days 00:00:47 301395 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . and then all of the people there sucked micheal jackson until he was glowing = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into
238154941 238325424 2008-09-14 09:16:02 0 days 18:24:11 0|220.236.150.187 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . when the bridge fell and 3 people died . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into
238325424 238325456 2008-09-14 09:16:17 0 days 00:00:15 50975 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . when the bridge fell and 3 people died . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 40 | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at
240014029 240058346 2008-09-21 19:14:39 0 days 03:42:30 0|71.180.214.228 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . asdasdasdsa = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow
240058346 240058380 2008-09-21 19:14:49 0 days 00:00:10 358536 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . asdasdasdsa = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow
240250311 240440258 2008-09-23 13:55:37 0 days 21:07:55 0|87.38.215.7 1 berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . berlin wall : d = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow
240440258 240441737 2008-09-23 14:04:13 0 days 00:08:36 3048050 1 west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . katie o mahony loves the berlin wall : d two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow
242557548 242755000 2008-10-03 14:42:47 0 days 19:46:38 7991946 13 the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | right | thumb | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the prince of bel air
242755000 242755785 2008-10-03 14:46:42 0 days 00:03:55 0|66.28.221.133 11 7 or 8 and i yelled to the cabbie ' yo homes smell ya later ' i looked at my kingdom i was finally there to sit on my throne as the prince of bel air an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | right | thumb | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 118 ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 35 guy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see anti - communist who was known to [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[
79 sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl
80 street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet berlynse muur ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 118 ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 35 guy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see anti - communist who was known to [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[
79 sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl
80 street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet berlynse muur ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety
258173962 258174012 2008-12-15 19:06:23 0 days 00:00:13 0|98.193.69.28 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the ddr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]]
258174012 258174101 2008-12-15 19:06:47 0 days 00:00:24 197953 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the ddr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]]
258204890 258206239 2008-12-15 21:36:56 0 days 00:05:16 0|76.217.13.119 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . americans are the stupidest pieces of crap in the world ! = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany
258206239 258209070 2008-12-15 21:49:42 0 days 00:12:46 5177550 6 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . americans are the stupidest pieces of crap in the world ! = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany
258399099 258459897 2008-12-16 23:36:24 0 days 05:08:31 0|66.143.116.78 0 " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first =
258459980 258476585 2008-12-17 01:05:35 0 days 01:28:46 352579 1 " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first =
272012445 272118109 2009-02-20 19:20:46 0 days 13:15:42 0|150.131.80.118 0 in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor chancellor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees ,
272476022 272476848 2009-02-22 11:47:09 0 days 00:04:40 0|93.132.133.36 2 http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | year = 2004 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany
275496147 275499407 2009-03-06 23:30:21 0 days 00:19:15 0|129.170.241.133 0 in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their chancellor mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees ,
275499407 275903809 2009-03-08 22:29:08 1 days 22:58:47 9166621 9 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
276308584 276379143 2009-03-10 22:20:26 0 days 05:08:16 0|202.150.99.134 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . miss coxx suxz bolos = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in
276379297 276379329 2009-03-10 22:21:16 0 days 00:00:08 1879647 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . miss coxx suxz bolos = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in
276397704 276398047 2009-03-10 23:50:41 0 days 00:01:38 0|68.81.17.165 2 eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] nerds
276398047 276398128 2009-03-10 23:51:01 0 days 00:00:20 850418 3 name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . . . you know what ? fuck this , wikipedia is for nerds east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
277132148 277225474 2009-03-14 18:13:47 0 days 12:16:17 6984319 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > before 1950 , over 15 million immigrants emigrated from soviet - occupied eastern european countries to the west in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > taking advantage of this route , the number of eastern europeans applying for political asylum in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " / > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further sovietization with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in the just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " / > = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in
277226599 277226883 2009-03-14 18:22:08 0 days 00:01:37 6984319 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end
277229162 277301544 2009-03-15 01:02:48 0 days 06:27:46 0|82.40.237.118 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . great . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
277301544 277302153 2009-03-15 01:06:20 0 days 00:03:32 3061573 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . great . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
277873616 277902757 2009-03-17 17:18:17 0 days 02:15:20 0|209.173.1.126 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . unfortunately , this is not what really happened . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
277902757 277903755 2009-03-17 17:22:39 0 days 00:04:22 3505251 2 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . unfortunately , this is not what really happened . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
277903755 277906414 2009-03-17 17:34:06 0 days 00:11:27 6984319 2 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . unfortunately , this is not what really happened . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
277906414 277907821 2009-03-17 17:40:14 0 days 00:06:08 6984319 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . unfortunately , this is not what really happened . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
278138099 278326099 2009-03-19 13:41:18 0 days 20:48:43 3505251 0 west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority
279820445 279835916 2009-03-26 17:42:54 0 days 01:28:32 0|24.106.235.42 4 as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = princeton university press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ harvard reference | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ eastern bloc defection }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
279835916 279835940 2009-03-26 17:43:03 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 4 as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = princeton university press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ harvard reference | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ eastern bloc defection }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
288319667 288394418 2009-05-07 02:06:51 0 days 07:11:41 0|68.146.140.114 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . dick head = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
288394418 288394735 2009-05-07 02:09:07 0 days 00:02:16 5177550 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . dick head = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
289461792 289778757 2009-05-14 00:04:23 1 days 10:23:53 1233313 1 that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in
295845404 296376339 2009-06-14 16:36:20 2 days 20:20:34 0|66.189.45.189 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . get into the rush now , you dont have to know how . do it all before you try . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
296376339 296376394 2009-06-14 16:36:44 0 days 00:00:24 0|66.189.45.189 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . get into the rush now , you dont have to know how . do it all before you try . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
299792508 299857270 2009-07-02 09:34:08 0 days 09:29:10 0|222.154.103.86 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . ' ' ' this is all bullshit wikipedia is a fake ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
299857270 299857283 2009-07-02 09:34:16 0 days 00:00:08 4928500 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . ' ' ' this is all bullshit wikipedia is a fake ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
299857283 299857416 2009-07-02 09:35:23 0 days 00:01:07 0|222.154.103.86 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . fhduioawtnvsorituvnsdorivunso ; driu = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
299857416 299857477 2009-07-02 09:35:56 0 days 00:00:33 1879566 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . fhduioawtnvsorituvnsdorivunso ; driu = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
300632026 300712885 2009-07-07 01:48:40 0 days 08:13:47 0|66.168.157.214 0 germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s 1650s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority
300712885 300713021 2009-07-07 01:49:46 0 days 00:01:06 7801357 0 germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1650s 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority
309060752 309335785 2009-08-21 23:14:07 1 days 10:06:24 0|76.93.184.45 0 wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = see also annnddd = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west
309335785 309336034 2009-08-21 23:16:00 0 days 00:01:53 911178 0 wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = annnddd see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west
309336034 309828599 2009-08-24 18:52:05 2 days 19:36:05 8574593 1 [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט מויער ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
311083982 311127689 2009-08-31 18:52:44 0 days 04:33:02 3171782 1 [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער מויער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 6 ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / m . strauss ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901
322274629 322275480 2009-10-27 03:24:07 0 days 00:06:32 82982 0 of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = {{ lang | de | 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }}
324762845 324762884 2009-11-09 02:09:39 0 days 00:00:15 4928500 6 escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . get drunk and watch meatspin ( www . meatspin . com ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " }} ' ' {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang | de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed improvement and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin , since the prospect of the fall of west berlin after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , could call into question the reliability of the united states in the eyes of its other allies . on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany into east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements - - arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units - - left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm berlin wall ] < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s , visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . it was forbidden to export east german currency out of the east , but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . east berliners and east germans could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , soviet military patrols could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when traveling in this manner . * ' ' ' rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( duty ) trains that traveled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons traveling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the western allies accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr . this was intended to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , which could jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all berlin . ordinary citizens of the western allied powers , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 , < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german ] < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " . < ref name = " bbcsept2007 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system preceded the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = }} < / ref > on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general secretary ]] of the [[ communist party of the soviet union | communist party ]] of the [[ soviet union ]] , to tear down the wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the [[ eastern bloc ]] : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate , 09 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus ! " }} ' ' ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant ' ' {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben hier " }} ' ' , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution ( german ) | peaceful revolution ]] " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = {{ lang | de | 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson for the politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist riccardo ehrman , the berlin correspondant of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( oct 21 , 2009 ) [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " the wall street journal . < / ref > [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " east germany " has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = oppositions = = = in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that she wanted the soviet leader to do what he could to stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " / > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times }} < / ref > {{ cquote | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders , and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . thehindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = sep 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freude }} ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freiheit }} ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 | november 9 in german history ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ november 9th in german history | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . [[ nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued the euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 11 / 17 / 1989 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign is focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and students at over 20 universities will participate in " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | title = freedom without walls | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise " – journey of the wall takes place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks are being sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite news | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , there still was talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 percent of west germans and 12 percent of east germans wished that east and west should be separated again by a " wall " . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated however that only about a tenth of the population was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans also make similar distinctions between north and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = november 5 , 2009 | url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall portions | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ paradigm shift ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = princeton university press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ citation | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ harvard reference | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba - ac3c - d7af - 5b98808a1ebd6b9e the cwihp collection on the rise and fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . wallofberlin . com " virtual berlin wall " ] - website linked to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . pictures can be uploaded on a chose region of the wall for a fee ( in english ) * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] official website berlin . de * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german and englisch ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com / allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] * [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] { [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / m . fleischmann & w . strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / photogallery . htm gallery at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
324842902 324843477 2009-11-09 14:31:09 0 days 00:04:20 6971250 0 . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near adjacent to the [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those
325137398 325147847 2009-11-10 23:57:34 0 days 00:59:36 0|118.210.222.46 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . hello = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
325147847 325148147 2009-11-10 23:59:17 0 days 00:01:43 4916882 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . hello = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
325218548 325218944 2009-11-11 09:54:29 0 days 00:05:02 6971250 10 a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ paradigm shift ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = =
325552663 325566075 2009-11-13 04:27:44 0 days 02:02:39 0|150.101.251.68 5 " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 11 " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
325567787 325583646 2009-11-13 07:23:37 0 days 02:40:22 6971250 1 the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival
340925242 340925516 2010-01-30 17:02:56 0 days 00:01:35 0|91.187.103.2 0 the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background how we can trust wikipedia when whoever can edit whatever wants ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]]
340925516 340925610 2010-01-30 17:03:32 0 days 00:00:36 6660588 0 the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background how we can trust wikipedia when whoever can edit whatever wants ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]]
341149142 341149444 2010-01-31 21:09:21 0 days 00:01:55 0|76.235.202.194 0 " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . ronald reagan murdered his friend ! = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
341149444 341153466 2010-01-31 21:32:14 0 days 00:22:53 8918196 0 " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . ronald reagan murdered his friend ! = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 2 - nazification | de - nazified ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . after several weeks of local civil unrest following a radical
355152907 355153123 2010-04-10 15:27:52 0 days 00:01:35 0|89.129.52.24 1 the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = k guay k es axo gay , se li nota = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet -
355153332 355153463 2010-04-10 15:30:07 0 days 00:00:54 0|84.77.74.198 0 the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = madrid 1 - 2 fcbarecelona barecelona = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet -
359062465 359062935 2010-04-29 14:23:46 0 days 00:03:19 0|66.109.249.254 1 " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the berlin wall came down of = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
359062935 359062981 2010-04-29 14:24:07 0 days 00:00:21 11743424 1 }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and nov its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the berlin wall came down of = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
359267780 359267987 2010-04-30 15:21:53 0 days 00:01:11 0|169.204.164.80 0 ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s for mexicans = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority
359268782 359268892 2010-04-30 15:27:15 0 days 00:00:40 7007500 0 ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s for mexicans = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority
376102866 376154207 2010-07-29 21:06:22 0 days 05:43:39 9540157 17 citation | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 | ref = harv | postscript = | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 |
380775149 381017545 2010-08-26 00:06:29 1 days 04:19:31 0|86.41.107.66 1 ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall , she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartement at 48 [[ bernauer strasse ]] 48 . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start
396552271 396783802 2010-11-14 22:07:31 1 days 03:32:33 0|201.229.27.187 0 : سور برلين ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pap : muraya di berlin ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]]
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 12 / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 isbn : 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen
417646773 417971197 2011-03-09 15:37:54 1 days 20:22:29 0|65.51.198.66 0 " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . this makes a horrible map on black ops and was a waste of 1600 microsoft points . send me some micro points if you would like . do not buy dlc map pact . this is all true stuff . use it in your reports . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
417971197 417971223 2011-03-09 15:38:07 0 days 00:00:13 13286072 0 " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . this makes a horrible map on black ops and was a waste of 1600 microsoft points . send me some micro points if you would like . do not buy dlc map pact . this is all true stuff . use it in your reports . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
420447970 422046294 2011-04-02 22:14:24 9 days 15:56:56 1426328 0 jpg | thumb | left | upright | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | header = ' ' [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech
422046294 422046414 2011-04-02 22:15:20 0 days 00:00:56 1426328 2 jpg | thumb | left | upright | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | header = ' ' [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 21 http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc | date = 2007 - 08 - | accessdate = 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to -
128 . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany
150 berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 6 lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc
18 the cold war * [[ paradigm shift ]] * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]]
456255233 456811030 2011-10-22 11:01:12 3 days 13:16:43 14814465 0 : سور برلين ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ km : ជញ្ជាំង ប៊ែរឡាំង ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pap : muraya di berlin ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului
474175877 476209082 2012-02-11 00:44:21 10 days 16:49:11 10996774 5 - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | publisher = the globe and mail | date = 26 october 2009 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin +
8 ukoddlyenough | title = who built berlin wall ? most russians don ' t know & # 124 ; reuters | publisher = uk . reuters . com | date = 5 november 2009 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall
485297583 489424180 2012-04-27 04:49:49 23 days 21:13:49 14405583 7 secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 . 376944 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall |
496228492 496328462 2012-06-06 20:16:30 0 days 14:37:38 8066546 0 : سور برلين ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ oc : mur de berlin ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pap : muraya di berlin ]] [[ km : ជញ្ជាំង ប៊ែរឡាំង ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim
499130826 499137099 2012-06-24 14:03:31 0 days 00:57:51 4905985 0 and cost [[ east german mark | ddm ]] 16 , 155 , 000 or about us $ 3 , 638 , 000 . < ref > {{ cite web | author first = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of
505389806 505558329 2012-08-03 10:30:56 1 days 02:39:43 339081 2 by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref > {{ cite web | title name = sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / / www . dpa . de /
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 37 ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html | title = record of the conversation | language = {{ de icon }} | publisher = welt . de | date = 2009 - 05 - 30 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative
39 / 12295509433760 - 7 / | title = wall goes up in berlin - events of 1961 - year in review | publisher = upi . com | date = 1998 - 05 - 29 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary
43 04 - 09 | title = goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 2008 - 04 - 09 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' '
51 middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html | title = palestinians break israel ' s wall - middle east | publisher = al jazeera english | date = 2009 - 11 - 09 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20
54 marks - 50th - anniversary - of - berlin - wall . html | title = germany marks 50th anniversary of berlin wall | publisher = uk telegraph | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 | location = london }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / /
55 / germany - marks - construction - berlin - wall - 1271894147 / | title = germany marks construction of the berlin wall | agency = associated press | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history .
56 years - after - its - construction / | title = reflecting on the berlin wall , 50 years after its construction | publisher = history . com | date = 2011 - 08 - 11 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germanworldonline .
57 - berlin - wall - 1961 - 1989 / | title = 50 years berlin wall 1961 – 1989 [ video clips ] | publisher = german world | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate
522266850 522515322 2012-11-11 18:59:38 1 days 17:14:36 8453292 0 ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ tt : берлин дивары ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна берлінський мур ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ war :
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 19 [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist [[ ' ' {{ ill | de | elsner | stephan elsner | elsner ]] created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " border injuries " . on one
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 22 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html | language = german | title = neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 | publisher = zlb . de | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . most people believed that the
26 45997 | title = forschungsprojekt " die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989 " : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index .
28 1 | title = chronik der mauer - bau und fall der berliner mauer & # 124 ; opfer der mauer | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a
35 / time / world / article / 0 , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html | newspaper = [[ time ( magazine ) | time ]] | date = 2009 - 04 - 19 | accessdate = 2013 - 05 - 06 }} < / ref > asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it
633040519 633043240 2014-11-09 02:46:03 0 days 00:30:07 10340692 5 : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 – 1990 ) ] * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }}
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 11 / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( of [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took
638716252 639531492 2014-12-25 00:38:22 5 days 23:42:25 16752040 0 [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] {{ link fa | vi }}
641744226 642368255 2015-01-13 22:11:05 4 days 06:12:32 12404882 1 category : walls in germany ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]]
695438983 696790319 2015-12-25 23:10:22 9 days 21:03:18 24426143 0 [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : cold war in popular culture ]]
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 19 = http : / / www . theweek . co . uk / 25027 / did - bowie - bring - down - berlin - wall | publisher = the week ]] | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 15 december 2008 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | title = germany : thank you david
22 au / germany - thanks - david - bowie - for - helping - bring - down - berlin - wall - 2016 - 1 | publisher = business insider australia ]] | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of the wall ,
27 | ansa ]] ' s [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , < ref > {{ cite news | title = berlin wall : was the fall engineered by the gdr ? | author first = stephanie kirchner | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / world / article / 0 , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html
64 / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 – usatoday . com | accessdate = 19 february 2008 | work = usa today | date = 12 june 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ u . s
703417729 703715928 2016-02-07 05:09:15 1 days 17:25:27 204692 3 the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . {{ fact }} [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing the new regulations . however , he
703834686 705263863 2016-02-16 13:42:22 8 days 14:33:37 26830382 0 found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , currently still in its original spot ]] = = = 50th anniversary commemoration = = = on 13 august 2011 , germany marked the 50th anniversary of east germany beginning the erection of the berlin wall . chancellor
705263863 705518521 2016-02-17 23:32:23 1 days 09:50:01 23149456 0 and in public spaces around the world . [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , currently still in its original spot , 2016 ]] = = = 50th anniversary commemoration = = = on 13 august 2011 , germany marked the 50th anniversary of east germany beginning the erection of the berlin wall .
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 1 }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew , and its standard of living steadily improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . {{ fact }} = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main article | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after the soviet occupation of eastern
27 and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . {{ fact }} = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list of deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : east german guard - flickr - the central intelligence
776886357 779016763 2017-05-06 14:40:43 12 days 16:04:21 558022 2 description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at
779016763 779442748 2017-05-08 23:18:55 2 days 08:38:12 19339494 11 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | work = [[ vox ( website ) | vox ]] | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last
13 _ 1 _ berlin - wall | title = crosby , stills and nash sound a positive note at berlin wall | work = los angeles times | date = 1989 - 11 - 21 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of
15 uk _ news / magazine / 3465301 . stm | title = did david hasselhoff really help end the cold war ? | work = bbc news | date = 2004 - 02 - 06 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]]
780019390 781687181 2017-05-22 17:34:23 10 days 04:39:20 8719036 0 ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 2 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] stand - off between us and
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 19 contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the countries — [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in
29 = medic }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]]
783600846 783938874 2017-06-05 15:28:47 2 days 03:32:38 19576814 0 category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : cold war in popular culture ]] [[ category : walls ]]
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 10 duty : black ops ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) = = see also = = {{ columns - list div col | 2 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] ( october 1961
19 ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] ( october 1961 ) *
809997471 810009717 2017-11-12 21:51:49 0 days 01:18:47 96897 1 ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) , by implication ranking the [[ nato ]] countries ( and [[ west germany ]] in particular ) equal to with [[ fascism | fascists ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " , a term coined by mayor [[
816797571 816797805 2017-12-23 19:37:49 0 days 00:02:02 11112747 2 ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) {{ div col end }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = ' ' ' bibliography ' ' ' {{ refbegin | 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis
822396886 822504643 2018-01-26 19:24:33 0 days 15:37:47 5841175 8 id / 593792 | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]]
825811905 825814813 2018-02-15 16:00:22 0 days 00:19:34 5946478 7 = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | url = https : / / scholarship . law . cornell . edu / cgi / viewcontent . cgi ? article = 1391 & context = cilj | journal = | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = p 728 | doi = | access - date = }} < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = =
825818178 825819094 2018-02-15 16:28:37 0 days 00:06:08 5946478 7 and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > [[ history of the berlin s - bahn ]] < / ref > < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list of deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : east german guard - flickr - the central intelligence
825820751 825831503 2018-02-15 17:56:49 0 days 01:16:27 5946478 0 }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew , and its standard of living steadily improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > http : / / www . independent . co . uk / life - style / history / berlin - wall - what - you - need - to - know - about - the - barrier - that - divided - east - and - west - 9847347 . html < / ref > = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main article | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after the soviet occupation of eastern
826039698 826083240 2018-02-17 02:54:25 0 days 05:33:02 4626582 0 in germany ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls in germany ]] [[ category : walls ]]
836314607 837089893 2018-04-18 17:08:36 4 days 16:52:32 10289486 0 [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb |
843144692 843537822 2018-05-29 19:55:32 2 days 14:29:27 30675059 9 of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > {{ citation | last = levine | first = marilyn | title = something to do with the wall | date = 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' '
12 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film ,
854070499 854078225 2018-08-08 20:29:20 0 days 01:04:58 3563616 0 367 }} < / ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by [[ wolfgang engels ]] , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the ' ' [[ nationale volksarmee ]] . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . he was
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1282664 1293677 2003-08-13 05:00:19 0 days 00:13:54 9788 0 = * [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . og org ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities
4242842 4247378 2004-06-23 19:29:07 0 days 00:11:05 0|80.45.179.46 0 ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle
6170903 6272294 2004-09-26 19:54:05 1 days 03:37:52 0|68.127.11.132 0 ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html / personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities .
6698144 6698178 2004-10-19 10:33:42 0 days 11:17:38 0|217.231.158.148 0 / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html / personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
6969433 6969446 2004-10-29 22:52:47 6 days 02:22:45 0|141.156.41.50 0 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin
7264266 7264285 2004-11-09 17:42:17 0 days 16:08:40 129758 1 com / id / 5942091 / ] fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]]
14774041 14774055 2005-06-06 03:18:29 0 days 19:50:57 0|67.163.164.93 0 the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = wtfbbq * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www .
14774055 14805404 2005-06-06 03:18:48 0 days 00:00:19 140548 0 the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = wtfbbq * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www .
18535564 18607525 2005-07-11 16:24:41 1 days 00:15:53 0|81.63.110.106 0 html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
22624244 22650963 2005-09-05 22:13:52 0 days 07:16:01 28107 0 index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : /
22687707 22698966 2005-09-06 14:26:01 0 days 04:33:04 0|213.86.60.3 0 german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / berlin wall photos from 1989 and after ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin
22698966 22741071 2005-09-07 01:48:34 0 days 11:22:33 28107 0 german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / berlin wall photos from 1989 and after ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in
23258905 23281713 2005-09-15 12:45:24 0 days 09:53:00 0|80.43.15.110 0 by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk photos of the berlin wall and after by ian sanders ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle -
23281713 23327917 2005-09-16 06:15:04 0 days 17:29:40 28107 0 by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk photos of the berlin wall and after by ian sanders ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
27964176 28136750 2005-11-12 19:33:42 1 days 21:11:14 0|80.184.142.8 0 : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary
28225109 28230173 2005-11-13 19:37:41 0 days 01:15:15 0|80.43.50.189 0 by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle -
32304897 32884467 2005-12-27 16:05:11 5 days 15:07:17 0|84.190.222.185 0 german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin
32884467 32939747 2005-12-28 01:27:43 0 days 09:22:32 28107 0 and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation
36216676 36359497 2006-01-23 14:19:21 1 days 00:38:59 0|84.190.219.68 0 * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail
40238138 40238670 2006-02-19 04:13:33 0 days 00:05:26 69412 0 net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 15 current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 32 . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] | kennedy , john f . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside
43 from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ web reference | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = "
63086213 63215080 2006-07-11 12:36:14 0 days 18:02:53 0|84.136.20.147 0 of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and
64266709 64277967 2006-07-17 12:53:08 0 days 01:56:02 53117 0 story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die
70719583 70805687 2006-08-20 18:48:42 0 days 12:38:01 0|88.134.153.65 0 [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . ferienwohnung - forum . de berlin holiday appartments ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : /
70805687 70805788 2006-08-20 18:49:13 0 days 00:00:31 1514294 0 [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . ferienwohnung - forum . de berlin holiday appartments ] * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset .
82205348 82210317 2006-10-18 14:07:16 0 days 00:31:24 0|216.164.60.172 0 [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories1 . html / berlin wall portal of the german embassy to the usa ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : /
82210317 82212056 2006-10-18 14:18:33 0 days 00:11:17 21887 1 [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories1 . html / berlin wall portal of the german embassy to the usa ] * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset .
87789653 87939085 2006-11-15 07:06:40 0 days 13:51:13 0|84.58.138.143 0 external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle -
89531736 89532890 2006-11-22 22:11:26 0 days 00:06:31 0|85.178.123.221 0 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
99129270 99129501 2007-01-07 17:51:00 0 days 00:01:21 82835 1 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . february ]] [[ 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the wall was a propaganda disaster
10 < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , ]] [[ 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02
11 > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 -
13 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , ]] [[ 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < /
14 ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref
104916475 104917460 2007-02-01 20:30:42 0 days 00:04:25 911178 0 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall
108457024 108586738 2007-02-16 12:01:39 0 days 13:04:03 0|217.132.143.214 0 and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 photo gallery of commented photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] *
130124523 130124687 2007-05-11 16:53:25 0 days 00:00:42 0|209.184.226.15 0 wallpooalloveryou . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall poo ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs
130124687 130125487 2007-05-11 16:57:06 0 days 00:03:41 2073927 1 wallpooalloveryou . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the poo berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs
134637473 134754471 2007-05-31 06:37:02 0 days 10:49:15 957447 0 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall
147393203 147504639 2007-07-27 18:51:54 0 days 12:58:35 0|85.178.21.141 0 : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] *
1 berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / berlin / checkpointcharlie / index . html virtual e - tour checkpoint charlie ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama -
147504639 147504728 2007-07-27 18:52:19 0 days 00:00:25 0|85.178.21.141 0 * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / berlin / checkpointcharlie / index . html virtual e - tour checkpoint charlie ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : /
149947858 150060455 2007-08-08 21:56:43 0 days 11:55:05 0|88.254.140.54 0 ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall
157815087 157857452 2007-09-14 15:00:03 0 days 05:30:43 0|216.174.135.206 0 berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required hnrequired * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : /
157857452 157857703 2007-09-14 15:01:38 0 days 00:01:35 302522 0 berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player hnrequired required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : /
162446548 162484247 2007-10-05 16:36:59 0 days 03:45:03 0|216.124.56.20 0 [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ htt * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall
1 ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [
2 : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : /
3 * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] *
4 shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama -
162484247 162484765 2007-10-05 16:39:58 0 days 00:02:59 82432 2 = = = * [ htt * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [
4 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall
6 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 (
8 ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ htt * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / /
164032213 164038519 2007-10-12 13:16:17 0 days 00:48:45 0|193.179.31.229 0 ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / /
169297346 169314403 2007-11-05 04:53:11 0 days 01:52:36 0|216.9.20.240 0 / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery
196444310 196608741 2008-03-07 20:45:55 0 days 18:09:28 0|79.0.146.173 0 www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [
225295527 225402367 2008-07-13 14:21:02 0 days 15:14:57 5299643 0 [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin :
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 15 ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = [[ july 5 ]] [[ , 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 -
16 < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = [[ september 8 ]] [[ , 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} <
151 cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 -
153 {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref
233480684 233599076 2008-08-22 19:56:57 0 days 14:22:42 0|198.7.247.188 0 www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [
233718719 233719779 2008-08-23 11:46:32 0 days 00:09:49 7701560 1 = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle -
2 : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : /
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 70 . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [
71 * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www
72 of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ muppetnewsflash * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
73 in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle -
74 index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : /
75 memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] muppetcast * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in
76 * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] com muppetcast ] - podcast * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary
111 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
113 . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www
114 * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
115 of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle -
116 in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : /
117 index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 44 viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] )
46 that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]]
47 http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] ) bot generated title --> ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] )
48 : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] ) * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) name = " autogenerated1 " / * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / patrioticeagle " patrioticeagle " ] ( run by [[ sam the eagle | sam the eagle ]]
49 http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / patrioticeagle " patrioticeagle " ] ( run by [[ sam the eagle | sam the eagle ]] ) early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / weirdowhatever " weirdowhatever " ] ( run by [[ gonzo the great | the great gonzo ]]
62 crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www
65 links guidelines ( search for wp : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet
66 for wp : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash
69 : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [
72 disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 70 . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [
71 * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www
72 of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ muppetnewsflash * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
73 in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle -
74 index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : /
75 memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] muppetcast * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in
76 * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] com muppetcast ] - podcast * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary
111 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
113 . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www
114 * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
115 of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle -
116 in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : /
117 index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 44 viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] )
46 that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]]
47 http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] ) bot generated title --> ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] )
48 : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] ) * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) name = " autogenerated1 " / * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / patrioticeagle " patrioticeagle " ] ( run by [[ sam the eagle | sam the eagle ]]
49 http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / patrioticeagle " patrioticeagle " ] ( run by [[ sam the eagle | sam the eagle ]] ) early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / weirdowhatever " weirdowhatever " ] ( run by [[ gonzo the great | the great gonzo ]]
62 crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www
65 links guidelines ( search for wp : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet
66 for wp : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash
69 : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [
72 disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category
256069695 256069792 2008-12-05 17:07:45 0 days 00:00:38 0|68.72.100.17 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from the beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc
256069792 256070488 2008-12-05 17:11:55 0 days 00:04:10 5177550 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 12 [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories tories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 14 [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - tories personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990
265376259 265376312 2009-01-20 23:05:48 0 days 00:00:14 0|65.31.228.149 9 [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories tories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990
265376312 265376378 2009-01-20 23:06:12 0 days 00:00:24 118722 11 [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - tories personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990
271925346 272012260 2009-02-20 06:03:12 0 days 08:13:00 0|84.177.182.215 0 shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . forum - ddr - grenze . de / questions and answers about the east german border and berlin wall ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities
272012260 272012445 2009-02-20 06:05:04 0 days 00:01:52 911178 0 shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . forum - ddr - grenze . de / questions and answers about the east german border and berlin wall ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] *
274163078 274232751 2009-03-01 20:42:47 0 days 04:49:33 0|71.238.71.152 0 / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall
274698765 274919699 2009-03-04 13:11:24 0 days 21:51:05 0|143.252.80.100 0 of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle -
276265321 276265514 2009-03-10 13:29:47 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.74.69.103 2 killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]]
276265514 276265541 2009-03-10 13:29:58 0 days 00:00:11 634828 14 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]]
281090935 281109932 2009-04-01 17:12:18 0 days 01:48:07 9358984 2 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html ] freedom without walls : german mission in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
282781427 282782058 2009-04-09 15:17:12 0 days 00:03:13 9418822 1 http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990
288559693 289216105 2009-05-11 08:19:01 3 days 10:15:02 9611157 0 timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] official website berlin . de * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www
300713021 300962838 2009-07-08 10:00:17 1 days 08:10:31 10069869 0 . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / cyber - city berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , mixed reality installation after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall
312604952 312612312 2009-09-08 16:29:46 0 days 00:47:21 10069869 4 cyber - city berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , mixed reality installation after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 7 bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & w . * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery
9 strauss ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 5 is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " . < ref name = " bbcsept2007 " > {{ cite web news | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc
16 * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [
320975384 320978520 2009-10-20 10:32:07 0 days 00:34:15 3058538 2 2007 [[ black - and - white | b & w ]] photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery
4 net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [
5 [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / {{ it icon }} borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} 2007 [[ black - and - white | b & w ]] photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities
321246464 321349222 2009-10-22 08:51:11 0 days 13:33:22 332841 0 memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in
321400884 321435832 2009-10-22 19:30:08 0 days 03:25:18 2740078 0 / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on guardian video series on the berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 36 , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf
324012977 324105756 2009-11-05 16:38:29 0 days 14:11:38 0|77.1.32.123 0 _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . wallofberlin . com ] " virtual berlin wall " - website linked to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . pictures can be uploaded on a chose region of the wall for a fee ( in english ) * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original
324297643 324361293 2009-11-06 22:46:16 0 days 06:16:54 0|38.107.109.130 0 . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = owqstzgkbiy ] how the wall worked . 3d virtual realization * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : /
324361439 324362083 2009-11-06 22:51:28 0 days 00:04:14 6163802 0 . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = owqstzgkbiy how the wall worked . ] 3d virtual realization * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british
324827563 324827614 2009-11-09 12:14:04 0 days 00:00:34 0|92.27.168.55 0 uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . archive . org / download / fallofberlinwall / heikoonfallofberlinwall . mp3 ] a unique documentary radio show on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans modrow * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus /
324827738 324827897 2009-11-09 12:17:11 0 days 00:01:42 0|92.27.168.55 2 heikoonfallofberlinwall . mp3 a unique documentary radio show ] on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans modrow [[ resonance fm ]] * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba
324833874 324833939 2009-11-09 13:14:18 0 days 00:00:34 545027 3 uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . archive . org / download / speakerscornershows2009 / 6nov2009speakerscorner . mp3 a unique documentary radio show ] on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans modrow [[ resonance fm ]] * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba
324838628 324838831 2009-11-09 13:54:45 0 days 00:01:28 0|213.64.19.23 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html ] deutsche welle , the berlin wall in detail , animeted video ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video
324932966 324937840 2009-11-09 23:32:03 0 days 00:24:17 16710 15 to stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " / > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11 " > {{ cite web news | url = http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain
16 than [[ adolf hitler ]] ever had and that europe would have to bear the consequences . < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 10 " > {{ cite web news | url = http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / world / europe / article6828556 . ece | title = united germany
325413116 325413366 2009-11-12 10:06:37 0 days 00:02:38 8023653 9 / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 ] * the two red flags : european social democracy & soviet communism since 1945 , routledge , 2000 . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp / title ~ db = all ~ content = t732627883 ] * germany in the twentieth century ,
327805035 327838324 2009-11-25 10:01:14 0 days 05:27:30 0|195.37.189.30 0 ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ https : / / www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in time 1989 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and photos of the time of the fall of the berlin wall and the german reunification , mostly licenced under cc * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de
328159849 328160753 2009-11-27 05:32:21 0 days 00:07:53 11108349 0 : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / boondilexicon . blogspot . com / 2009 / 11 / berlin - wall - dr - ruwan - m - jayatunge . html an essay on berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp
328160753 328161039 2009-11-27 05:34:53 0 days 00:02:32 1623918 0 : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / boondilexicon . blogspot . com / 2009 / 11 / berlin - wall - dr - ruwan - m - jayatunge . html an essay on berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com /
333200585 333200951 2009-12-22 05:35:55 0 days 00:03:09 96897 0 betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [ [[ junkers ] [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / junker ] , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass
341696550 341779103 2010-02-03 23:22:21 0 days 07:40:25 0|77.1.40.125 0 _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . wallofberlin . com " virtual berlin wall " ] - website linked to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . pictures can be uploaded on a chose region of the wall for a fee ( in english ) * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
346776955 346946452 2010-02-28 20:32:14 0 days 20:44:54 11808820 0 [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . petervannugteren . com / berlin . html photoimpression berlin wall 1976 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery *
348149601 348215111 2010-03-07 01:32:51 0 days 06:31:24 145394 0 [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . petervannugteren . com / berlin . html photoimpression berlin wall 1976 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / photogallery . htm gallery at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / /
350071952 350105223 2010-03-15 23:50:50 0 days 03:09:30 0|98.17.93.7 0 . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = fuck you big time * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british
350105436 350105530 2010-03-15 23:52:50 0 days 00:00:41 1738583 1 . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = fuck you big time * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 72 _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
73 website berlin . de * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german and englisch ) * [ http
74 der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german and englisch ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
75 - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary
78 past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin
357897333 358424098 2010-04-26 15:38:35 2 days 18:36:26 10996774 1 | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite web news | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm |
363608452 363705343 2010-05-23 11:12:36 0 days 14:31:37 0|121.236.152.86 1 mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http :
363705343 363705709 2010-05-23 11:15:24 0 days 00:02:48 7007500 1 mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http :
369426506 369704750 2010-06-23 08:49:43 1 days 12:15:03 5812172 0 . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002 / the - berlin - wall - rise - and - fall the berlin wall : rise and fall ] - slideshow by ' ' [[ life magazine ]] ' ' * [ https : / / www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in time 1989 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and
381576652 383513705 2010-09-07 20:13:40 9 days 21:55:10 1219174 4 / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [
385938027 386053284 2010-09-21 05:51:05 0 days 13:01:45 5812172 0 ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ http : / / www . thefirstpost . co . uk / 55774 , in - pictures , news - in - pictures , in - pictures - photographs - the - berlin - wall - my - part - in - its - fall - by - roland - pietsch - germany fall of the wall : my school trip ] - slideshow by ' ' [[ the first post ]] ' ' * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : /
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 24 icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ de icon }} [ http : / /
27 galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] *
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 4 western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , – time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title
96 wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb /
140 . < ref > {{ cite news | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02
142 " . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive .
145 and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = november 5 , 2009 | url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate
152 http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube ]] * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website .
445112728 445115677 2011-08-16 07:52:17 0 days 00:31:24 6971250 3 but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp
474175877 476209082 2012-02-11 00:44:21 10 days 16:49:11 10996774 1 and confided that she wanted the soviet leader to do what he could to stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite web news | url = http : / / www . hindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded
10 once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom , ” proclaimed president wulff . " < ref > {{ cite web news | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe / germany / 8699626 / germany - marks - 50th -
14 publisher = history . com | date = 2011 - 08 - 11 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web news | url = http : / / www . germanworldonline . com / index . php / 50 - years - berlin - wall - 1961 - 1989 / | title
15 | title = germany marks 50th anniversary of berlin wall | publisher = uk telegraph | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . foxnews . com / world / 2011 / 08 / 13 / germany - marks - construction - berlin - wall -
478048968 479597706 2012-03-01 04:49:52 8 days 18:24:43 508734 1 and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , 20 nov . november 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title
490948661 492197810 2012-05-12 13:18:30 6 days 05:07:09 14216826 9 the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , 9780850582451 isbn 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt
499130826 499137099 2012-06-24 14:03:31 0 days 00:57:51 4905985 1 east german mark | ddm ]] 16 , 155 , 000 or about us $ 3 , 638 , 000 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko | last = burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall
560698146 560703430 2013-06-20 04:11:03 0 days 01:09:43 1108424 2 process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com " > {{ cite web unreferenced section | url = http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate
560704004 561644568 2013-06-26 09:25:41 6 days 05:07:04 15628412 0 ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ http : / / www . shapell . org / manuscript . aspx ? president - ronald - reagan - pictured - at - the - berlin - wall - during - tear - down - this - wall - speech ronald reagan at the berlin wall : tear down this wall ] shapell manuscript foundation * [ http : / / www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in time 1989 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and
602473473 602872991 2014-04-05 15:12:03 2 days 17:59:28 88026 0 bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ] * {{ * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on
4 as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * {{ wayback | date = * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / web . archive
8 / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 – 1990 ] * {{ * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall
15 www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com / allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] *
18 / web / 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . berlin1969 . com / " berlin 1969 " includes links to other sources . ] * [ http : / / www .
632911058 632912474 2014-11-08 03:39:03 0 days 00:20:38 10340692 0 uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba - ac3c - d7af - 5b98808a1ebd6b9e the cwihp collection on the rise and fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus /
1 . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] official website berlin . de * {{ de
4 [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com / allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * {{ wayback | date = 20060219134229 | url
6 berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] * [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http
7 . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www
8 died ' trying to flee east germany ] . [[ the daily telegraph ]] , 13 august 2003 . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002 / the - berlin - wall - rise - and - fall the berlin wall : rise and fall ] – slideshow by ' ' [[ life magazine ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british
9 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and photos of the time of the fall of the berlin wall and the german reunification , mostly licenced under cc * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de
10 / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] *
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 4 guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] for further details | --> * [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _
5 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video
9 - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / - a * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
14 one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] *
23 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ external links | date = november 2014 }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _
24 2014 }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html explore the former inner german border with dw ' s animated video ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video
26 guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus /
29 / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall – official homepage * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
33 . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ youtube | o2grqp7k0iy | escape from
35 * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ youtube | o2grqp7k0iy | escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin }} * {{ wayback | date = 20060219134229 | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html | title = jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection }} * [ http : / / www . berlin1969 . com / " berlin 1969 " includes links to other sources . ] * [ http : / / www .
39 index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] *
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 28 ' s [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , < ref > {{ cite news | title = berlin wall : was the fall engineered by the gdr ? | author = stephanie | last = kirchner | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / world / article / 0 , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html | newspaper
63 among # heroes . thank you for helping to bring down the # wall . " < ref > {{ cite web | title = good - bye , david bowie . | url = https : / / twitter . com / germanydiplo / status / 686498183669743616 | publisher = german foreign office | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date =
706975021 707177225 2016-02-27 07:39:45 0 days 22:24:26 16283967 12 rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 | date = 20120907214853 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall /
714997403 722498372 2016-05-28 14:48:32 45 days 12:07:39 27823944 2 = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 | deadurl = yes may 2016 | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110920132624 / http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst .
734284492 734407317 2016-08-14 03:25:55 0 days 18:58:58 4977632 2 [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] – official website for the state capital of berlin . de / mauer / en / }} * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] * [ http : / / www . chronik
5 ] – official website for the state capital of berlin * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] | publisher = berlin wall foundation }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
10 : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] – a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic | publisher = deutschlandradio }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk
17 [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg * {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britishpathe . com / search / query / ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] – a chronicle of the berlin wall history * {{ nyt topic
18 / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] + wall | title = berlin wall ( newsreel archives ) | publisher = [[ british pathe * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] – a chronicle of the berlin wall history * {{ nyt topic |
735821858 736676388 2016-08-29 03:36:10 5 days 18:00:42 27823944 2 first1 = sven felix | last1 = kellerhof | first2 = alan | last2 = posener | year = 2007 | work = [[ die welt ]] online | deadurl = yes august 2016 | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 /
749499810 750161040 2016-11-18 03:30:42 3 days 09:52:21 27823944 0 ref > [ http : / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 rsf . org ] {{ wayback webarchive | url = http : / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 | date = 20091108121553 }}
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 4 that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | title = berlin wall : five things you might not know | date = 12 august 2011 | publisher = ' ' [[ telegraph media group | the telegraph ]] ' ' | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{
787359385 787408974 2017-06-25 06:54:21 0 days 07:37:56 31190988 1 a memorial in 1999 . other isolated fragments , lampposts , other elements , and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . < ref > {{ cite web | title = memorial landscape : berlin wall webarchiv | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref
810071958 810072027 2017-11-13 05:36:43 0 days 00:00:33 19339494 9 < ref > {{ citation | last = gélin | first = daniel | title = the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall | date = 1965 - 07 - 15 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / combined | last2 = varela | last3 = arco | last4 = block |
group 39
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341350743 341570583 2010-02-02 22:54:36 1 days 01:11:28 0|24.32.209.152 0 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - the b erlin wall was stupid | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[
341570583 341570758 2010-02-02 22:55:29 0 days 00:00:53 9674144 0 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - the b erlin wall was stupid | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[
341570758 341570921 2010-02-02 22:56:23 0 days 00:00:54 0|24.32.209.152 0 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - the berlin wall was gay | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[
341570921 341571052 2010-02-02 22:56:59 0 days 00:00:36 11441278 0 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - the berlin wall was gay | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[
398244809 398275575 2010-11-22 17:08:51 0 days 03:12:44 0|217.86.65.6 5 | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to
398275575 398275606 2010-11-22 17:09:04 0 days 00:00:13 13286072 1 image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone ( wow that is a vey cool lamb . ) in germany
444182652 444482392 2011-08-12 18:46:58 1 days 16:17:34 2989394 6 . [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980 ' s
456253435 456255233 2011-10-18 21:44:29 0 days 00:12:40 5177550 0 thousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " file : berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 plaque . jpg | a " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file
504102528 505248510 2012-08-01 12:00:15 6 days 23:47:00 17222084 7 . [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s ]] four
510912533 511602144 2012-09-09 22:17:03 4 days 09:01:45 595371 0 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 1 file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | 250px | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . . ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | 250px | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s
534983192 538062628 2013-02-13 16:08:19 18 days 02:16:50 12799911 0 such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) . ]] the berlin
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 0 remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 9 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking through [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall in the days before it was torn down . ]] [[ file :
6 visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ file : berlin wall 1990 . file : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | almost all of the remaining sections were rapidly chipped away . december 1990 file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | upright | west germans curiously peer at
16 ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] [[ file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | thumb | upright | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer ,
27 it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | upright | west germans curiously peer at
574661815 574662020 2013-09-26 21:55:58 0 days 00:02:01 16715243 0 ein berliner " and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | ich bin ein berliner | tear down this wall ! }} {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( " i am a berliner " ) speech ( audio ) | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous
575031930 575032069 2013-09-29 18:29:29 0 days 00:01:23 1108424 0 jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . photos by george garrigues . 1984 ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb |
575032069 575047845 2013-09-29 20:48:17 0 days 02:18:48 1108424 3 jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . photos by george garrigues . 1984 ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb |
594610725 595829165 2014-02-17 04:45:39 8 days 01:48:57 182902 0 in foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 . photos by george garrigues ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb |
600160165 601584324 2014-03-28 00:27:17 9 days 10:05:54 18779361 2 brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | east german [[ combat groups of the working class ]] close the border on 13 august 1961 in preparation of the berlin wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 . ]] on
4 a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) . ]] the
623786249 623812316 2014-09-02 05:04:56 0 days 04:37:28 204692 0 brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | east german [[ combat groups of the working class ]] close the border on 13 august 1961 in preparation of the berlin wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 ]] on 15
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 2 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the berlin wall , as seen from the [[ axel springer ag ]] building , 1984 . ]] [[ file : berlin wall death strip , 1977 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ czech
3 in foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 . ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position
5 a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin
16 jpg | at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | juggling on the wall on 16 november 1989 . file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > another border crossing to the south may have been
22 wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 file : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | almost all of the remaining sections were rapidly chipped away . december 1990 . file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | west germans peer at east german border guards through
820361257 820363656 2018-01-14 08:40:17 0 days 00:14:39 11104969 3 | at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 . file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | juggling on the wall on 16 november 1989 . file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) . file : berlin 1989 , fall der mauer , chute du mur
851685920 851852657 2018-07-25 01:13:29 1 days 02:16:37 558022 0 . doi . org / 10 . 1017 / chol9780521837200 | doi = 10 . 1017 / chol9780521837200 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : aerial view of divided berlin . webm | thumb | right | 200px | aerial footage of the wall as filmed by the [[ cia ]] in 1961 ]] [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | east german [[ combat groups of the
group 40
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74442611 74981139 2006-09-10 21:59:14 2 days 20:41:41 63530 0 fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267364 0471267368 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title =
89532890 89582444 2006-11-23 03:25:22 0 days 05:13:56 433328 0 fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267368 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title =
325413366 325413509 2009-11-12 10:08:14 0 days 00:01:37 8023653 2 * germany in the twentieth century , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition , 1991 . isbn 0 713467959 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? , [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the
376102866 376154207 2010-07-29 21:06:22 0 days 05:43:39 9540157 1 citation | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 | ref = harv | postscript = | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin
7 = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 | ref = harv | postscript = * {{ citation | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961
9 | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ citation | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis |
11 last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 | ref = harv | postscript = }} }} * {{ citation | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education |
13 the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 | ref = harv | postscript = | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }}
20 loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ citation | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher =
24 title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 | ref = harv | postscript = | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european
28 | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 | ref = harv | postscript = | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year
32 | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ citation | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the
34 photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ citation | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press
36 | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ citation | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year =
38 last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 -
39 citation | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ citation | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall
44 = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ citation | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press |
46 | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ citation | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press
48 last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} * {{ citation | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 16 first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 0714654086 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 3 book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 | pages | language = {{ de icon }} | publisher = welt . de | date = 2009 - 05 - 30 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} = 247 }} < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang |
24 book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 | pages page = 394 }} < / ref > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = [[ file : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb |
490948661 492197810 2012-05-12 13:18:30 6 days 05:07:09 14216826 3 title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | year = 2009 | isbn = 0375425322 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then .
4 cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 90 - 5589 - 095 - 2 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first
6 / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn 9780582315693 , isbn 0582315697 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin
10 first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 – 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 0714654086 0 - 7146 - 5408 - 6 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary
11 dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 0 - 300 - 04498 - 4 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war :
12 | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 1 - 59420 - 062 - 9 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up
13 driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 0 - 691 - 09678 - 3 | ref = harv }} * {{ cite journal | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and
14 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 0 - 19 - 829716 - 5 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite journal | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin '
15 | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 – 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 0 - 89096 - 967 - 1 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite journal | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come
16 book | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 0 - 312 - 17407 - 1 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite journal | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title
17 of a lost border . ( die berliner mauer . spuren einer verschwundenen grenze ) | publisher = be . bra verlag , berlin | year = 2011 | isbn = 9783814801858 978 - 3 - 8148 - 0185 - 8 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 – 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 *
18 book | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 0 - 313 - 32814 - 5 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos )
19 ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 3 - 87584 - 695 - 8 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since
20 turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war
21 | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser
group 41
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42382313 42452944 2006-03-06 08:48:18 0 days 12:18:52 0|210.186.42.27 0 on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . he predicted that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference ; when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually knocked it down . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ( english band ) | the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution because it was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
42452944 42452968 2006-03-06 08:48:44 0 days 00:00:26 212671 0 on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . he predicted that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference ; when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually knocked it down . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ( english band ) | the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution because it was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
44080269 44113664 2006-03-16 21:53:42 0 days 04:06:55 1095569 0 was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . in 1990 the u . s . congress failed to pass the defense budget forcing many government defense contracting companies to lay off thousands of workers . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
44622748 44682288 2006-03-20 17:08:54 0 days 10:47:27 0|67.110.222.148 0 was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . in 1990 the u . s . congress failed to pass the defense budget forcing many government defense contracting companies to lay off thousands of workers . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
44769958 44770116 2006-03-21 04:57:37 0 days 00:01:58 0|68.154.38.227 0 was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
44770337 44770428 2006-03-21 05:00:41 0 days 00:00:58 410083 1 was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
52529239 52529711 2006-05-10 18:44:12 0 days 00:03:09 0|209.7.107.26 0 was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . ed geins hot as hell = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
52529711 52530486 2006-05-10 18:48:55 0 days 00:04:43 145855 0 was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . ed geins hot as hell = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
64831086 64853167 2006-07-20 14:11:37 0 days 03:09:49 0|212.135.1.185 0 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . this was a dramatic story and for all of yous lot that put that wall up die die die = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
64853167 64854802 2006-07-20 14:22:28 0 days 00:10:51 157842 0 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . this was a dramatic story and for all of yous lot that put that wall up die die die = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
84732751 84973950 2006-11-01 04:03:49 1 days 03:47:27 2628196 0 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . over 3millon people comited oral sex = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
84974428 84974601 2006-11-01 04:08:49 0 days 00:01:21 416594 1 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . over 3millon people comited oral sex = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
86761110 86761963 2006-11-09 18:30:53 0 days 00:04:37 0|206.158.3.70 0 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . trying to escape berlin is really hard believe me i tried it and like i got shot so many times it wasn ' t even funny . luckly my flesh is like metal and the bullets bounced off me . this is why you shouldnt try to escape from germany . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
86761963 86762343 2006-11-09 18:32:46 0 days 00:01:53 441020 2 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . trying to escape berlin is really hard believe me i tried it and like i got shot so many times it wasn ' t even funny . luckly my flesh is like metal and the bullets bounced off me . this is why you shouldnt try to escape from germany . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
87694767 87777029 2006-11-14 16:01:29 0 days 11:33:26 0|63.253.45.100 0 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . this one time nick g ollied the berlin wall to freedom ' cause he was black , and he was wearing 30 pairs of pants ' cause he likes chewbacca = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
87781196 87781220 2006-11-14 16:26:49 0 days 00:00:10 1008387 0 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . this one time nick g ollied the berlin wall to freedom ' cause he was black , and he was wearing 30 pairs of pants ' cause he likes chewbacca = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
100114596 100116552 2007-01-12 00:32:15 0 days 00:10:08 0|64.228.195.105 0 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . eeee wreck shuns ! ! ! ! = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left
100116552 100119758 2007-01-12 00:48:43 0 days 00:16:28 1365356 0 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . eeee wreck shuns ! ! ! ! = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left
109820921 109895954 2007-02-21 20:45:54 0 days 05:45:40 0|70.147.157.133 0 berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . hi = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263
109895954 109896077 2007-02-21 20:46:27 0 days 00:00:33 2655685 0 berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] hi the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263
116345998 116369124 2007-03-19 22:04:39 0 days 01:34:09 0|69.134.230.173 0 opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . the german legislature then voted to move their capital from bonn to berlin . the transfer is said to take 10 years ! = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263
116486220 116509549 2007-03-20 12:18:22 0 days 03:23:27 351312 2 opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . the german legislature then voted to move their capital from bonn to berlin . the transfer is said to take 10 years ! = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263
127284977 127423646 2007-05-01 14:26:01 0 days 14:27:40 0|74.62.85.206 0 opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . bye = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263
127423646 127423687 2007-05-01 14:26:09 0 days 00:00:08 241822 0 opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . bye = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263
128044281 128044362 2007-05-03 20:32:41 0 days 00:00:17 0|69.125.136.170 1 morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263
128044362 128044374 2007-05-03 20:32:44 0 days 00:00:03 1614547 13 = layout and modifications = = i dont no why he just didnt ask the sarge about that one stipud idoits = = official crossings and usage = = berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263
150821296 150831974 2007-08-12 21:22:59 0 days 01:07:43 0|83.31.88.33 1 right | 200px | piece of the wall that has now been relocated to [[ chapman university | chapman university ' s ]] campus . shown illuminated at night . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 76 of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . see also : [[ schicksalstag ]] . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly
191453321 191453395 2008-02-14 17:26:01 0 days 00:00:22 0|70.118.101.154 0 layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | 250px | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | 265px | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 150px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - west side graffiti ; " eventually every wall falls " . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 200px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] [[ image : rostropovich _ at _ the _ wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . sam rules = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away
191453395 191453407 2008-02-14 17:26:07 0 days 00:00:06 4928500 0 layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . sam rules = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | 250px | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | 265px | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 150px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - west side graffiti ; " eventually every wall falls " . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 200px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] [[ image : rostropovich _ at _ the _ wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away
191583995 191709609 2008-02-15 20:07:18 0 days 15:08:49 0|207.160.105.110 2 naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away
191709609 191709855 2008-02-15 20:08:39 0 days 00:01:21 4430968 2 wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . brendon urie is the hottestmanontheplanet . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away
193766290 193777843 2008-02-24 21:25:31 0 days 00:51:48 0|64.93.160.189 0 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . dear spencer , you are a bitch ! the wall came down on nov . 9th ! love , jonny = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly
193777843 193777881 2008-02-24 21:25:41 0 days 00:00:10 851336 0 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . dear spencer , you are a bitch ! the wall came down on nov . 9th ! love , jonny = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly
193777881 193778312 2008-02-24 21:27:27 0 days 00:01:46 0|64.93.160.189 0 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . dear spencer , you are a bitch . the wall came on nov . 9th silly . love , jonny . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly
193778312 193778475 2008-02-24 21:27:59 0 days 00:00:32 2372780 0 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . dear spencer , you are a bitch . the wall came on nov . 9th silly . love , jonny . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly
240441737 240527783 2008-09-23 20:55:28 0 days 06:51:15 0|142.167.51.128 0 that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . hey peoples = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away
240527783 240527995 2008-09-23 20:56:17 0 days 00:00:49 0|142.167.51.128 0 that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . hey peoples = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away
248088801 248089272 2008-10-27 23:49:55 0 days 00:02:21 0|69.131.98.104 0 that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . - - [[ special : contributions / 69 . 131 . 98 . 104 | 69 . 131 . 98 . 104 ]] ( [[ user talk : 69 . 131 . 98 . 104 | talk ]] ) 23 : 49 , 27 october 2008 ( utc ) = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away
248638203 248638514 2008-10-30 16:21:48 0 days 00:01:36 352579 1 that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . - - [[ special : contributions / 69 . 131 . 98 . 104 | 69 . 131 . 98 . 104 ]] ( [[ user talk : 69 . 131 . 98 . 104 | talk ]] ) 23 : 49 , 27 october 2008 ( utc ) = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away
266949918 267068772 2009-01-28 22:44:29 0 days 10:45:43 0|99.228.71.49 2 union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving ' sign at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some {{ who }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
267068772 267068810 2009-01-28 22:44:37 0 days 00:00:08 4928500 2 victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] the berlin wall is bullshit . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving ' sign at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some {{ who }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
274348982 274375997 2009-03-02 08:21:46 0 days 03:23:51 0|84.175.184.115 0 that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . david hasselhoff destroyed the wall in berlin with the song " ive been looking for freedom " . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
274375997 274455448 2009-03-02 16:24:37 0 days 08:02:51 96897 0 that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . david hasselhoff destroyed the wall in berlin with the song " ive been looking for freedom " . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
281323676 281352826 2009-04-02 19:54:58 0 days 02:38:01 0|149.169.138.39 0 was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
282662590 282781427 2009-04-09 15:13:59 0 days 15:06:29 9418822 0 the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 . . {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9th , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign is focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and students at over 20 universities will participate in " freedom without walls " events in the fall of 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | title = freedom without walls | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
299536269 299551518 2009-06-30 18:30:07 0 days 01:29:17 0|171.66.240.162 0 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for the 20th anniversary is one of many efforts created for the 20th anniversary from individuals around the world = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
299551518 299552541 2009-06-30 18:36:20 0 days 00:06:13 0|171.66.240.162 3 . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for the 20th anniversary is one of many efforts created for the 20th anniversary from individuals around the world . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
299552541 299564195 2009-06-30 19:41:06 0 days 01:04:46 3308922 0 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin is a multimedia dance performance which is to be performed onsite , via the web and in different theaters . this is one of many efforts created for the 20th anniversary since the fall of the wall from individuals around the world . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
303065140 303113265 2009-07-20 11:09:31 0 days 07:33:40 0|195.127.17.245 0 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise " – journey of the wall takes place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks are being sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
324767695 324769101 2009-11-09 02:50:30 0 days 00:09:18 444985 2 / enindex . htm the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
324815547 324817567 2009-11-09 10:24:49 0 days 00:21:31 6971250 0 htm the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut ] < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity has reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in virtual berlin . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . twinity . com / en / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 09 - 11 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
324847851 324850374 2009-11-09 15:19:52 0 days 00:17:07 0|216.135.54.194 0 / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the european music awards , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed on the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006
324997478 324997562 2009-11-10 05:49:56 0 days 00:00:52 444985 0 tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . palestinians in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , west bank pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006
324998283 325010242 2009-11-10 08:03:46 0 days 02:06:43 6971250 1 tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . palestinians in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , west bank pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006
325010353 325011446 2009-11-10 08:17:19 0 days 00:12:16 67221 1 tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . palestinians in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , west bank pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] , in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006
340925610 340953371 2010-01-30 19:58:23 0 days 02:54:51 0|71.94.226.60 0 . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html ] < / ref > i like spray cheese = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006
340953371 340953570 2010-01-30 19:59:48 0 days 00:01:25 5026668 0 . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html ] < / ref > i like spray cheese = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006
371187573 371284385 2010-07-01 23:11:03 0 days 11:31:26 6053249 0 > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > the international spy museum in washington dc hosted a trabant car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . rides were raffled every half hour and a trabant crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006
373492661 374861638 2010-07-22 14:54:33 7 days 19:35:53 0|76.248.68.144 4 and a trabant crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse . the allied museum in the [[ dahlem ( berlin ) | dahlem ]] district of berlin hosted a number of events to mark the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the museum held a special exhibition entitled " wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 - 1990 " which focused on the daily patrols deployed by the western powers to observe the situation along the berlin wall and the fortifications on the [[ east germany | gdr ]] [[ inner german border | border ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . alliiertenmuseum . de / en / 4 _ 2 . php ? year = & activity _ id = 214 ] < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp | cinderella stamps ]] designed by t . h . e . hill , the author of [[ voices under berlin : the tale of a monterey mary ( novel ) | voices under berlin ]] , was presented to the museum by david guerra , berlin veteran and webmaster of the site [[ berlin brigade | www . berlinbrigade . com ]] . the stamps splendidly illustrate that even twenty years on , veterans of service in berlin still regard their service there as one of the high points of their lives . < ref > [ http : / / www . alliiertenmuseum . de / en / 4 _ 3 . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006
404839330 404940629 2010-12-30 05:00:56 0 days 11:51:01 0|71.239.240.2 0 = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > in celebration of the 20th anniversary , internationally renown [[ choreographer ]] [ http : / / www . ny2dance . com nejla yatkin ] created [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = zz - 7zgxn7su wallstories ] co - commissioned by the [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / us / ney / enindex . htm goethe institut ny ] in [[ new york ]] . wallstories is part of the [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com berlin wall project ] and it premiered at the [[ john f . kennedy center for the performing arts ]] in [[ washington , dc ]] in 2009 to positive reviews in [[ the washington post ]] . the berlin wall project is a triptych movement project : manifesting on the stage - wallstories , on the screen - [ http : / / www . hulu . com / watch / 174408 / dance - on - camera - the - wall the wall ] , and on the streets - [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / 2009 / 11 / 11 / arts / dance / 11berlin . html ? _ r = 1 & ref = berlinwall dancing with the berlin wall ] . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east
404941337 404942015 2010-12-30 05:12:19 0 days 00:05:38 262550 0 = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > in celebration of the 20th anniversary , internationally renown [[ choreographer ]] [ http : / / www . ny2dance . com nejla yatkin ] created [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = zz - 7zgxn7su wallstories ] co - commissioned by the [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / us / ney / enindex . htm goethe institut ny ] in [[ new york ]] . wallstories is part of the [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com berlin wall project ] and it premiered at the [[ john f . kennedy center for the performing arts ]] in [[ washington , dc ]] in 2009 to positive reviews in [[ the washington post ]] . the berlin wall project is a triptych movement project : manifesting on the stage - wallstories , on the screen - [ http : / / www . hulu . com / watch / 174408 / dance - on - camera - the - wall the wall ] , and on the streets - [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / 2009 / 11 / 11 / arts / dance / 11berlin . html ? _ r = 1 & ref = berlinwall dancing with the berlin wall ] [[ ( new york times ) ]] . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east
411101265 411101859 2011-01-31 04:35:01 0 days 00:04:07 11086114 0 = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > geordie huband took down the berlin wall = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east
411101859 411101883 2011-01-31 04:35:13 0 days 00:00:12 13286072 0 = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > geordie huband took down the berlin wall = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east
411101883 411532543 2011-02-02 06:42:03 2 days 02:06:50 13916463 0 = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > < gallery > file : monument _ 46 . jpg | the secret denkmal - the first of twelve stones file : monument _ 41 . jpg | the secret denkmal - one of twelve stones < / gallery > at the time of the celebrations in 2009 , a monument was found in the area of berlin known as " no - man ' s land " - between what used to be east and west berlin . on bernauer street a dozen low - relief carved stones forming a circle around a tree were found by citizens of the mitte neighborhood . the stones included silhouettes of ak - 47s , a soldier with gun , bombs , and text in english about the " present and future " wars . the monument , coined the secret denkmal - using the german word for monument - was reported about by [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , , 5217452 , 00 . html deutsche welle ] . in early 2010 , a small group of concerned citizens [ http : / / timpinault . com / denkmal / viewer . swf moved the secret denkmal ] to another near - by open space , as the site where it lay was planned for demolition . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east
411532543 411538405 2011-02-02 07:46:52 0 days 01:04:49 5338638 0 = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > < gallery > file : monument _ 46 . jpg | the secret denkmal - the first of twelve stones file : monument _ 41 . jpg | the secret denkmal - one of twelve stones < / gallery > at the time of the celebrations in 2009 , a monument was found in the area of berlin known as " no - man ' s land " - between what used to be east and west berlin . on bernauer street a dozen low - relief carved stones forming a circle around a tree were found by citizens of the mitte neighborhood . the stones included silhouettes of ak - 47s , a soldier with gun , bombs , and text in english about the " present and future " wars . the monument , coined the secret denkmal - using the german word for monument - was reported about by [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , , 5217452 , 00 . html deutsche welle ] . in early 2010 , a small group of concerned citizens [ http : / / timpinault . com / denkmal / viewer . swf moved the secret denkmal ] to another near - by open space , as the site where it lay was planned for demolition . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east
418362289 418686051 2011-03-13 22:31:56 2 days 00:29:16 8436524 0 = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = = media reaction = = = [[ the sun ( united kingdom newspaper ) | the sun ]] newspaper , a [[ united kingdom ]] tabloid , printed the front page headline " it ' s wall over " on 10 november 1989 , to celebrate the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / sunheadlines . blogspot . com / search / label / classics ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east
418686051 418752147 2011-03-14 08:53:40 0 days 10:21:44 6971250 0 = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = = media reaction = = = [[ the sun ( united kingdom newspaper ) | the sun ]] newspaper , a [[ united kingdom ]] tabloid , printed the front page headline " it ' s wall over " on 10 november 1989 , to celebrate the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / sunheadlines . blogspot . com / search / label / classics ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east
811348758 812015131 2017-11-25 12:29:54 4 days 10:34:38 11193263 0 | accessdate = 23 july 2010 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > [[ file : locks at wall | thumb ]] = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin wall ( 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]]
815651106 815681621 2017-12-16 10:48:36 0 days 05:57:06 506179 0 . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 | archivedate = 17 july 2011 | df = dmy - all }} [ ] < / ref > [[ file : locks at wall | thumb ]] = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin wall ( 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]]
group 42
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from revision id to revision id timestamp timegap editor
111407534 111409517 2007-02-27 20:49:25 0 days 00:08:33 392473 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
112716989 112935331 2007-03-05 23:53:50 0 days 21:07:59 0|67.177.105.103 1 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . bb , = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
112935331 112936932 2007-03-06 00:00:49 0 days 00:06:59 2198470 1 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . bb , = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
113258777 113258907 2007-03-07 06:13:11 0 days 00:00:57 0|67.160.16.40 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . wow , i can totally edit a wikipedia page and i ' m not even out of high school . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
113259425 113273294 2007-03-07 08:22:40 0 days 02:05:56 302522 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . wow , i can totally edit a wikipedia page and i ' m not even out of high school . no wonder my a . p . history teacher says not to trust wiki . sorry folks , looks like he was right . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
113475444 113475667 2007-03-08 02:25:16 0 days 00:01:08 0|68.18.0.87 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . poopie ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
113476232 113572203 2007-03-08 14:07:14 0 days 11:39:12 0|86.42.210.135 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . the irish won the war germans are gay = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
113572203 113574577 2007-03-08 14:20:12 0 days 00:12:58 802766 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . the irish won the war germans are gay = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
114892766 114905537 2007-03-13 22:03:13 0 days 00:52:03 0|141.149.174.143 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . . . . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
116085597 116190605 2007-03-19 05:27:20 0 days 09:06:28 74131 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . . . . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
118145720 118513932 2007-03-28 13:58:38 1 days 13:13:43 0|209.68.66.24 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . stalin was a fricken poopy head ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
118513932 118513954 2007-03-28 13:58:44 0 days 00:00:06 2198658 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . stalin was a fricken poopy head ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
118513954 118514214 2007-03-28 14:00:14 0 days 00:01:30 0|209.68.66.24 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . also stalin is a big poopy head = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
118514214 118514362 2007-03-28 14:01:04 0 days 00:00:50 3642938 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . also stalin is a big poopy head = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
118514362 118514380 2007-03-28 14:01:11 0 days 00:00:07 0|209.68.66.24 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . [[ media : example . ogg [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
118514380 118514572 2007-03-28 14:02:16 0 days 00:01:05 3642938 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . [[ media : example . ogg [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
123515484 123515983 2007-04-17 13:02:25 0 days 00:02:48 0|24.73.99.18 1 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . the berlin wall is made of pie and potatoes = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
123516548 123517699 2007-04-17 13:11:36 0 days 00:06:03 2875882 1 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . the berlin wall is made of pie and potatoes = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
126272805 126703896 2007-04-28 20:49:15 1 days 20:44:16 0|87.80.228.148 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . he also ate my face = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
126703896 126704053 2007-04-28 20:50:02 0 days 00:00:47 2044206 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . he also ate my face = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
131437579 131487842 2007-05-17 07:21:39 0 days 06:04:28 0|203.11.66.13 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hello = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
131487842 131488336 2007-05-17 07:26:51 0 days 00:05:12 416811 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hello = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
131538704 131539365 2007-05-17 14:06:14 0 days 00:03:50 0|203.109.89.18 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . preetham , a kotak mp , ap degree holder = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
131539365 131539503 2007-05-17 14:07:01 0 days 00:00:47 0|203.109.89.18 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . preetham , a kotak mp , ap degree holder = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
151093276 151142160 2007-08-14 10:07:36 0 days 06:44:26 0|61.68.227.116 0 non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . ' ' ' hwlsoxhcuddgdkaeykkaiaaiufisdaudfuid ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
151142160 151142169 2007-08-14 10:07:45 0 days 00:00:09 1587622 0 non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further ' ' ' hwlsoxhcuddgdkaeykkaiaaiufisdaudfuid ' ' ' exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
157861867 157861881 2007-09-14 15:25:53 0 days 00:00:06 0|216.174.135.206 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . darriens mom is the bomb = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
157863537 157865984 2007-09-14 15:48:40 0 days 00:13:50 302522 2 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . darriens mom is the bomb = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
158734899 158735955 2007-09-18 14:54:47 0 days 00:05:35 0|206.123.212.68 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hi ryan = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
158735955 158738290 2007-09-18 15:07:15 0 days 00:12:28 0|71.205.116.236 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hi ryan = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
160465669 160465952 2007-09-26 13:39:14 0 days 00:01:37 0|170.185.218.19 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . josh = gay = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
160465992 160466233 2007-09-26 13:40:49 0 days 00:01:22 145855 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . josh = gay = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
160533642 160539804 2007-09-26 20:03:06 0 days 00:28:49 0|68.210.32.120 1 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . it bordered south calabama . pokemon was inspired by the berlin wall . and then cheap knock offs were made such as yu - gi - oh ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
161588587 161589253 2007-10-01 16:35:07 0 days 00:03:08 0|142.25.180.48 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . colton was one of hitlers best friends and he killed many jews . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
161592987 161593149 2007-10-01 16:54:19 0 days 00:00:42 5451838 5 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . colton was one of hitlers best friends and he killed many jews . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
162353773 162445284 2007-10-05 12:42:12 0 days 12:55:28 0|65.43.196.18 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hello laaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
162445284 162446548 2007-10-05 12:51:56 0 days 00:09:44 0|71.180.248.13 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hello laaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
163105476 163371605 2007-10-09 17:45:07 1 days 02:32:03 0|82.41.42.114 7 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
163371605 163373226 2007-10-09 17:53:00 0 days 00:07:53 5451838 7 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
166165378 166270401 2007-10-22 13:01:09 0 days 13:13:23 0|63.97.18.35 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . this country blows shit out its ass ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
166270401 166270489 2007-10-22 13:01:37 0 days 00:00:28 5272864 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . this country blows shit out its ass ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
166497071 166497137 2007-10-23 12:34:40 0 days 00:00:32 0|208.108.159.75 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . kai and jamie are sooo hott x100000 = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
166497309 166497339 2007-10-23 12:36:09 0 days 00:00:12 4928500 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . ' ' ' kai and jamie are sooo hott x100000 ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
166497507 166498828 2007-10-23 12:46:25 0 days 00:09:01 0|208.108.159.75 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . ' ' ' ' ' mr . grinch is hottt ' ' ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
166516238 166516430 2007-10-23 14:35:20 0 days 00:01:09 1442840 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . ' ' ' ' ' mr . grinch is hottt ' ' ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167705039 167856590 2007-10-29 15:35:14 0 days 18:17:22 0|164.113.70.82 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . and they shot people = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167862425 167862530 2007-10-29 16:07:46 0 days 00:00:36 0|164.113.70.85 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . and they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . he loved to see luis cry cuz he cried like a baby back bitch = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167863816 167863940 2007-10-29 16:15:33 0 days 00:00:39 218593 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . and they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
168297207 168309604 2007-10-31 14:56:47 0 days 01:16:29 0|164.113.70.2 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . so later testin revealed that dontae was a monkey = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
168310064 168310153 2007-10-31 14:59:48 0 days 00:00:27 5272864 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . so later testin revealed that dontae was a monkey no he wasn ' t he just looked like a monkey but luis was a monkey for sure and he got fucked by the baboons in the zoo every night true story = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
169975273 170106567 2007-11-08 15:14:56 0 days 16:23:05 0|164.113.70.2 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . and they killed people like edgar during the war because he was a mexican with a little penis and he was friends with luis = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
170106567 170106637 2007-11-08 15:15:26 0 days 00:00:30 5272864 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . and they killed people like edgar during the war because he was a mexican with a little penis and he was friends with luis = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
170106637 170107040 2007-11-08 15:17:52 0 days 00:02:26 0|164.113.70.2 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . luis is a mexican who crossed the boarder in 1978 with his family they were all cursed by a evil witch she made them all have small penis ' s so if you ever see a luis you ' ll always know that his penis is small = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
170107433 170107451 2007-11-08 15:20:22 0 days 00:00:08 4264700 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . luis is a mexican who crossed the boarder in 1978 with his family they were all cursed by a evil witch she made them all have small penis ' s so if you ever see a luis you ' ll always know that his penis is smalledgar has a small penis too = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
175559970 175572320 2007-12-03 21:25:39 0 days 00:54:19 0|24.128.167.7 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hi = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
175572320 175574157 2007-12-03 21:35:02 0 days 00:09:23 137113 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hi = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
177175244 177203555 2007-12-11 13:31:41 0 days 04:30:54 0|208.108.158.206 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . matt is gay = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
177203555 177203799 2007-12-11 13:33:20 0 days 00:01:39 0|208.108.158.206 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . matt is gay = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
177204049 177204310 2007-12-11 13:36:53 0 days 00:01:53 0|65.43.196.207 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . bob = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
177212791 177214350 2007-12-11 14:42:39 0 days 00:09:39 5779767 3 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . bob = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
181089350 181089537 2007-12-31 00:25:02 0 days 00:01:08 0|208.104.149.90 3 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . < / font > = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
181089537 181089717 2007-12-31 00:26:11 0 days 00:01:09 0|208.104.149.90 0 berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . < / font > < font color = orange > = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 7 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . < / font > < font color = orange > = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
181887395 182004121 2008-01-04 00:53:14 0 days 07:49:22 0|208.157.183.39 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hi whats up . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
182004121 182012991 2008-01-04 01:37:44 0 days 00:44:30 2537811 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hi whats up . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
184559745 184582342 2008-01-15 22:16:01 0 days 01:32:50 6091975 1 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
184759898 185099808 2008-01-18 00:13:46 1 days 07:34:28 0|12.214.202.72 0 further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . # redirect [[ - - - - insert text ]] --> = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
185099808 185099823 2008-01-18 00:13:49 0 days 00:00:03 1879647 8 further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . # redirect [[ - - - - insert text ]] --> = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
186840588 187302124 2008-01-27 19:20:15 2 days 02:20:22 0|208.102.15.82 0 further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . i farted = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
187302124 187302258 2008-01-27 19:20:57 0 days 00:00:42 6262677 0 further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . i farted = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
188164448 188168240 2008-01-31 16:02:25 0 days 00:21:34 0|208.108.156.224 0 further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . nick mellen was here and does his mom all night and shnells her . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
188168740 188168848 2008-01-31 16:05:52 0 days 00:00:42 241822 0 further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . nick mellen was here and does his mom all night and shnells her . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
192126171 192156921 2008-02-17 22:27:08 0 days 02:21:14 0|75.73.185.6 0 calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . : * = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
192156921 192201303 2008-02-18 02:09:23 0 days 03:42:15 2537811 0 calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . : * = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
193213261 193649835 2008-02-24 06:13:11 2 days 00:39:27 0|207.210.11.221 0 calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . according to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
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40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 22 it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ]] s , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 12 ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall
20 stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] ,
22 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 ,
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 11 ]] . it effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall
19 as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , <
20 " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref
22 begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 ,
44901085 45389421 2006-03-25 07:45:29 3 days 03:46:51 433328 0 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the
51997348 51998094 2006-05-07 16:31:49 0 days 00:06:00 0|216.49.149.108 11 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the
18 reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 21 transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways useable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ;
53500500 53500522 2006-05-16 13:10:22 0 days 00:00:09 385115 3 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . < font size = 36 > < center > basically this wall was super stupid yo ! it also messed up most of germay which is also stupid ! = = = secondary response
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 10 republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall
16 stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] ,
18 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 ,
73605688 73698506 2006-09-04 04:46:59 0 days 10:49:25 170745 1 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the
86760196 86761110 2006-11-09 18:26:16 0 days 00:04:44 0|206.158.3.70 4 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . it was demolished because it was soooooooo boring and no one wanted to go see it and they rather go like eat some food or drink beer and stuff . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > <
86761963 86762343 2006-11-09 18:32:46 0 days 00:01:53 441020 5 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . it was demolished because it was soooooooo boring and no one wanted to go see it and they rather go like eat some food or drink beer and stuff . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > <
91359911 91362108 2006-12-01 12:08:57 0 days 00:20:31 302522 7 elaborate signalisation , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and perfidious shooting automata , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guard guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuities , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human
98181831 98182048 2007-01-03 14:49:30 0 days 00:01:16 0|168.216.125.69 0 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . frau bailey joined an evil necromanical sex cult . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 ,
98182048 98199588 2007-01-03 16:28:15 0 days 01:38:45 441020 0 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . frau bailey joined an evil necromanical sex cult . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 ,
98470052 99124385 2007-01-07 17:25:25 2 days 22:04:09 0|72.205.252.110 1 west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 231 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 never happened072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title
99124385 99124607 2007-01-07 17:26:35 0 days 00:01:10 1574574 1 {st@rt} no this never happened072038 drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 231 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 23 in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 23 in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 23 in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human
111345399 111352020 2007-02-27 16:27:37 0 days 00:34:53 0|205.126.63.15 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . i like poop ! ! ! ! ! ! ! < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non
121815930 121816065 2007-04-10 23:58:38 0 days 00:00:38 1587622 6 was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . jauan is a dumbass fuck the berlin wall asshole . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > > > = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end
7 most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . jauan is a dumbass fuck the berlin wall asshole > . < / ref > > = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of
129555771 129555882 2007-05-09 16:41:30 0 days 00:00:24 0|204.129.158.10 6 all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons a roller coaster again . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally
150832838 150865465 2007-08-13 00:57:21 0 days 03:29:12 158051 0 html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm |
6 html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 .
153248597 153250129 2007-08-23 23:56:14 0 days 00:09:30 0|130.126.39.142 0 berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , . " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a mythical [[
153250129 153257087 2007-08-24 00:36:34 0 days 00:40:20 715870 0 berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart . , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > an iconic symbol of
153326548 153394593 2007-08-24 18:14:49 0 days 08:46:02 715870 0 day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ]
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 22 stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , recognized five sexes : male , female , merm ( male pseudohermaphrodite ) , ferm ( female pseudohermaphrodite ) and herm ( true hermaphrodite ) . although she was heavily criticized , her idea demonstrates the difficulty and imperfection of the current social responses to these variations . social and legal considerations main article : sociology of gender forms of legal or social distinction or discrimination based on sex include sex segregation and sexism . notably , some businesses , public institutions , and laws may provide privileges and services for one sex and not another , or they may require different sexes to be physically separated . recently , western societies have moved towards greater sexual equality . see also look up sex in wiktionary , the free dictionary . evolution of sex human sexuality list of gender names mammalian gestation sexual differentiation sexual dysfunction sex ratio sexual intercourse age of consent references ^ evolution with three sexes . university of british columbia . retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 03 . ^ g . e . julian , j . h . fewell , j . gadau , r . a . johnson , d . larrabee ( 2002 ) . " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation
165005884 165222233 2007-10-17 17:39:09 0 days 22:58:30 0|67.132.117.2 10 the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref
165222233 165222438 2007-10-17 17:40:08 0 days 00:00:59 1285073 12 mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]]
166331546 166354092 2007-10-22 20:00:56 0 days 01:42:19 716438 2 = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross the wall or as a result of the walls existance has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [ alexandra hildebrandt ] , director of the [ checkpoint charlie museum ] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimate the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http :
166355206 166357408 2007-10-22 20:15:52 0 days 00:09:51 716438 0 than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july
169684876 169684921 2007-11-06 21:22:10 0 days 00:00:11 4928500 1 mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]]
181090151 181090273 2007-12-31 00:29:37 0 days 00:00:44 0|208.104.149.90 0 directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . < font size = 500 150 > < font color = green > caitlin wolfe 2009 vintage lane rock hill sc 29730 < / font > = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg |
184759898 185099808 2008-01-18 00:13:46 1 days 07:34:28 0|12.214.202.72 5 any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p .
186663944 186732530 2008-01-25 02:35:38 0 days 05:40:34 0|71.223.167.1 0 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the
204485514 204486644 2008-04-09 16:56:34 0 days 00:06:03 137113 0 west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the ddr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a ddr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin i . e the wall would have been an unneccessary move if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east
232402354 232402597 2008-08-17 00:15:38 0 days 00:02:01 0|87.17.152.225 0 - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 1 west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . contradict < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom !
4 , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | right | 250px ]] ' ' ' the muppets ' ' ' are a group of [[ puppet ]] characters created by [[ jim henson ]] . individually , a muppet is one of the puppets made by jim henson or his [[ the jim henson company | company ' s workshop ]] . although the term is often used erroneously to refer to any [[ puppet ]] that resembles the distinctive style of ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' characters , the term is both an informal name and legal [[ trademark ]] linked to the characters created by henson . the word " muppet " itself was said by henson to have been created by combining the words " [[ marionette ]] " and " puppet " ; however , henson was also known to have stated that it was just something he liked the sound of , and he made up the " marionette / puppet " story while talking to a journalist because it sounded plausible . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics -
19 after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . videoid = 129336 & < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961
65 than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . external links guidelines ( search for wp : el ) . --> . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july
96 ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july
96 ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref
196946956 197071265 2008-03-09 20:31:11 0 days 14:27:18 0|98.17.134.249 11 soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
197298614 197711528 2008-03-12 13:27:26 1 days 18:03:11 0|208.32.18.243 0 soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > i farted = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
197711528 197716228 2008-03-12 13:55:15 0 days 00:27:49 5717 0 soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > i farted = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
197716228 197723011 2008-03-12 14:33:43 0 days 00:38:28 3505251 1 soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although travel between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
197732484 197733354 2008-03-12 15:27:51 0 days 00:04:39 3505251 2 www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet another explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in
3 . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . yet another different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany
203051200 203078631 2008-04-03 16:58:32 0 days 02:16:35 0|64.92.177.117 0 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the dumb east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted
203078631 203095826 2008-04-03 18:20:56 0 days 01:22:24 0|153.48.52.241 0 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the dumb east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted
203095826 203140118 2008-04-03 21:36:10 0 days 03:15:14 0|24.188.247.1 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
203140118 203140169 2008-04-03 21:36:21 0 days 00:00:11 4296922 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
204484909 204485065 2008-04-09 16:48:20 0 days 00:00:48 137113 0 original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east
204485065 204485312 2008-04-09 16:49:34 0 days 00:01:14 137113 3 original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east
204485312 204485514 2008-04-09 16:50:31 0 days 00:00:57 137113 4 original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east
212120617 214518903 2008-05-23 22:40:18 10 days 07:43:03 7025534 2 s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations (
229166509 229217140 2008-08-01 12:51:26 0 days 08:29:32 6085301 1 ref > http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html < / ref > [ ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east
232326761 232402354 2008-08-17 00:13:37 0 days 08:30:22 0|87.17.152.225 0 url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = territory = = out of citizen territory of [[ berlin ]] , the wall passed around the limits of 14 municipalities of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , bordering with [[ west berlin ]] . here is reported the list of bordering municipalities , subdivided for district , starting from north and proceding to south . * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] '
234566811 235494550 2008-09-01 01:31:33 4 days 11:27:13 0|165.228.197.220 0 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > hello people when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted ,
235494550 235494562 2008-09-01 01:31:39 0 days 00:00:06 5887992 0 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > hello people when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted ,
235494562 235494760 2008-09-01 01:32:50 0 days 00:01:11 0|165.228.197.220 0 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > hello people when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted ,
235494760 235494793 2008-09-01 01:33:00 0 days 00:00:10 5887992 0 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > hello people when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted ,
237419774 237419923 2008-09-10 02:34:25 0 days 00:01:13 7823265 0 soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > and your mum is very hot and i want her in the pants consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and
237419923 237419988 2008-09-10 02:35:02 0 days 00:00:37 2372780 0 soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > and your mum is very hot and i want her in the pants consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 59 / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 13 soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the
241808916 241809073 2008-09-29 17:16:31 0 days 00:00:39 7966459 0 . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed berlin wall is a wall that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 3 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name cleanup = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe -
22 gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response
23 . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as sit - coms and dramas as ' ' [[ the cosby show ]] ' ' such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response .
24 edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such ' ' [[ the west wing ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the torkelsons ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the [[ music video ]] for the [[ weezer ]] song " [[ keep fishin ' ]] " is premised on the band performing on ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and features appearances by several characters . on [[ september 28 ]] , [[ 2005 ]] , the [[ united states postal service ]] released a ' ' jim henson and the muppets ' ' [[ postage stamp ]] series . < ref > united states postal service ( [[ september 28 ]] , [[ 2005 ]] ) . ' ' [ http : / / www . usps . com / communications / news / stamps / 2005 / sr05 _ 046 . htm jim henson , muppets , get stamps of approval ] ' ' . press release . < / ref > the muppets also appeared on [[ dick clark ' s new year ' s rockin ' eve ]] for the 2008 countdown on [[ december 31 ]] , [[ 2007 ]] . kermit , rizzo and others welcomed in the new year with a series of messages to welcome viewers back from the advertising breaks . after one such segment , with kermit in time square , co - host [[ ryan seacrest ]] thanked his pal " kerms " for the help bringing in ' 08 . , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly
54 in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 25 . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) ] < / ref > americans ] < / ref > miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood
95 www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? videoid = 129336 & title = kermit - the - frog thedailyshow . com ] < / ref > guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ jimmy kimmel live ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ extreme makeover : home edition ]] ' ' and an [[ april fool ' s day ]] edition of ' ' [[ larry king live ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and the frog has served as grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on such sit -
100 . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) ] < / ref > miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood squares ]] . on 25 july 2007 the [[ center for puppetry arts ]] in [[ atlanta ]] announced the opening of a new jim henson wing , which will house anywhere from 500 to 700 retired muppets , including those from fraggle rock and sesame street . the new wing will also include films , sketches , and other materials from the jim henson company archives . the wing , which will be a part of the center ' s new building , is slated to open in 2010 . = = discography = = {{ expand | date = august 2008 }} on september 17 , 2002 [[ rhino ]] released ' ' [[ the muppet show : music , mayhem , and more ]] ' ' . in addition to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = =
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 3 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name cleanup = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe -
22 gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response
23 . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as sit - coms and dramas as ' ' [[ the cosby show ]] ' ' such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response .
24 edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such ' ' [[ the west wing ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the torkelsons ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the [[ music video ]] for the [[ weezer ]] song " [[ keep fishin ' ]] " is premised on the band performing on ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and features appearances by several characters . on [[ september 28 ]] , [[ 2005 ]] , the [[ united states postal service ]] released a ' ' jim henson and the muppets ' ' [[ postage stamp ]] series . < ref > united states postal service ( [[ september 28 ]] , [[ 2005 ]] ) . ' ' [ http : / / www . usps . com / communications / news / stamps / 2005 / sr05 _ 046 . htm jim henson , muppets , get stamps of approval ] ' ' . press release . < / ref > the muppets also appeared on [[ dick clark ' s new year ' s rockin ' eve ]] for the 2008 countdown on [[ december 31 ]] , [[ 2007 ]] . kermit , rizzo and others welcomed in the new year with a series of messages to welcome viewers back from the advertising breaks . after one such segment , with kermit in time square , co - host [[ ryan seacrest ]] thanked his pal " kerms " for the help bringing in ' 08 . , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly
54 in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 25 . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) ] < / ref > americans ] < / ref > miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood
95 www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? videoid = 129336 & title = kermit - the - frog thedailyshow . com ] < / ref > guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ jimmy kimmel live ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ extreme makeover : home edition ]] ' ' and an [[ april fool ' s day ]] edition of ' ' [[ larry king live ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and the frog has served as grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on such sit -
100 . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) ] < / ref > miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood squares ]] . on 25 july 2007 the [[ center for puppetry arts ]] in [[ atlanta ]] announced the opening of a new jim henson wing , which will house anywhere from 500 to 700 retired muppets , including those from fraggle rock and sesame street . the new wing will also include films , sketches , and other materials from the jim henson company archives . the wing , which will be a part of the center ' s new building , is slated to open in 2010 . = = discography = = {{ expand | date = august 2008 }} on september 17 , 2002 [[ rhino ]] released ' ' [[ the muppet show : music , mayhem , and more ]] ' ' . in addition to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = =
246619818 246982366 2008-10-22 17:14:43 1 days 16:55:08 0|71.203.127.102 0 ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] i balme bush ! ! ! ! = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin
246982366 246982976 2008-10-22 17:17:52 0 days 00:03:09 3505251 0 ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > i balme bush ! ! ! ! = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin
248099489 248209774 2008-10-28 15:39:01 0 days 14:54:53 0|129.19.104.6 0 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > < this wikipedia sucks ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin ,
248209774 248212563 2008-10-28 15:54:42 0 days 00:15:41 0|199.67.140.242 0 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > < this wikipedia sucks ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin ,
262225961 262389806 2009-01-06 21:52:48 0 days 19:12:07 0|63.118.13.131 0 url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = in popular culture = = = * the partially torn - down berlin wall was the site of a mega - concert celebrating the event , at which [[ roger waters ]] of [[ pink floyd ]] performed selections from the album , " [[ the wall ]] " . * it is rumored that stunt cyclist [[ evel knievel ]] proposed a stunt cycle jump over the berlin wall , but changed his mind when it was suggested that he would be shot down in midair by soldiers . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octopussy ]] . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip . in keeping with the tradition of adding pro - western graffitti to the wall , they used spray paint to create a copy of the [[ late night with david letterman ]] logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode the 1980s revival of [[ mission impossible ]] . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] '
263696071 263818058 2009-01-13 15:23:31 0 days 15:31:30 0|216.20.70.81 0 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > pie during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims '
263818294 263818317 2009-01-13 15:24:50 0 days 00:00:06 4928500 3 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > pie during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims '
265315033 265316535 2009-01-20 17:37:56 0 days 00:11:24 0|90.205.6.97 0 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > hi during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims '
265316535 265316852 2009-01-20 17:39:54 0 days 00:01:58 911178 0 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > hi during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims '
267776359 267776477 2009-02-01 05:52:19 0 days 00:01:01 214542 1 ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http
269718055 269767784 2009-02-10 14:02:01 0 days 07:28:08 681579 0 url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = one of the most unique pieces of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = in popular culture = = = * the partially torn - down berlin wall was the site of a mega - concert celebrating the event , at which
273460772 273461097 2009-02-26 17:57:12 0 days 00:01:44 0|166.82.103.142 0 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director or of stasi files . the berlin wall was 10 feet high . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east
273461097 273461189 2009-02-26 17:57:38 0 days 00:00:26 4928500 0 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > or during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . the berlin wall was 10 feet high . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east
277226111 277226458 2009-03-14 18:19:44 0 days 00:02:15 6984319 0 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent august 28 , 1958 letter to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals - - engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later calimign that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb } pearson } 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
277228319 277228598 2009-03-14 18:31:52 0 days 00:01:30 6984319 1 ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard {{ harvnb | harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press
278128071 278128838 2009-03-18 16:04:36 0 days 00:03:53 3505251 0 independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > before 1950 , over 15 million people moved westward from soviet - occupied eastern european countries in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of this route , the number of eastern europeans applying for political asylum in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953
278128838 278130591 2009-03-18 16:14:03 0 days 00:09:27 6984319 0 independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > before 1950 , over 15 million people in soviet - occupied eastern european countries moved westward in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of this route , the number of eastern europeans moving westward in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953
278138099 278326099 2009-03-19 13:41:18 0 days 20:48:43 3505251 2 independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > before 1950 , over 15 million people in soviet - occupied eastern european countries moved westward in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the emigrants moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 ,
279717291 279717613 2009-03-26 01:53:07 0 days 00:01:49 0|71.192.229.229 0 last chapter of the soviet union . < ref > http : / / www . reaganlibrary . com / reagan / speeches / wall . asp < / ref > indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it
279717789 279717857 2009-03-26 01:54:53 0 days 00:00:30 6984319 0 . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} [[ tear down this wall | the speech is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union .
280626722 280764216 2009-03-31 00:47:01 0 days 13:14:54 0|98.192.71.143 0 of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > i like to eat my boogers and screw my dog = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
280764216 280764248 2009-03-31 00:47:11 0 days 00:00:10 4495930 0 of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > i like to eat my boogers and screw my dog = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
281321501 281322387 2009-04-02 17:09:36 0 days 00:04:47 0|91.45.99.171 0 . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} [[ tear down this wall | the speech ]] < ref > http : / / www . reaganlibrary . com / reagan / speeches / wall . asp < / ref > is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . {{ fact | date = march 2009 }} indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it
283473619 283525140 2009-04-13 08:26:45 0 days 06:54:33 0|194.144.117.217 0 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall started in hungary , where a reformist government started to dismantle the iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' . when the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds
284274572 284339342 2009-04-17 02:20:49 0 days 06:03:31 9438880 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = suprising = = they might be rebuilding the berlin wall . tensions might be rising and people say there is going to be a ww3 with nuclear missles . just like korea . = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
284339342 284340646 2009-04-17 02:28:48 0 days 00:07:59 1099776 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = suprising = = they might be rebuilding the berlin wall . tensions might be rising and people say there is going to be a ww3 with nuclear missles . just like korea . = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
284340646 284341852 2009-04-17 02:37:04 0 days 00:08:16 0|200.118.239.22 0 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > yo estuve por aquí = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to
284341852 284342000 2009-04-17 02:38:05 0 days 00:01:01 7167267 0 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > yo estuve por aquí = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to
284465708 284465870 2009-04-17 18:10:36 0 days 00:00:52 0|67.241.233.150 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural - - especially between where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian access in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > when large numbers of east germans then defected under the guise of " visits " , the new east german state essentially eliminated all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the inner german border officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals - - engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
284465870 284466900 2009-04-17 18:17:03 0 days 00:06:27 6984319 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural - - especially between where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian access in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > when large numbers of east germans then defected under the guise of " visits " , the new east german state essentially eliminated all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the inner german border officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals - - engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
284918855 284935331 2009-04-20 02:49:29 0 days 01:42:59 9494861 1 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > penis penis penis penis the fall of the berlin wall started in [[ hungary ]] , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] ,
284935331 284935878 2009-04-20 02:52:53 0 days 00:03:24 1099776 1 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > penis penis penis penis the fall of the berlin wall started in [[ hungary ]] , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] ,
289804783 289853946 2009-05-14 10:40:38 0 days 07:49:49 194572 0 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall started in [[ hungary ]] , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austrian - hungarian governmental meeting ( [[ august 23 ]] ) . on [[ september 11 ]] thousands of [[ gdr | east germans ]] started to cross the austrian - hungarian border to emigrate to [[ west germany ]] . that event caused popular demonstration and a irreversible political crisis in the government of [[ gdr ]] . when the east german government announced on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin
296376394 296376531 2009-06-14 16:37:37 0 days 00:00:53 0|66.189.45.189 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > a bit of the berlin wall can be found in washington dc ' s newseum = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
296376531 296390210 2009-06-14 18:09:48 0 days 01:32:11 0|79.193.207.196 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > a bit of the berlin wall can be found in washington dc ' s newseum = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
296775707 296775983 2009-06-16 15:51:20 0 days 00:01:43 0|194.74.22.170 0 ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > eat cake and die b * * * t = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by
296775983 296778899 2009-06-16 16:09:09 0 days 00:17:49 0|150.101.162.86 0 ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > eat cake and die b * * * t = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by
298293536 298471813 2009-06-25 01:01:19 0 days 18:41:58 0|202.61.173.123 0 of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building kill the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first
298471958 298471974 2009-06-25 01:02:50 0 days 00:00:10 64463 0 of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > kill = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the bushpigs st . george illawara dragon fuck melbourne storm = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west
1 soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > kill the bushpigs st berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . george illawara dragon fuck melbourne storm = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the
298472210 298472354 2009-06-25 01:06:15 0 days 00:01:28 0|202.61.173.123 0 / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . fat people suck = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg
298472354 298472401 2009-06-25 01:06:35 0 days 00:00:20 6403398 0 / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . fat people suck = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg
300500909 300613467 2009-07-06 15:44:37 0 days 15:30:14 433328 5 over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 12 / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > < ref name = " bbcsept2007 " > {{ cite web | url = several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners
23 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that
306559902 306561115 2009-08-07 08:07:14 0 days 00:12:37 6984319 0 / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg
306601037 306696761 2009-08-07 23:34:15 0 days 09:46:45 0|121.214.101.104 0 | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the theeeee [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the
306696761 306696808 2009-08-07 23:34:32 0 days 00:00:17 4227592 0 | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > theeeee the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the
308602478 308630655 2009-08-18 06:07:14 0 days 03:31:02 0|76.102.223.241 1 / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > and prior official figures listed 98 as being killed the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not
311278175 311620302 2009-09-03 08:22:53 1 days 18:19:16 0|121.215.146.93 0 and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking in that australia is the best country and should take advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in
311620302 311620727 2009-09-03 08:27:28 0 days 00:04:35 7746361 0 and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking in that australia is the best country and should take advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in
312612312 312828979 2009-09-09 18:58:19 1 days 02:28:33 0|72.159.167.195 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > hi people = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
312828979 312830147 2009-09-09 19:05:02 0 days 00:06:43 142444 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > hi people = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
315252773 315254957 2009-09-21 08:05:55 0 days 00:25:37 204692 1 / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east
315255881 315255964 2009-09-21 08:16:52 0 days 00:00:45 204692 5 nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
315255964 315256021 2009-09-21 08:17:32 0 days 00:00:40 204692 1 was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions :
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 15 be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on [[ april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]]
98 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > by [[ november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the
173 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / /
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 9 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of the political opposition in east germany < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de
36 be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on [[ april 1 ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[
118 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > by [[ november 4 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile
170 | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > , whether [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday . because , that date is also known as the ' ' [[ schicksalstag ]] ' ' ( fateful
317478524 317514100 2009-10-02 19:02:08 0 days 04:16:44 0|198.236.27.40 0 [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , - 1949 following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]]
317514277 317514851 2009-10-02 19:07:36 0 days 00:04:03 4916882 0 [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 - 1949 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]]
318865056 318868236 2009-10-09 13:56:11 0 days 00:23:32 0|203.91.207.30 0 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = matt gallimore likes big cock ! ! = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled
318870568 318872025 2009-10-09 14:22:15 0 days 00:09:56 1839213 0 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled
319596946 319653259 2009-10-13 17:15:13 0 days 07:11:38 0|170.185.21.19 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > fact : the first attempt at the berlin wall was induced by a drag queen . = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
319653259 319653447 2009-10-13 17:16:18 0 days 00:01:05 6698490 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > fact : the first attempt at the berlin wall was induced by a drag queen . = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
319858118 319912104 2009-10-14 23:25:19 0 days 04:51:55 0|124.168.171.149 0 smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhchoooooooooo following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]]
319912104 319914673 2009-10-14 23:40:51 0 days 00:15:32 9698266 0 smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhchoooooooooo following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]]
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 30 - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch
323358471 323393153 2009-11-02 01:53:39 0 days 03:22:26 10834630 2 a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > when initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans then defected under the guise of " visits " , the new east german state essentially eliminated all travel to the west in 1956 . <
323566540 323747300 2009-11-03 19:26:17 0 days 20:27:34 0|78.146.228.243 0 deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within wthin two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self -
323747300 323760074 2009-11-03 20:35:58 0 days 01:09:41 3308922 0 deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > wthin within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self -
323946188 323947532 2009-11-04 20:00:49 0 days 00:07:46 0|90.212.100.1 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > and dogs go wof = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
323947826 323948489 2009-11-04 20:05:49 0 days 00:03:31 10519822 2 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > and dogs go wof = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
324140282 324146953 2009-11-05 20:47:47 0 days 00:39:01 6999039 0 ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = }} < / ref > < ref name = " raze " / > on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general
324280095 324283750 2009-11-06 14:58:34 0 days 00:28:00 6971250 2 msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in the october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated however that only about a tenth of the population where still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans also make similar distinctions between north and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = november 5 , 2009 | url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have
324422544 324469466 2009-11-07 15:15:06 0 days 07:49:57 0|173.78.68.123 7 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . during a
324643610 324658042 2009-11-08 15:40:52 0 days 01:57:02 0|159.134.67.45 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > chilli dawg = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
324658042 324658185 2009-11-08 15:41:48 0 days 00:00:56 0|159.134.67.45 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > chilli dawg = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
324658185 324658273 2009-11-08 15:42:27 0 days 00:00:39 10809127 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > chilli dawg = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
324658273 324660090 2009-11-08 15:56:01 0 days 00:13:34 3225475 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > chilli dawg = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
324735230 324735970 2009-11-08 23:31:46 0 days 00:04:10 0|97.113.74.253 0 accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref >
1 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 | november 9 in german history ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite
324767695 324769101 2009-11-09 02:50:30 0 days 00:09:18 444985 0 over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow [[ twitter ]] users post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . masses of chinese users have used it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . berlin twitter wall was quickly blocked by the chinese authorities . < ref > http : / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html < phenomenon . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm the wall in the world 2009
324851832 324852165 2009-11-09 15:31:23 0 days 00:02:15 6971250 0 wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards | european music awards , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed on the brandenburg
324855461 324855604 2009-11-09 15:54:16 0 days 00:01:00 0|217.93.30.219 0 of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry industrey was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied
324855604 324855670 2009-11-09 15:54:45 0 days 00:00:29 4630363 0 of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industrey industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied
324855670 324855849 2009-11-09 15:55:54 0 days 00:01:09 0|217.93.30.219 1 of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry industrey was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied
324855849 324855951 2009-11-09 15:56:40 0 days 00:00:46 5026668 1 of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industrey industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied
325067793 325068326 2009-11-10 16:34:02 0 days 00:03:13 0|190.92.6.182 0 including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > alan es un mono in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[
325068529 325068590 2009-11-10 16:35:46 0 days 00:00:24 634828 0 including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > alan es un mono in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[
325185245 325185447 2009-11-11 04:20:10 0 days 00:01:25 694729 0 . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 06 }} < / ref > a recent poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than half of all russians do not know who built the berlin wall . ten percent of people surveyed thought berlin residents built it themselves . six percent said western powers built it and four percent thought it was a " bilateral initiative " of the [[ soviet union ]] and the west . fifty - eight percent said they did not know who built it , with just 24 percent correctly naming the soviet union and its then - communist ally east germany . < ref > http : / / uk . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have
325479643 325480642 2009-11-12 19:05:09 0 days 00:05:53 11003532 0 including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted impted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} <
325480642 325480912 2009-11-12 19:06:44 0 days 00:01:35 8214624 0 including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > impted in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} <
325552663 325566075 2009-11-13 04:27:44 0 days 02:02:39 0|150.101.251.68 7 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
325566075 325566396 2009-11-13 04:30:57 0 days 00:03:13 0|150.101.251.68 4 of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry penis was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 5 of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and penis industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied
12 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
326098834 326098896 2009-11-16 03:28:57 0 days 00:00:31 10772636 0 the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the
326098896 326099540 2009-11-16 03:33:50 0 days 00:04:53 7167267 1 the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the
326393226 326442219 2009-11-18 00:11:51 0 days 04:50:24 5680520 1 = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 | november 9 in german history ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz
327584421 327684036 2009-11-24 16:11:18 0 days 14:20:24 11089768 0 generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]]
329390930 329391114 2009-12-03 04:39:04 0 days 00:01:09 0|76.125.86.250 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > hi my name is bob dont get rid of this wiki ppl = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
329391114 329391143 2009-12-03 04:39:14 0 days 00:00:10 10141256 1 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > hi my name is bob dont get rid of this wiki ppl = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
330703212 330704150 2009-12-09 18:37:18 0 days 00:05:34 21047 2 date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , november 9 is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states |
330960458 331484038 2009-12-13 20:13:58 2 days 21:32:51 0|65.95.29.40 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > there was an exponentially increased rate of car damage in the 1950 ' s , caused mainly by east germans ' attempts to drive through barricades . this problem was solved when people in east germany began building these super cars to get through the blockades . these cars had reinforced bottoms , so you could just lay flat in the car , drive like mad through a barricade , and come out the other side . . . . . into the west ! the top of the car would likely be shaved clean off , leaving valuable metal resources behind to further strengthen the blockades . that is an example of irony . = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
331484038 331491884 2009-12-13 21:01:50 0 days 00:47:52 6971250 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > there was an exponentially increased rate of car damage in the 1950 ' s , caused mainly by east germans ' attempts to drive through barricades . this problem was solved when people in east germany began building these super cars to get through the blockades . these cars had reinforced bottoms , so you could just lay flat in the car , drive like mad through a barricade , and come out the other side . . . . . into the west ! the top of the car would likely be shaved clean off , leaving valuable metal resources behind to further strengthen the blockades . that is an example of irony . = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
332955731 333119511 2009-12-21 20:43:04 0 days 19:35:32 0|24.35.84.118 0 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = ' ' ' headline text ' ' ' - - [[ special : contributions / 24 . 35 . 84 . 118 | 24 . 35 . 84 . 118 ]] ( [[ user talk : 24 . 35 . 84 . 118 | talk ]] ) 20 : 42 , 21 december 2009 ( utc ) aly scott = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to
333119511 333120077 2009-12-21 20:46:11 0 days 00:03:07 3210133 0 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = ' ' ' headline text ' ' ' - - [[ special : contributions / 24 . 35 . 84 . 118 | 24 . 35 . 84 . 118 ]] ( [[ user talk : 24 . 35 . 84 . 118 | talk ]] ) 20 : 42 , 21 december 2009 ( utc ) aly scott = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to
333525969 334207931 2009-12-27 05:05:31 3 days 18:08:55 0|69.157.66.177 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > bill and tom kaulitz are sexy : d tokio hotel < 3333 = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall
334207931 334210024 2009-12-27 05:24:38 0 days 00:19:07 10141256 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > bill and tom kaulitz are sexy : d tokio hotel < 3333 = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall
336172835 336211787 2010-01-06 15:42:10 0 days 05:56:03 0|168.184.246.85 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > ←this is so gay why the fuck are you reading this άss whipe . → = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall
336211787 336212381 2010-01-06 15:46:30 0 days 00:04:20 8918196 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > ←this is so gay why the fuck are you reading this άss whipe . → = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall
336212381 336228755 2010-01-06 17:25:58 0 days 01:39:28 0|63.252.20.14 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > my penis blew up = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
336228755 336229695 2010-01-06 17:31:28 0 days 00:05:30 5177550 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > my penis blew up = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
336229695 336230322 2010-01-06 17:35:16 0 days 00:03:48 0|63.252.20.14 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > my super big penis is mastrubating = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall
336230322 336231595 2010-01-06 17:42:38 0 days 00:07:22 5177550 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > my super big penis is mastrubating = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall
336647165 336824742 2010-01-09 17:09:43 0 days 21:55:21 0|74.36.128.7 0 allied personnel and foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several other oher border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east
336824742 336829512 2010-01-09 17:37:52 0 days 00:28:09 8918196 0 allied personnel and foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several oher other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east
337147033 337270397 2010-01-11 22:36:23 0 days 15:59:27 0|169.237.60.71 0 mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ]] in the leading role . ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ iron curtain
337292695 337293367 2010-01-12 00:54:41 0 days 00:04:12 461300 1 / title / tt0058412 / ] ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > * * ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made
2 mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ]] in the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ iron curtain
337293367 337360247 2010-01-12 10:00:46 0 days 09:06:05 3308922 1 to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > * * ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ]] in the leading role . ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ iron curtain
2 the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > * * ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) |
337710206 337745969 2010-01-14 05:38:12 0 days 04:38:53 11317167 0 soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 1848 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin
337745969 337746147 2010-01-14 05:39:31 0 days 00:01:19 11317167 0 soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1848 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin
1 of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 800 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east
337746147 337757819 2010-01-14 07:28:57 0 days 01:49:26 6971250 0 of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 800 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east
338171707 338203273 2010-01-16 17:01:49 0 days 04:16:22 1723027 0 escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out by wolfgang engels , a 19 yers old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . she was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards , but a west german policeman returned fire and rescued him from the vehicle , which became entangled in the barbed wire . < ref > hertle , hans - hermann ( 2008 ) . ' ' the berlin wall : monument of the cold war ' ' . ch . links verlag , p . 72 . isbn 3861534630 < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims with graffiti , 1982 ]] later
341040429 341149142 2010-01-31 21:07:26 0 days 15:16:32 0|76.235.202.194 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > ronald reagan was a murder ! = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
341149444 341153466 2010-01-31 21:32:14 0 days 00:22:53 8918196 1 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > ronald reagan was a murder ! = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
341779103 341918461 2010-02-04 17:03:26 0 days 17:41:05 0|80.195.85.18 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > tess sanders = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
341918690 341918847 2010-02-04 17:05:40 0 days 00:00:56 3150196 1 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > tess sanders = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
342320227 342377041 2010-02-06 23:10:57 0 days 05:34:34 0|24.98.176.69 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > im horny as fuk i jus got done watchn animal porn . . i wanted my dog to be traind to fuk me n the ass jus lyk the one on the video did . . did yall kno horses diks are biger den humans diks . ya i fukd a horse before it felt gud . here how i did it wit a dog . me nd my friendwaz horny one day nd we were at her house we wernt gay or nun we jus felt lyk fuking sumone . butt inted of calln a man we did it together . we didnt have a strap or a dildo . so we used he dog who was alredy traind to fuk and lik pussy . so we used his dik and hadd a 3som . . one wway is the dog fukn u n da ass and likng the girls pussy . . it was i tym i will never forget . = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
342377041 342377279 2010-02-06 23:12:08 0 days 00:01:11 10141256 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > im horny as fuk i jus got done watchn animal porn . . i wanted my dog to be traind to fuk me n the ass jus lyk the one on the video did . . did yall kno horses diks are biger den humans diks . ya i fukd a horse before it felt gud . here how i did it wit a dog . me nd my friendwaz horny one day nd we were at her house we wernt gay or nun we jus felt lyk fuking sumone . butt inted of calln a man we did it together . we didnt have a strap or a dildo . so we used he dog who was alredy traind to fuk and lik pussy . so we used his dik and hadd a 3som . . one wway is the dog fukn u n da ass and likng the girls pussy . . it was i tym i will never forget . = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
342710348 342982454 2010-02-09 18:53:41 1 days 03:38:37 0|142.59.231.59 0 cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]]
343773805 343774672 2010-02-13 17:52:53 0 days 00:04:12 5326371 0 , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > on december 11 , 1957 east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving
9 percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective .
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 5 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > while an ongoing a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > [ http : /
343781933 343782709 2010-02-13 18:35:30 0 days 00:04:59 5326371 0 on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > " conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 9 times | date = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , as reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations
10 = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t was not official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on
344670713 345283539 2010-02-20 21:03:43 3 days 01:18:18 0|189.161.229.230 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > y vayanse la verga = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
345283539 345286812 2010-02-20 21:23:00 0 days 00:19:17 10141256 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > y vayanse la verga = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
348983351 349037490 2010-03-10 17:56:43 0 days 04:57:28 0|204.39.61.253 0 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} hey im tryin to do a school project and this is lettin me tlk bout it on here ! lmao = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to
349037712 349038136 2010-03-10 18:00:02 0 days 00:02:09 3308922 1 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} hey im tryin to do a school project and this is lettin me tlk bout it on here ! lmao = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to
351387034 351391556 2010-03-22 17:16:54 0 days 00:25:59 0|93.96.120.24 0 infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > fuck on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany through east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements — arranged in a column of 491
351391556 351392982 2010-03-22 17:24:14 0 days 00:07:20 3308922 0 infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > fuck on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany through east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements — arranged in a column of 491
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 12 points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ " rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a
352801208 353206054 2010-03-31 19:26:39 1 days 23:37:12 0|38.102.61.241 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > micheal dedina = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
353206422 353242365 2010-03-31 22:55:08 0 days 03:26:18 0|131.204.231.107 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > micheal dedina = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
353439052 353501899 2010-04-02 06:23:08 0 days 07:34:21 12056309 0 , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept
355153543 355153697 2010-04-10 15:31:28 0 days 00:00:54 0|84.77.74.198 1 inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two three years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self
355153697 355153879 2010-04-10 15:32:47 0 days 00:01:19 11743424 1 inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within three two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making pre - war germany self
359097792 359099672 2010-04-29 17:55:11 0 days 00:09:52 0|158.59.195.92 0 were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > hahahahaha . you picked the berlin wall as your topic . you should have picked the kgb like hernry nye . property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western
359099672 359099839 2010-04-29 17:56:08 0 days 00:00:57 1004750 0 were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > hahahahaha . you picked the berlin wall as your topic . you should have picked the kgb like hernry nye . property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western
360559921 360584163 2010-05-06 20:03:20 0 days 02:14:44 0|207.177.70.185 0 deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within adolf hitler has a very tiny penis , and im pretty sure he loved penis way up in his asswithin two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany
360584163 360584362 2010-05-06 20:04:15 0 days 00:00:55 0|70.144.221.105 0 deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > adolf hitler has a very tiny penis , and im pretty sure he loved penis way up in his asswithin within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany
362896146 362898856 2010-05-18 22:30:39 0 days 00:17:52 0|74.108.19.69 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > also had a great effect = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
362898856 362899410 2010-05-18 22:34:02 0 days 00:03:23 262550 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > also had a great effect = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
365278672 365283276 2010-05-31 20:24:17 0 days 00:25:41 0|71.82.76.109 0 freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially
365283276 365286784 2010-05-31 20:41:19 0 days 00:17:02 3308922 0 freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially
365286784 365308631 2010-05-31 22:30:39 0 days 01:49:20 0|98.149.237.23 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > < 3 = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
365308631 365309225 2010-05-31 22:33:47 0 days 00:03:08 7167267 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > < 3 = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 15 freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection then , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was
373492661 374861638 2010-07-22 14:54:33 7 days 19:35:53 0|76.248.68.144 0 [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > the [[ international spy museum in washington dc hosted a trabant car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . rides were
376102866 376154207 2010-07-29 21:06:22 0 days 05:43:39 9540157 0 opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = < references / > * {{ citation cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }}
378683462 378715810 2010-08-13 14:08:31 0 days 05:06:39 6369861 0 north sports final edition associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall , she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartement at [[ bernauer strasse ]] 48 . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by wolfgang engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] . engels stole a
379656612 379899340 2010-08-20 03:51:09 1 days 06:28:14 9136297 0 welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different another explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . east germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of the time
1 www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . east germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of
379899340 379899513 2010-08-20 03:52:34 0 days 00:01:25 9136297 0 www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > yet another explanation was the eastern german government also claimed that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . east germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of the time , the
384496686 384523300 2010-09-13 04:27:46 0 days 03:31:16 0|68.108.154.190 0 | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > bournaertretertertertertretrterterter the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of
384523300 384523324 2010-09-13 04:27:59 0 days 00:00:13 991036 0 | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournaertretertertertertretrterterter bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of
389132750 389329152 2010-10-07 14:59:01 0 days 21:54:30 0|141.43.69.1 0 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left although most of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 0 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > although most little is left of the wall was demolished in 1990 - 1991 , many remnants and traces can be found all around west berlin . the border wall facing towards west - berlin is
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 4 be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on 1 april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]]
27 turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin <
33 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by 4 november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 )
65 easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the
84 turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general secretary
85 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general secretary ]] of the
91 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile
392939112 393650061 2010-10-29 18:21:46 3 days 12:40:54 0|205.211.141.243 0 between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 1863 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty
393650061 393650284 2010-10-29 18:23:16 0 days 00:01:30 7209796 0 between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1863 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty
395570081 395570204 2010-11-08 17:03:16 0 days 00:00:42 0|79.75.31.192 0 spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . [[ oxford university press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 11 , 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing
396783802 397079222 2010-11-16 10:32:30 1 days 12:24:59 0|217.207.245.34 0 / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > i love poo poo so does jimmy wales = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
397079222 397079240 2010-11-16 10:32:39 0 days 00:00:09 13286072 0 / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > i love poo poo so does jimmy wales = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
398158094 398200111 2010-11-22 06:48:07 0 days 05:52:45 13478821 0 [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = origin of berlin wall art = = the origin of the art on the berlin wall is what gives the art such significance . the wall in the beginning of the eighties was not used to demonstrate and portray political ideas happening around the world . people would simply tag their names onto the wall . the names tagged on to the wall often did not stand out but simply blend or fade away into the enormous wall . no political voice spoke through the wall . = = = [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / thierry _ noir thierry noir ] and christophe bouchet = = = [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / thierry _ noir theirry noir ] lived closely by the wall and was reminded of its meaning of separation everyday . christophe bouchet and noir hated the wall and felt the need to express themselves on it . they began to paint huge murals on the walls with bright vivid colors in order to create a less of a intimidating wall . many people began to question the actions of these two men and ask them if they now liked the wall there because it allowed them to have a huge canvas . their hate for the wall still remained they would reply to these questions with " we are not trying to make the wall beautiful because in fact it ' s absolutely impossible . 80 persons have being killed trying to jump over the berlin wall , to escape to west - berlin , so you can cover that wall with hundred of kilos of color , it will stay the same . ” ( [ http : / / www . galerie - noir . de / archivesenglish / walleng . html story of the berlin wall ] by theirry noir ) the paints they used would eat away at the wall . the men also screwed in a basin , urinal , and shoes into the wall . of of these things they did to the wall proved that the wall was destructible and could not remain for ever . = = = influence = = = [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / thierry _ noir thierry noir ] and christophe bouchet started a major influence that has lead to the very famous idea of the free world on the west side of the wall . the two men would see people trying to paint the wall but not know where to start or how to go about it and they would help them get started . it is now plastered in paintings speaking about political ideas around the world . the wall became a place in which one felt entitled to their freedom because it took the freedom of those away inside of its cold walls . = = = destruction of the art = = = when the walls came down and finally the east was “free ” people were curious as to whether these two artist would mind that their work and expression was destroyed , the two men did not care . in fact they were over joyed to see the fall of the hideous , boring wall . = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by
398275853 398276932 2010-11-22 17:17:16 0 days 00:06:46 0|217.86.65.6 3 were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where
398276932 398276983 2010-11-22 17:17:34 0 days 00:00:18 6149938 4 , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political
399311872 399312615 2010-11-28 12:44:16 0 days 00:07:59 7007500 0 [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = origin of berlin wall art = = the origin of the art on the berlin wall is what gives the art such significance . the wall in the beginning of the eighties was not used to demonstrate and portray political ideas happening around the world . people would simply tag their names onto the wall . the names tagged on to the wall often did not stand out but simply blend or fade away into the enormous wall . no political voice spoke through the wall . = = = [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / thierry _ noir thierry noir ] and christophe bouchet = = = [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / thierry _ noir theirry noir ] lived closely by the wall and was reminded of its meaning of separation everyday . christophe bouchet and noir hated the wall and felt the need to express themselves on it . they began to paint huge murals on the walls with bright vivid colors in order to create a less of a intimidating wall . many people began to question the actions of these two men and ask them if they now liked the wall there because it allowed them to have a huge canvas . their hate for the wall still remained they would reply to these questions with " we are not trying to make the wall beautiful because in fact it ' s absolutely impossible . 80 persons have being killed trying to jump over the berlin wall , to escape to west - berlin , so you can cover that wall with hundred of kilos of color , it will stay the same . ” ( [ http : / / www . galerie - noir . de / archivesenglish / walleng . html story of the berlin wall ] by theirry noir ) the paints they used would eat away at the wall . the men also screwed in a basin , urinal , and shoes into the wall . of these things they did to the wall proved that the wall was destructible and could not remain for ever . = = = influence = = = [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / thierry _ noir thierry noir ] and christophe bouchet started a major influence that has lead to the very famous idea of the free world on the west side of the wall . the two men would see people trying to paint the wall but not know where to start or how to go about it and they would help them get started . it is now plastered in paintings speaking about political ideas around the world . the wall became a place in which one felt entitled to their freedom because it took the freedom of those away inside of its cold walls . = = = destruction of the art = = = when the walls came down and finally the east was “free ” people were curious as to whether these two artist would mind that their work and expression was destroyed , the two men did not care . in fact they were over joyed to see the fall of the hideous , boring wall . {{ citation needed | date = november 2010 }} = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by
399955415 400135537 2010-12-02 15:25:43 0 days 21:52:28 0|94.30.12.205 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > poo = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
400135537 400135595 2010-12-02 15:26:05 0 days 00:00:22 6636894 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > poo = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
401119682 401615969 2010-12-10 13:50:37 2 days 17:00:01 1343284 0 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ cquote quote | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability
404706835 404839126 2010-12-29 17:08:27 0 days 19:29:37 0|24.73.214.82 0 inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two 777 years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self
2 under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task douche of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were
404839294 404839330 2010-12-29 17:09:55 0 days 00:00:09 13286072 1 inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within 777 two years , political fattys increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the cock suckers refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self
4 under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major douche task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were
409807529 409894092 2011-01-25 02:57:27 0 days 07:58:13 0|99.254.100.33 7 the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two thousand years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self
409894092 409905421 2011-01-25 04:13:27 0 days 01:16:00 5204750 8 elmo of corse . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two thousand years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying super [[ file : [[ file : example . jpg ]] [[ file : example . jpg ]] ]]
409988007 409990269 2011-01-25 16:27:11 0 days 00:13:30 8542716 0 > [ http : / / uk . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough reuters . com ] < / ref > = = = art = = = the berlin wall was also a theme to a lot of german artist as [[ horst walter ]] . but it also inspired international artists ( [[ east side gallery ]] ) and became a piece of art by itselve [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] . = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the
409990269 409992456 2011-01-25 16:40:55 0 days 00:13:44 6971250 1 > [ http : / / uk . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough reuters . com ] < / ref > = = = art = = = the berlin wall was also a theme to a lot of german artist as [[ horst walter ]] . but it also inspired international artists ( [[ east side gallery ]] ) and became a piece of art by itselve [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] . = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the
417972599 418362137 2011-03-11 22:01:37 2 days 06:12:12 14143658 0 = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by 4 november , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07
1 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 )
2 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by 4 november , the protests had swelled significantly , with when half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany
428575817 428576147 2011-05-11 12:54:42 0 days 00:02:47 10714345 0 soldiers could detect him . this artwork was part of his famous work - series called " border injuries " ( german : " grenzverletzung " ) . < ref > " die mauer als muse " by lars von törne in berlin newspaper [ http : / / www . tagesspiegel . de / berlin / die - mauer - als - muse / 821970 . html "
433468803 435294058 2011-06-20 16:08:04 10 days 16:45:35 14732560 0 . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] < / ref > however , ulbricht had pushed for a border closure for quite some time , and khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ’ s tacit indication that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector of berlin . < ref > {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 | pages = 247 }} < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a
1 php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to freedom in west germany on august 24 , 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . < ref > {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 | pages = 363 - 367 }} < / ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by [[ wolfgang engels ]] , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] . engels
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 48 sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > whether [[ 9 november 9 in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[
127 felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz
440540857 440729712 2011-07-21 22:02:32 1 days 01:28:03 42558 0 . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative western reaction . what is beyond dispute , though , is that ulbricht had pushed for a border closure for quite some time , and khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ’ s tacit indication that the us
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 14 . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > < | publisher = zlb . de | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document
443413503 443414712 2011-08-06 22:15:25 0 days 00:09:33 16710 0 on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by colonel glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ david hackworth | hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany through east germany , bound for west berlin .
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 12 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded
444827910 445092140 2011-08-16 03:34:43 1 days 10:24:23 9243491 0 : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = [ august 13 , 2011 , event ( 50 years ago , construction began ) ] . . . . . . . ( adding text and refs . ) = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 9 . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 6 november 2006 }} < / ref > a recent poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than half of all russians do not know who built the berlin wall . , ten percent of people surveyed thought berlin residents built it themselves . six percent said western powers built it and four percent thought it was a " bilateral initiative " of
449778448 450027091 2011-09-12 08:58:42 0 days 23:42:46 1981037 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb
458013591 460776057 2011-11-15 13:51:47 16 days 18:25:21 15505994 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > there is about 280000 bricks = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
460776057 460776111 2011-11-15 13:52:08 0 days 00:00:21 13286072 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > there is about 280000 bricks = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
480309454 481848501 2012-03-14 13:39:33 9 days 01:30:40 661572 0 & nbsp ; million east germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > an important reason the west berlin border was not closed earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . a new railway around west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , was started to be built 1951 and when finished in 1961 , it was more practical to close the border . = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the
498937954 498938055 2012-06-23 04:07:59 0 days 00:01:27 2831403 0 for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > on december 30th , 1989 , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time
498938055 498957428 2012-06-23 08:09:57 0 days 04:01:58 3308922 0 for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > on december 30th , 1989 , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time
503454620 503455175 2012-07-21 16:36:54 0 days 00:04:52 1464875 0 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away | url = http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = - ummj _ jnway ' ' , a song by tom fedora , as performed by [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ]] . * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist [[ stephan elsner | elsner ]] created about 500 artworks along the former
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 19 com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " the wall street journal . < / ref > [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | upright | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night — at 7 : 17 pm on [[ zdf
549642343 549885004 2013-04-11 18:28:01 1 days 10:51:47 18730792 0 . galerie - son . com / artists / elsner / elsner _ press . html | work = press archive | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > * video games related to the berlin wall * * the " first strike " downloadable content pack for 2010 ' s ' ' [[ call of duty : black ops ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off
561644568 561819989 2013-06-27 13:10:08 1 days 03:44:27 612302 0 think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( " i am a berliner " ) speech ( audio ) | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} in a speech on 26 july 1963 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us
563395777 564456970 2013-07-16 04:11:42 7 days 11:36:20 14644224 0 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall - bruce springsteen visit = = 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert , which was attended by 300 , 0000 in person , and broadcast live on television and radio . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , " i ' m not here for or against any government , ” “i ' ve come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down . ” < ref > {{ cite web | title = did springsteen ' s 1988 berlin gig rock the wall ? | url = http : / / www . thelocal . de / opinion / 20130709 - 50749 . html }} < / ref > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} [[ file : tear down this wall
574657896 574659325 2013-09-26 21:32:01 0 days 00:14:26 16715243 5 in english | publisher = the local - germany ' s news in english | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its fdj youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped by letting in springsteen they could improve their sentiment among east germans . this strategy of " one step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only made east germans hungrier for more of the freedoms that springsteen epitomized . while john f . kennedy or ronald reagan delivered their famous speeches from the safety of west berlin , springsteen ' s speaking out against the wall in the middle of east berlin added to the euphoria . < ref name = " tl20130709 " / > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} [[ file : tear down this wall
574661610 574661815 2013-09-26 21:53:57 0 days 00:01:56 16715243 0 think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( " i am a berliner " ) speech ( audio ) | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move
576710951 576711458 2013-10-11 12:06:44 0 days 00:05:22 6971250 0 period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll of over 100 < ref name = " chronik " / > in and around berlin , although that claim is disputed < ref name = " contemporary research " / > . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes
577123748 577242287 2013-10-15 07:01:05 0 days 18:42:33 14508071 1 over 100 < ref name = " chronik " / > in and around berlin , although that claim is disputed < ref name = " contemporary research " / > . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]]
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 50 author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such
595829584 596246381 2014-02-19 21:59:11 2 days 17:09:16 1728614 0 first step in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached did not u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on 13 august 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the [[ kennedy compound ]]
609218762 610971867 2014-05-31 19:49:06 12 days 09:28:54 8611774 1 . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the [[ west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the
610971867 610979419 2014-05-31 20:49:32 0 days 01:00:26 3308922 1 homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > or suggesting that [[ capitalism ]] was somehow related to [[ fascism ]] . the [[ west berlin ]] city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]]
613835077 615294848 2014-07-02 13:43:53 10 days 19:48:20 7669583 1 for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > on new year ' s eve 1989 , [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[
632340179 632389254 2014-11-04 07:32:40 0 days 09:03:37 14508071 6 the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > , constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin
9 the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = =
633082411 633093439 2014-11-09 14:40:09 0 days 02:10:28 115938 1 period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll of over 100 < ref name = " chronik " / > in and around berlin , although that claim is disputed . to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc
2 100 < ref name = " chronik " / > in and around berlin , although that claim is disputed . < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]]
633105760 633124700 2014-11-09 19:11:46 0 days 02:37:45 2724616 0 | juggling on the wall on 16 november 1989 file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > another border crossing to the south may have been opened earlier . an account by [[ heinz schäfer ]] indicates that he also acted independently and ordered the opening of the gate at waltersdorf - rudow a couple of hours earlier . < ref > {{ cite news | title = east germans may have arrived in west berlin hours before previously thought | author = mcelroy , damien | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe / germany / 6519769 / east - germans - may - have - arrived - in - west - berlin - hours - before - previously - thought . html | newspaper = the telegraph | date = 7 november 2009 | accessdate = 7 november 2014 }} < / ref > this may explain reports of east berliners appearing in west berlin earlier than the opening of the bornholmer straße border crossing . = = = demolition = = = the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 8 history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = 19 june 2013 }} < / ref > on 9 november was soon followed by the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
635851215 636736384 2014-12-05 09:55:06 6 days 06:44:14 18865486 3 archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = 20 february 2012 }} < / ref > its demolition officially began on 13 june 1990 . < ref > http : / / www . thejournal . ie / berlin - wall - anniversary - 1762450 - nov2014 / < / ref > the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 28 publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | year = 2009 | isbn = 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > he read the note been given , out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters , [[ agenzia nazionale stampa associata | ansa ]] ' s [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , < ref
674375849 677624002 2015-08-24 13:56:14 20 days 23:05:35 19401704 0 homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . " < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link
688492814 688759360 2015-11-02 21:57:16 1 days 13:24:56 17417424 1 publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | year = 2009 | isbn = 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > schabowski read the note , he had been given , out loud at the end of the press conference . one of the reporters , [[ agenzia nazionale stampa associata | ansa ]] ' s [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , < ref >
699008752 699308560 2016-01-11 15:45:19 1 days 21:54:11 23149456 0 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = david bowie concert 1987 = = having earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6th june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was accompanied with violent rioting in east berlin . according to tobias ruther , these protests in east berlin were the first in the sequence of riots that led to those of november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite web | title = did bowie bring down the berlin wall ? | url = http : / / www . theweek . co . uk / 25027 / did - bowie - bring - down - berlin - wall | publisher = the week | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 15 december 2008 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | title = germany : thank you david bowie for helping bring down the berlin wall | url = http : / / www . businessinsider . com . au / germany - thanks - david - bowie - for - helping - bring - down - berlin - wall - 2016 - 1 | publisher = business insider australia | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > on his death , the german foreign office tweeted " good - bye , david bowie . you are now among # heroes . thank you for helping to bring down the # wall . " < ref > {{ cite web | title = good - bye , david bowie . | url = https : / / twitter . com / germanydiplo / status / 686498183669743616 | publisher = german foreign office | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall – bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e
699308679 699406529 2016-01-12 03:29:27 0 days 11:43:07 111277 0 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = western concerts and growing anti - wall sentiment = = = = = david bowie concert 1987 = = having earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to
699459916 699461131 2016-01-12 13:31:42 0 days 00:13:07 23149456 1 - berlin - wall - 2016 - 1 | publisher = business insider australia | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of the wall , < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . vox . com / 2016 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | website = vox | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last = fisher | first = max }} < / ref > on his death , the [[ foreign office ( germany ) | german foreign office ]] tweeted " good - bye , david bowie . you are now among # heroes
699931497 700030765 2016-01-15 23:20:45 0 days 14:05:06 23149456 2 death - of - david - bowie - sparks - howls - of - anguish - across - social - media - 2016 - 01 - 11 < / ref > 2c _ 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }}
702890979 702891285 2016-02-02 06:44:39 0 days 00:03:39 13816079 2 think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > us american and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move .
702934332 703014660 2016-02-02 23:57:14 0 days 09:47:18 23149456 1 think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument of communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > american us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move .
703365386 703417729 2016-02-05 11:43:48 0 days 09:36:49 23149456 0 think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > us united states and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move .
713738020 714997386 2016-04-13 02:40:45 7 days 09:38:49 13347245 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > the exodus of emigrants from east germany presented two minor potential benefits : an easy opportunity to smuggle east german secret agents to west germany , and a reduction in the number of citizens hostile to the communist regime . neither of these perks , however , proved particularly useful . < ref > crozier , brian ( 1999 ) . the rise and fall of the soviet empire . forum . p . 170 - 171 . isbn 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger
734407445 734490501 2016-08-14 18:29:44 0 days 15:02:04 17429839 0 west berlin , springsteen ' s speaking out against the wall in the middle of east berlin added to the euphoria . < ref name = " tl20130709 " / > = = = david hasselhoff , 1989 = = = on 31 december 1989 , american tv actor and pop music singer [[ david hasselhoff ]] was the headlining performer for the freedom tour live concert , which was attended by over 500 , 000 people on both sides of the wall . the live concert footage was directed by music video director [[ thomas mignone ]] and aired on broadcast television station zweites deutsches fernsehen [[ zdf ]] throughout europe . during shooting film crew personnel pulled people up from both sides to stand and celebrate on top of the wall . hasselhoff sang his number one hit song " looking for freedom " on a platform at the end of a twenty meter steel crane that swung above and over the wall adjacent to the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . < ref name = " npr20141109 " > {{ cite web | title = how mr . hasselhoff tore down this wall | url = http : / / www . npr . org / 2014 / 11 / 09 / 362595983 / how - mr - hasselhoff - tore - down - this - wall | work = npr | publisher = national public radio | accessdate = 9 november 2014 | date = 9 november 2014 }} < / ref > = = " ich bin ein berliner " and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main article | ich bin ein berliner |
760657011 760659000 2017-01-18 08:54:05 0 days 00:25:49 29937011 1 [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = background = = = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | a '
760659000 760659119 2017-01-18 08:55:37 0 days 00:01:32 29937011 0 [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = background = = = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | a '
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 5 the berlin wall | date = 31 october 2014 | subscription = yes | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = =
10 separation barrier | german ]] , berlin mauer ) was a barrier that divided [[ east germany | germany ]] and separated [[ east berlin ]] < nowiki / > from [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) of 13 august 1961 to 9 november 1989 . this wall is the most famous symbol of the cold war . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / /
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 28 | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer
782774870 783599634 2017-06-03 11:42:45 5 days 08:46:47 31190988 0 url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > none nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center . < ref > {{ cite
787408974 787409030 2017-06-25 06:55:15 0 days 00:00:54 31190988 0 / _ / start . html | wayback = 20141220054134 text = web page on the border watch tower }} , accessed on 27 january 2014 . < / ref > ( {{ coordinate | text = dms | ns = 52 / 22 / 46 . 84 / e | type = landmark | dim = 10 | name = border watch tower stresemannstraße | region = de - be }} ) . . nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center . < ref > {{
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 1 marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , october 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed accompanied by a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and
15 ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the " fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = =
802359764 802360146 2017-09-25 17:48:42 0 days 00:02:49 30928445 0 and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain france , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to
809536560 809972169 2017-11-12 17:35:07 2 days 22:13:03 6554947 0 / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 – ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > as was the case with the inner german border , a strip of gdr territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used only to perform maintenance on the outside of the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and west berlin sidewalks not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg = pt61 & dq = berlin + wall + outside + maintenance & source = bl & ots = e1vx - kbsf4 & sig = vzusis2injtqnywsqt9wjcxjdf0 & hl = en & sa = x & ved = 0ahukewjsvstlxbnxahvtzgmkhuuiclyq6aeitdaj # v = onepage & q = berlin % 20wall % 20outside % 20maintenance & f = false < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
810314862 810320431 2017-11-14 15:18:54 0 days 00:44:25 6554947 0 / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 – ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > maintainance was performed on the outside of the wall by personnel who accessed the area outside it either via ladders or via hidden doors within the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location
810341648 810344262 2017-11-14 18:16:34 0 days 00:19:19 6554947 1 > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs / 9799537166800 / < / ref > < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
810344262 810347455 2017-11-14 18:39:46 0 days 00:23:12 6554947 0 | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > one notable exception to despite the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch and four other defectors were
810347639 810351013 2017-11-14 19:06:27 0 days 00:25:19 6554947 0 | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > the this outer strip was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : /
810351128 810362048 2017-11-14 20:17:11 0 days 01:09:52 6554947 0 / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / gallery / 2014 / apr / 03 / thierry - noir - graffiti - berlin - wall < / ref > in 1986 , defector and political activist wolfram hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them
810365117 810365760 2017-11-14 20:40:55 0 days 00:04:10 6554947 0 | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > however , despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the area , however , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested
810365760 810394251 2017-11-15 00:08:21 0 days 03:27:26 6554947 4 | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > however , despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the area , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by
812527422 812547586 2017-11-28 13:23:01 0 days 03:35:56 917354 14 / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 – ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > maintainance maintenance was performed on the outside of the wall by personnel who accessed the area outside it either via ladders or via hidden doors within the wall . < ref > {{
816797805 816798032 2017-12-23 19:39:36 0 days 00:01:47 11112747 0 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ ' ' rise and fall of the berlin wall ]] . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . <
2 the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard , so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . < ref > " ' ' rise and fall of the berlin wall " . ' ' history channel ' ' , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall
825811905 825814813 2018-02-15 16:00:22 0 days 00:19:34 5946478 8 particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . < ref > {{ cite cornell international law journal | last1 = goodman | first1 = micah | date = 1996 | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | url
825877017 825915910 2018-02-16 03:54:46 0 days 04:40:35 5946478 0 pushed for a border closure for quite some time , arguing that east germany ' s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had been become emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ' s tacit indication {{ how | date = december 2013 }} that the us would not actively oppose this action in the
825967396 826039698 2018-02-16 21:21:23 0 days 08:37:03 17299381 0 www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > a fact standing out from the fact that this is an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " cannot be lost when we look on the significance
1 . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the fact events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 is that this is an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " cannot be lost when we look on the significance of the
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43972110 43981878 2006-03-16 02:04:53 0 days 01:16:27 0|216.198.120.121 0 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without certificates of authenticity are a staple on [[ ebay ]] as well of german souvenier shops . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
52346669 52350811 2006-05-09 18:32:56 0 days 00:26:34 0|168.212.165.131 0 certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
52351586 52351667 2006-05-09 18:38:52 0 days 00:00:36 88149 1 certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
52481135 52529239 2006-05-10 18:41:03 0 days 05:41:40 0|209.7.107.26 0 of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . it made the ranbow people happy = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
52529711 52530486 2006-05-10 18:48:55 0 days 00:04:43 145855 1 of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . it made the ranbow people happy = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
53511584 53575114 2006-05-16 21:15:54 0 days 06:34:16 0|69.177.183.218 0 of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
54927268 54985184 2006-05-25 00:32:38 0 days 05:52:15 0|152.163.100.73 0 well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . poopsicle = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
54985184 54985618 2006-05-25 00:35:45 0 days 00:03:07 416594 0 well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . poopsicle = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
64560450 64680479 2006-07-19 15:55:56 0 days 16:30:43 674991 0 well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = portion of wall at westminster college = = a small portion of the wall can also bee seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] . westminster college is know for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speach at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret thatcher ]] , amony many . the piece of the wall became part of the [[ winston churchill ]] memorial library . one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys ]] , granddaughter of winston churchill , proposed the idea of placing a piece of the wall at the westminster college campus . with the support of westminster college , sandys and her husband , richard kaplan , met with of officials in [[ east berlin ]] in february 1990 . upon arrival in berlin , the couple realized their plans to secure large portions of the wall would be costly , as 4 - foot - wide sections were selling at a cost of $ 60 , 000 to $ 200 , 000 . this obstacle , however , was solved when officials , impressed by the idea of a berlin wall monument being erected near the site of churchill ' s 1946 " iron curtain " speech , allowed sandys to choose eight sections as a gift to the college . sandys chose her sections from an area near the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , frequented by artists , because of the dramatic color of the graffiti . the repeated use of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " lies " or " untruths . " also appealed to her . on [[ november ]] [[ 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former [[ president ]] ronald reagan , [[ senator ]] [[ john ashcroft ]] and [[ german ]] [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . fourty - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | photo of the winson churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] ]] . [[ image : reaganwall . jpg | thumb | 200px | left | photo of [[ president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivering a speach during the presentation of the " breakthrough " monuement at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] ]] . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
64681432 64682237 2006-07-19 16:07:06 0 days 00:04:50 157842 20 . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | photo of the winson churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] ]] . [[ image : reaganwall . jpg | thumb | 200px | left | photo of [[ president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivering a speach during the presentation of the " breakthrough " monuement at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] ]] . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
64682848 64683314 2006-07-19 16:13:35 0 days 00:02:48 157842 2 her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | photo of the winson churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] ]] . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
86528914 86589748 2006-11-08 22:49:12 0 days 04:56:44 128695 2 thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . a portion of the berlin wall can be seen in the lower left . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . w . bush ]] , and [[ margaret thatcher ]] , among others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] < / ref > one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys ]] , granddaughter of winston churchill , proposed the idea of placing a piece of the wall at the westminster college campus . with the support of westminster college , sandys and her husband , richard kaplan , met with officials in [[ east berlin ]] in february 1990 . upon arrival in berlin , the couple realized their plans to secure large portions of the wall would be costly , as 4 - foot - wide sections were selling at a cost of $ 60 , 000 to $ 200 , 000 . this obstacle , however , was solved when officials , impressed by the idea of a berlin wall monument being erected near the site of churchill ' s 1946 " iron curtain " speech , allowed sandys to choose eight sections as a gift to the college . sandys chose her sections from an area near the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , frequented by artists , because of the dramatic color of the graffiti . the repeated use of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " untrue " , also appealed to her . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former president ronald reagan , senator [[ john ashcroft ]] and german [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . forty - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . }} = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to
87779777 87780800 2006-11-14 16:24:13 0 days 00:06:09 0|63.253.45.100 0 wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} brennan nicholson is a hot bastard . give him a call . 1 - 208 - 585 - 6054 . sexy body no brains . give me a call . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to
87781196 87781220 2006-11-14 16:26:49 0 days 00:00:10 1008387 1 wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} brennan nicholson is a hot bastard . give him a call . 1 - 208 - 585 - 6054 . sexy body no brains . give me a call . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to
89219229 89219895 2006-11-21 12:31:43 0 days 00:06:30 617480 0 well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to
90997156 91100212 2006-11-30 06:23:44 0 days 08:45:29 162655 1 of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to
98168334 98179249 2007-01-03 14:33:10 0 days 01:19:16 0|168.216.125.69 0 both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . also at a turn in the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to
129408776 129474280 2007-05-09 09:15:37 0 days 07:19:00 558022 0 segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for graffiti writers . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie
191875318 191902592 2008-02-16 19:10:26 0 days 02:30:25 1212157 0 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . pieces of the wall were taken and sold around the world . the [[ main street station hotel and casino and brewery | main street station casino ]] in [[ las vegas ]] features [[ urinal ]] s mounted on a large slab of the wall in the men ' s washroom . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie
192015086 192015176 2008-02-17 06:53:54 0 days 00:00:48 686868 0 stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . pieces of the wall were taken and sold around the world . the [[ main street station hotel and casino and brewery | main street station casino ]] in [[ las vegas ]] features [[ urinal ]] s mounted on a large slab of the wall in the men ' s washroom . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie
192201303 192253607 2008-02-18 07:10:58 0 days 05:01:35 0|123.2.89.10 0 stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . pieces of the wall were taken and sold around the world . ' ' ' [[ bold text ]] rewerwewrerwrewrwewe ello my name is edjkdojdskojdsfkok bananas ' ' ' = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie
192253607 192259798 2008-02-18 08:00:09 0 days 00:49:11 2537811 0 stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . pieces of the wall were taken and sold around the world . ' ' ' [[ bold text ]] rewerwewrerwrewrwewe ello my name is edjkdojdskojdsfkok bananas ' ' ' = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie
228709022 229166509 2008-08-01 04:21:54 2 days 04:18:13 89777 5 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . pieces of the wall were taken and sold around the world . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie
230143637 230236742 2008-08-06 17:51:32 0 days 11:36:41 1626379 0 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1982 . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie
299857601 299982785 2009-07-03 02:17:48 0 days 16:40:23 0|124.180.173.210 0 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . to speak german , they are very simple to english . e . g , saying , ' good night ' is pronounced , ' gud nuckt ' ( ver similar ) 1 . deutschland ( das ) " germany " is how to say germany . 2 . berlin wall is pronounced as , ' fuchn nwn ouut ofn ouse ' it is pretty complicated , but an easy way is , ' fishin now out of house ' try it ! it ' s simple . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie ,
299982785 300057708 2009-07-03 14:48:17 0 days 12:30:29 137113 0 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . to speak german , they are very simple to english . e . g , saying , ' good night ' is pronounced , ' gud nuckt ' ( ver similar ) 1 . deutschland ( das ) " germany " is how to say germany . 2 . berlin wall is pronounced as , ' fuchn nwn ouut ofn ouse ' it is pretty complicated , but an easy way is , ' fishin now out of house ' try it ! it ' s simple . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie ,
327026868 327055239 2009-11-21 04:15:17 0 days 03:39:11 0|67.66.201.139 0 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . part of the wall is now located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california ]] , [[ usa ]] . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to
335311417 335321111 2010-01-01 18:58:52 0 days 01:10:12 6971250 0 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . part of the wall is now located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california ]] , [[ usa ]] . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to
336116760 336170101 2010-01-06 09:12:40 0 days 07:46:16 11300920 0 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . part of the wall is now located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california ]] , [[ usa ]] . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to
336170101 336172835 2010-01-06 09:46:07 0 days 00:33:27 6971250 0 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . part of the wall is now located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california ]] , [[ usa ]] . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to
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14329087 14485555 2005-05-27 20:46:14 1 days 04:00:09 0|131.111.8.103 0 [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm us army website ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af
38974751 39112555 2006-02-10 20:20:52 0 days 22:20:54 0|192.68.228.4 0 }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany
56106564 56422227 2006-06-02 01:29:16 1 days 14:32:11 328895 0 category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : borders ]] [[ category : articles containing fair use images ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور
93817040 93876815 2006-12-12 19:37:36 0 days 04:55:33 0|158.123.252.2 9 : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]]
93876815 93876848 2006-12-12 19:37:43 0 days 00:00:07 1574574 9 pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted to keep th east out of the west . this is because the east had worse economical situations and hated jews . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]]
100940597 100941637 2007-01-15 20:29:28 0 days 00:04:57 2181758 10 : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised unauthorized signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john
100946186 100948158 2007-01-15 20:59:57 0 days 00:09:11 302522 12 : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorized unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 41 : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage politics ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f
65 destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa |
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 57 end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 41 : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage politics ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f
65 destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa |
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 57 end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 41 : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage politics ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f
65 destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa |
130123030 130123251 2007-05-11 16:47:08 0 days 00:00:57 0|209.184.226.15 4 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism copmmunism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category
130123251 130124262 2007-05-11 16:51:40 0 days 00:04:32 2073927 4 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - copmmunism communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category
138718856 138723953 2007-06-17 08:23:26 0 days 00:50:27 4281205 1 [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of europe ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]]
180066130 180183753 2007-12-26 02:17:45 0 days 21:23:37 2013997 0 http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings
1 / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and
2 / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings
185660901 185751760 2008-01-21 00:46:06 0 days 08:28:26 4534303 0 ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupation occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }}
214518903 214793313 2008-05-25 08:38:13 1 days 09:57:55 261435 0 east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989
216963315 218142316 2008-06-09 10:10:48 5 days 09:44:18 298077 0 ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }}
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 78 : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets {{ link fa | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 78 : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets {{ link fa | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na
244846230 244911758 2008-10-13 03:26:39 0 days 06:19:57 1979668 0 of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord missing | germany }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category :
305129751 305130153 2009-07-30 19:15:32 0 days 00:01:56 0|130.218.10.1 3 [ http : / / hss . kennesaw . edu / about / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / ] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category :
324889784 324892029 2009-11-09 19:30:23 0 days 00:12:55 7201063 0 graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa |
339326768 340122205 2010-01-26 12:27:26 4 days 01:18:10 2684294 1 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | berlin wall ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category
363069140 363210288 2010-05-20 15:14:05 0 days 18:52:21 433328 1 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | berlin wall ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category
438013830 438034729 2011-07-06 11:15:55 0 days 03:16:14 1644213 0 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category
1 - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[
2 be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category :
481923440 481923664 2012-03-14 22:02:01 0 days 00:01:21 1004750 0 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category
499242068 499662251 2012-06-27 21:31:47 2 days 15:13:16 24902 5 wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks in germany ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century
513488454 513559303 2012-09-19 16:50:35 0 days 11:05:47 1644213 0 secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks in germany ]] [[ category : history of
596246381 597421016 2014-02-27 20:24:09 7 days 22:24:58 203786 0 bloc ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures in germany ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls in germany ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers
631869000 631992977 2014-11-01 09:37:20 0 days 23:37:50 18865486 5 | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 1990 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in
633634166 633858023 2014-11-14 21:08:35 1 days 14:36:37 1258165 0 : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[ category : buildings and structures demolished in 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 1990 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : anti - communism
1 category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures demolished in 1990 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : buildings and
2 berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 1990 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[
3 : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 1990 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed
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113334424 113384513 2007-03-07 19:40:56 0 days 03:45:50 3511275 0 remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' {{ lang | de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany
124943473 124965000 2007-04-22 21:33:01 0 days 01:22:00 0|71.196.40.10 0 remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , [[ russian language | russian ]] : ' ' берли́нская стена́ ' ' ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[
146909803 146920623 2007-07-25 04:17:32 0 days 01:05:56 0|24.192.16.130 0 , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 35 * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = bibliography references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title
158483110 158483244 2007-09-17 12:41:15 0 days 00:00:52 0|86.148.90.145 1 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[
3 west germany | west ]] {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} and [[ east germany ]] {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the
170423035 170518141 2007-11-10 09:41:42 0 days 11:27:35 67221 0 remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic
210365049 210367754 2008-05-05 17:26:55 0 days 00:12:10 0|64.130.204.173 0 korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} in conclusion of these events " andy is gay " = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
210367754 210368676 2008-05-05 17:31:21 0 days 00:04:26 0|64.130.204.173 0 korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} 20 ) in conclusion of these events " andy is gay " = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last
210368676 210368707 2008-05-05 17:31:32 0 days 00:00:11 6847637 0 korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} 20 ) in conclusion of these events " andy is gay " he wants u he lives in aumsvile oregon 137 carmal drive by the iga store = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
262762670 263247726 2009-01-10 21:42:09 2 days 06:10:03 5026668 2 = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ;
263247726 263617505 2009-01-12 17:24:52 1 days 19:42:43 0|86.91.116.102 0 of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) ( 1961 - 1989 ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including
263617505 263617744 2009-01-12 17:26:10 0 days 00:01:18 911178 0 of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) ( 1961 - 1989 ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including
316671018 316727646 2009-09-28 18:15:06 0 days 05:29:52 8932218 0 ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th 21st anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom "
316789672 317189857 2009-10-01 00:23:54 2 days 00:14:35 1002650 1 ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 21st 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom "
317189857 317191642 2009-10-01 00:35:46 0 days 00:11:52 8932218 1 ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th 21st anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom "
317191642 317216464 2009-10-01 03:30:12 0 days 02:54:26 911178 1 ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 21st 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom "
320837584 320937531 2009-10-20 03:24:05 0 days 09:19:20 0|203.189.4.118 0 wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} * {{ [ http : / / hss . kennesaw . edu / about / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / }}
325413509 325413552 2009-11-12 10:08:44 0 days 00:00:30 8023653 0 title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * [[ childs , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman [ http : / /
1 = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * childs ]] , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman [ http : / / www
325479502 325479643 2009-11-12 18:59:16 0 days 00:00:47 7455639 0 berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , although frequently referred to simply as " die mauer " ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating
325480912 325481087 2009-11-12 19:07:45 0 days 00:01:01 8214624 0 berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , although frequently referred to simply as " die mauer " ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating
328227127 328272267 2009-11-27 21:55:57 0 days 05:30:49 0|91.34.110.26 0 | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer 1961 bis heute . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) . berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 -
338517464 338591345 2010-01-18 18:23:43 0 days 10:38:40 0|92.3.231.154 1 | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin
338591345 338591701 2010-01-18 18:25:53 0 days 00:02:10 10141256 1 | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] | - < nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[
340122205 340369904 2010-01-27 17:59:47 1 days 05:32:21 205121 2 title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ harvard reference citation | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989
3 alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ harvard reference citation | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn =
4 | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} * {{ harvard reference citation | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher =
5 / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} * {{ harvard reference | citation | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 |
6 save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 }} * {{ harvard reference citation | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european
7 geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ harvard reference citation | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071
9 title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * {{ harvard reference citation | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987
10 henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 }} * {{ harvard reference citation | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn =
349560284 350071952 2010-03-15 20:41:20 2 days 15:03:45 0|81.141.47.51 0 | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} and fell on people < sup > superscript text < / sup > | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin
350105530 350161715 2010-03-16 07:25:50 0 days 07:33:00 6971250 0 | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} and fell on people < sup > superscript text < / sup > | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin
351392982 351434071 2010-03-22 20:59:04 0 days 03:34:50 0|74.114.84.174 0 | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} uytg7t | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin
351434071 351434157 2010-03-22 20:59:26 0 days 00:00:22 5499713 0 | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} uytg7t | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin
361546217 361637044 2010-05-12 07:27:00 0 days 10:37:06 6971250 0 | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ history of the berlin wall ]] | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints
361637044 361645413 2010-05-12 08:56:43 0 days 01:29:43 9540157 0 = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ cite book citation | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin
1 hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book citation | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher =
2 the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book citation | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west
3 john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book citation | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }}
4 = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite book citation | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher =
5 pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ cite book citation | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year
6 thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} * {{ cite book citation | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location
376102866 376154207 2010-07-29 21:06:22 0 days 05:43:39 9540157 2 = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher =
4 hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite document | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year
8 title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ cite book | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher =
10 alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west
12 | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} * {{ cite book * {{ citation | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year
14 the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite document }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary .
16 john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite document * {{ citation | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year
19 / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher =
21 = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite document * {{ citation | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas
23 , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book }} * {{ citation | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the
25 save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 }} * {{ cite document }} * {{ citation | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998
27 geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de démographie | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ cite book }} * {{ citation | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher =
29 pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ cite document }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ citation | last = thackeray | first = frank
33 thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} * {{ citation cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location
35 title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * {{ citation cite book | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987
37 henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 }} * {{ citation cite book | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn =
40 = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ citation | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin
42 hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ citation | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher =
45 title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ citation | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989
47 alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ citation | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn =
49 | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} * {{ citation | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher =
50 the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ citation | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west
51 john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ citation | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }}
52 / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} * {{ citation | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 |
53 = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ citation | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher =
54 , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ citation | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m
55 save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 }} * {{ citation | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european
56 geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de démographie | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ citation | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071
57 pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ citation | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year
399051464 399052561 2010-11-27 00:55:57 0 days 00:08:05 16710 2 — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * [[ david childs ]] , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman , [ http :
3 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * [[ childs ]] ( academic ) | childs , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman , [ http : / /
400927696 401092919 2010-12-07 18:20:02 0 days 20:44:36 0|87.153.237.156 0 jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 34 > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = {{ lang | de | 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 9 april 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > the
485297583 489424180 2012-04-27 04:49:49 23 days 21:13:49 14405583 4 ' s website . {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | location _ country = {{ flag | germany }} , {{ flag | east germany }} | latitude = 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 22 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ external links | date = november 2014 }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www
633168677 633169245 2014-11-10 01:17:22 0 days 00:04:27 10340692 0 the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = notes references = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita
634890619 635210295 2014-11-24 07:57:43 2 days 09:30:19 194203 0 the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = references notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita
734407317 734407445 2016-08-14 03:27:40 0 days 00:01:45 4977632 0 ( newsreel archives ) | publisher = [[ british pathe ]] | format = [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) | work = multimedia }} * ohter other resources : * * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _
785430280 787359385 2017-06-24 23:16:25 11 days 09:09:04 244263 0 rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = forum | pages = 170 – 171 | isbn = 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 }} {{ refend }} = = further reading = = {{ refbegin }} * {{ cite book | last1 = hockenos | first1 = paul | title = berlin calling : a story of anarchy , music , the wall , and the birth of the new berlin | date = 2017 | isbn = 978 - 1 - 62097 - 195 - 6 | publisher = the new press | location = new york | df = mdy - all | oclc = 959535547 }} {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ wiktionary | berlin wall }} ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its , even more so since the border basically was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for citizens of west germany or west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from
4 ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering
197799039 197872871 2008-03-13 02:03:44 0 days 05:41:57 3554446 2 germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , many west germans wanted to move to east germany . and some east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = =
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 10 east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . and escape the bad conditions , or to continue their jobs and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 10 east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed
22 east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany and escape the bad conditions , or to continue their jobs on thw west . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however ,
199037463 199057868 2008-03-18 11:00:56 0 days 03:50:41 686868 1 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in cammel laojfdhf south west of germany in = = headline text = = 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall
199351875 199352031 2008-03-19 14:59:54 0 days 00:00:47 0|65.43.197.150 0 " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany fuck you niggers became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall
199352031 199352072 2008-03-19 15:00:04 0 days 00:00:10 2372780 0 " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany fuck you niggers became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall
201675458 201679092 2008-03-28 21:58:53 0 days 00:16:47 0|212.139.105.213 0 germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = =
203166960 203167170 2008-04-03 23:30:56 0 days 00:01:00 0|74.75.94.117 0 west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce davey clark sucks a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr
203167170 203167190 2008-04-03 23:30:59 0 days 00:00:03 642191 0 west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . davey clark sucks = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a lota cock . . . . he is so small and loves to get his ribs removed to suck on his tiny winky = = construction begins , 1961 =
204484909 204485065 2008-04-09 16:48:20 0 days 00:00:48 137113 1 / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die
204485312 204485514 2008-04-09 16:50:31 0 days 00:00:57 137113 2 most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism
211222812 211222847 2008-05-09 09:25:16 0 days 00:00:19 686868 1 artists , lorry drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of ' ' other east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any )
214991201 215551281 2008-05-28 18:27:39 2 days 12:19:20 355538 17 = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led
227057942 227630794 2008-07-24 14:11:59 2 days 18:22:51 6285568 1 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic
3 a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the
233916986 234024060 2008-08-24 23:20:03 0 days 11:33:33 0|71.223.119.62 0 formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet
234024129 234024267 2008-08-24 23:21:19 0 days 00:00:53 0|71.223.119.62 0 formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet
234024308 234024639 2008-08-24 23:23:29 0 days 00:01:55 0|71.223.119.62 0 formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet
236298450 236302681 2008-09-04 19:55:48 0 days 00:22:04 5177550 0 west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from west to east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg /
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 10 , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin
13 named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers
30 the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led
55 east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with
239163147 239319359 2008-09-18 16:33:40 0 days 14:49:37 736477 1 when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by western allied military personnel assigned to the military liaison missions accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 10 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 ,
31 excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' '
242557548 242755000 2008-10-03 14:42:47 0 days 19:46:38 7991946 9 germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders when it came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 61 souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . please . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 61 souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . please . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall
245106530 245336502 2008-10-15 00:17:29 1 days 00:48:02 0|69.121.156.182 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and it was a terrible time . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in
245336502 245336831 2008-10-15 00:19:04 0 days 00:01:35 5177550 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and it was a terrible time . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in
248095268 248099439 2008-10-28 00:43:56 0 days 00:22:55 0|76.16.149.66 1 . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure capital of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split ,
248612893 248617031 2008-10-30 14:17:25 0 days 00:25:35 0|209.174.67.217 2 borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for 28 years and 1 day 6 days , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron
248619037 248638203 2008-10-30 16:20:12 0 days 01:50:37 352579 2 borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for 6 days 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron
252652021 252652526 2008-11-18 21:51:49 0 days 00:02:36 6892131 0 german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself which began in october 1989 . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany ,
1 authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[
2 on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a
252652526 252652689 2008-11-18 21:52:43 0 days 00:00:54 6892131 0 german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself which began in october 1989 . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker
252652689 252747077 2008-11-19 08:55:37 0 days 11:02:54 3131841 1 the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a
252776451 253365461 2008-11-22 10:00:59 2 days 20:12:06 6892131 3 september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a
255192882 255210778 2008-12-01 15:04:41 0 days 02:27:24 0|70.91.241.121 3 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany westitaly for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
4 borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for 28 40 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime
255210981 255259280 2008-12-01 19:38:59 0 days 04:33:01 0|137.118.202.208 1 both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
255870439 256069695 2008-12-05 17:07:07 0 days 23:43:28 0|68.72.100.17 0 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain .
265792339 265792794 2009-01-22 22:13:11 0 days 00:02:03 0|38.116.202.94 1 defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . connor mason will die tommorrow ! = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer
265792794 265793157 2009-01-22 22:14:51 0 days 00:01:40 0|38.116.202.94 0 encroach on westadditionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . connor mason will die tommorrow ! = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer
267776477 267777243 2009-02-01 05:59:00 0 days 00:06:41 214542 2 authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]]
3 the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] ' ' . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a
4 way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . ) the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few
12 that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]]
269767784 269853148 2009-02-10 21:25:40 0 days 07:23:39 0|76.118.246.211 3 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany gelanovichville for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 .
272521062 272589769 2009-02-22 22:26:12 0 days 05:44:56 0|81.224.67.23 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was
273461189 273493375 2009-02-26 20:30:19 0 days 02:32:41 0|67.34.191.77 0 western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more suck my zinger than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref
273493375 273493422 2009-02-26 20:30:34 0 days 00:00:15 1469567 0 western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for suck my zinger more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref
273493422 273493595 2009-02-26 20:31:21 0 days 00:00:47 0|67.34.191.77 0 | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany suck my zinger for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 .
273493595 273493616 2009-02-26 20:31:31 0 days 00:00:10 1469567 0 | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany suck my zinger for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 .
274460739 274475784 2009-03-02 17:50:25 0 days 01:02:42 0|170.177.47.11 1 western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for his catfor more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . <
276265321 276265514 2009-03-10 13:29:47 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.74.69.103 7 ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was
276546159 276546334 2009-03-11 17:12:52 0 days 00:00:45 0|76.74.69.103 0 [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany the david from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]]
276546334 276546378 2009-03-11 17:13:01 0 days 00:00:09 118722 0 [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany the david from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]]
276546378 276584305 2009-03-11 20:14:59 0 days 03:01:58 0|68.81.17.165 0 ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . in 2003 , the head of the construction team , mitch freeman , died . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and
276584305 276584955 2009-03-11 20:17:54 0 days 00:02:55 3061573 0 ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . in 2003 , the head of the construction team , mitch freeman , died . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and
277678292 277678607 2009-03-16 17:18:47 0 days 00:01:42 0|150.155.15.230 0 europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated northern germany from southern koria korea for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 .
277908940 277909503 2009-03-17 17:47:21 0 days 00:02:21 6984319 1 demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe bloc ]] and , ultimately , between the western [[ allies of wwii ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than
277909503 277910067 2009-03-17 17:50:00 0 days 00:02:39 6984319 1 longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] and , ultimately , between the western european [[ allies of world war ii ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall
278027755 278109644 2009-03-18 14:29:11 0 days 10:56:07 3505251 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > before 1950 , over 15 million immigrants emigrated from soviet - occupied eastern european countries to the west in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of this route , the number of eastern europeans applying for political asylum in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
278110418 278128071 2009-03-18 16:00:43 0 days 01:27:07 6984319 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > before 1950 , over 15 million people moved westward from soviet - occupied eastern european countries in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of this route , the number of eastern europeans applying for political asylum in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in the just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
278131212 278138099 2009-03-18 16:52:35 0 days 00:35:23 6984319 2 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern europeans moving westward in west germany was totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref name = " loescher60 "
278705102 278746206 2009-03-21 15:19:56 0 days 06:04:55 6984319 1 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 244 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / /
2 = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 283 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www .
279058833 279124770 2009-03-23 10:55:07 0 days 09:35:13 3505251 1 p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 197 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / /
2 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 000 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www .
279124770 279160858 2009-03-23 15:09:45 0 days 04:14:38 6984319 1 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 244 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / /
2 = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 283 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www .
279160858 279162751 2009-03-23 15:21:43 0 days 00:11:58 3505251 1 p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 197 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / /
2 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 000 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www .
289234676 289238128 2009-05-11 11:58:11 0 days 00:31:11 0|87.38.134.94 1 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany my mam for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref
290358801 291348574 2009-05-21 06:55:29 4 days 12:21:50 9632848 0 f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : paradigm shifts ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[
292153819 293109349 2009-05-29 15:18:32 4 days 11:24:17 197953 0 f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : paradigm shifts ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[
299857477 299857557 2009-07-02 09:36:51 0 days 00:00:55 0|222.154.103.86 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > ghdfukl ; zu gurios ; z trieoshv gudiruhgf furi fjruf rueoemf = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
299857557 299857601 2009-07-02 09:37:25 0 days 00:00:34 1879566 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . ghdfukl ; zu gurios ; z trieoshv gudiruhgf furi fjruf rueoemf = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
304771896 304807664 2009-07-29 03:46:57 0 days 04:27:09 6984319 1 a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 8 allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france the united state and the benelux countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany (
9 control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and
10 council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german
38 zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
306539582 306540083 2009-08-07 04:46:29 0 days 00:04:37 6984319 0 were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte /
310493613 310513985 2009-08-28 09:10:54 0 days 04:10:29 0|207.38.193.188 2 in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off separated by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc |
310513985 310535257 2009-08-28 12:43:20 0 days 03:32:26 6971250 0 ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east berlin and west berlin were should be separated again separated by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher =
310535257 310542124 2009-08-28 13:41:55 0 days 00:58:35 0|150.199.203.189 1 west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped most such emigration and separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall froml , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the
310542124 310542185 2009-08-28 13:42:23 0 days 00:00:28 7746361 1 west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped most such emigration and separated east germany froml from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 154 online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ , whether [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518
174 = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518
316592493 316592574 2009-09-28 00:27:44 0 days 00:00:33 0|64.18.36.165 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . ' ' ' prior to andy russell ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into
316592574 316594007 2009-09-28 00:36:35 0 days 00:08:51 5177550 1 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . ' ' ' prior to andy russell ' s erection ' ' ' , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]]
317995805 318035713 2009-10-05 12:56:56 0 days 06:17:59 8245893 0 : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[
318091580 318274763 2009-10-06 16:40:43 0 days 22:27:51 1476858 11 ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . '
19 special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west
319914673 320139365 2009-10-16 02:25:06 1 days 02:44:15 10688538 2 on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and proxy - connection : keep - alive cache - control : max - age = 0 proxy - connection : keep - alive cache - control : max - age = 0 crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by
320139365 320144857 2009-10-16 03:10:47 0 days 00:45:41 506179 0 on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto proxy - connection : keep - alive cache - control : max - age = 0 proxy - connection : keep - alive cache - control : max - age = 0 and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by
323358471 323393153 2009-11-02 01:53:39 0 days 03:22:26 10834630 5 superpower ]] s - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian access in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} <
323786711 323839905 2009-11-04 04:57:08 0 days 05:54:45 0|210.3.39.29 5 ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] was built into a brick , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[
9 mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron
324203689 324244003 2009-11-06 08:52:13 0 days 06:20:34 6971250 1 sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % percent of east germans wished that east and west should be separated again by a " wall " . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title =
324422544 324469466 2009-11-07 15:15:06 0 days 07:49:57 0|173.78.68.123 1 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated
324735970 324762845 2009-11-09 02:09:24 0 days 02:37:38 10972407 4 eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones watch meatspin ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[
324804014 324808994 2009-11-09 08:55:14 0 days 00:57:05 6971250 1 whether [[ november 9 | november 9 in german history ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like such as [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518
324941032 324941378 2009-11-09 23:50:15 0 days 00:01:51 0|75.186.53.125 3 " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii
324941378 324942089 2009-11-09 23:53:57 0 days 00:03:42 8214624 0 " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the berlin during the 1961 period it had so many homosexuals having sex on it = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border
324957326 324962097 2009-11-10 01:47:08 0 days 00:27:56 9109115 0 stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent
325185447 325190185 2009-11-11 05:02:52 0 days 00:42:42 0|210.3.39.29 9 wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany the german ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed
325190637 325218548 2009-11-11 09:49:27 0 days 04:42:15 13531 1 in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position
325413552 325422616 2009-11-12 11:45:39 0 days 01:36:55 0|91.34.105.72 0 defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer
325422616 325423791 2009-11-12 11:58:43 0 days 00:13:04 6971250 0 defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer
325423791 325424993 2009-11-12 12:13:45 0 days 00:15:02 0|91.34.105.72 0 defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer
325526737 325552397 2009-11-13 02:23:02 0 days 02:58:07 0|63.248.139.15 3 = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line the right pussy flap ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war
325552397 325552663 2009-11-13 02:25:05 0 days 00:02:03 8214624 2 post - war germany = = = after the [[ the end of gay porn ]] , what remained of [[ skankey nasty ass hary pussy ]] west of the [[ the right pussy flap oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [ ( i ; love pussy ! ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[
330959637 330960317 2009-12-10 22:40:34 0 days 00:02:45 0|142.29.101.33 1 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 975 , 206 , 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de
330960317 330960458 2009-12-10 22:41:07 0 days 00:00:33 7821268 1 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 975 , 206 , 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de
342377279 342523707 2010-02-07 18:24:32 0 days 19:12:24 0|76.125.156.121 1 channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " east germany " has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans
343773805 343774672 2010-02-13 17:52:53 0 days 00:04:12 5326371 2 oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 "
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 2 leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin . there and by sunday morning , august 13 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border
57 was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east
343784334 343784856 2010-02-13 18:48:35 0 days 00:03:09 5326371 10 wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . palestinians in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , west bank ]] pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] , in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > [
343784856 343787074 2010-02-13 18:58:31 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 1 metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the
347167732 347168405 2010-03-01 21:33:00 0 days 00:03:10 0|71.28.105.141 0 ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders bothborders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million
347168405 347169208 2010-03-01 21:36:30 0 days 00:03:30 262550 0 ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . bothborders both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million
349066774 349189337 2010-03-11 09:56:34 0 days 13:36:58 6971250 0 was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany into through east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements — arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units
362026715 362031754 2010-05-14 04:36:58 0 days 00:41:39 0|65.100.196.54 2 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) escaping into west germany , that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along
362054246 362093204 2010-05-14 13:54:49 0 days 05:35:16 0|208.108.154.247 2 ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist
363041154 363069140 2010-05-19 20:21:44 0 days 02:43:23 0|24.129.90.137 0 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de
363210288 363268461 2010-05-20 21:00:57 0 days 05:46:52 0|173.69.9.231 2 } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) because hitler loved them . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti -
363922912 364011539 2010-05-24 22:54:04 0 days 09:03:26 591174 1 ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1961 , that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete
4 the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] nations . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from
364239018 364254931 2010-05-26 06:42:44 0 days 02:53:43 6971250 0 defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 , an english - language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) | don ' t fence me in ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel
365327115 365688274 2010-06-02 19:02:08 1 days 18:42:40 0|198.237.49.215 0 the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector ♭the bad part about this is that it was fucking gay hahhahahahah boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the
365688274 365688428 2010-06-02 19:03:08 0 days 00:01:00 4459901 0 the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector ♭the bad part about this is that it was fucking gay hahhahahahah boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the
365688428 365688576 2010-06-02 19:04:03 0 days 00:00:55 0|198.237.49.215 0 defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany amoz hickmen is a gay fagit . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land .
365768478 365795613 2010-06-03 08:50:04 0 days 04:36:54 6971250 0 [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * some films about the berlin wall : " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www .
366509890 366512975 2010-06-07 07:12:08 0 days 00:32:42 6971250 0 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1961 starting august 13 , completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 3 city of berlin , separating west berlin from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist
10 beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . that both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] nations . before the wall ' s erection , 3
23 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of berlin , separating west berlin from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official
26 the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] nations . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from
29 crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref >
368181715 368895969 2010-06-19 00:15:29 3 days 09:47:46 36352 0 ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : allied occupation
372272401 373492661 2010-07-14 19:18:40 6 days 22:52:10 0|87.234.23.202 0 its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany , . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc
384586437 384845640 2010-09-14 19:30:09 1 days 05:14:46 0|86.9.7.240 0 ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 november 27th , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete
384845640 384846153 2010-09-14 19:33:20 0 days 00:03:11 262550 0 ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting november 27th august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete
389132750 389329152 2010-10-07 14:59:01 0 days 21:54:30 0|141.43.69.1 10 platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and . a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 7 long stretch of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . ; and a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at
397878708 398109369 2010-11-21 20:00:14 1 days 04:13:56 653042 2 attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany proper . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer
400135808 400152873 2010-12-02 17:05:45 0 days 01:38:16 0|76.79.232.194 1 population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities
400251431 400293690 2010-12-03 10:55:24 0 days 07:39:00 6971250 1 population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) , implying that
405917577 405919914 2011-01-04 17:27:00 0 days 00:12:39 0|72.10.120.200 0 " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed happy birthday that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism
405919914 405923818 2011-01-04 17:52:56 0 days 00:25:56 9801177 0 " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] happy birthday officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism
406434088 407086611 2011-01-10 15:55:55 3 days 10:26:31 0|74.93.241.241 0 press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . lalalala lalalala it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . <
407086611 407086637 2011-01-10 15:56:06 0 days 00:00:11 13286072 0 press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . lalalala lalalala it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . <
409807529 409894092 2011-01-25 02:57:27 0 days 07:58:13 0|99.254.100.33 2 = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder b - 0 - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of
409894092 409905421 2011-01-25 04:13:27 0 days 01:16:00 5204750 2 = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii on mars ]] , what remained of fun land germany west of the [[ b - 0 oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four hundered occupying [[ allies
411650923 411812536 2011-02-03 17:27:40 0 days 20:16:32 0|206.63.82.92 0 press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . prounounced f - u - c - k - y - o - it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . <
411812536 411812580 2011-02-03 17:27:52 0 days 00:00:12 13286072 0 press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . prounounced f - u - c - k - y - o - it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . <
418752147 419497837 2011-03-18 18:18:18 4 days 09:24:38 9109115 2 attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union |
422503582 422616275 2011-04-06 01:10:16 0 days 12:20:52 1100608 0 * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom
424543101 424745141 2011-04-18 20:43:03 1 days 04:19:38 14063214 0 to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields and other obstacles were installed along the length of east germany ' s western border with west germany proper . a huge no man ' s land was cleared to provide a clear line of fire at fleeing refugees . [ http : / / www . upi . com / audio / year _ in _ review / events - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in - berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / ] = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 69 qt = hot _ author worldcat . org ] * {{ cite book | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 0714654086 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{
79 ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration
108 cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to freedom in west germany on august 24 , 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . < ref > {{ cite book | last
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 21 citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners jumped on top of the wall , and were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . = = = demolition = = = [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg |
22 in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted joined by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . = = = demolition = = = [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left
439740747 440540857 2011-07-20 20:34:29 4 days 14:08:06 1469567 13 they were ordered to find the " more aggressive " people gathered at the gates and stamp their passports with a special stamp that barred them from returning to east germany - - in effect , revoking their citizenship . however , this still left thousands of people demanding to be let through " as schabowski said we can . " < ref name
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 1 by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / /
3 {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] ) was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the
443420038 444182652 2011-08-11 02:29:24 4 days 03:33:03 292168 1 the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] during the [[ cold war ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 & nbsp ; million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 2 = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = on august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning 13 erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit
11 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = on august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german
446625722 448621897 2011-09-05 18:48:00 11 days 09:31:04 723354 2 " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state
3 erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the
484827186 485297583 2012-04-03 07:36:00 2 days 21:10:00 6971250 1 dowty122 " / > an important reason the west berlin border was not closed earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . construction of a new railway around west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , was started to be built 1951 and when finished in 1961 , it was more practical to
489425101 489433249 2012-04-27 06:46:08 0 days 01:45:46 6971250 0 _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag | east germany }} , < br > {{ flag | west germany }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline ,
492808782 494695297 2012-05-27 23:22:34 11 days 19:43:47 452348 1 train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later
505248510 505389397 2012-08-02 07:46:43 0 days 19:46:28 1473712 1 = = who could cross = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of , often after applying for a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the
511923272 511924022 2012-09-11 22:38:44 0 days 00:05:48 13799985 0 with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] [[ file : west and east berlin . svg | thumb | 350px | < center > west and east berlin border after berlin wall was built in 1961 borders with today road map as background {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _ and _ east _ berlin interactive map ] ) }} ]] the ' '
522515322 525466527 2012-11-29 01:24:45 17 days 06:25:07 5282662 0 the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] [[ file : west and east berlin . svg | thumb | 350px | < center > west and east berlin borders with today overlaying a current road map as background {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _ and _ east _ berlin interactive map ] ) }}
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 29 1989 . [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | upright | west germans curiously peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then ,
552035196 552035344 2013-04-24 23:15:35 0 days 00:01:09 205121 0 germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in west germany ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
552035344 552093309 2013-04-25 09:13:07 0 days 09:57:32 6971250 0 germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in west germany ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
569120812 570849977 2013-08-30 19:27:20 11 days 23:50:38 203786 0 germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
570849977 570854872 2013-08-30 20:10:15 0 days 00:42:55 4919722 0 buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks in germany ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category :
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 1 of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders it came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " that separated western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] during the [[ cold war ]] . before the wall '
27 zone _ of _ occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which . these allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries
30 for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . - all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits
51 > whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany , such as [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 19 / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the german democratic republic ( [[ east germany ]] ) was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy .
24 . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , denmark ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were
32 high point of the [[ new frontier ]] . it was a great morale boost for west berliners , who lived in an [[ exclave ]] deep inside [[ east germany ]] and feared a possible east german occupation . in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " >
40 and in public spaces around the world . = = = 50th anniversary commemoration = = = on 13 august 2011 , germany marked the 50th anniversary of [[ east germany ]] beginning the erection of the berlin wall . chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with president [[ christian wulff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] at the [[ bernauer
590964946 593520854 2014-02-02 02:00:13 16 days 12:22:38 14347385 2 . on 9 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders between east - and west - berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to close the border
3 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders between east - and west - berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to close the border . " <
632216051 632340179 2014-11-03 22:29:03 0 days 21:49:26 19296352 0 1963 ]] with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . berlin soon went from being the easiest place to make an unauthorized crossing between east and west germany to being the most difficult . < ref > keeling , drew ( 2014 ) , business - of - migration . com [ http : / / www . business - of - migration . com / migration - processes / other - regions / berlin - wall - and - migration / " berlin wall and migration , " ' ' migration as a travel business ' ' ] < / ref > many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated [[ exclave ]] in a hostile land
633074293 633082368 2014-11-09 12:29:03 0 days 02:03:34 21488686 1 anti - fascist ]] protection rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully in particular were " [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 6 they use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations ]] . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days
7 use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] . ) the longtime leader of within east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january
8 the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later itself . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the
13 for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its kept increasing . by early november refugees were finding their way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government .
15 transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( , or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the
20 to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including between east and west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . [[
37 triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[
667487850 667488103 2015-06-18 13:30:06 0 days 00:02:31 24555049 0 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]]
699459845 699459916 2016-01-12 13:18:35 0 days 00:00:51 19338611 0 = the local - germany ' s news in english | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its [[ free german youth | fdj youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped that by letting springsteen in , they could improve their sentiment among east germans . however ,
707245740 708550214 2016-03-06 06:01:17 7 days 11:17:02 27686184 1 . html }} < / ref > the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return to east germany . < ref > mary elise sarotte , ' ' collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall ' ' , new york : basic books , 2014 < / ref > this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . this time , however , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by train through east
733515231 734284492 2016-08-13 08:26:57 4 days 22:04:07 80913 2 for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all - all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 10 communist tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . {{ fact }} = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east berlin death strip seen from axel springer building 1984 .
781994310 782699210 2017-05-28 16:31:48 4 days 05:59:04 2884580 6 of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , [[ president of the united states | u . s . president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of 450 , 000 he declared in his [[ ich bin ein berliner
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 2 " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the [[ eastern bloc ]] claimed that portrayed the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in
9 ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered ) equal to [[ fascism | fascists ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " , a term coined by
12 restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin ; from which they could then travel to west germany and to other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / /
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 8 press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . <
10 and east berlin . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the date of 13 august became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the barrier was built inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . generally , the wall was only
825837597 825877017 2018-02-15 23:14:11 0 days 04:37:00 2003421 1 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the border became a more practical proposition . < ref > [[ history of rail transport in germany ]] . ) = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in east
847207228 847210589 2018-06-23 17:51:16 0 days 00:24:58 363486 0 population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . < ref name = " cnn . com " > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > gdr authorities officially referred to the berlin wall as the anti - fascist protection rampart ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) . the west berlin city government
854965000 855994232 2018-08-22 05:55:57 7 days 05:35:25 817684 2 | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . this meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well ]] , the news was broadcast there simultaneously . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman [[ hanns joachim friedrichs ]] proclaimed , " this 9 november is a
855995255 856004544 2018-08-22 07:35:04 0 days 01:30:19 817684 1 s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . as ard and zdf broadcast to [[ tal der ahnungslosen | nearly all of east germany ]] since the late 1950s and had become accepted by the east german authorities , the news was broadcast there as well simultaneously . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman [[ hanns joachim friedrichs
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97004 102788 2002-06-17 01:57:46 10 days 12:21:18 0|217.168.172.202 0 it was regularly improved up the fourth generation wall , built from 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 seperate separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . there was also mesh fencing , signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches as
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 20 removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in november the fall of 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[
1596496 1604480 2003-10-20 16:37:14 0 days 00:09:48 26248 2 with the the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . roger waters performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz in on on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3
2661588 2729115 2004-03-07 04:57:41 12 days 12:44:58 49486 3 to freely move between all the sectors , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in 1952 and the attractiveness of the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . to stop the migration , construction of a wall around the three western sectors
2729186 2953568 2004-03-12 04:22:04 0 days 00:09:26 50926 0 german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers , making the berlin wall on completetion reach 96 miles . 27 of this went through berlin , 23 went through residential zones at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 11 to freely move between all the sectors , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in 1952 ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13
5178672 5180399 2004-08-13 07:38:57 0 days 05:29:34 24744 4 ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]]
7274837 7275003 2004-11-09 22:14:41 0 days 00:02:37 0|84.57.81.84 1 between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad
2 the border between east and west germany was closed in [[ 1952 ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps to
7466688 7466704 2004-11-14 23:25:26 2 days 17:29:23 0|69.47.128.99 0 , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before the german democratic republic could celebrate a 41st ' ' birthday , ' ' on october 7 , 1990 ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _
9483896 9518516 2005-01-19 17:10:34 0 days 00:00:42 91656 2 . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ [ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 5 | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] < / td > < / tr > < / table > . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers
15 people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border
31 | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers
33 were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal
34 " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]]
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 23 , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = < table align = right > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb
10087212 10087443 2005-02-09 03:43:17 0 days 01:23:14 0|152.163.100.198 13 on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 69 additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = < table align = right > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb
10364793 10365915 2005-02-17 19:36:26 2 days 06:46:47 0|199.43.172.254 0 ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until november 9 , [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors
12498340 12585093 2005-04-19 00:04:06 4 days 04:22:38 157530 7 for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on october 7 , ]] [[ 1990 ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[
12869650 12901447 2005-04-27 04:43:24 0 days 00:26:06 84553 2 the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . for additional information , got o the link below www rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . hl2 - cheats . tk = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[
13370301 13372525 2005-05-07 04:46:25 1 days 11:17:55 85887 0 of the city . besides , america had been caught off - balance , it being a sunday morning . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech - see [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm - on july 25 1961 that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to
14015916 14016061 2005-05-21 09:38:46 2 days 17:36:54 0|216.27.183.43 5 [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the
14016194 14016219 2005-05-21 09:51:45 0 days 00:00:37 0|216.27.183.43 0 berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . the creation of the wall had important implications for both the germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall
15054564 15054752 2005-06-12 05:48:45 0 days 04:11:01 5016 18 west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig ]] defected ) . this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany '
15054752 15055113 2005-06-12 05:54:52 0 days 00:06:07 5016 0 developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of
21712367 21742465 2005-08-24 18:24:13 0 days 10:00:10 28107 1 numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 44 west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected details ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west
26918322 26918978 2005-10-30 22:32:59 0 days 00:07:33 67107 35 rosenberg ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book in 2004 , an execution in the family : one son ' s journey . in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are left - wing activists involved in court cases decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . [ edit ] in fiction the book of daniel , a 1971 novel by e . l . doctorow , is loosely based on the rosenberg case , while robert
50 עברית polski svenska 中文 this page was last modified 13 : 04 , 24 october 2005 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license ( see copyrights for details ) . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers ţ = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg |
34277669 34278893 2006-01-07 20:51:48 0 days 00:11:30 0|213.5.30.173 0 [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was
34278893 34282387 2006-01-07 21:23:43 0 days 00:31:55 460581 0 [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was
40378504 40459448 2006-02-20 18:39:58 0 days 14:44:59 386031 9 east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around it was finally reopened in [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently destroyed . from [[ 1949 ]] - [[ 1961 ]] 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 55 ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system a around systemaround 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]]
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 9 on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men , divided into five march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards .
32 wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train ]] systemaround system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used
40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 15 kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organisation , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[
41618954 41619461 2006-02-28 15:43:40 0 days 00:04:54 0|65.241.105.4 1 s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union me . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
41619461 41619542 2006-02-28 15:44:33 0 days 00:00:53 800894 3 s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and me the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 8 references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * [[ {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and
13 . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , | year = [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of
21 of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : | publisher = m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' '
22 ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , | year = [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin
41 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , | year = [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org
41761508 41791823 2006-03-01 19:59:28 0 days 04:21:38 769378 0 west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased illegal emigration from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{
1 berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 1 | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially
11 illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin
27 [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 27 [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of
44369012 44386223 2006-03-18 18:34:30 0 days 02:26:05 0|84.141.20.24 4 [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ( english band ) | the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular
45389421 45793467 2006-03-28 02:09:11 2 days 18:23:42 363976 0 was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without certificates of authenticity are a staple on [[ ebay ]] as well of german souvenier shops and are found on mantelpieces and desktops throughout the world . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close
51589662 51848718 2006-05-06 16:49:23 1 days 18:26:01 0|72.228.114.173 5 the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union no holocaust . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
51987616 51996698 2006-05-07 16:20:15 0 days 01:14:54 0|216.49.149.108 4 attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west
51997271 51997348 2006-05-07 16:25:49 0 days 00:00:42 223113 4 attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 46 august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 46 view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , [[ 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall
52083549 52169001 2006-05-08 17:26:58 0 days 14:10:33 0|204.14.67.138 0 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year berlin wall rocks . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and
52169542 52169681 2006-05-08 17:31:13 0 days 00:00:52 393959 0 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same berlin wall rocks year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and
53511545 53511584 2006-05-16 14:41:38 0 days 00:00:16 89179 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . where not gunna take it no we aint gunna take it we aint gunna take it anymore = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of
56634891 56635024 2006-06-03 08:21:42 0 days 00:01:45 0|207.176.159.90 0 krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he was wrong by more than 99 . 94 years . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 1 | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic
9 ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin
26 [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment
83835783 83837476 2006-10-26 13:23:30 0 days 00:13:08 686868 5 " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany including west berlin . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and
84732512 84732536 2006-10-31 00:15:12 0 days 00:00:08 1574574 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . la la la la la = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . . . la la la la soccer = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west
1 to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . la la la la la . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . . la la la la soccer = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners
91359911 91362108 2006-12-01 12:08:57 0 days 00:20:31 302522 9 ingenuities , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only with the by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at the back . the wall meant : system , that the communists had built , attracted no - one .
14 obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at the back . the wall meant : system , that the communists had built , attracted no - one . it pushed away repelled them . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte
91362108 91363226 2006-12-01 12:19:23 0 days 00:10:26 579524 3 barbed wire , dogs and by shooting them in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built appealed to no - one . it repelled them . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte
91363226 91363294 2006-12-01 12:19:56 0 days 00:00:33 579524 0 a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[
92398419 92401874 2006-12-06 05:44:52 0 days 00:26:56 1983029 0 prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of
93510408 93602012 2006-12-11 16:45:29 0 days 13:14:19 0|148.81.137.2 1 s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history
93876815 93876848 2006-12-12 19:37:43 0 days 00:00:07 1574574 8 august 2006 . ]] < / div > pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted to keep th east out of the west . this is because the east had worse economical situations and hated jews german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks
98199588 98226397 2007-01-03 18:47:23 0 days 02:19:08 873891 2 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just
98226397 98227262 2007-01-03 18:51:51 0 days 00:04:28 873891 13 a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . also at a turn in the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner western side . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close
99129270 99129501 2007-01-07 17:51:00 0 days 00:01:21 82835 0 between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the wall was
107566613 107613173 2007-02-12 18:31:00 0 days 03:41:34 0|87.64.82.114 0 prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 44 rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1931 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent
55 in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[
61 germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 51 rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too proposal to include private travel . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 44 rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent
55 in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[
61 germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 51 rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too proposal to include private travel . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 44 rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent
55 in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[
61 germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision
116319486 116324361 2007-03-19 19:05:50 0 days 00:21:22 0|151.9.99.11 0 non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus exods . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
116324361 116345998 2007-03-19 20:30:30 0 days 01:24:40 911178 0 non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exods exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
116565253 116565409 2007-03-20 17:15:49 0 days 00:00:44 0|63.172.4.6 0 - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus leviticus and such . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
116565409 116565581 2007-03-20 17:16:33 0 days 00:00:44 331742 1 - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus leviticus and such . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
118635394 118639947 2007-03-28 23:11:07 0 days 00:19:40 0|65.24.114.248 13 non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus shananagans . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
118654236 118657778 2007-03-29 00:33:26 0 days 00:17:42 911178 12 non - democratic countries via northern berlin led to germany destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further shananagans exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
118657778 119194198 2007-03-31 03:19:34 2 days 02:46:08 0|69.236.50.115 15 by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union spencer smith | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones .
119982132 119982806 2007-04-03 14:51:12 0 days 00:03:22 2400553 1 established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most j black is the bast holla at me at dont worry about it eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
121253825 121573640 2007-04-10 01:23:04 1 days 05:10:35 0|137.149.162.10 0 and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 january 19 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold
121573640 121573836 2007-04-10 01:23:59 0 days 00:00:55 3269692 0 and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ january 19 november 9 ]] , [[ 1647 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold
123951114 124129045 2007-04-19 17:12:29 0 days 17:13:20 0|72.243.172.178 4 the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] (
124129045 124129084 2007-04-19 17:12:39 0 days 00:00:10 2092344 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . . . . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two
1 the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . . . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months
2 east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before
3 german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the
6 convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . . . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[
7 german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . . . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 6 user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 democracy | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10
8 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 parliamentary government . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - = = = proposed
131437128 131437212 2007-05-17 01:15:13 0 days 00:00:29 302522 2 [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . it was really gay and full of nazi skinheads who are stupid mutherfuckers 4real the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . . niggaz rule = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin
3 east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . it was really gay and full of nazi skinheads who are stupid mutherfuckers 4real . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . niggaz rule = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
131538175 131538407 2007-05-17 14:00:45 0 days 00:01:15 0|203.109.89.18 0 was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . though some people argue that the above is true others take this as thrash . preetham the best archeologist and surveyer cinsiders a student of timpany has proven this false . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at
1 february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . though some people argue that the above is true others take this as thrash . preetham the best archeologist and surveyer cinsiders this false wronf but many were left unsatisfied . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg
132298254 132298502 2007-05-20 21:19:46 0 days 00:01:22 2092344 3 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . fgkl [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; d ; m challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer
133074927 133075428 2007-05-24 01:35:04 0 days 00:03:00 715870 3 considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth accepted . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of
133939781 133939978 2007-05-27 21:58:27 0 days 00:01:06 0|216.208.52.171 1 = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the the stupidest war ever in history , blah , blah what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of
146124404 146184219 2007-07-21 20:19:25 0 days 06:20:57 4915202 0 excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year , and noone likes you . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] (
146184219 146184328 2007-07-21 20:20:01 0 days 00:00:36 4915202 0 excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year , and noone likes you . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] (
147035336 147037349 2007-07-25 17:57:00 0 days 00:09:59 13978 0 of unification or born after the event , usually make no difference between people from east and west , so this situation will most probably disappear completely in the next decades {{ or }} . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about
151301269 151309170 2007-08-15 02:49:08 0 days 00:52:00 6661 0 by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 53 who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 71 mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} ( a bilingual photo - study tracing the line of the wall ) = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www deductible nonprofit charity . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer .
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 2 {st@rt} this article is about biological sexes : male , female , etc [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . . for alternate uses , such as sexual intercourse , see sex ( disambiguation ) . sexuality portal sex refers to the male and female duality of biology and reproduction
52 quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and media from commons news stories from wikinews learning resources from wikiversity francoeur , robert t . ( ed . ) , the international encyclopedia of sexuality [ full text ] janssen , d east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . f . , growing up sexually . volume i . world reference atlas [ full text ] raymond j . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog
160533642 160539804 2007-09-26 20:03:06 0 days 00:28:49 0|68.210.32.120 0 of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus 906 miles long . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
165005884 165222233 2007-10-17 17:39:09 0 days 22:58:30 0|67.132.117.2 5 nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and
165222233 165222438 2007-10-17 17:40:08 0 days 00:00:59 1285073 4 nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and
9 the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http
166163043 166165378 2007-10-21 23:47:46 0 days 00:12:04 605084 28 of the articles that doesn ' t have a translation and do it - i ' ll gladly put your translation up here on my site , with credits and all of which hindered spontaneous visits . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer
32 , just pick one of the articles that doesn ' t have a translation and do it - i ' ll gladly put your translation up here on my site , with credits and all . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede
166728962 166736883 2007-10-24 13:07:54 0 days 00:58:13 50001 1 prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies german states . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder
171393635 171606006 2007-11-15 05:34:34 0 days 21:01:58 0|70.190.181.31 0 formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 5 > became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and < font size = 300 > economic prosperity . < / font > the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german
183109949 183110157 2008-01-09 04:03:46 0 days 00:01:19 162210 1 the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ francesca ' s ]] [[ gay 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain ,
184559745 184582342 2008-01-15 22:16:01 0 days 01:32:50 6091975 0 - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]]
184759898 185099808 2008-01-18 00:13:46 1 days 07:34:28 0|12.214.202.72 1 . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one [[ media : [[ media : example . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison
2 telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison ,
10 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht
185099808 185099823 2008-01-18 00:13:49 0 days 00:00:03 1879647 0 . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between [[ media : [[ media : example east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example .
1 demarcation line between [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = < br / > headline text = =
9 intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example .
10 up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = =
188146519 188146702 2008-01-31 13:49:35 0 days 00:01:15 0|208.108.155.72 2 jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety notoetwwetertretdsfgsdfgdsfgsfgetyjedfxgnjdtyjriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross .
188146702 188146718 2008-01-31 13:49:39 0 days 00:00:04 1879647 0 jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoetwwetertretdsfgsdfgdsfgsfgetyjedfxgnjdtyjriety notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross .
188248620 188267466 2008-01-31 23:53:31 0 days 01:29:28 0|96.236.160.187 0 - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president boob [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city
188267848 188267882 2008-01-31 23:55:40 0 days 00:00:13 191149 0 - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice boob president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city
189423593 189482624 2008-02-06 12:20:05 0 days 08:41:54 0|201.240.182.230 1 solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . |
189482624 189482685 2008-02-06 12:20:46 0 days 00:00:41 1792859 1 solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after its fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . |
191709609 191709855 2008-02-15 20:08:39 0 days 00:01:21 4430968 1 of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . brendon urie is the hottestmanontheplanet publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped
191980053 192008390 2008-02-17 05:56:54 0 days 03:29:06 0|67.108.30.163 0 as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] and has been indirectly attributed to snack - ajak , a character in the cult tv sitcom of the same name . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in
192008390 192015086 2008-02-17 06:53:06 0 days 00:56:12 686868 0 as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] and has been indirectly attributed to snack - ajak , a character in the cult tv sitcom of the same name . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in
196946956 197071265 2008-03-09 20:31:11 0 days 14:27:18 0|98.17.134.249 6 to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) cross into east germany . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]]
197073715 197075558 2008-03-09 20:51:04 0 days 00:08:24 0|98.17.134.249 4 s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . however , several west germans defected to the east during this time . some wanted to be with family , while others favored east germany to west germany . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 7 denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well - financed federal republic . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of
25 city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , east german soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . however , several west germans defected to the east during this time . some wanted to be with family , while others favored east germany to west germany . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and
199097858 199098110 2008-03-18 15:13:29 0 days 00:01:18 0|208.27.127.62 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins this page is empty you shouldn ' t be here , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[
199098110 199098162 2008-03-18 15:13:44 0 days 00:00:15 1879647 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] tgykrtljy ; tiljoyeipjp ; tyijryoirt ; yjiortjyiotr ; yeiet i love cheese cake after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale
203166960 203167170 2008-04-03 23:30:56 0 days 00:01:00 0|74.75.94.117 1 soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one lota cock . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall
203167170 203167190 2008-04-03 23:30:59 0 days 00:00:03 642191 1 east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . davey clark sucks a lota cock system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . . he is so small and loves to get his ribs removed to suck on his tiny winky = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image
214991201 215551281 2008-05-28 18:27:39 2 days 12:19:20 355538 1 mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east
223245034 225294558 2008-07-12 22:58:09 9 days 16:48:10 521374 0 wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = eisenhower farewell address . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners
225294558 225295527 2008-07-12 23:06:05 0 days 00:07:56 521374 1 right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = eisenhower farewell address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 80 august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]]
81 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his
119 states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east
131 were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]]
132 standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s
230237099 230237292 2008-08-06 17:54:14 0 days 00:00:59 1626379 1 the dimension of the barrier system . [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1986 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1982 1986 . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[
237957752 238154941 2008-09-13 14:51:51 0 days 22:37:25 0|70.127.127.212 1 vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d casey b . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 27 west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements
239163147 239319359 2008-09-18 16:33:40 0 days 14:49:37 736477 9 the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , mostly to prevent inadvertent violation of allied policy governing the four - power status of berlin as a whole . = = = escape attempts = = = ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people had big bloody periods were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . . . ouch . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm
4 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people had big bloody periods . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . . ouch . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm /
272929480 272950002 2009-02-24 12:43:21 0 days 03:09:58 0|12.164.48.18 0 a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . the berlin wall was 10 feet high . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks
273103201 273103350 2009-02-25 02:27:17 0 days 00:01:04 1469567 1 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see hitler . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating
274046676 274161969 2009-03-01 15:47:13 0 days 12:21:03 96897 0 a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . the berlin wall was 10 feet high . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks
275903809 275903826 2009-03-08 22:29:17 0 days 00:00:09 2416136 1 {st@rt} hi world . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . . i < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ! !
2 {st@rt} hi world . . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . i < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ! !
276265321 276265514 2009-03-10 13:29:47 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.74.69.103 9 for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] <
276265514 276265541 2009-03-10 13:29:58 0 days 00:00:11 634828 0 {st@rt} : dalton ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . . . . . . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co
1 {st@rt} : dalton . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . . . . . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co .
2 {st@rt} : dalton . . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . . . . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk
3 {st@rt} : dalton . . . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . . . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk /
4 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1
5 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 /
6 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi
7 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . < ref > [ http : / / www . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi /
8 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . time . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world
9 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world /
10 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . . . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe
11 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . . . . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe /
12 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . . . . . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093
276397704 276398047 2009-03-10 23:50:41 0 days 00:01:38 0|68.81.17.165 3 killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall
281608811 281686628 2009-04-04 12:14:06 0 days 11:20:47 15708 8 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947
300484953 300485855 2009-07-05 22:25:18 0 days 00:05:57 145194 6 [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany |
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 4 east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ bed of nails ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 .
21 more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 .
308269713 308484644 2009-08-17 14:32:43 1 days 05:32:24 0|99.141.146.176 0 germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had
310493352 310493478 2009-08-28 04:58:53 0 days 00:01:22 0|24.4.124.83 1 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947
311192075 311278175 2009-09-01 14:03:37 0 days 12:33:20 6971250 8 kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about
311620727 311806027 2009-09-04 09:31:28 1 days 01:04:00 0|217.34.202.189 1 was later used to remove almost the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947
312586456 312587103 2009-09-08 13:44:31 0 days 00:05:25 0|194.202.122.223 0 a reason . in the 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency . ' ' ' west berliners ' '
312587321 312588680 2009-09-08 13:57:31 0 days 00:10:56 0|194.202.122.223 8 a reason . in the 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency . ' ' ' west berliners ' '
313610213 313669540 2009-09-13 22:22:26 0 days 04:23:37 0|65.188.151.195 4 including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 1988 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had
313669540 313670259 2009-09-13 22:26:13 0 days 00:03:47 142444 4 including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1988 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 9 used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , ]] , [[ 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained
28 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 ]] , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany |
84 : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , [[ 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]]
104 including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , [[ 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and
105 west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had
137 of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , [[ 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the
138 berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 0 to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ , 1990 ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what
50 [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity
104 perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan
124 berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 17 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision
125 on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 17 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had
157 wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a
158 potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in
315895948 315936287 2009-09-24 15:46:09 0 days 03:44:10 0|200.123.7.30 0 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection growth , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border
315936287 315937033 2009-09-24 15:49:47 0 days 00:03:38 911178 0 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s growth erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border
316592493 316592574 2009-09-28 00:27:44 0 days 00:00:33 0|64.18.36.165 1 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to andy russell ' s erection ' ' ' , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border
316592574 316594007 2009-09-28 00:36:35 0 days 00:08:51 5177550 2 borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . ' ' ' prior to andy russell ' s erection ' ' ' , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border
318295676 318864606 2009-10-09 13:29:12 2 days 18:49:36 0|66.203.21.94 1 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s matt gallimores erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the
318868236 318870568 2009-10-09 14:12:19 0 days 00:16:08 0|82.151.243.166 1 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the matt gallimores wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 46 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 <
324471890 324478288 2009-11-07 16:19:25 0 days 00:44:58 0|173.78.68.123 1 --> ] < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 ,
324735970 324762845 2009-11-09 02:09:24 0 days 02:37:38 10972407 2 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection ( hard on ) , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border
6 of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember
324762845 324762884 2009-11-09 02:09:39 0 days 00:00:15 4928500 2 erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . get drunk and watch meatspin west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( www . meatspin . com )
3 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . get drunk and watch meatspin ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . meatspin . com )
8 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection ( hard on ) , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border
324839194 324841966 2009-11-09 14:19:53 0 days 00:21:57 0|129.2.175.106 0 {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about $ 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall /
324841966 324842902 2009-11-09 14:26:49 0 days 00:06:56 6971250 0 {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about $ 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall /
324899230 324902376 2009-11-09 20:26:10 0 days 00:16:57 0|68.211.97.75 6 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน กำแพjgyงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường
324902376 324902901 2009-11-09 20:28:59 0 days 00:02:49 118722 6 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพjgyงเบอร์ลิน กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 11 in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com /
13 . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 26th . , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector
324997562 324997704 2009-11-10 05:51:23 0 days 00:01:27 0|207.81.48.108 2 refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[
324997704 324997757 2009-11-10 05:51:49 0 days 00:00:26 440983 0 name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the natzi rules soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . . . jews drool = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii
1 miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the natzi rules . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . . jews drool = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii ,
325016705 325016969 2009-11-10 09:22:03 0 days 00:03:04 0|87.42.135.2 0 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection ( ha ha ha penis ) , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border
325016969 325017008 2009-11-10 09:22:21 0 days 00:00:18 6513930 1 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection ( ha ha ha penis ) , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border
325045421 325048424 2009-11-10 14:21:14 0 days 00:21:08 10984567 1 west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s big erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the
2 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection over the female wall ha ha , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border
325048424 325048650 2009-11-10 14:22:47 0 days 00:01:33 3308922 2 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s big erection over the female wall ha ha , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border
325413116 325413366 2009-11-12 10:06:37 0 days 00:02:38 8023653 1 — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693
5 s german ally , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman , 2001 . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp
8 ally , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * the fall of the gdr , longman , 2001 . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 ] *
325413366 325413509 2009-11-12 10:08:14 0 days 00:01:37 8023653 3 - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition , 1991 . isbn 0 713467959 * east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ' ' , [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s ] the economist intelligence unit , 1987 .
4 = all ~ content = t732627883 ] * germany in the twentieth century , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition , 1991 . isbn 0 713467959 * east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? , [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _
5 resist glasnost ? , [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s ] the economist intelligence unit , 1987 . isbn 0850582458 , 9780850582451 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david %
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 16 htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = sep september 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} after the fall of the berlin wall , [[ french president ]] [[
326888943 327026868 2009-11-21 00:36:06 0 days 17:16:30 5680520 0 construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20th . 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany
2 in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com
4 . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26th . 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector
330019766 330331803 2009-12-07 22:49:51 1 days 15:59:29 0|71.50.18.192 1 from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f and , i love you . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources
2 berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 i hope you know that : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from
333120077 333200585 2009-12-22 05:32:46 0 days 08:46:35 0|64.41.2.99 1 what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers ] [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / junker ] , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w
333200585 333200951 2009-12-22 05:35:55 0 days 00:03:09 96897 1 our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [ junkers ] [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / junker ] ]] , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w
342982613 342987182 2010-02-09 19:16:14 0 days 00:21:50 0|207.35.35.11 1 west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection ejaculation , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over
342987182 342987356 2010-02-09 19:17:12 0 days 00:00:58 3150196 1 west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s ejaculation erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over
343779333 343779602 2010-02-13 18:17:40 0 days 00:01:21 5326371 0 [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 in the same year , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . < ref > [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 15 wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . chicago tribune . ' ' , chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out by wolfgang engels
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 3 however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of the nazis in 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued the euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history
343784856 343787074 2010-02-13 18:58:31 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 13 institutions around the world since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the [[ pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand
346490813 346769100 2010-02-27 23:01:03 1 days 09:04:54 0|68.57.126.209 0 west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection recreation , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over
346769100 346776955 2010-02-27 23:47:20 0 days 00:46:17 3308922 0 west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s recreation erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had tried to dance [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the fbi , many by
347678343 347835777 2010-03-05 02:53:23 0 days 17:37:06 0|98.246.155.212 0 in 1965 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could
347835777 347835864 2010-03-05 02:54:04 0 days 00:00:41 0|98.246.155.212 0 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 3 history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked
11 of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored
15 that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel ' ' , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to
47 ' s road to unity ' ' , longman [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second
49 soviet communism since 1945 ' ' , routledge . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp / title ~ db = all ~ content = t732627883 informaworld . com ] * childs , david , ( 1991 ) ' ' germany in the twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity )
70 s road to unity ' ' , longman [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988
352705693 352725514 2010-03-29 12:47:49 0 days 03:01:17 0|165.230.1.133 0 / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt = hot _ author wordlcat worldcat . org ] * {{ citation | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street
364011539 364139509 2010-05-25 16:46:08 0 days 17:52:04 0|216.226.127.160 0 of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig peniswettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 "
364146556 364160963 2010-05-25 18:59:41 0 days 01:31:12 3190155 0 of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were peniswettig initiatives of its own . | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 "
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 31 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }}
381576652 383513705 2010-09-07 20:13:40 9 days 21:55:10 1219174 3 clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations links to other sources . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin
389329152 389330154 2010-10-07 15:04:32 0 days 00:05:31 0|141.43.69.1 0 a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at http : / / www . berlin - wall - map . com fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of
390478077 391228576 2010-10-17 12:46:44 4 days 01:24:36 9021902 5 , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , 9780043540299 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www
7 ' , [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s ] the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0850582458 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , 9780850582451 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 19 status of west berlin . clay and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 1961 . 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us
63 used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained
75 ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off
93 germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson for the politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the discussions about the
108 of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september ,
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 11 , [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn13 isbn : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition
405687338 405915858 2011-01-04 17:05:21 1 days 02:50:13 0|72.10.120.200 0 and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s my erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over
405917459 405917577 2011-01-04 17:14:21 0 days 00:00:41 260144 0 and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before my the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 weed smokers million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by
409992456 409993256 2011-01-25 16:45:49 0 days 00:04:54 6971250 1 around the world . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] world . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] * [[ brandenburg gate
418362137 418362289 2011-03-11 22:02:40 0 days 00:01:03 14143658 0 on 4 november when half a million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or
423927349 424543101 2011-04-17 16:23:25 3 days 18:48:46 12030910 1 of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers etc and so on . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 14 / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 2 germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , 20 nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00
3 other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 1989 | url = 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html
107 , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes " ; north sports final edition associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall : she died after she jumped
109 attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death , in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care
148 - flee - east - germany . html ' more than 1 , 000 died ' trying to flee east germany ] . [[ the daily telegraph ]] , [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 2003 ]] . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in -
149 germany . html ' more than 1 , 000 died ' trying to flee east germany ] . [[ the daily telegraph ]] , [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 2003 ]] . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery /
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 0 and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on 17 november 1989 the next day . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson for the politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the discussions about the new
23 of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . = = = demolition = = = [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a
444619121 444827910 2011-08-14 17:10:20 1 days 04:20:43 10289486 0 concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost [[ east german mark | ddm ]] 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 us $ . < ref > {{ cite web |
1 {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about us $ 3 , 638 , 000 us $ . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com
445092140 445097289 2011-08-16 04:28:36 0 days 00:53:53 9243491 3 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = [ august 13 , 2011 , event ( 50 years ago , construction began ) | publisher = history . com | date = 2011 - 08 - 11 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germanworldonline . com / index . php / 50 - years - berlin - wall - 1961 - 1989 / | title = 50 years berlin wall 1961 – 1989 [ video clips ] . . . . . . . ( adding text and refs . ) = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 16 memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again " , entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom ” , proclaimed
466218868 466656797 2011-12-19 08:25:36 2 days 11:01:04 6971250 1 = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , days before they began to tear it was torn down . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file
478048968 479597706 2012-03-01 04:49:52 8 days 18:24:43 508734 2 , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes " ; north sports final edition associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : 23 jun june 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall : she died after she jumped
490948661 492197810 2012-05-12 13:18:30 6 days 05:07:09 14216826 7 s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , 9780043540299 isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 [ http
505389397 505389806 2012-08-02 07:51:13 0 days 00:04:30 1473712 0 visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers and so on , etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange
505389806 505558329 2012-08-03 10:30:56 1 days 02:39:43 339081 8 tom fedora , as performed by [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist [[ stephan elsner | elsner ]] created about 500 artworks along
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 34 watch towers : 302 * number of bunkers : 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = august 13 , 1961 | building _ type = [[ separation barrier ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | satellite image
508885202 509937268 2012-08-30 13:52:02 6 days 08:34:46 15261832 1 / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / m . fleischmann & w . wolfgang strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 2 [[ file : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | 250px | | memorial to the victims of the wall , with [[ graffiti , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air
3 file : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | 250px | | memorial to the victims of the wall , with graffiti ]] , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon
531845407 534109278 2013-01-21 04:04:38 13 days 06:42:10 16284871 1 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 of over 600 . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization
574664891 574665859 2013-09-26 22:30:37 0 days 00:08:36 16715243 0 the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached not [[ u . s . presidentjohn president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the kennedy home [[ hyannis port ]] . while kennedy was angry
1 in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached not [[ u . s . presidentjohn f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the kennedy home [[ hyannis port ]]
576167532 576702592 2013-10-11 10:21:27 3 days 16:47:06 243750 0 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll of over 600 200 < ref name = " chronik " / > , although that claim is disputed < ref name = " contemporary research " / > . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 10 a new railway bypassing west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , it was more practical to close the border position . = = = brain drain = = = {{ further | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to
14 = = the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency which was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem , i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on august 9 , 1961 the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party
61 gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on june 26 , 1963 , u . s . president john f . kennedy visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 30 june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( " i am a
595829584 596246381 2014-02-19 21:59:11 2 days 17:09:16 1728614 1 in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached not reach u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on 13 august 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the [[ kennedy compound ]] in
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 0 + m517a9d5ff09 . 0 . html }} < / ref > the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return to east germany . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited
702891453 702891834 2016-02-02 06:51:07 0 days 00:04:31 13816079 0 = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the military governor of
2 parading through the streets of berlin in front of a large crowd . at 04 : 00 on 21 august , lyndon johnson left west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion
702891954 702892130 2016-02-02 06:54:16 0 days 00:01:51 13816079 0 wall ]] the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency that was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem , i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on 9 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the [[ socialist unity party of
724165325 724233530 2016-06-07 23:40:06 0 days 08:53:06 11795905 3 dailysoft . com | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author author1 = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur .
5 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; | author3 = s . lelarge | url = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher =
735630692 735645810 2016-08-22 04:13:51 0 days 02:27:50 21305328 1 under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * * ' ' in the 2015 film [[ bridge of spies ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] ' ' , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east berlin ]] just as the berlin wall is being built . he
750161040 750685196 2016-11-21 07:09:13 3 days 03:38:31 27446209 4 border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ allied occupation of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin
773210166 773369188 2017-04-02 00:32:08 0 days 23:55:16 3820778 0 bypassing west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the border became a more practical position proposition . = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in
776886357 779016763 2017-05-06 14:40:43 12 days 16:04:21 558022 1 | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} [[ file : tear down this wall , june 12 , 1987 . ogv | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 32 ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of
36 series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . < ref name = " referencea " > mary elise sarotte , ' ' collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall ' ' , new
787409030 787409131 2017-06-25 06:56:40 0 days 00:01:25 31190988 7 a few meters for construction work and is no longer in the original location ; there is an exhibition about the wall in the area of ​​the potsdamer platz in planning < ref > {{ webarchiv | url = http : / / www . berlinwallexpo . de / _ / start . html | wayback = 20141220054134 text = web page on the border watch tower }} , accessed on 27 january 2014 .
787409131 787409166 2017-06-25 06:57:14 0 days 00:00:34 31190988 0 in august 1961 . the memorial site , which is run by the initiative of his brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration . * the former management office [[ at nieder neuendorf ]] , in the district of [[ hennigsdorf ]] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 3 orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . finally , at 10 : 45 pm p . m . , [[ harald jäger ]] , the commander of the [[ bornholmer straße border crossing ]] yielded , allowing for the guards to open the checkpoints and allowing people through with
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 0 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = 20 february 2012 }} < / ref > its demolition officially began on 13 june 1990 and was completed finished in 1992 . < ref > {{ cite news | title = in photos : 25 years ago todaythe berlin wall fell | url = http : / / www .
810009717 810071958 2017-11-13 05:36:10 0 days 07:44:21 19339494 6 turned into a park , near the [[ lohmühleninsel ]] < ref > [ http : / / www . kunstfabrik . org / # lue kunstfabrik am flutgraben e . & nbsp ; v . ] < / ref > * the former " kieler eck " ( kieler eck ) on kieler strasse in [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , close
810574658 810575212 2017-11-16 03:24:34 0 days 00:06:16 6554947 0 ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect , vandals were not unknown to have been pursued in the outer strip , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . in 1986 , defector and political activist wolfram hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden
812527422 812547586 2017-11-28 13:23:01 0 days 03:35:56 917354 28 < / ref > excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night — at 7 : 17 & nbsp ; p . m . on [[ zdf ]] ' s ' ' [[ heute ]] ' ' and at 8 p . m . on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) |
29 orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . finally , at 10 : 45 & nbsp ; p . m . , [[ harald jäger ]] , the commander of the [[ bornholmer straße border crossing ]] yielded , allowing for the guards to open the checkpoints and
814617672 814620671 2017-12-09 22:52:01 0 days 00:24:00 6554947 0 berlin wall in foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , . the area outside the wall is < i > de jure < / i > eastern bloc territory . 1984 . ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of the berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg
823238815 823239462 2018-01-31 01:50:53 0 days 00:04:27 32940610 18 walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 administration , the wall trail is divided into 14 individual sub - stages , which begin and end near railway or subway stations . if the inner - city border passes over roads , the boundary line is marked by a double row of paving stones embedded in the road surface as a reminder of the earlier border . at various points , information boards indicate the route and remind of events at the respective stations . the path is mainly paved , with both after 2000 , those newly created sections are as well as sections on which still the original covering with appropriate wear is obtained . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' '
824097451 824236669 2018-02-06 03:32:45 0 days 18:46:15 30782622 0 and throughout the city of berlin until that december 1990 . according to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1 . 7 million tonnes of building rubble wasfall was produced . unofficially , the demolition of the bornholmer straße began because of construction work on the railway . this involved a total of 300 gdr border guards and - after 3
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 9 1990 with painted bicycle and pedestrian pictograms . the german federal government for the environment and nature conservation proposed a continuous hiking and biking trail around the city in 1991 , called known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg . also preservationists wanted a few years later as comprehensive as possible preservation of the remaining remains of the border installations . on the other hand , local residents
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 93 commercial shipping via canals and rivers . < ref > https : / / www . thoughtco . com / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history - 1779495 < / ref > < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > <
96 eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . < ref > https : / / history . howstuffworks . com / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014
838895196 838895411 2018-04-29 23:56:38 0 days 00:02:10 19082616 0 history of berlin # west and east germany ( 1945 – 1991 ) | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | coordinates = {{ coord | 52 . 516111 51611 | 13 . 376944 | region : de | display = inline , title }} | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{
843144692 843537822 2018-05-29 19:55:32 2 days 14:29:27 30675059 3 http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | date = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' '
11 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' '
849362847 851056229 2018-07-19 19:22:47 11 days 06:07:12 6726022 0 and throughout the city of berlin until that december 1990 . according to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1 . 7 million tonnes of building rubble wasfall was produced by the demolition . unofficially , the demolition of the [[ bornholmer straße ]] began because of construction work on the railway . this involved a total of 300 gdr border guards and -
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732530 732537 2003-03-08 21:13:53 0 days 02:40:23 4388 1 attractiveness of the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . from [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] , the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany
774894 794829 2003-03-25 12:08:24 0 days 15:45:48 0|62.253.64.7 4 / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5000 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , 1989 , hungary removed its
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 35 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date republic in [[ 1918 ]] and of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = http : / / www . wall - berlin
36 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org
43 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . from [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] , the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' prevented the citizens of east germany from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic between west berlin and the
1305258 1333052 2003-08-17 23:47:24 2 days 13:47:28 14772 0 & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from
2144113 2155508 2004-01-13 06:48:05 40 days 11:39:02 36844 0 when the wall fell . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept
3156940 3355675 2004-04-12 05:26:04 7 days 15:02:05 32383 4 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] , but also of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] ; thus october 3 was chosen instead . the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city
3783344 3800134 2004-05-30 15:32:48 7 days 00:30:05 4261 0 {st@rt} [[ category : cold war ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] isolating
5178672 5180399 2004-08-13 07:38:57 0 days 05:29:34 24744 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on november 16 , ]] [[ 1989 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall
5369086 5520672 2004-08-22 15:32:46 6 days 21:53:05 75510 0 which keeps ' ' out ' ' rather than ' ' in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge the [[ deutsche demokratische republik | ddr ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist wall of protection " rather than the western view . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial .
7241546 7264266 2004-11-09 01:33:37 5 days 02:28:22 70975 0 in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , also called as ' ' ode to joy ' ' , with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters
7268399 7274073 2004-11-09 19:32:09 0 days 01:24:50 113855 0 , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , october 3 was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city
7274428 7274470 2004-11-09 22:05:43 0 days 00:01:56 0|84.57.81.84 5 since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in
7466704 7466728 2004-11-14 23:25:53 0 days 00:00:27 0|69.47.128.99 0 instead ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before the german democratic republic could celebrate a 41st ' ' " birthday , ' ' on october 7 , 1990 ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 1 installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left right | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the
2 [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' " death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it
9 started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapers ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[
11755213 11755223 2005-04-01 09:38:57 0 days 00:00:46 0|217.68.115.26 1 berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin fuck ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from
11896685 11902442 2005-04-05 01:20:09 0 days 02:17:19 0|4.239.237.190 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating
11902442 12289902 2005-04-05 04:33:38 0 days 03:13:29 28107 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating
12839942 12841015 2005-04-26 15:03:20 2 days 15:40:17 0|65.164.135.142 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating
12841015 12869629 2005-04-26 15:35:49 0 days 00:32:29 26468 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating
14016176 14016194 2005-05-21 09:51:08 0 days 00:05:33 0|216.27.183.43 0 in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , also called as ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' , with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' (
14269638 14269815 2005-05-26 16:42:04 0 days 00:03:13 0|164.68.120.3 1 a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing sperm into a girls face [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to
14269815 14329087 2005-05-26 16:46:05 0 days 00:04:01 157530 9 a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew sperm into a girls face fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to
15055113 15059402 2005-06-12 06:08:12 0 days 00:13:20 5016 8 the wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard guards ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 1 on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die germandie berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory
21 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which
24618114 24828196 2005-10-05 18:04:22 2 days 13:19:55 0|24.51.178.10 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' )
24828196 24828244 2005-10-05 18:05:02 0 days 00:00:40 94806 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' )
24828279 24828564 2005-10-05 18:10:39 0 days 00:05:08 0|24.51.178.10 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' )
24828564 24828569 2005-10-05 18:10:52 0 days 00:00:13 94806 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' )
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = ethel and julius rosenberg from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia . jump to : navigation , search the rosenbergsethel greenglass rosenberg ( september 28 , 1915 – june 19 , 1953 ) and julius rosenberg ( may 12 , 1918 – june 19 , 1953 ) were american communists who were thrust into the world spotlight when they were tried , convicted , and executed for spying for the soviet union . the accuracy of these charges remains controversial , though decades later , soviet communications decrypted by the venona project became publicly available and appeared to indicate that at least julius rosenberg was actively involved in espionage ( although they provided no new evidence that he performed the specific acts of espionage for which he was convicted ) . specifically , the couple were charged with conspiracy to commit espionage and were accused of passing nuclear weapons secrets to russian agents . contents [ hide ] 1 background 2 trial and conviction 3 execution 4 posthumous revelations 5 controversy 6 the rosenbergs background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the
1 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = children 7 in fiction 8 ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied
31 controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin execution in the family : one son ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[
28625733 28647179 2005-11-18 04:52:27 0 days 05:56:32 0|198.146.57.133 0 {st@rt} [[ image : other . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' )
28647179 28649151 2005-11-18 05:28:40 0 days 00:36:13 127734 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' )
30724012 31040414 2005-12-12 12:04:16 2 days 19:32:41 0|194.81.36.9 0 berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] crazy spudmeister the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier
31040414 31040435 2005-12-12 12:04:46 0 days 00:00:30 0|194.81.36.9 0 berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] crazy spudmeister the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier
35373255 35495895 2006-01-17 03:54:16 0 days 20:31:45 0|208.180.17.49 2 germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he " didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i
36650338 36652600 2006-01-25 15:46:06 0 days 00:20:05 0|194.232.85.82 4 leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . after he got done masturbating khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed
37559437 37632509 2006-02-01 04:44:15 0 days 08:49:42 0|63.110.9.70 0 barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed
38580629 38580746 2006-02-07 06:12:02 0 days 00:01:32 58229 5 : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on 7 june 2003 | berlin wall on [[ 7 june ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier
38580746 38580842 2006-02-07 06:13:20 0 days 00:01:18 58229 1 | right | remains of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier
40459448 40459461 2006-02-20 18:40:06 0 days 00:00:08 478178 3 berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk kennedy ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 7 for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 116 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall
9 was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world
41672218 41672333 2006-02-28 23:49:11 0 days 00:00:50 0|69.15.111.135 0 proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed ] . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 9 font - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] | last = buckley | first = william f . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn
17 [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis | last = cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978
25 of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . | last = catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]]
36 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * {{ cite book | first = peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]]
37 . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter | last = wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] .
44901085 45389421 2006-03-25 07:45:29 3 days 03:46:51 433328 3 [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word "
52431775 52435082 2006-05-10 04:15:44 0 days 00:28:16 0|71.80.187.0 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]]
52435082 52435169 2006-05-10 04:16:34 0 days 00:00:50 0|71.80.187.0 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]]
53424530 53424769 2006-05-16 00:55:53 0 days 00:01:39 0|66.156.78.171 1 near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] it was part of the iron curtain ]] . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961
54612820 54613169 2006-05-22 23:26:29 0 days 00:02:31 1008387 0 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' yo < math > insert formula here < / math > 3x ^ 3áψ conceived by the [[ east germany | east german
54613169 54759780 2006-05-23 19:21:42 0 days 19:55:13 0|68.14.92.238 0 s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy jo " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]]
54759780 54774908 2006-05-23 20:52:19 0 days 01:30:37 157842 0 s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " jo joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]]
57771532 57880127 2006-06-10 14:58:52 0 days 17:30:29 0|68.37.147.10 0 " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band )
65633547 66079192 2006-07-27 02:02:21 2 days 04:22:24 0|202.89.36.170 4 ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name your mum was a man = = headline text = = = = headline text = = ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[
66079192 66079583 2006-07-27 02:05:14 0 days 00:02:53 416594 3 ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 your mum was a man = = headline text = = = = headline text = = huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{
74099675 74109426 2006-09-06 10:35:39 0 days 01:42:32 1629275 1 ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in
74109426 74109727 2006-09-06 10:39:12 0 days 00:03:33 1629275 1 ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in
74109727 74109986 2006-09-06 10:42:17 0 days 00:03:05 1629275 1 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in
85490134 85491034 2006-11-03 16:18:17 0 days 00:04:56 0|66.44.161.178 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . erin ' ' ' eric is gay ! ! ! ! ! ' ' ' = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed
86616253 86685844 2006-11-09 10:05:22 0 days 08:55:11 0|217.227.123.50 0 the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision
86685844 86716477 2006-11-09 14:29:32 0 days 04:24:10 0|210.6.194.214 2 the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] ,
86978875 86978923 2006-11-10 18:18:41 0 days 00:00:16 572610 2 jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at the glienicke bridge ( ' ' glienicker brücke ' ' ) 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin
89163919 89164714 2006-11-21 04:29:12 0 days 00:05:28 441020 1 berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the berlin wall , ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , is an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed
89730172 90181219 2006-11-26 07:20:39 2 days 07:53:59 4236 2 s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy naxos 2072038 " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 8 from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 8 from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 8 from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref
111086584 111137285 2007-02-26 19:31:02 0 days 03:58:19 157842 5 east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet
111393341 111404892 2007-02-27 20:29:24 0 days 00:50:05 0|205.126.63.15 0 and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or wikipedia rules ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy
111404892 111404973 2007-02-27 20:29:45 0 days 00:00:21 1491617 0 and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or wikipedia rules ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy
111404973 111405046 2007-02-27 20:30:09 0 days 00:00:24 0|205.126.63.15 0 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] wikipedia : the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' {{ lang | de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ' '
111405735 111405922 2007-02-27 20:33:49 0 days 00:00:46 2875882 6 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] wikipedia : the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' {{ lang | de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ' '
111406543 111406618 2007-02-27 20:36:42 0 days 00:00:18 786651 2 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = = = ' ' ' hi mrs ramrsay [[ hi < nowiki > i hate cheese < / nowiki > ]] ' ' ' = = = = = = layout
111431459 111447681 2007-02-27 23:32:06 0 days 01:10:20 0|24.224.150.220 1 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30
111447681 111448485 2007-02-27 23:35:47 0 days 00:03:41 296765 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' ' you suck ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[
114905537 114945095 2007-03-14 01:10:35 0 days 03:07:22 0|64.118.116.137 0 east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the pussy cunt ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany |
114945095 114945129 2007-03-14 01:10:44 0 days 00:00:09 2198658 0 east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the pussy cunt ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany |
117202313 117273341 2007-03-23 13:04:36 0 days 09:57:22 0|84.64.196.176 0 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny you really are a knob . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany
117273341 117273415 2007-03-23 13:05:08 0 days 00:00:32 3358912 0 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny you really are a knob . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany
117273415 117286154 2007-03-23 14:16:33 0 days 01:11:25 0|84.64.196.176 0 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] apologies stephen . i didn ' t think of the consequences . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany
117286154 117292393 2007-03-23 14:50:25 0 days 00:33:52 911178 0 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] apologies stephen . i didn ' t think of the consequences . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany
118145334 118145453 2007-03-27 00:43:34 0 days 00:00:34 0|24.16.228.161 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( i ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30
122210458 122237550 2007-04-12 15:22:28 0 days 02:09:09 0|88.111.156.211 0 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the there ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany |
122237550 122237677 2007-04-12 15:23:02 0 days 00:00:34 0|88.111.156.211 0 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] there the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany |
124965000 125058452 2007-04-23 03:51:10 0 days 06:18:09 345374 2 near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , [[ russian language | russian ]] : ' ' берли́нская стена́ ' ' ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart ,
125328975 125329185 2007-04-23 23:24:44 0 days 00:00:44 0|75.4.184.187 1 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany ' ' ' iiriis iis a kock suckiin biitch ! ! ! ' ' ' developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' '
126982200 126982667 2007-04-29 23:49:22 0 days 00:01:46 0|71.251.211.21 0 had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [ mary was ohhhhhh soooooooooo ' ' ' hur ' ] this sight rox my effin ' sox ! ! ! best information yu caaan gettt ! cant deny yu love itt < 333 hahaha [[ ♥ ' '
1 hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [ mary was ohhhhhh soooooooooo hur ' ' ' ' ] this sight rox my effin ' sox ! ! ! best information yu caaan gettt ! cant deny yu love itt < 333 hahaha [[ ♥ ' ' '
126982667 126982862 2007-04-29 23:50:14 0 days 00:00:52 0|71.251.211.21 0 for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [ mary was ohhhhhh soooooooooo ' ' ' hur ' ' ' ' ] this sight rox my = = = = ' ' effin ' ' = = = = ' sox ! ! ! best information yu caaan gettt ! cant deny yu love itt < 333 hahaha [[ ♥ ' ' '
129474280 129554249 2007-05-09 16:35:07 0 days 07:19:30 0|204.129.158.10 2 for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht wood ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] .
129554675 129554933 2007-05-09 16:37:49 0 days 00:01:02 0|204.129.158.10 4 ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled
5 year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 14 barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader mat wood approved by soviet leader bainca , but with conditions imposed . wood ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] .
129555771 129555882 2007-05-09 16:41:30 0 days 00:00:24 0|204.129.158.10 7 ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb
129555882 129556310 2007-05-09 16:43:07 0 days 00:01:37 2073927 6 one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to never eat cheese on a roller coaster again the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . ' ' ' = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin
7 a very charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to never eat cheese on a roller coaster again . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' ' = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
133073625 133074114 2007-05-24 01:27:50 0 days 00:02:33 715870 4 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 6 ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 5 berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall biology and reproduction . unlike organisms that only have the ability to reproduce asexually , sexed male and female pairs have the ability to produce offspring through meiosis and fertilization . the two sexes attract one another and communicate their readiness to procreate through differences in their biology . an organism ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain
11 s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the in many species animals try to give and get sexual stimulation with others where procreation is not the aim , and homosexual behavior has now been observed among 1 , 500 species , and in 500 of those it is well documented . there are species that have 3 , 4 or 5 sexes . for example : the clam shrimp eulimnadia texana has three sexes , that is , it is a triploid organism . [ 1 ] harvester ant genus pogonomyrmex has three sexes [ 2 ] or possibly four sexes [ 3 ] the reptile tuatara might have four sexes [ 4 ] coprinus macrorhizus ( pers . ) rea might have three or four sexes [ 5 ] coprinus lagopus has four sexes [ 6 ] fausto - sterling proposes that there are five sexes of humans [ 7 ] [ 8 ] other species have exhibited evidence of 5 sexes [ 9 ] humans human male and female - anatomical features pointed outsee human sexuality for information about sexual activities , sexual sensation , sexual gratification , and sexual intimacy between human beings in humans , " sex " is often perceived as a dichotomous state or identity for most biological and social purposes - such that a person can only be female or male . but many factors , including one ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 77 as a dichotomous state or identity for most biological and social purposes - such that a person can only be female or male . but many factors , including one ' s biology , environment , psychology and social context , have a role in determining how a particular person , and those around them , view their sex . although the table below shows common differences between males and females , many people do not correspond to " male " or " female " with regard to every criterion . " primary " sexual characteristics are typically present at birth and directly involved in reproduction . " secondary " sexual characteristics typically develop later in life ( usually during puberty ) and are not directly involved in reproduction . differences between the sexes are known as sexual dimorphism . at the biological level these differences are usually : level characteristics female male primary sex chromosomes xx xy gametes ova spermatozoa sex organs ovaries testes predominant sex hormones estrogen and progesterone testosterone anatomy of internal genitalia clitoral crura , vagina , uterus , fallopian tubes corpora cavernosa , urethra , prostate , seminal vesicles anatomy of external genitalia glans clitoris , labia , vulva , clitoral hood , perineal urethra penis , scrotum , foreskin , fused perineum secondary skeletal structure relatively shorter , wider in hips relatively taller , wider in shoulders , bigger chest face rounded jaw bigger nose bone , brow bone , [ 10 ] squarer jaw , facial hair body fat and muscle relatively more fat relatively more muscle [ 11 ] fat distribution more in buttocks , hips and thighs more in abdomen body form development " hourglass " shape : 8 " triangular " shape : ▼ other breasts adam ' s apple and body hair the relationship between the various levels of biological sexual differentiation is fairly well understood . many of the biological levels are said to cause ,
160592013 160609244 2007-09-27 02:13:32 0 days 01:41:59 0|71.106.242.252 0 to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill kkjhdfhowirhgwlqk ; ogill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several
161422371 161457070 2007-10-01 03:09:05 0 days 03:13:54 3341545 0 to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kkjhdfhowirhgwlqk ; ogill kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot
163105476 163371605 2007-10-09 17:45:07 1 days 02:32:03 0|82.41.42.114 3 the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy eco ' ' ' nomy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled
163371605 163373226 2007-10-09 17:53:00 0 days 00:07:53 5451838 3 the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market eco ' ' ' nomy economy ]] ( ' ' " sozial ' ' e marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in
169621066 169623420 2007-11-06 16:33:18 0 days 00:12:12 96897 0 . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , ' ' ' graffiti ' ' ' appeared only on the western side . [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1
169819935 169820091 2007-11-07 08:19:36 0 days 00:01:16 0|220.238.206.14 1 french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . ' ' ' all the leaders enjoyed having sexual intercourse with their wifes who gave $ 5 headjobs . it was veryt very pleasing . ' ' ' the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite
2 and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . ' ' ' all the leaders enjoyed having sexual intercourse with their wifes who gave $ 5 headjobs . it was veryt pleasing as they all had huge titties to please the blokes . ' ' ' the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the
171330844 171393635 2007-11-14 08:32:36 0 days 07:37:34 0|213.221.119.178 0 wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed
173361439 173361573 2007-11-23 22:27:01 0 days 00:00:46 137113 0 east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . an east german propaganda booklet published in [[ 1955 ]] outlined the seriousness of [[ republikfluckt republikflucht | ' fleeing the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as
173368678 173369211 2007-11-23 23:13:28 0 days 00:03:09 137113 0 }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east
1 barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin
173369211 173369297 2007-11-23 23:14:00 0 days 00:00:32 137113 0 }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states .
1 [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[
173369297 173369884 2007-11-23 23:17:45 0 days 00:03:45 137113 0 }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall
1 separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west
183110157 183110726 2008-01-09 04:07:43 0 days 00:03:57 0|72.70.120.222 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] francesca ' s gay and she ' s gay like a fox . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
183110726 183110979 2008-01-09 04:09:45 0 days 00:02:02 4156549 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] francesca ' s gay and she ' s gay like a fox . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
183265767 183426225 2008-01-10 16:57:37 0 days 18:41:05 6163551 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] steve is awesome ! ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
183426225 183428633 2008-01-10 17:09:35 0 days 00:11:58 400903 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] steve is awesome ! ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
188247561 188248620 2008-01-31 22:24:03 0 days 00:04:52 911178 0 refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = ' ' ' on ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated
188378405 188385502 2008-02-01 15:00:58 0 days 00:52:59 0|209.94.183.90 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] courtney own this page the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
188385502 188385606 2008-02-01 15:01:41 0 days 00:00:43 242500 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] courtney own this page the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
188385606 188405306 2008-02-01 16:54:15 0 days 01:52:34 0|71.41.129.70 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the sdsddthe ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]]
188405306 188405481 2008-02-01 16:55:05 0 days 00:00:50 134937 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] sdsddthe the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating chicken from [[ beef
188405481 188406177 2008-02-01 16:58:49 0 days 00:03:44 0|71.41.129.70 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] hi the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
188406177 188406265 2008-02-01 16:59:12 0 days 00:00:23 301395 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] hi the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
188519120 188528780 2008-02-02 03:30:16 0 days 01:02:40 0|216.105.214.32 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] i luv you and my papa was in this the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
188528780 188528811 2008-02-02 03:30:25 0 days 00:00:09 3042966 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] i luv you and my papa was in this the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
192016546 192126171 2008-02-17 20:05:54 0 days 13:00:16 6463686 0 ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | 250px | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
1 s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | 250px | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
201679092 201724239 2008-03-29 02:06:29 0 days 04:07:36 3622922 0 berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
211222812 211222847 2008-05-09 09:25:16 0 days 00:00:19 686868 0 reasons ( e . g . artists , lorry drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of ' ' ' other east european countries ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the
211222847 211225942 2008-05-09 09:58:16 0 days 00:33:00 686868 0 reasons ( e . g . artists , lorry drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of other ' ' ' other east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation
211225942 211226287 2008-05-09 10:02:08 0 days 00:03:52 686868 2 this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for tourist visits of east berlin were issued in a simplified procedure at the same day border crossing . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[
211226287 211226498 2008-05-09 10:04:29 0 days 00:02:21 686868 0 an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for tourist visits restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august
1 , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas for east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all .
211226498 211251752 2008-05-09 13:24:50 0 days 03:20:21 686868 0 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 15 country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' , officials , and ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements .
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 8 soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale
9 a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany '
20 stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday august 12
240240944 240242156 2008-09-22 15:58:49 0 days 00:07:42 736477 9 [[ potsdam ]] , bordering with [[ west berlin ]] . here is reported the list of bordering municipalities , subdivided for district , starting from north and proceding to south . : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]]
240242156 240250311 2008-09-22 16:47:42 0 days 00:48:53 3505251 4 sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated 14 municipalities of the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , from west berlin . these municipalities , subdivided by district , are listed in order from north to south : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn
242557548 242755000 2008-10-03 14:42:47 0 days 19:46:38 7991946 2 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the and said , ' i might as well kick it ' . first class , yo this is bad drinking orange juice out of a champagne glass . is this what the people of bel - air living like ? hmmmmm this might be alright . but wait i hear there ' re prissy , wine all that is bel - air the type of place they send this cool cat ? i don ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
6 the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer dude who looked like a cop standing there with my name out i ain ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[
242755000 242755785 2008-10-03 14:46:42 0 days 00:03:55 0|66.28.221.133 2 day but she packed my suite case and send me on my way she gave me a kiss and then she gave me my ticket . i put my walkman on and said , ' i might as well kick it ' . first class , yo this is bad drinking orange juice out of a champagne glass . is this what the people of bel - air living like ? hmmmmm this might be alright . but wait i hear there ' re prissy , wine all that is bel - air the type of place they send this cool cat ? i don the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' t think sow i ' ll see when i get there i hope they ' re prepared for the prince of bel - air well , the plane landed and
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 17 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video /
18 have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] , how could any of america ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index
97 has served as grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on such sit - coms and dramas as ' ' [[ the cosby show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the west wing ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the torkelsons ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the [[ music
103 ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ john denver and the muppets : a christmas together ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' the muppets go to the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration
104 the muppets go to the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]]
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 17 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video /
18 have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] , how could any of america ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index
97 has served as grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on such sit - coms and dramas as ' ' [[ the cosby show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the west wing ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the torkelsons ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the [[ music
103 ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ john denver and the muppets : a christmas together ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' the muppets go to the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration
104 the muppets go to the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]]
248312104 248418059 2008-10-29 15:29:40 0 days 15:04:00 0|129.19.104.6 0 berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] hi the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
248418059 248423012 2008-10-29 15:58:02 0 days 00:28:22 911178 0 berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] hi the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
252776401 252776451 2008-11-19 13:48:53 0 days 00:00:20 3131841 0 berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
258133599 258134007 2008-12-15 15:47:51 0 days 00:02:16 0|71.130.177.243 5 = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market asshole bitchmarket economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s
258135144 258137090 2008-12-15 16:03:25 0 days 00:09:50 1430004 3 germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( ' ' ' federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western [[ capitalist country with asshole bitchmarket a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' # redirect [[ in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting
259372596 259408414 2008-12-21 21:27:55 0 days 03:52:52 0|85.179.5.244 0 strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ( map is incorrect ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[
259408414 259409239 2008-12-21 21:32:25 0 days 00:04:30 911178 0 strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ( map is incorrect ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[
262181781 262224380 2009-01-06 02:30:54 0 days 03:55:13 0|67.209.19.66 0 present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : fuck goddamn germany * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]]
262224380 262225961 2009-01-06 02:40:41 0 days 00:09:47 911178 0 present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : fuck goddamn germany * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]]
266290348 266290464 2009-01-25 10:45:41 0 days 00:00:54 119438 1 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ berlin defence of the ruy lopez ]] . ' ' [ http : / / www . chess . com / news / the - berlin - wall - grows - higher - in - sochi ]
271232481 271264503 2009-02-17 03:12:41 0 days 02:57:03 0|71.215.207.209 0 {st@rt} < math > fghfgh < / math > : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
271264503 271265000 2009-02-17 03:15:53 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.148.51.9 0 {st@rt} < math > fghfgh < / math > : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
272959089 273103201 2009-02-25 02:26:13 0 days 12:29:12 0|76.235.164.36 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] hitler . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous "
3 view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
273103201 273103350 2009-02-25 02:27:17 0 days 00:01:04 1469567 2 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see hitler . . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[
3 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see hitler . . . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
274475826 274491714 2009-03-02 18:58:35 0 days 01:07:57 0|206.176.120.174 0 " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] ooo the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
274520296 274521235 2009-03-02 20:56:49 0 days 00:03:25 521374 0 " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] ooo the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
275499407 275903809 2009-03-08 22:29:08 1 days 22:58:47 9166621 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] hi world . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous "
7 in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we
276265321 276265514 2009-03-10 13:29:47 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.74.69.103 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] dalton . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous "
276397704 276398047 2009-03-10 23:50:41 0 days 00:01:38 0|68.81.17.165 0 them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison you know what ? fuck this , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press ,
278326464 278326603 2009-03-19 13:45:28 0 days 00:01:08 3505251 2 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayrisches staatsministerium für arbeit , familie und soziales frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{
278701966 278705045 2009-03-21 09:14:18 0 days 00:34:14 0|122.107.103.201 0 " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] stephanie halteh built the berlin wall the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
278705045 278705102 2009-03-21 09:15:01 0 days 00:00:43 6984319 0 " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] stephanie halteh built the berlin wall the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
279820445 279835916 2009-03-26 17:42:54 0 days 01:28:32 0|24.106.235.42 1 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous "
280886598 280931872 2009-03-31 20:18:46 0 days 03:55:44 0|38.116.202.19 0 {st@rt} = = ' ' ' garbadge wed site . [[ ' ' ' garbadge wed site . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' garbadge wed site . < ref > ' ' ' garbadge wed site . < / ref > ' ' ' ' ' ]] = = : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
280931872 280931932 2009-03-31 20:19:03 0 days 00:00:17 1879566 0 {st@rt} = = ' ' ' garbadge wed site . [[ ' ' ' garbadge wed site . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' garbadge wed site . < ref > ' ' ' garbadge wed site . < / ref > ' ' ' ' ' ]] = = : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
285306573 285306642 2009-04-21 20:31:57 0 days 00:00:21 1891004 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
288317903 288319667 2009-05-06 18:55:10 0 days 00:10:11 6999039 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
289279325 289279638 2009-05-11 16:39:23 0 days 00:01:55 0|75.133.78.162 0 {st@rt} it went boom : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
289279638 289279765 2009-05-11 16:40:03 0 days 00:00:40 7167267 0 {st@rt} it went boom : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
289369943 289370073 2009-05-12 01:16:37 0 days 00:00:46 2853673 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - vandalism | small = yes }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
292030037 292112571 2009-05-24 23:21:44 0 days 07:26:26 1322359 1 soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . * ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and
296390210 296407548 2009-06-14 19:56:02 0 days 01:46:14 6999039 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - vandalism | small = yes }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
296836155 296857603 2009-06-16 23:48:30 0 days 02:12:01 6984319 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - vandalism | small = yes }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
299164112 299165691 2009-06-28 19:04:01 0 days 00:10:50 0|75.2.134.42 2 east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit
299564195 299569196 2009-06-30 20:08:18 0 days 00:27:12 6999039 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ pp - vandalism | small = yes }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13
305728347 305728482 2009-08-03 00:59:25 0 days 00:01:15 0|67.163.100.198 0 tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ harry s . truman ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , truman challenged
306539582 306540083 2009-08-07 04:46:29 0 days 00:04:37 6984319 7 travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers travelers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel
308670641 308694705 2009-08-18 15:00:18 0 days 02:45:34 8902327 0 . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the butt ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german
308720606 308730077 2009-08-18 18:30:17 0 days 00:53:57 0|69.116.35.17 0 . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] butt the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german
308730077 308751833 2009-08-18 20:32:57 0 days 02:02:40 323132 0 . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the butt ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german
308756619 308787101 2009-08-19 00:06:52 0 days 03:07:52 437229 0 . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] butt the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german
311905684 311933749 2009-09-05 01:02:20 0 days 03:22:02 6877720 3 . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the
312095287 312349275 2009-09-07 09:44:34 1 days 09:55:26 0|212.101.24.151 0 eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross ? = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually
312349275 312380361 2009-09-07 13:26:51 0 days 03:42:17 6971250 0 eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross ? = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually
312380361 312585957 2009-09-08 13:35:34 1 days 00:08:43 0|194.202.122.223 0 to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . in the 1980s visiting westerners had to purchase a day visa for 5 dm and also exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of 1 : 1 . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all .
312585957 312586456 2009-09-08 13:39:06 0 days 00:03:32 0|194.202.122.223 0 berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . in the 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961
312587103 312587321 2009-09-08 13:46:35 0 days 00:02:04 6971250 0 military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements
1 ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise , ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements .
312587321 312588680 2009-09-08 13:57:31 0 days 00:10:56 0|194.202.122.223 5 german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency out of the east but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august
6 currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 144 in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , ' ' an die freude ' ' ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' '
149 s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from
171 symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 5 s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , ' ' an die freude ' ' ( " [[ ode to joy ]] " ) . this had with the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' ' ( " freedom " ) in the text sung . the orchestra
165 , ' ' an die freude ' ' ( " [[ ode to joy ]] " ) . this had the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' ' ( " freedom " ) in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom
316135766 316135931 2009-09-25 15:12:42 0 days 00:01:07 0|64.18.44.15 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall andy russell ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many
316135931 316136300 2009-09-25 15:15:06 0 days 00:02:24 518872 1 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to andy russell the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many
316487238 316592493 2009-09-28 00:27:11 0 days 10:50:20 0|64.18.36.165 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall andy russell ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many
318091580 318274763 2009-10-06 16:40:43 0 days 22:27:51 1476858 2 those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for
4 possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december
6 to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained
13 the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 10 _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech -
57 wall in 1989 ]] --> protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " {{ lang | de | ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' '
70 in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' * ' ' ' road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints
72 to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the
324825240 324825497 2009-11-09 11:53:35 0 days 00:02:53 0|87.36.53.53 0 of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of s flynn is a dirty whore the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 , < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer
324827069 324827399 2009-11-09 12:12:01 0 days 00:03:27 98320 0 of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of s flynn is a dirty whore the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 , < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer
325190185 325190637 2009-11-11 05:07:12 0 days 00:04:20 10857892 7 built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr )
8 a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]]
325218548 325218944 2009-11-11 09:54:29 0 days 00:05:02 6971250 4 berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall
9 removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall
336304502 336304791 2010-01-07 00:17:21 0 days 00:01:27 0|99.13.65.208 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' the berlin wall nocked down by josh farting sooo hard it just fell > . < ' ' ' ' ' ' {{ pp -
336829512 336831441 2010-01-09 17:49:45 0 days 00:11:53 10141256 2 for many years after reunification , there still was talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ossis ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head
337514893 337515676 2010-01-13 02:02:48 0 days 00:05:17 11416782 0 ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall is important how are you the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
337515676 337515845 2010-01-13 02:04:04 0 days 00:01:16 11416782 0 polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall is important how are you im fine the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
337515845 337516047 2010-01-13 02:05:41 0 days 00:01:37 11416782 0 ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall is important how are you im fine the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 12 {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by
17 in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 8 installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 an english - [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = because of
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 42 . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / ] ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas
43 - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the lives of others ]] ' ' , award - winning german film about the east german stasi , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ the
45 thomas ]] in the leading role . ' ' [[ the lives of others ]] ' ' , award - winning german film about the east german stasi , 2006 < references ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ iron curtain
356250524 356250740 2010-04-15 21:09:03 0 days 00:01:20 0|24.163.70.153 1 {st@rt} ' ' ' [[ [[ i warn that this page could at any time be edited by the public and the information may not be valid ]] ]] ' ' ' {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[
356283811 356284386 2010-04-16 00:39:20 0 days 00:03:56 0|216.118.158.85 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } hey ryan macdonald ! natzies man ! there freakin natzies ! ( hi dryden ! ) the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
362093344 362094029 2010-05-14 14:00:38 0 days 00:04:55 334792 1 " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . ' ' ' mariah justice is awesome and dont use wikipedia : p because its unreliable much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . ' ' ' the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }}
365768478 365795613 2010-06-03 08:50:04 0 days 04:36:54 6971250 2 - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the lives of others ]] ' ' , award - winning german film about the east german stasi , 2006 * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[
366512975 366521234 2010-06-07 08:27:18 0 days 01:15:10 6971250 3 . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . com ] < / ref > * * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel an olympic athlete who defects . director [[ george marshall ]] * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[
366521234 366522148 2010-06-07 08:36:01 0 days 00:08:43 6971250 2 for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ tunnel , the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , the wall . film by r . s . richter * [[ iron curtain ]]
3 ' ' , 1981 - a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ tunnel , the ]] ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , the wall . film by r . s
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 20 ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland
383668607 383689635 2010-09-08 18:44:09 0 days 02:09:52 0|75.60.173.231 0 ' ' , 1981 - a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 - dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by r
386987387 387039407 2010-09-26 01:09:06 0 days 05:47:45 2991287 2 ' ' , 1981 - a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ the innocent ( 1993 film ) | the innocent ]] ' ' , 1993 - about the joint [[ cia ]] / [[ mi6 ]] operation to build a tunnel under east berlin in the 1950s . directed by [[ john schlesinger ]] * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 - dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by
387172021 387194906 2010-09-26 21:27:38 0 days 02:18:39 2991287 0 ' ' , 1981 - a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ something to do with the wall ]] ' ' , 1991 - documentary shot just before and after the wall came down , by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine * * ' ' [[ the innocent ( 1993 film ) | the innocent ]] ' ' , 1993 - about the joint [[ cia ]] / [[ mi6 ]] operation
388820175 388862767 2010-10-05 09:40:58 0 days 06:46:43 6971250 0 yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the what later became known as the ' ' the death strip ' ' . the death strip ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see
400217192 400251407 2010-12-03 03:16:12 0 days 04:06:05 0|67.11.7.6 2 in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] you should arrest her because this might be illigal ! ! ! | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic (
400251407 400251431 2010-12-03 03:16:24 0 days 00:00:12 13286072 3 {st@rt} frances rodriguez did this editing because she is retarted and now you dont know about the berlin wall you know about my ugly nasty sister and you should arrest her because this might be illigal ! ! ! soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic (
401678973 401679143 2010-12-10 21:47:22 0 days 00:01:09 6848259 0 com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002 / the - berlin - wall - rise - and - fall the berlin wall : rise and fall ] - slideshow by ' ' [[ life magazine ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display
1 - berlin - wall - my - part - in - its - fall - by - roland - pietsch - germany fall of the wall : my school trip ] - slideshow by ' ' [[ the first post ]] ' ' * [ https : / / www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in
404623374 404706835 2010-12-28 21:38:50 0 days 09:35:37 0|69.158.87.224 0 ]] ' ' , 1965 - cold war classic set on both sides of the wall , from the book by john le carré , directed by [[ martin ritt ]] * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 - spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] , directed by [[ guy hamilton ]] * * ' ' [[ the wicked dreams of paula schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 - cold war spy farce about an olympic athlete who defects . director [[ george
420447970 422046294 2011-04-02 22:14:24 9 days 15:56:56 1426328 2 the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f
429636376 430308282 2011-05-22 06:51:55 4 days 08:05:37 3705239 0 - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 – 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic (
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 28 places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 ' ' , london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy
472781538 474160201 2012-01-31 04:52:54 7 days 17:49:16 4973943 0 communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de
2 and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully
474160201 474175714 2012-01-31 07:52:49 0 days 02:59:55 6971250 1 germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' anti - fascist ]] protection wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully
2 and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' anti - fascist protection wall rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de
495094589 495435112 2012-06-01 10:19:08 2 days 02:01:31 1276024 0 berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 * * ' ' [[ the road to the wall ]] ' ' , a 1962 documentary film * * ' ' the boy and the wall ' ' spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb .
505558329 506362125 2012-08-08 08:38:19 4 days 22:07:23 9013713 1 jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : " [[ tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg thumb | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987
511602144 511923272 2012-09-11 22:32:56 2 days 00:15:53 13799985 0 [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] [[ file : west and east berlin . svg | thumb | 350px | < center > west and east berlin border after berlin wall was built in 1961 {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _ and _ east _ berlin interactive map ] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr ,
553106649 553801374 2013-05-06 16:29:15 4 days 18:39:32 3106684 0 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters — by most accounts , [[ nbc agenzia nazionale stampa associata | ansa ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw ]] — asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day
580930170 580957593 2013-11-09 22:18:25 0 days 03:47:52 400707 2 film broadcast in december 1962 * * ' ' [[ the road to the wall ]] ' ' , a 1962 documentary film * * ' ' the boy and the * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : wall ' ' spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb .
4 ]] ' ' , 1965 – cold war classic set on both sides of the wall , from the book by john le carré , directed by [[ martin ritt ]] ball and the hole in the * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' ' , 1965 –
5 [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] , directed by [[ guy hamilton ]] , * * ' ' [[ the wicked dreams of paula schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 – cold war spy farce about an olympic athlete who defects . director [[ george
6 ' ' , 1981 – a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ casino royale ( 1967 film ) | casino royale ]] ' ' , 1967 – featuring a segment centred around a house apparently bisected by the wall . * * ' ' [[ something to do with the wall ]] ' ' , 1991 – documentary shot just before and after the wall came down , by [[ ross
580957593 580957869 2013-11-09 22:20:29 0 days 00:02:04 400707 1 ' , 1981 – a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route . * * ' ' [[ something to do with the wall ]] ' ' , 1991 – documentary shot just before and after the wall came down , by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine * * ' ' [[ the innocent ( 1993 film ) | the innocent ]] ' ' , 1993 – about the joint [[ cia ]] / [[ mi6 ]] operation
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 14 press archive | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > * video games related to the berlin wall * * the " first strike " downloadable content pack for 2010 ' s 2010s ' ' [[ call of duty : black ops ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) = =
593520854 594610725 2014-02-09 02:56:42 7 days 00:56:29 14418888 0 appeared on [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . * * the music video for [[ princess x ( musician ) | princess x liza fox ]] ' s song " free " ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http
623943583 629623801 2014-10-14 20:43:44 41 days 18:59:13 5495886 2 of east german citizens . finally , at 10 : 45 pm , the guards yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . < ref name = spiegelonline > {{ cite news | title = the guard who opened the berlin wall : ' i gave my people the order - - raise the barrier ' | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / international / germany / the - guard - who - opened - the - berlin - wall - i - gave - my - people - the - order - raise - the - barrier - a - 660128 . html | accessdate = 14 october 2014 | publisher = [[ spiegel online ]] | date = 9 november 2014 }} < / ref > as the ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' ' swarmed through , they were greeted by ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' waiting
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 6 / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall – official - ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _
25 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html explore the former inner german border with dw ' s animated video ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _
653993858 656846739 2015-04-17 03:15:54 18 days 21:58:41 14348183 0 [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * * [[ david bowie ]] ' s " [[ heroes ( david bowie song ) | heroes ]] " was inspired by the image of a couple kissing at the berlin wall ( in reality , the couple was his producer [[ tony visconti ]] and backup singer [[ antonia maaß ]] ) . the song ( which , along with the [[ heroes ( david bowie album ) | album of the same name ]] , were recorded in berlin ) , makes lyrical references to the kissing couple , and to the " wall of shame " ( " the shame was on the other side " ) . * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }}
685909337 686641093 2015-10-20 10:56:21 4 days 15:31:12 3662182 0 the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart protective wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in
693934983 693973160 2015-12-06 06:15:07 0 days 06:42:01 30225 0 ' , 1981 – a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route . * * ' ' [[ the soldier ( film ) | the soldier ]] ' ' , 1982 - a renegade kgb team put nuclear weapons in saudi arabia to force america to make the israelis pull out of the west bank and gaza strip the saudi oil fields will make 50 % of the world ' s oil radioactive for decades . the title character of the movie has a team break into a missile silo in [[ smith center , kansas [[ to obtain independent launch capability . , then he and an israeli security agent drive an automobile from west germany ' ' over the berlin wall into east germany ' ' where he informs the kgb agents that if the nuke goes off in saudi arabia , his team in kansas will nuke moscow . * * ' ' [[ the innocent ( 1993 film ) | the innocent ]] ' ' , 1993 – about the joint [[ cia ]] / [[ mi6 ]] operation
699461299 699864491 2016-01-14 22:53:12 2 days 09:20:01 940017 0 berlin ) , makes lyrical references to the kissing couple , and to the " wall of shame " ( " the shame was on the other side " ) . upon his death , the [[ german foreign office ]] paid homage to bowie on twitter . < ref > http : / / www . marketwatch . com / story / death - of - david - bowie - sparks - howls - of - anguish - across - social - media - 2016 - 01 - 11 < / ref > * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }}
733515231 734284492 2016-08-13 08:26:57 4 days 22:04:07 80913 4 berlin gig rock the wall ? | url = http : / / www . thelocal . de / opinion / 20130709 - 50749 . html | work = the local - germany ' s news in english | publisher = the local - germany ' s news in english | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }}
5 / www . thelocal . de / opinion / 20130709 - 50749 . html | work = the local - germany ' s news in english | publisher = the local - germany ' s news in english | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its [[ free german youth
738198431 738865701 2016-09-11 14:47:01 4 days 00:24:17 19921271 0 raus ! " }} ' ' ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant ' ' {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben hier ! " }} ' ' , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution
749083438 749172446 2016-11-12 21:38:14 0 days 13:26:19 7611264 1 }} < / ref > see also [[ berlin wall # david bowie . 2c 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur | nl }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }} , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 0 and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protective wall protection rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in
25 and defection ]] that had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protective wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 5 | emigration and defection ]] that had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to the berlin wall as the ' ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[
10 {{ cite web | title = berlin wall : five things you might not know | date = 12 august 2011 | publisher = ' ' [[ telegraph media group | ' ' the telegraph ]] ' ' | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / 8698446 / berlin - wall - five
823238815 823239462 2018-01-31 01:50:53 0 days 00:04:27 32940610 11 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' called berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification
845242425 845346007 2018-06-11 05:24:11 0 days 16:38:45 508734 3 id / 593791 / page / 0 bundeszentrale für politische bildung : ' ' ministerium für staatssicherheit der ddr ' ' ] , siehe : ' ' statistiken + „grenzsicherung in berlin“ berlin " ' ' 1989 . < / ref > ! length ( km ) ! description | - | style = " text - align : right " | 156 . 4
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732530 732537 2003-03-08 21:13:53 0 days 02:40:23 4388 11 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering [[ west germany ]] . the wall physically divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly
1744576 1744581 2003-11-15 23:19:05 0 days 00:03:05 2 0 berlinmuren ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long wall isolating [[ west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . < div style = " float
3416164 3551635 2004-05-02 09:12:00 3 days 12:28:42 4388 1 {st@rt} the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long wall ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] .
5185051 5185067 2004-08-13 16:18:57 0 days 06:13:43 56563 3 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall barrier ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]]
4 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] isolating sealing [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . =
5185067 5185087 2004-08-13 16:19:44 0 days 00:00:47 56563 1 ' ' [[ berlin ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ barrier ]] sealing [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] .
5185087 5185152 2004-08-13 16:21:24 0 days 00:01:40 56563 1 ' ' ' [[ berlin ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long barrier | barrier ]] sealing [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] .
5185152 5185184 2004-08-13 16:23:55 0 days 00:02:31 56563 0 ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] sealing seperating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . =
7264285 7264727 2004-11-09 17:43:00 0 days 00:00:43 0|4.28.170.237 0 ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] seperating separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and the german
12728367 12839942 2005-04-23 23:23:03 1 days 04:42:38 58229 0 . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]]
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 6 ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' '
7 [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 5 {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier ]] separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was
6 {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating [[ west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was to
28350981 28351189 2005-11-15 01:33:53 0 days 00:02:05 6661 0 ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[
38011274 38438231 2006-02-06 08:23:48 2 days 16:14:24 58229 0 ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[
40378504 40459448 2006-02-20 18:39:58 0 days 14:44:59 386031 3 west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between [[ east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] .
40898814 40900018 2006-02-23 19:38:26 0 days 00:09:50 89179 4 ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating between [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany ' s border was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only remained open in [[ berlin ]] . the
13 german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany ' s border was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only remained open in [[ berlin ]]
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 27 ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . | location = [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org /
69463997 69483685 2006-08-14 00:26:30 0 days 02:09:12 0|139.80.123.40 0 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between from east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it
69483685 69484267 2006-08-14 00:30:06 0 days 00:03:36 0|139.80.123.40 0 part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between from east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall
108864819 108983175 2007-02-18 03:18:19 0 days 10:18:32 0|124.191.185.188 0 was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between the [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was
108983175 108986401 2007-02-18 03:35:56 0 days 00:17:37 101696 0 was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between the [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was
117051528 117073720 2007-03-22 17:30:04 0 days 01:39:41 0|147.31.4.47 1 }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east noob berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in
128649094 128649435 2007-05-06 14:20:44 0 days 00:01:57 0|70.144.11.235 0 protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east pictionary ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following
131271056 131295367 2007-05-16 14:22:39 0 days 02:28:41 0|216.162.28.202 0 - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between betwen [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was
162088831 162097147 2007-10-03 21:04:01 0 days 00:39:48 400903 0 ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ westberlin ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische
1 {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between separating [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ westberlin ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]]
162484765 162838184 2007-10-07 10:15:05 1 days 17:35:07 0|58.179.236.38 0 | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin lauren ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin
168657729 168861219 2007-11-03 01:52:40 0 days 22:29:04 0|74.69.103.29 0 berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states . oh yeah kyle is in your german class . he is cooler than you = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and
168861219 168866519 2007-11-03 02:25:40 0 days 00:33:00 0|71.106.160.237 0 ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states . oh yeah kyle is in your german class . he is cooler than you rick loves xtian = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and
168866519 168892585 2007-11-03 05:31:30 0 days 03:05:50 0|69.251.112.141 0 ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states . rick loves xtian = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and
169314403 169317962 2007-11-05 05:22:53 0 days 00:29:42 0|98.203.254.150 0 berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states . = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and
169452240 169482984 2007-11-05 23:25:36 0 days 02:27:51 0|71.235.15.37 0 [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided equalized [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
169482984 169607768 2007-11-06 15:06:22 0 days 15:40:46 200509 0 [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall equalized divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
170955559 171328388 2007-11-14 00:42:00 1 days 11:14:07 5809976 2 [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided joined forces with mars and neptune [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
171328388 171330844 2007-11-14 00:55:02 0 days 00:13:02 0|83.24.232.6 1 [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ civil war of monkeies in balerina outfits eating pancakes going up the pyrimid of wakawakadoodooyeah ]] , the wall joined forces with mars and neptune divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 97549375683254 years , from the day destructio began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
172706302 172709053 2007-11-20 15:03:04 0 days 00:16:10 0|204.82.110.88 1 a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided stretches around the same size as joey blakely . [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
172709545 172765573 2007-11-20 20:18:04 0 days 05:12:37 0|216.138.75.50 0 ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany [[ cold war ]] , . [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
172765573 172766139 2007-11-20 20:20:51 0 days 00:02:47 0|216.138.75.50 0 de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany [[ cold war ]] , ]] . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
173356654 173359524 2007-11-23 22:14:51 0 days 00:16:48 137113 0 day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross across the wall to into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144
181439442 181459618 2008-01-01 22:25:14 0 days 01:53:45 0|208.58.34.139 2 ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
181459618 181459680 2008-01-01 22:25:34 0 days 00:00:20 961280 2 ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . ' ' ' the wall divided ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
185954766 186016040 2008-01-22 01:34:12 0 days 04:42:37 0|209.203.176.10 0 the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall wall6tty divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it
186016040 186020848 2008-01-22 01:59:50 0 days 00:25:38 2537811 0 the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall6tty wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it
186825989 186840019 2008-01-25 16:56:38 0 days 01:16:13 0|71.41.129.70 0 ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] mrs . heller and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
186840019 186840155 2008-01-25 16:57:27 0 days 00:00:49 0|71.41.129.70 0 ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided mrs . heller east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
186840155 186840524 2008-01-25 16:59:29 0 days 00:02:02 0|71.41.129.70 1 ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
186840524 186840588 2008-01-25 16:59:53 0 days 00:00:24 0|71.41.129.70 0 ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
188178589 188209668 2008-01-31 19:26:33 0 days 02:30:21 0|209.56.64.253 0 ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin lukas georgeff was a big meany head and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
1 the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and was as stupid as a pencil . [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period
188209668 188209811 2008-01-31 19:27:11 0 days 00:00:38 6227797 1 of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . lukas georgeff was a big meany head and was as stupid as a pencil . [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period
188385606 188405306 2008-02-01 16:54:15 0 days 01:52:34 0|71.41.129.70 1 strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] chicken from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the
199160653 199166041 2008-03-18 20:20:56 0 days 00:21:31 0|24.92.144.174 0 ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided brought = = east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 .
1 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east = = berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during
199166041 199176300 2008-03-18 21:01:00 0 days 00:40:04 0|84.92.120.196 0 ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall brought = = separated east = = berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in
200564084 200566963 2008-03-24 16:26:09 0 days 00:13:55 0|168.216.92.2 0 ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated gave birth by sex in east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 .
200566963 200567003 2008-03-24 16:26:18 0 days 00:00:09 5617557 0 ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall gave birth by sex in separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 .
201458661 201463684 2008-03-28 00:47:59 0 days 00:25:03 0|63.246.171.206 0 ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated connected east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 .
201463684 201487322 2008-03-28 02:51:58 0 days 02:03:59 911178 0 ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall connected separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 .
203049740 203050010 2008-04-03 14:35:23 0 days 00:01:29 0|208.108.155.10 0 ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east berlin and butt cheeks [[ north east berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
203050010 203050208 2008-04-03 14:36:30 0 days 00:01:07 2775239 0 ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated butt cheeks east berlin and [[ north east berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
210264591 210264687 2008-05-05 06:05:12 0 days 00:00:49 911178 0 ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 .
1 demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
235494793 235622940 2008-09-01 16:56:31 0 days 15:23:31 0|71.226.131.21 0 ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated diverted [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989 , and
235622940 235623131 2008-09-01 16:57:32 0 days 00:01:01 5887992 0 ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall diverted separated [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989 , and
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 12 , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = barrier between consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin
240527995 240571674 2008-09-24 00:23:26 0 days 03:27:09 0|67.191.11.141 1 " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier barr * * * * * * shalalala * * * * * * * ier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' '
240571674 240572171 2008-09-24 00:25:45 0 days 00:02:19 911178 1 death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a hello kitty [[ separation barrier | barr * * * * * * shalalala * * * * * * * ier barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' '
256882622 257062680 2008-12-10 15:13:21 0 days 20:07:35 0|168.184.223.107 0 in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] for all my single ladies separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german
257062680 257065090 2008-12-10 15:28:16 0 days 00:14:55 1870582 0 in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] for all my single ladies separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german
257283841 257284183 2008-12-11 15:16:00 0 days 00:02:26 0|168.184.255.133 0 yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating people like lilwayne from tyra and [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border
257284183 257291690 2008-12-11 16:06:25 0 days 00:50:25 0|71.130.177.243 4 freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into ' ' ' west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin
257291690 257299643 2008-12-11 16:51:58 0 days 00:45:33 352579 13 yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating people like stalin from tyra and [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border
258174101 258203997 2008-12-15 21:27:47 0 days 02:21:00 0|76.217.13.119 0 with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] piece of shit separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german
258206239 258209070 2008-12-15 21:49:42 0 days 00:12:46 5177550 1 with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin shit ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a piece of shit physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german
268961174 269234820 2009-02-08 00:55:12 1 days 06:33:13 0|68.94.13.35 1 location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier aid ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner
269234820 269234850 2009-02-08 00:55:24 0 days 00:00:12 981424 1 location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation aid | aid barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east persia ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner
289216105 289227657 2009-05-11 10:18:48 0 days 01:59:47 1301909 0 in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border
296778899 296786653 2009-06-16 16:56:05 0 days 00:46:56 0|71.187.249.58 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated separating east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[
301746617 303049212 2009-07-20 01:29:07 7 days 04:58:14 0|203.97.254.115 0 | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron
303049212 303065140 2009-07-20 03:35:51 0 days 02:06:44 1812810 0 | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 22 in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed
315937033 316135766 2009-09-25 15:11:35 0 days 23:21:48 0|64.18.44.15 0 } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) andy russel completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east
316135931 316136300 2009-09-25 15:15:06 0 days 00:02:24 518872 0 } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by andy russel the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east
324422544 324469466 2009-11-07 15:15:06 0 days 07:49:57 0|173.78.68.123 2 wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border
324923280 324923860 2009-11-09 22:20:11 0 days 00:02:41 0|67.71.41.102 1 lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city country of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed
325101666 325109373 2009-11-10 20:21:24 0 days 00:40:22 0|173.78.68.123 1 , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border between from east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a
350238859 350239234 2010-03-16 17:42:05 0 days 00:02:12 11648302 0 lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of oyeah hahahaf [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a
350241903 350242185 2010-03-16 17:58:35 0 days 00:01:32 0|209.183.152.194 0 lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city oyeah hahahaf of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a
362923271 363041154 2010-05-19 17:38:21 0 days 16:20:49 0|71.111.55.161 0 ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a
508731872 508885202 2012-08-24 05:17:16 1 days 00:04:08 13940542 0 berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east [[ germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video
514816402 515867543 2012-10-03 22:20:21 6 days 06:52:08 609725 9 = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border distance around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert |
610971867 610979419 2014-05-31 20:49:32 0 days 01:00:26 3308922 2 . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > or suggesting that [[ capitalism ]] was somehow related to [[ fascism ]] . the [[ west berlin ]] city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning
615295062 618841270 2014-07-28 16:55:14 26 days 03:09:29 114091 7 = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * length of border around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert
752045266 760657011 2017-01-18 08:28:16 50 days 03:00:30 29937011 8 map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 8 ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( in [[ separation barrier | german ]] , berlin mauer ) was a barrier that divided [[ east germany | germany ]] and separated [[ east berlin ]] < nowiki / > from [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) of 13 august 1961 to 9
771798170 772547948 2017-03-27 22:54:22 4 days 07:02:04 25744646 1 ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that physically and ideologically divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www .
810365760 810394251 2017-11-15 00:08:21 0 days 03:27:26 6554947 3 have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping foreigners off the outer strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id
810990194 811107061 2017-11-19 15:29:48 0 days 18:45:36 6554947 2 east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until government officials opened it in november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961
814621118 814764354 2017-12-10 20:15:35 0 days 21:20:10 6554947 3 to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip ; even sidewalks of west berlin streets ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id
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24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 36 control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 49 the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade
26918322 26918978 2005-10-30 22:32:59 0 days 00:07:33 67107 38 . project venona messages . rosenberg fbi files ( summary only ) heir to an execution — an hbo documentary by ivy meeropol , the grandaughter of ethel and julius . a statement by the rosenberg ' s sons in support of their exoneration an interview with robert meeropol about the adoption mujeres riot : ethel rosenberg ( in spanish , includes numerous photos ) retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / ethel _ and _ julius _ rosenberg " categories : 1915 births | 1953 deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | however , as the [[ cold war spies | u . s . history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit this pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main
40013833 40238138 2006-02-19 04:08:07 1 days 13:42:05 0|68.84.34.145 0 * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s * [ http : / / www . webpundit . net / pages / pundits / cp / columns / newberlinwall . htm the new berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category
40238670 40238750 2006-02-19 04:14:24 0 days 00:00:51 69412 0 * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s * [ http : / / www . webpundit . net / pages / pundits / cp / columns / newberlinwall . htm the new berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 23 the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category
42744056 42815657 2006-03-08 15:04:26 0 days 12:35:00 0|212.205.252.185 0 com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
42815657 42842651 2006-03-08 18:40:06 0 days 03:35:40 292494 0 com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
54072062 54072738 2006-05-19 18:58:27 0 days 00:04:45 0|158.59.209.88 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . abdul . com / playboy / anime / dell / shift / mouse / robertbillgates . html ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
54072738 54072783 2006-05-19 18:58:44 0 days 00:00:17 175037 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . abdul . com / playboy / anime / dell / shift / mouse / robertbillgates . html ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
64680479 64680926 2006-07-19 15:58:49 0 days 00:02:53 674991 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
64680926 64681039 2006-07-19 15:59:34 0 days 00:00:45 674991 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
64681039 64681069 2006-07-19 15:59:46 0 days 00:00:12 674991 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
64681432 64682237 2006-07-19 16:07:06 0 days 00:04:50 157842 22 personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
64901261 65187878 2006-07-22 10:08:54 1 days 14:57:18 0|86.141.127.26 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / video . google . com / videoplay ? docid = - 7428851501542847413 berliner trance - a documentary suggesting that the fall of the berlin wall was the genesis for the world ' s biggest explosion in the popularity of dance music ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
65187878 65187919 2006-07-22 10:09:18 0 days 00:00:24 0|86.141.127.26 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / video . google . com / videoplay ? docid = - 7428851501542847413 berliner trance - a documentary suggesting that the fall of the berlin wall was the genesis for the world ' s biggest explosion in the popularity of dance music ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
65187919 65187954 2006-07-22 10:09:47 0 days 00:00:29 0|86.141.127.26 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / video . google . com / videoplay ? docid = - 7428851501542847413 berliner trance ] a documentary suggesting that the fall of the berlin wall was the genesis for the world ' s biggest explosion in the popularity of dance music ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
65187954 65187980 2006-07-22 10:10:10 0 days 00:00:23 0|86.141.127.26 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / video . google . com / videoplay ? docid = - 7428851501542847413 berliner trance ] a documentary suggesting that the fall of the berlin wall was the genesis for the world ' s biggest explosion in the popularity of dance music ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
69352457 69360399 2006-08-13 09:16:53 0 days 01:33:23 0|202.141.68.141 2 - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
69360399 69360441 2006-08-13 09:17:22 0 days 00:00:29 303874 2 {st@rt} e a majorof the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
74981139 75288754 2006-09-12 13:38:34 1 days 15:39:20 1114786 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
76707176 76707285 2006-09-20 01:49:10 0 days 00:00:39 0|60.241.22.223 0 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall www . fuckme . com {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
76707285 76707482 2006-09-20 01:50:22 0 days 00:01:12 57658 1 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall www . fuckme . com {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
82214449 82286839 2006-10-18 21:13:20 0 days 06:41:04 0|216.164.60.172 0 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category
86978923 86988216 2006-11-10 19:08:05 0 days 00:49:24 0|168.254.226.29 0 | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of beenpoooooooooooooooop [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west
86988216 86988970 2006-11-10 19:12:25 0 days 00:04:20 572610 0 | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had beenpoooooooooooooooop been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west
104916475 104917460 2007-02-01 20:30:42 0 days 00:04:25 911178 1 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / a large number of colelcted images in the flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category
105154508 105175281 2007-02-02 20:43:43 0 days 01:30:19 911178 2 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / a large number of colelcted images in the flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 77 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category
161590174 161591955 2007-10-01 16:48:51 0 days 00:08:55 0|142.25.180.27 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] a monkey is any member of either the new world monkeys or old world monkeys , two of the three groupings of simian primates , the third group being the apes . the new world monkeys are classified within the parvorder platyrrhini , whereas the old world monkeys ( superfamily cercopithecoidea ) form part of the parvorder catarrhini , which also includes the apes . thus , scientifically speaking , monkeys do not form a " natural group " , in that the old world monkeys are actually more closely related to the apes than they are to the new world species . there are 264 known extant species of monkey . because of their similarity to monkeys , apes such as chimpanzees and gibbons are often called monkeys in informal usage , though biologists do not consider them to be monkeys . conversely , due to its size ( up to 1 m ) the mandrill is often thought to be an ape , but it is actually an old world monkey . also , a few monkey species have the word " ape " in their common name . because they are not a single coherent group , monkeys do not have any particular traits that they all share and are not shared with the remaining group of simians , the apes . {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category
161591955 161592987 2007-10-01 16:53:37 0 days 00:04:46 5451838 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] a monkey is any member of either the new world monkeys or old world monkeys , two of the three groupings of simian primates , the third group being the apes . the new world monkeys are classified within the parvorder platyrrhini , whereas the old world monkeys ( superfamily cercopithecoidea ) form part of the parvorder catarrhini , which also includes the apes . thus , scientifically speaking , monkeys do not form a " natural group " , in that the old world monkeys are actually more closely related to the apes than they are to the new world species . there are 264 known extant species of monkey . because of their similarity to monkeys , apes such as chimpanzees and gibbons are often called monkeys in informal usage , though biologists do not consider them to be monkeys . conversely , due to its size ( up to 1 m ) the mandrill is often thought to be an ape , but it is actually an old world monkey . also , a few monkey species have the word " ape " in their common name . because they are not a single coherent group , monkeys do not have any particular traits that they all share and are not shared with the remaining group of simians , the apes . {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category
172704334 172704821 2007-11-20 14:38:38 0 days 00:02:44 0|204.82.110.113 0 mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the nick flieger likes men [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august
172704821 172706114 2007-11-20 14:45:48 0 days 00:07:10 0|204.82.110.75 1 was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as nick flieger likes men little boys [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august
172706114 172706302 2007-11-20 14:46:54 0 days 00:01:06 0|204.82.110.75 0 de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany as terry - lynch likes little boys [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august
190370753 190525831 2008-02-11 02:22:08 0 days 14:44:45 0|64.215.123.218 0 a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in whats up the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category
191966360 191969270 2008-02-17 01:18:40 0 days 00:15:59 4237501 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] photographer and artist a . m . hanson ' s series made during collapse of the berlin wall including * [ http : / / www . amhanson - photoworks . org / 148 . html " landscape in serial shadow " ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism
191969270 191980053 2008-02-17 02:27:48 0 days 01:09:08 1272154 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] photographer and artist a . m . hanson ' s series made during collapse of the berlin wall including * [ http : / / www . amhanson - photoworks . org / 148 . html " landscape in serial shadow " ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism
194114628 194427756 2008-02-27 15:29:53 1 days 09:26:13 0|142.227.123.193 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] hi {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism
194427756 194429501 2008-02-27 15:39:29 0 days 00:09:36 137113 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] hi {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism
258133599 258134007 2008-12-15 15:47:51 0 days 00:02:16 0|71.130.177.243 2 subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of ofsshitt fuuuuucccccccccccccccck ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding
258135144 258137090 2008-12-15 16:03:25 0 days 00:09:50 1430004 2 subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent ofsshitt fuuuuucccccccccccccccck ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding
299536269 299551518 2009-06-30 18:30:07 0 days 01:29:17 0|171.66.240.162 1 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] = = = artistic expressions = = = * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for the 20th anniversary {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category :
299551518 299552541 2009-06-30 18:36:20 0 days 00:06:13 0|171.66.240.162 5 = artistic expressions = = = * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for the 20th anniversary since the berlin wall fell {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category :
299552541 299564195 2009-06-30 19:41:06 0 days 01:04:46 3308922 1 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] = = = artistic expressions = = = * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin is a multimedia dance performance created for the 20th anniversary since the berlin wall fell {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category :
305113464 305129017 2009-07-30 19:09:17 0 days 01:31:41 0|130.218.10.1 1 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] * [ http : / / hss . kennesaw . edu / about / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / ] {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category :
318041815 318091580 2009-10-05 18:12:52 0 days 04:33:21 10610393 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e
370610424 371187573 2010-07-01 11:39:37 2 days 20:33:34 1160241 0 the [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * *
543081696 543449478 2013-03-11 16:36:57 1 days 19:35:08 1258165 0 / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category :
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102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 8 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering the american , british or french sectors of berlin . the wall physically divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over 155km long . after the initial
794829 794836 2003-04-01 13:39:02 7 days 01:30:38 0|204.218.227.5 0 " float : right " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall ( there are dead homosexuals in the wall ) , on november 16 , 1989 . ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians
794836 794852 2003-04-01 13:43:16 0 days 00:04:14 7361 0 " float : right " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall ( there are dead homosexuals in the wall ) , on november 16 , 1989 . ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 10 germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . from [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] , the ' ' ' berlin wall physically divided the city ; as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . it first consisted of
44 germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . from [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] , the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' prevented the citizens of east germany from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany )
2953568 2959424 2004-03-28 11:28:20 16 days 07:06:16 6815 2 style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' berlin wall ( on november 16 , 1989 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors .
4067832 4160094 2004-06-13 09:23:06 1 days 00:12:45 47506 5 " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' remainder of berlin wall ( , june 2003 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere
4372888 4436401 2004-06-30 19:04:29 1 days 02:30:56 5894 0 [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]]
5178672 5180399 2004-08-13 07:38:57 0 days 05:29:34 24744 9 deconstructed just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near
7274103 7274236 2004-11-09 21:58:06 0 days 00:00:40 0|83.109.145.235 1 = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . american poststamp commemorating the event . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its
9300388 9338110 2005-01-12 01:41:20 1 days 01:51:18 124371 0 fences , walls , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103
9649252 9658614 2005-01-25 19:38:59 1 days 06:21:33 26675 2 | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' [[ berlin ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
19029093 19029187 2005-07-17 18:24:30 0 days 00:01:24 90467 0 it , section by section . [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | left | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
19029587 19041793 2005-07-17 22:11:28 0 days 03:37:56 28830 0 = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
19641332 19932121 2005-07-30 18:00:26 4 days 04:24:02 0|84.166.136.157 5 . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
21210896 21211077 2005-08-17 11:45:59 0 days 00:05:22 169380 0 its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 3 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 1 {st@rt} the berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities
27818117 27820034 2005-11-09 13:49:03 0 days 00:30:59 140999 0 david hasselhoff ]] performed his song ' ' looking for freedom ' ' , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhof hasselhoff has later ( perhaps jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to
27851902 27852065 2005-11-09 20:45:02 0 days 00:01:48 140548 1 is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[
27961254 27961463 2005-11-10 21:57:48 0 days 00:02:13 0|67.38.154.248 1 {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 octember 76 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer '
29803808 30122025 2005-12-04 16:27:45 3 days 02:28:25 0|24.61.150.223 0 after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections . little is left of the wall in berlin today penius . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture )
30122025 30122085 2005-12-04 16:28:28 0 days 00:00:43 0|24.61.150.223 0 after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections . little is left of the wall in berlin penius . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture )
31573472 31751925 2005-12-17 18:19:30 1 days 13:25:33 697368 0 for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] * [ http : / / http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin and the wall in the early 80 ' s ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures
35373255 35495895 2006-01-17 03:54:16 0 days 20:31:45 0|208.180.17.49 1 . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . because he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas
35495895 35495922 2006-01-17 03:54:31 0 days 00:00:15 130135 1 , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ vin diesel ]] knocked down the berlin wall because . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he " didn ' t like the way it was looking at him " . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989
2 an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ vin diesel ]] knocked down the berlin wall because he " was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he didn ' t like the way it was looking at him " . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[
35656744 35886672 2006-01-20 00:46:46 1 days 15:21:06 416830 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 june 7 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] :
2 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 june 7 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was
37796258 37828716 2006-02-02 10:58:24 0 days 06:20:16 471054 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on 7 june 7 , 2003 | berlin wall on [[ june 7 ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german
38580629 38580746 2006-02-07 06:12:02 0 days 00:01:32 58229 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on 7 near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | berlin wall on [[ 7 june ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] :
3 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on 7 june 2003 | berlin wall on near [[ 7 june ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer '
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 6 around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on june 26th 26 ]] , 1963 ]] but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www .
33 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall , which was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer section along the [[ spree ]] river
64 . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( possibly jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution because it
40965017 40975096 2006-02-24 05:36:33 0 days 01:40:53 304316 0 : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | date = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 11 / > < / div > = = further reading = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history
19 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy
51589662 51848718 2006-05-06 16:49:23 1 days 18:26:01 0|72.228.114.173 7 of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations
51848718 51848752 2006-05-06 16:49:46 0 days 00:00:23 223113 2 its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . there was no berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was no holocaust . it was all a jewish trick .
3 was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . there was no berlin wall , because there was no ww2 . we didn east germany ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was no holocaust . it was all a jewish trick . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction
52000362 52000436 2006-05-07 16:51:01 0 days 00:00:36 0|216.49.149.108 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
52000436 52000566 2006-05-07 16:51:57 0 days 00:00:56 145855 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
58695143 58813816 2006-06-15 19:40:01 0 days 16:59:28 0|70.28.201.133 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] ]] [[ image
63357225 63858347 2006-07-14 22:07:07 2 days 17:42:04 1793767 5 responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] . chuck norris and david hasselhof then started a fight with steve walker because they are dirty commys , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a
7 of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east
63858347 63858464 2006-07-14 22:07:48 0 days 00:00:41 1265360 1 was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . steve walker tore down the berlin wall was a part ) in an effort to do away with commusism . he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and david hasselhof then
2 the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . steve walker tore down the berlin wall in an effort 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do away with commusism . he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and david hasselhof then started a fight
6 steve walker tore down the berlin wall in an effort to do away with commusism . he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and david hasselhof then started a fight with steve walker because they are dirty commys came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , but he bitched them too = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[
74099675 74109426 2006-09-06 10:35:39 0 days 01:42:32 1629275 2 = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | the sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , circa 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 ,
78344366 78350243 2006-09-28 18:49:57 0 days 00:29:39 0|209.226.48.226 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . [[ grunge ]] bands [[ nirvana ]] and [[ tad ]] also played shows in berlin that night . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
78394704 78409397 2006-09-29 00:19:00 0 days 01:28:45 1008387 2 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . [[ grunge ]] bands [[ nirvana ]] and [[ tad ]] also played shows in berlin that night . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
82749727 82826053 2006-10-21 15:48:05 0 days 12:40:16 1652680 1 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin wall _ graffiti % 26death strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence
2 | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin wall graffiti % 26death _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall
86760196 86761110 2006-11-09 18:26:16 0 days 00:04:44 0|206.158.3.70 1 college = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall ( haha that rhymes ) , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they
86761963 86762343 2006-11-09 18:32:46 0 days 00:01:53 441020 4 = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} = = = museum = = = fifteen hundred years after the fall of the berlin wall ( haha that rhymes ) , a private museum rebuilt a 20000000 metre ( 65648735 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they
87991523 87994645 2006-11-15 15:18:19 0 days 00:19:07 847895 3 first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = down with the berlin wall = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
88348093 88434279 2006-11-17 15:26:36 0 days 12:12:28 0|82.108.37.34 0 morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall ( and he did not bring the wall down ) . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and
88434279 88434996 2006-11-17 15:30:59 0 days 00:04:23 1613101 0 morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall ( and he did not bring the wall down ) . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and
89050700 89073575 2006-11-20 20:11:10 0 days 01:58:38 64669 0 to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = references notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book |
89219950 89358889 2006-11-22 02:08:27 0 days 13:36:15 0|72.146.48.170 4 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutschmark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
89358889 89358931 2006-11-22 02:08:42 0 days 00:00:15 889851 4 the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > some random guy took a crap , and there was the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutschmark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
90181219 90440705 2006-11-27 15:02:30 1 days 07:41:51 0|213.222.30.35 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . even as ingeborg kuijlaars and teagan fardell were getting horrifically drunk in tribute to the beer hall putsch that led to the rise of nazism that led to the fall of nazism that led to the cold war and the building and obvious eventual fall of the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
90440705 90440953 2006-11-27 15:03:58 0 days 00:01:28 0|213.222.30.35 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . . . even as ingeborg kuijlaars and teagan fardell were getting horrifically drunk in tribute to the beer hall putsch that led to the rise of nazism that led to the fall of
90440953 90443176 2006-11-27 15:16:41 0 days 00:12:43 145855 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . . . even as ingeborg kuijlaars and teagan fardell ( and brian chenault ) were getting horrifically drunk in tribute to the beer hall putsch that led to the rise of nazism that led to the fall of nazism that led to the cold war and the building and obvious eventual fall of the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
91640010 91645972 2006-12-02 20:28:37 0 days 00:37:14 2915417 0 = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections in the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000
93817040 93876815 2006-12-12 19:37:36 0 days 04:55:33 0|158.123.252.2 1 flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 because he wanted to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east
93876815 93876848 2006-12-12 19:37:43 0 days 00:00:07 1574574 2 potsdamer platz , august 2006 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted was a part ) in 1961 to keep th east out of the west . this is because the east had worse economical situations and hated jews . [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category :
98227262 98450608 2007-01-04 17:42:45 0 days 22:50:54 0|12.45.130.162 0 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http :
98450608 98453918 2007-01-04 17:59:58 0 days 00:17:13 302522 0 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http :
103859154 104086213 2007-01-29 14:27:50 0 days 22:02:31 164429 1 under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set
105154435 105154508 2007-02-02 19:13:24 0 days 00:00:15 128326 2 was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . dave and phil rule the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the world ! ! ! suck it wikipedia ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months
3 first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . dave and phil rule the berlin wall and the world ! ! ! suck soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it wikipedia ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 32 = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a
33 layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long place . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 13 am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q |
19 a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 32 = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a
33 layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long place . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 13 am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q |
19 a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 32 = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a
33 layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long place . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 13 am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q |
19 tyranny and oppression . . . peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall
114231078 114232094 2007-03-11 04:46:14 0 days 00:06:38 0|192.176.11.14 3 . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , zan preston and paul funke took charge and led the deconstruction of the berlin wall . late mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first blow of preston ' s sledgehammer or power struck the wall . followed shortly by
133073625 133074114 2007-05-24 01:27:50 0 days 00:02:33 715870 2 under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set
140281124 140335744 2007-06-24 17:13:16 0 days 06:30:01 4711450 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . the hoff hepled topple the wall , signed the hoffmeister . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
140335744 140346811 2007-06-24 18:14:56 0 days 01:01:40 1297982 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . the hoff hepled topple the wall , signed the hoffmeister . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 48 august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 8 thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | researchers have observed monogamy , promiscuity , sex between species , sexual arousal from objects or places , rape , necrophilia , sexual orientation ( heterosexuality , homosexuality , bisexuality and situational sexual behaviour ) and a range of other practices among animals other than humans . related studies have noted diversity in sexed bodies and gendered behaviour , such as intersex and transgender animals . the study of animal sexuality ( and primate sexuality especially ) is a rapidly developing field . it used to be believed that only humans and a handful of species performed sexual acts other than for procreation , and that animals ' sexuality was instinctive and a simple response to the " right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner
160539804 160548666 2007-09-26 20:46:01 0 days 00:42:55 2073927 1 and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . the berlin wall was 906 miles long a part ) to prevent any further exodus . it bordered south calabama . pokemon was inspired by the berlin wall . and then cheap knock offs were made such as yu - gi - oh ! = =
164088618 164111122 2007-10-12 19:23:00 0 days 01:48:47 1094964 0 diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink
165455030 165598417 2007-10-19 10:04:32 0 days 15:53:46 0|194.129.188.81 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . hasselhoff has since claimed responsibility for the falling of the wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
165598417 165643339 2007-10-19 15:25:00 0 days 05:20:28 2073927 10 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . hasselhoff has since claimed responsibility for the falling of the wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 10 souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the later - much later - normality took hold again . later , the bickering started , and later , there was talk of a " wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings |
166163043 166165378 2007-10-21 23:47:46 0 days 00:12:04 605084 31 in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always be used as a symbol for the end of the cold war , made the " west " available in the middle of the " east " , resulting in widespread chaos . later - much later - normality took hold again . later , the bickering started , and later , there was talk of a " wall in the heads "
169317962 169452172 2007-11-05 20:57:26 0 days 15:34:33 0|137.90.130.186 1 = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc
169452172 169452240 2007-11-05 20:57:45 0 days 00:00:19 4158767 1 {st@rt} monkeys built the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc
174056095 174242652 2007-11-27 23:10:40 0 days 19:59:31 0|68.210.132.92 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . witnessed by thomas packer some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
174243069 174243817 2007-11-27 23:16:33 0 days 00:03:45 137113 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . witnessed by thomas packer . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
177214350 177322023 2007-12-11 23:52:56 0 days 09:10:17 0|70.1.241.32 0 began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin and the poop went flying , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882
177322023 177322415 2007-12-11 23:54:57 0 days 00:02:01 0|70.1.241.32 0 began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin and the poop went flying , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882
181089181 181089350 2007-12-31 00:23:54 0 days 00:01:03 0|208.104.149.90 1 relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall < / b > came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 12 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > < b > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall < / b > came from < i > east german leader < / i > [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by < font color = red > soviet leader < / font >
190526102 190526532 2008-02-11 02:25:54 0 days 00:02:15 0|64.215.123.218 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ana azar + leonardo = l4e ! ! !
190526532 190526557 2008-02-11 02:26:02 0 days 00:00:08 1634654 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] ana azar + leonardo = l4e ! ! ! {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
190901889 191058793 2008-02-13 03:11:47 0 days 12:39:43 0|76.168.218.88 0 / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hi
191058793 191058845 2008-02-13 03:12:07 0 days 00:00:20 1839637 0 / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] hi = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
196946956 197071265 2008-03-09 20:31:11 0 days 14:27:18 0|98.17.134.249 9 of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense
197765151 197766061 2008-03-12 18:07:59 0 days 00:04:21 0|65.87.105.7 0 wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] , [[ walter ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a
200847758 200851402 2008-03-25 18:18:59 0 days 00:16:48 3505251 1 remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : checkpoint
201724239 201724471 2008-03-29 02:07:54 0 days 00:01:25 3622922 0 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear
201855946 202125951 2008-03-30 19:58:57 1 days 01:48:56 0|76.104.54.6 1 soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall so i decided to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany =
2 - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners delete all the text that someone carefully put together to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the
202125951 202125992 2008-03-30 19:59:06 0 days 00:00:09 2372780 4 the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hahahahaha i hate the berlin wall so i decided to delete all the text that someone carefully put together to share with the world = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11
202525275 202536820 2008-04-01 13:23:40 0 days 01:09:16 0|208.182.113.239 4 [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in chasing a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up
202536820 202537943 2008-04-01 13:30:00 0 days 00:06:20 911178 4 one and a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , and seven groundhogs jumped over the berlin wall chasing on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a cat and four buffalo = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat
5 a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , and seven groundhogs jumped over the berlin wall chasing a cat speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and four buffalo = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the
234024060 234024129 2008-08-24 23:20:26 0 days 00:00:23 416594 2 , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germany rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including the nazi army ! territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
234024267 234024308 2008-08-24 23:21:34 0 days 00:00:15 764407 2 , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germany rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including the nazi army ! territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
234024639 234024667 2008-08-24 23:23:41 0 days 00:00:12 416594 2 , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germany rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including the nazi army ! territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
237420572 237421084 2008-09-10 02:42:59 0 days 00:04:00 7823265 7 - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany =
8 style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april
237421084 237421104 2008-09-10 02:43:05 0 days 00:00:06 2372780 12 the male because you dont know who to trust dont bend over and then micheal jackson goes there and gets all the children and thats how they built the berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone from people bouncing up and down and erosion = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image :
248089272 248095035 2008-10-28 00:19:45 0 days 00:29:50 0|98.15.190.110 4 . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91
248612893 248617031 2008-10-30 14:17:25 0 days 00:25:35 0|209.174.67.217 5 away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall of china paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945
248638811 249088521 2008-11-01 23:47:30 2 days 07:23:47 7573002 0 walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : postmodernity ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[
250214306 250406098 2008-11-08 09:18:04 0 days 21:46:05 1215485 0 walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : postmodernity ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[
257284183 257291690 2008-12-11 16:06:25 0 days 00:50:25 0|71.130.177.243 5 - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin ' ' ' , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . <
260986131 260986227 2008-12-31 00:07:04 0 days 00:00:32 7662999 0 potsdamer platz , 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the [[ berlin wall ]] located on at the library grounds ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 -
260986227 260986325 2008-12-31 00:07:29 0 days 00:00:25 7662999 1 site of potsdamer platz , 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the [[ berlin wall ]] located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california , usa ]] ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which
261502761 262136422 2009-01-05 18:46:03 2 days 23:19:18 0|209.189.130.83 1 view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin it stretched from hamas to south china , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was
262136422 262136515 2009-01-05 18:46:36 0 days 00:00:33 1064243 6 {st@rt} the berlin wall was the biggest wall ever built . it stretched from hamas to south china , then to italy but it stopped in ireland for some alcoholic beverages . the wall separated east germany from ' ' '
262762670 263247726 2009-01-10 21:42:09 2 days 06:10:03 5026668 16 s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade _ game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn
266477211 266478122 2009-01-26 07:06:28 0 days 00:07:17 67403 0 . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some left believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date
266478122 266480479 2009-01-26 07:26:56 0 days 00:20:28 119438 20 | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the berlin wall located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was
267068772 267068810 2009-01-28 22:44:37 0 days 00:00:08 4928500 1 memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] the berlin wall is bullshit in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall
268462140 268695306 2009-02-05 14:58:25 1 days 01:53:39 929196 0 : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | berlin wall ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }}
272206780 272467225 2009-02-22 10:42:20 1 days 05:54:52 6760500 0 : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | berlin wall ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }}
272467225 272476022 2009-02-22 11:42:29 0 days 01:00:09 0|93.132.133.36 2 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ who }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
274979258 274981620 2009-03-04 18:57:41 0 days 00:11:39 3505251 5 . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not
275499407 275903809 2009-03-08 22:29:08 1 days 22:58:47 9166621 5 away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' (
275903809 275903826 2009-03-08 22:29:17 0 days 00:00:09 2416136 5 {st@rt} hi world . . . i < 3 the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! ! ! !
6 {st@rt} hi world . . . i < 3 the berlin wall ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ! !
7 {st@rt} hi world . . . i < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! !
276265321 276265514 2009-03-10 13:29:47 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.74.69.103 5 view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[
278746206 278854164 2009-03-22 01:31:36 0 days 10:11:40 6984319 0 walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[
279820445 279835916 2009-03-26 17:42:54 0 days 01:28:32 0|24.106.235.42 3 " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the
279835916 279835940 2009-03-26 17:43:03 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 3 to be shot while trying to cross [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the
280576244 280625910 2009-03-30 11:26:09 0 days 07:02:28 0|87.38.134.112 1 - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin and over , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . <
280625910 280626722 2009-03-30 11:32:07 0 days 00:05:58 3505251 3 - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 5million people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin and over , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . <
284229554 284272784 2009-04-16 20:08:28 0 days 04:10:48 0|194.144.117.217 1 says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall ' ' ' started in hungary , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with symbolic moments like the so called '
2 ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall started in [[ hungary , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean
284272784 284274572 2009-04-16 20:17:18 0 days 00:08:50 1099776 1 s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' started in [[ hungary ]] , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with symbolic moments like the so
290358741 290358801 2009-05-16 18:33:39 0 days 00:00:26 6984319 1 wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the [[ berlin wall ]] in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this
298845873 298939014 2009-06-27 14:00:54 0 days 14:17:19 1439530 0 this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the berlin wall in , june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall
311192075 311278175 2009-09-01 14:03:37 0 days 12:33:20 6971250 4 on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university portions | institutions around the world ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border
318035713 318041815 2009-10-05 13:39:31 0 days 00:42:35 6971250 0 - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 17 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n |
323839905 323840518 2009-11-04 05:01:42 0 days 00:04:34 10519822 9 neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build
324105756 324105954 2009-11-05 16:39:42 0 days 00:01:13 0|77.1.32.123 0 looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . wallofberlin . com ] " virtual berlin wall " ] - website linked to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . pictures can be uploaded on a chose region of the wall for a fee ( in
324766643 324767695 2009-11-09 02:41:12 0 days 00:06:37 194203 0 schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying
324820066 324825240 2009-11-09 11:50:42 0 days 00:56:47 0|87.36.53.53 2 at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama pornarama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin /
324833874 324833939 2009-11-09 13:14:18 0 days 00:00:34 545027 1 at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] pornarama panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin /
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 1 , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 20th . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity
21 pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two
325010242 325010353 2009-11-10 08:05:03 0 days 00:01:17 6971250 0 = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall portions segments | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and
325010353 325011446 2009-11-10 08:17:19 0 days 00:12:16 67221 2 = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall segments portions | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and
325011446 325013038 2009-11-10 08:35:27 0 days 00:18:08 6971250 0 = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall portions segments | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and
325190185 325190637 2009-11-11 05:07:12 0 days 00:04:20 10857892 0 neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build
325218548 325218944 2009-11-11 09:54:29 0 days 00:05:02 6971250 0 historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) : " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 11 , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany into east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements - - arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units - - left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 :
337292088 337292211 2010-01-12 00:47:44 0 days 00:00:48 11416782 0 ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } . the berlin wall is inportant ] important the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
337292695 337293367 2010-01-12 00:54:41 0 days 00:04:12 461300 0 between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * films about the berlin wall : " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / ] * * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of
337293367 337360247 2010-01-12 10:00:46 0 days 09:06:05 3308922 0 between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * films about the berlin wall : * * " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / ] ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > * * ' ' [[ the
343784334 343784856 2010-02-13 18:48:35 0 days 00:03:09 5326371 11 de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity has reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in virtual berlin . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . twinity
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 9 to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall ]] . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german
10 this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . [[ history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and
13 weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall " . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it
14 standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . ' ' history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more
16 torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate , 10 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13
65 / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]]
357497351 357513678 2010-04-22 00:03:45 0 days 01:27:16 0|69.114.95.116 0 demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the berlin wall was often found to be sad for people to think adout . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some
361779090 362023580 2010-05-14 03:29:56 1 days 03:53:44 0|71.56.232.42 0 around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially was for cock suckers only to be referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that
362023580 362026715 2010-05-14 03:55:19 0 days 00:25:23 0|129.63.5.41 0 around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially was for cock suckers only to be referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that
362885497 362893303 2010-05-18 21:55:14 0 days 00:44:34 0|66.60.241.7 0 around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the constipated . " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany
362893303 362896146 2010-05-18 22:12:47 0 days 00:17:33 262550 0 around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially constipated . referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany
365768478 365795613 2010-06-03 08:50:04 0 days 04:36:54 6971250 1 [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * films about the berlin wall : * * " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title /
380775149 381017545 2010-08-26 00:06:29 1 days 04:19:31 0|86.41.107.66 0 ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall , : she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartement at [[ bernauer strasse ]] 48 . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der
381024125 381576652 2010-08-28 22:18:30 2 days 21:30:51 6815 0 [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | right | juggling on the berlin wall on september november 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in
387171247 387171914 2010-09-26 19:08:15 0 days 00:04:01 0|208.22.12.236 0 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } jfk was at the berlin wall when it was being knocked down , he was also wearing a cowboy hat . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 66 construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council
86 brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | right | juggling on the berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september more
392382725 392382924 2010-10-23 10:41:25 0 days 00:01:59 0|79.75.56.31 1 in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on 26 july 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide .
397079240 397182896 2010-11-16 21:56:41 0 days 11:24:02 0|69.32.191.1 0 campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . thefreeresource . com / berlin - wall - timeline - facts - history - and - resources timeline of the berlin wall ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002
397182896 397185057 2010-11-16 22:09:56 0 days 00:13:15 7852030 0 campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . thefreeresource . com / berlin - wall - timeline - facts - history - and - resources timeline of the berlin wall ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002
397241595 397267310 2010-11-17 08:04:55 0 days 03:52:50 831038 0 campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . americanrhetoric . com / speeches / jfkberliner . html jfk ' s " ich bin ein berliner " ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002
397463096 397602912 2010-11-19 02:07:48 0 days 17:30:55 0|68.216.106.168 0 campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . americanrhetoric . com / speeches / jfkberliner . html jfk : " ich bin ein berliner " ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002
397602912 397607940 2010-11-19 02:46:27 0 days 00:38:39 831038 0 campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . americanrhetoric . com / speeches / jfkberliner . html jfk : " ich bin ein berliner " ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002
400217192 400251407 2010-12-03 03:16:12 0 days 04:06:05 0|67.11.7.6 1 death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish you know about my ugly nasty sister and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area
400251407 400251431 2010-12-03 03:16:24 0 days 00:00:12 13286072 2 {st@rt} frances rodriguez did this editing because she is retarted and now you dont know about the berlin wall you know about my ugly nasty sister , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and you should arrest her because this might be illigal ! ! ! | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner
403327933 403353689 2010-12-20 14:34:26 0 days 04:12:19 3341545 0 campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe / germany / 1438720 / more - than - 1000 - died - trying - to - flee - east - germany . html ' more than 1 , 000 died ' trying to flee east germany ] . [[ the telegraph ]] , [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 2003 ]] . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002
404940629 404941337 2010-12-30 05:06:41 0 days 00:05:45 0|71.239.240.2 0 . com / 2009 / 11 / 11 / arts / dance / 11berlin . html ? _ r = 1 & ref = berlinwall dancing with the berlin wall ] [[ ( new york times ) ]] . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[
406433716 406434088 2011-01-07 05:29:24 0 days 00:02:32 1655427 0 * * " [[ holidays in the sun ]] " , a song by the english [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the berlin wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last
409993256 410029342 2011-01-25 20:10:37 0 days 03:24:48 0|98.65.198.4 2 ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} )
410029342 410029373 2011-01-25 20:10:48 0 days 00:00:11 13286072 1 {st@rt} the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is stubied of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p =
2 {st@rt} the berlin wall is stubied the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }}
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 11 author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 ,
12 burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to
36 _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 58 mark the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the museum held a special exhibition entitled " wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 - 1990 " which focused on the daily patrols deployed by the western powers to observe the situation along the berlin wall and the fortifications on the [[ east germany | gdr
59 / en / 4 _ 2 . php ? year = & activity _ id = 214 | title = wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 - 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied musem | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} <
75 [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 8 solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the
444482392 444513279 2011-08-12 21:53:37 0 days 03:06:39 314721 2 . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring in front of a large crowd . at 04 : 00 on 21 august , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 13 freedom cherished = = = on august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom
500329827 503454620 2012-07-21 16:32:02 19 days 02:49:57 1464875 0 " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ]] atop the wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse
505389806 505558329 2012-08-03 10:30:56 1 days 02:39:43 339081 6 world / 2011 / 08 / 13 / germany - marks - construction - berlin - wall - 1271894147 / | title = germany marks construction of the berlin wall | publisher agency = ap | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 32 visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ file : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | upright | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of 9 november and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think
575077055 575102993 2013-09-30 06:21:17 0 days 05:04:59 7328338 11 strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel springer ag‬ ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death _ strip , _ 1984 . jpg | thumb
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 17 2013 | author = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin
580957593 580957869 2013-11-09 22:20:29 0 days 00:02:04 400707 0 wall ]] ' ' , a 1962 documentary film * * ' ' something to do with the wall ' ' , 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall by by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 /
580957869 581167329 2013-11-11 10:59:15 1 days 12:38:46 1469567 7 ]] ' ' , a 1962 documentary film * * ' ' something to do with the wall ' ' , 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall by by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > http : / / www . imdb
613835077 615294848 2014-07-02 13:43:53 10 days 19:48:20 7669583 5 " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes (
12 " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] atop the wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : /
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 15 andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall nyt topic | subjects / b / berlin _ wall }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html
17 1962 – 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] image group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / /
47 1962 – 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the
633040519 633043240 2014-11-09 02:46:03 0 days 00:30:07 10340692 0 multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from ( 1961 to 1990 ] - [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] - a
3 * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall ( 1962 – 1990 ] * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin
4 [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall
633183384 633189879 2014-11-10 04:55:00 0 days 01:15:20 1833 14 december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) were reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german
633632838 633634166 2014-11-13 06:31:58 0 days 00:16:37 15722070 1 : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | the berlin wall : exhibition in destruction was located at [[ potsdamer platz ]] arkaden < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still
688328708 688485144 2015-11-01 06:43:08 1 days 01:51:26 264323 4 bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east berlin ]] just as the [[ berlin wall ]] is being built . he tries to bring her back into west berlin , but is stopped by [[ stasi ]] agents and arrested as a spy . < ref >
693645737 693646880 2015-12-03 22:49:28 0 days 00:08:04 23149456 3 | author = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 0 - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author work = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic
17 wall ? | url = http : / / www . theweek . co . uk / 25027 / did - bowie - bring - down - berlin - wall | publisher work = the week | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 15 december 2008 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | title = germany :
703014660 703096540 2016-02-03 13:37:43 0 days 13:40:29 23149456 1 | author = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the
703096540 703365386 2016-02-05 02:06:59 1 days 12:29:16 13816079 1 | author = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the
703365386 703417729 2016-02-05 11:43:48 0 days 09:36:49 23149456 2 | author = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the
705263863 705518521 2016-02-17 23:32:23 1 days 09:50:01 23149456 1 at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , currently still in its original spot ]] = = = 50th anniversary commemoration = = = on 13 august 2011 , germany marked the 50th anniversary of east germany beginning the erection
733515231 734284492 2016-08-13 08:26:57 4 days 22:04:07 80913 0 _ review / events - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in - berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / | title = wall goes up in berlin - events of 1961 - year in review | publisher = upi . com | date = 29 may 1998 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > =
3 chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 | title = chronik der mauer - bau und fall der berliner mauer & # 124 ; opfer der mauer | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} <
13 = = = = = = = --> * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] - official website for the state capital of berlin * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] *
15 media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 - 1990 ) ] - [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] - a chronicle
17 ( 1961 - 1990 ) ] - [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] - a chronicle of the berlin wall history * {{ nyt topic | subjects / b / berlin _ wall }} * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com
18 http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall ( 1962 - 1990 ) ] * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _
734284492 734407317 2016-08-14 03:25:55 0 days 18:58:58 4977632 15 - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 – 1990 rrb ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] – a chronicle of
19 ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] | format = [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) | work = multimedia }} * ohter resources : * * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} * * [ – a chronicle of the berlin wall history * {{ nyt topic | subjects / b / berlin _ wall }} * [ http : / / www . britishpathe .
738198431 738865701 2016-09-11 14:47:01 4 days 00:24:17 19921271 7 has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening its borders . . . the gates in the berlin wall stand open wide . " < ref name = revolution1989 / > < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall ,
752045266 760657011 2017-01-18 08:28:16 50 days 03:00:30 29937011 7 - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | date = 31 october 2014 | subscription = yes | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | date = 31 october 2014 | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | subscription = yes }} < / ref > constructed by the german
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 14 - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | date = 31 october 2014 | subscription = yes | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]]
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 41 front of the brandenburg gate . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . the chinese government quickly shut down access to the twitter wall after masses of chinese users
781994310 782699210 2017-05-28 16:31:48 4 days 05:59:04 2884580 5 the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , [[ president of the united states | u . s . president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 16 not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany =
812547586 812700355 2017-11-29 10:33:16 0 days 21:10:15 326218 0 for 2010s ' ' [[ call of duty : black ops ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) * * the introductory video to the ' ' rise and fall ' ' expansion for ' ' [[ civilization vi ]] ' ' depicts a woman striking the wall with a sledgehammer . = = see also = = {{ div col | | 20em }} * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) | ' ' the berlin wall ' ' (
816797805 816798032 2017-12-23 19:39:36 0 days 00:01:47 11112747 1 added to this version of the wall were done to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall ]] ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > at strategic points , the
5 standard , so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . < ref > " rise and fall of the berlin wall " . ' ' history channel ' ' , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to
820363656 820717744 2018-01-16 05:59:33 1 days 21:19:16 1808194 7 , so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . < ref > ' ' rise and fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale .
823238815 823239462 2018-01-31 01:50:53 0 days 00:04:27 32940610 20 walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' '
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 2 entire length . the along the wall running postweg the gdr border troops was then freely accessible on almost the entire length . soon after the fall of the berlin wall , there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and
826247448 826758577 2018-02-20 21:19:08 2 days 19:07:32 6218393 0 ' der mauerspringer ' ' , 1982 ) – the wall plays a central role in this novel set in berlin of the 1980s * music related to the berlin wall * * " [[ west of the wall ]] , a 1962 top 40 hit by [[ toni fisher ]] , told the tale of two lovers separated by the newly - built berlin wall . * * " [[ holidays in the sun ( song ) | holidays in the sun ]] " , a song by the english [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the
827316878 827738473 2018-02-26 13:05:32 2 days 12:00:58 28815689 0 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > gdr authorities officially referred to the berlin wall as the ' ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) , by implication equating the [[ nato ]] countries ( and [[ west
829668315 830413270 2018-03-14 17:45:15 4 days 16:19:30 22561264 0 / elsner / elsner _ press . html | work = press archive | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > * video games related to the berlin wall * * 1999 ' s simcity 3000 featured a scenario taking place at the end of the cold war , where the player must demolish the wall and re - unite east and west berlin , being given 5 years in the game to complete the task . the longer it takes to complete the goals results in riots in the city . * * the " first strike " downloadable content pack for 2010s ' ' [[ call of duty : black ops ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place
849362847 851056229 2018-07-19 19:22:47 11 days 06:07:12 6726022 1 pioneers of the bundeswehr . these were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( , every road that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 & nbsp ; km of wall , 154
2 the bundeswehr . these were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links once linked from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 & nbsp ; km of wall , 154 & nbsp
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732530 732537 2003-03-08 21:13:53 0 days 02:40:23 4388 2 citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop prevented the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering [[ west germany ]] . the wall physically divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] ,
1197814 1250101 2003-07-26 18:38:49 0 days 00:23:07 3399 1 original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today ' s [[ graffiti ]] s are mostly visible on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously wasn ' t achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany .
1608009 1608238 2003-10-22 20:32:34 0 days 17:58:53 16924 0 ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . <
3156940 3355675 2004-04-12 05:26:04 7 days 15:02:05 32383 3 november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] , but also of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] ; thus , october 3 was chosen instead . the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]]
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 22 , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]]
23 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony ]] with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer
5185051 5185067 2004-08-13 16:18:57 0 days 06:13:43 56563 6 it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating what became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' between the two barriers . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1
7264768 7265158 2004-11-09 17:57:27 0 days 00:01:07 0|217.9.29.249 0 upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities were simply not prepared to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation the guards eventually just yielded
7268399 7274073 2004-11-09 19:32:09 0 days 01:24:50 113855 1 of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , [[ october 3 was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]]
7274428 7274470 2004-11-09 22:05:43 0 days 00:01:56 0|84.57.81.84 6 of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m
7275003 7275347 2004-11-09 22:18:09 0 days 00:03:28 0|84.57.81.84 2 on a second parallel fence , creating a [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 .
7466704 7466728 2004-11-14 23:25:53 0 days 00:00:27 0|69.47.128.99 1 given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before the german democratic republic could celebrate a 41st ' ' birthday , ' ' " on october 7 , 1990 ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn
8250476 8251853 2004-12-09 00:57:27 3 days 02:20:35 100330 2 original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today ' s [[ graffiti ]] are mostly visible is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously was not achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was
9483896 9518516 2005-01-19 17:10:34 0 days 00:00:42 91656 0 berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside
9518516 9518536 2005-01-21 02:47:44 1 days 09:37:10 0|69.160.170.155 0 = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the they wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second
9518536 9532587 2005-01-21 02:48:35 0 days 00:00:51 172435 0 = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] they the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 3 ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on
4 = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] < / td > < / tr > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin - wall - map the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a
8 it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down
11 , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 .
10252971 10253611 2005-02-14 13:40:11 0 days 00:01:19 0|213.84.119.125 1 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' tim smelik wall ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' timmus mauerus ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its
10253611 10255890 2005-02-14 14:17:44 0 days 00:37:33 132952 3 november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' tim smelik wall ' ' ( [[ latin ]] : ' ' timmus mauerus berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 13 over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the wall ' s creation was due partly to political expediency but largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . a few months after the barbed wire went
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 10 over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the wall ' s creation was due partly to political expediency but largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . the east german government claimed that the wall
14016176 14016194 2005-05-21 09:51:08 0 days 00:05:33 0|216.27.183.43 1 ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , also called as ' ' ode to joy ' ' , ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters
14125556 14140365 2005-05-23 20:14:41 1 days 10:42:33 54820 0 november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent
14140365 14260653 2005-05-24 02:16:18 0 days 06:01:37 6661 0 november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ german democratic republic | east germany
14269368 14269487 2005-05-26 16:36:03 0 days 04:31:25 0|164.68.120.3 0 a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land poop ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot
14269815 14329087 2005-05-26 16:46:05 0 days 00:04:01 157530 0 a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s poop land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot
15055113 15059402 2005-06-12 06:08:12 0 days 00:13:20 5016 13 day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant
15902037 17901887 2005-06-30 16:35:18 3 days 18:44:20 0|84.65.88.110 1 | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]]
17901887 17902797 2005-06-30 16:51:30 0 days 00:16:12 26468 1 berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' zhe shi wo de mama ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]]
21766368 22000754 2005-08-28 02:30:02 3 days 01:59:55 180334 0 german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its intent purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 4 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east
25160186 25206069 2005-10-10 14:55:56 0 days 15:02:24 386475 1 [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west
2 weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 2 over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' also 9 external links [ edit ] see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners
3 years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , julius rosenberg was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as
26918322 26918978 2005-10-30 22:32:59 0 days 00:07:33 67107 1 accused of passing nuclear weapons secrets to russian agents . contents [ hide ] 1 background 2 trial and conviction 3 execution 4 posthumous revelations 5 controversy 6 the rosenbergs ' children 7 in fiction 8 = = see also 9 external links [ edit ] background julius rosenberg was born on may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from the city college of new york
34 sons : the legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book in 2004 , an execution in the family : one son ' s journey . precarious position was a key factor in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are left - wing activists involved in court
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 2 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and
4 east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and
9 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided
28792067 28792082 2005-11-20 01:04:30 0 days 00:00:18 159620 3 ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ . it was built in [[ 1961 germany ]] , [[ berlin ]] , the [[ soviet ]] army duringof [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was , one for each ,
36157802 36216587 2006-01-22 13:39:02 0 days 12:07:40 480942 4 ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the
36940912 37108530 2006-01-28 19:11:04 1 days 05:27:34 0|66.177.112.110 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied powers . as the capital , berlin was also divided by the allies into four sectors , although berlin itself was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . thus the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the country and the capital city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets discontinued the blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . my them are huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on
37108530 37108558 2006-01-28 19:11:20 0 days 00:00:16 340905 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' my them are [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied powers . as the capital , berlin was also divided by the allies into four sectors , although berlin itself was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . thus the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the country and the capital city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets discontinued the blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the
37559437 37632509 2006-02-01 04:44:15 0 days 08:49:42 0|63.110.9.70 1 [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961
39793418 39818227 2006-02-16 01:44:54 0 days 03:14:56 0|68.18.147.5 1 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied powers . as the capital , berlin was also divided by the allies into four sectors , although
39818227 40007654 2006-02-17 13:20:02 1 days 11:35:08 154979 0 june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east [[ germany ]] ' s " zones " , each controlled by one of
40007809 40008106 2006-02-17 13:24:14 0 days 00:02:46 0|142.227.187.189 1 truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and brandon ' s a pig though = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 8 . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ] , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere
40648652 40685695 2006-02-22 07:56:45 0 days 06:28:17 0|144.137.251.28 0 june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) jack griffin sucks dick was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east
40686116 40686140 2006-02-22 08:03:31 0 days 00:00:22 0|144.137.251.28 0 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) jack griffin sucks dick is l33t king pw3ned beatch was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east
40686140 40686196 2006-02-22 08:04:18 0 days 00:00:47 644872 0 june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) jack griffin is l33t king pw3ned beatch was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east
40898814 40900018 2006-02-23 19:38:26 0 days 00:09:50 89179 1 june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 42 ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as kennedy ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in
65 [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany
44770612 44770674 2006-03-21 05:02:57 0 days 00:00:27 410083 0 the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' ! berlin wall ! ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled
44901085 45389421 2006-03-25 07:45:29 3 days 03:46:51 433328 1 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy "
51987616 51996698 2006-05-07 16:20:15 0 days 01:14:54 0|216.49.149.108 1 into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] ) and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole
51997271 51997348 2006-05-07 16:25:49 0 days 00:00:42 223113 1 the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , nva ( national people ' s army ) | nva ]] and kda ( combat groups of the working class ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length
54612020 54612820 2006-05-22 23:23:58 0 days 00:05:29 0|67.76.205.110 1 platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . yo < math > insert formula here < / math > 3x ^ 3áψ conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
54612820 54613169 2006-05-22 23:26:29 0 days 00:02:31 1008387 2 potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' yo < math > insert formula here < / math > 3x ^ 3áψ ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
57040826 57243206 2006-06-06 21:05:19 1 days 02:00:04 300188 9 the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on gdr television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became
58406027 58424207 2006-06-13 17:38:35 0 days 02:00:38 59264 0 june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent
61222332 61268904 2006-06-29 21:36:02 0 days 04:46:15 158241 1 = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi _ % 28east _ ( east germans % 29 | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the
65633547 66079192 2006-07-27 02:02:21 2 days 04:22:24 0|202.89.36.170 6 = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by ' ' the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west
66079192 66079583 2006-07-27 02:05:14 0 days 00:02:53 416594 5 emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 your mum was a man = = headline text = = = = headline text = = ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west
67053691 67063468 2006-08-01 16:29:11 0 days 01:00:35 0|66.32.195.73 4 = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) my line of work , and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner -
68095592 68131712 2006-08-07 04:29:58 0 days 04:13:44 0|150.101.101.74 0 berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' cokenballarden " ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following
68131712 68131991 2006-08-07 04:32:28 0 days 00:02:30 416594 0 berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' cokenballarden " berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following
71494775 71559993 2006-08-24 08:49:24 0 days 08:19:46 278977 0 potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following
72875166 73238103 2006-09-01 15:37:07 1 days 20:08:22 0|82.19.187.109 1 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor advisors . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] .
73238256 73241636 2006-09-01 15:59:29 0 days 00:21:19 350890 1 to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , and his right hand man [[ jeremiah kroenen ]] , were sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisors advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] .
80538367 80538479 2006-10-10 02:25:17 0 days 00:00:54 0|71.250.160.186 1 = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of
86125050 86126158 2006-11-06 21:09:35 0 days 00:04:58 350153 5 it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was
86685844 86716477 2006-11-09 14:29:32 0 days 04:24:10 0|210.6.194.214 0 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language {{ lang - de | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of
86978875 86978923 2006-11-10 18:18:41 0 days 00:00:16 572610 3 leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at the glienicke bridge ( ' ' glienicker brücke ' ' ) 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise
89730172 90181219 2006-11-26 07:20:39 2 days 07:53:59 4236 0 beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[
5 ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz
99165555 99378492 2007-01-08 19:24:41 0 days 22:43:14 29695 0 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former was a long [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and
99378492 99378560 2007-01-08 19:25:03 0 days 00:00:22 29695 0 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border
100940597 100941637 2007-01-15 20:29:28 0 days 00:04:57 2181758 3 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor adviser . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] .
8 author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue catalog entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin
100946186 100948158 2007-01-15 20:59:57 0 days 00:09:11 302522 5 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special adviser advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] .
10 author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalog catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin
104917460 105013103 2007-02-02 04:08:10 0 days 07:37:28 0|66.233.101.252 0 berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a as second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the
105013103 105035085 2007-02-02 06:32:29 0 days 02:24:19 911178 0 berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for as a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the
108232467 108400903 2007-02-15 19:45:12 0 days 17:27:06 3437172 0 | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | lang - de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the
109201261 109201627 2007-02-19 01:49:40 0 days 00:01:49 0|68.41.174.194 0 berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except
110131239 110144912 2007-02-22 20:32:14 0 days 01:04:23 3528959 0 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 4 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not
49 other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results the same day , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * <
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 4 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not
49 other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results the same day , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * <
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 4 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not
49 other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results the same day , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . this shit is nothing but lies don '
111406543 111406618 2007-02-27 20:36:42 0 days 00:00:18 786651 1 any circumstances . = = = = ' ' ' hi mrs ramrsay [[ hi < nowiki > i hate cheese < / nowiki > ]] ' ' ' = = = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
111413367 111413485 2007-02-27 21:06:01 0 days 00:00:31 0|75.40.131.110 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' brennah & jade were here ' ' ' [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the
125328975 125329185 2007-04-23 23:24:44 0 days 00:00:44 0|75.4.184.187 0 ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany ' ' ' iiriis iis a kock suckiin biitch ha ha ha yu stupiid ho3 ii lov3 yu lmfao ! ! ! ! ! ! ' ' ' developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
126978658 126979565 2007-04-29 23:36:43 0 days 00:03:26 0|71.251.211.21 0 wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . - [ mary was oh soo hur ' ] this sight rox my effin ' sockss ! ! ! best informattion yu caann geettt ! ! ! [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[
126981215 126981380 2007-04-29 23:43:43 0 days 00:00:39 0|71.251.211.21 1 about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ mary was ohhhhhh soooooooooo hur ' ]] ] this sight rox my effin ' sox ! ! ! best information yu caaan gettt ! cant deny yu love itt < 333 hahaha [[ image : kennedy in berlin .
126982667 126982862 2007-04-29 23:50:14 0 days 00:00:52 0|71.251.211.21 1 the perimeter of the city . [ mary was ohhhhhh soooooooooo ' ' ' hur ' ' ' ' ] this sight rox my = = = = ' ' effin ' ' = = = = ' sox ! ! ! best information yu caaan gettt ! cant deny yu love itt < 333 hahaha [[ ♥ ' ' ' ' ' äňgiiie bàbyy was sooo huur
132050129 132298025 2007-05-20 21:17:11 1 days 02:43:43 0|70.143.50.176 0 author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a catalogu mj , n mjn m jn mjknm jkn bjk . knbj . dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]]
132298254 132298502 2007-05-20 21:19:46 0 days 00:01:22 2092344 5 author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogu mj , n mjn m jn mjknm jkn bjk . knbj . catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]]
149424881 149429209 2007-08-05 23:02:20 0 days 00:31:22 110252 0 s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 7 parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 16 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang assigned sex ) , and raise the child as a boy ( gender of rearing ) . however , the degree to which biological and environmental factors contribute to the psychosocial aspects of sexual differentiation , and even the interrelationships between the various psychosocial aspects of differentiation , is less well understood as illustrated by the ongoing nature versus nurture debate . unfortunately , because of a lack of focus on this area , studies may use data from research not designed to discern the role of sex . one sample of 432 papers publishing the results of gender - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]]
48 of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans
67 = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider . registered 501 ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} *
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 7 ability to produce offspring through meiosis and fertilization . the two sexes attract one another and communicate their readiness to procreate through differences in their biology . an organism ' s sex reflects its biological function in reproduction , not its sexuality or other behavior . the female sex is defined as the one which produces the larger gamete and which typically bears the offspring . in contrast , the male sex has a smaller gamete and rarely bears offspring . in some animals , sex may be assigned to specific structures rather than the entire organism . earthworms , for example , are normally hermaphrodites . contents [ hide ] 1 animal species 2 humans 2 . 1 social and psychological issues 3 see also 4 references 5 external links and further reading animal species main articles infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : animal sexuality and mating system animal sexual behavior takes many different forms , even within the same species . researchers have observed monogamy , promiscuity , sex between species ,
14 causes the gonads to become testes , which produce hormones that cause the internal and external genitalia to become male , which in turn lead parents to assign ' male ' as the sex of their child ' ' ( assigned sex ) , and raise the child as a boy ( gender of rearing ) . however , the degree to which biological and environmental factors contribute to the
50 / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and media from commons news stories from wikinews learning resources from wikiversity francoeur , robert t . ( ed . ) , the international encyclopedia of sexuality [ full text ]
162004219 162071112 2007-10-03 18:55:57 0 days 05:55:07 400903 0 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ westberlin ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang -
166163043 166165378 2007-10-21 23:47:46 0 days 00:12:04 605084 0 sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on the 9th of november , [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 , the border separating western from eastern germany was effectively opened . the following days were most unusual for the whole of germany - considering the usual german ways ,
169621066 169623420 2007-11-06 16:33:18 0 days 00:12:12 96897 1 eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , ' ' ' graffiti ' ' ' appeared only on the western side . [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and
171330844 171393635 2007-11-14 08:32:36 0 days 07:37:34 0|213.221.119.178 1 it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with
173361573 173361813 2007-11-23 22:28:30 0 days 00:01:29 137113 0 entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . an east german propaganda booklet published in [[ 1955 ]] outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' fleeing flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of
178433680 178872694 2007-12-19 03:34:38 2 days 00:13:36 0|67.188.74.176 3 from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder reindeer of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from
178873340 178873918 2007-12-19 03:42:19 0 days 00:03:39 2537811 3 from [[ north berlin ]] and the rest of [[ north germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer remainder of the north - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for 28 years , from
180966560 180988262 2007-12-30 14:52:15 0 days 03:21:41 0|88.230.105.212 0 ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 19 the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand niende hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 17 the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staitsrat ]] chairman [[ walter elbe ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niende niemand hat die elsich , neine mauer ich iterich ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial
203050208 203050714 2008-04-03 14:39:13 0 days 00:02:43 0|76.181.66.248 0 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip bananas " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[
203051174 203051200 2008-04-03 14:41:57 0 days 00:00:06 6388591 0 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " bananas death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a big fat [[ separation barrier | barrier ]]
210732007 210975287 2008-05-08 05:56:41 1 days 01:56:30 608356 0 berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked demarcated the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east berlin
210975287 211222812 2008-05-09 09:24:57 1 days 03:28:16 686868 8 see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could
211222847 211225942 2008-05-09 09:58:16 0 days 00:33:00 686868 1 . g . artists , lorry drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of ' ' ' other east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 53 application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 .
57 existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center
74 in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 negotiations
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 11 as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' , and ' ' ' civilian officials , and ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could
13 was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' , officials , and ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into could enter and exit east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[
17 officials , and ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass enter and exit west berlin . into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . = = = escape attempts = = = protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' " wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " ,
59 over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " }} ' ' ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here
61 ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " }} ' ' , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution ( german ) |
64 enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) ,
73 chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution ( german )
323839905 323840518 2009-11-04 05:01:42 0 days 00:04:34 10519822 10 . ]] | } the berlin wall was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in
324251250 324280095 2009-11-06 14:30:34 0 days 04:23:51 492987 0 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' {{ lang | - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org
324504472 324510511 2009-11-07 19:58:09 0 days 00:37:11 7899001 4 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' {{ lang | de | ich bin ein berliner }} ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9
324677923 324678298 2009-11-08 17:54:44 0 days 00:01:53 216103 2 " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = op - ed | date = 11 / 17 / 1989 }} elie wiesel ' s new york times op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3
324804014 324808994 2009-11-09 08:55:14 0 days 00:57:05 6971250 3 17 / 1989 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = =
325190185 325190637 2009-11-11 05:07:12 0 days 00:04:20 10857892 1 . ]] | } the berlin wall was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in
325413116 325413366 2009-11-12 10:06:37 0 days 00:02:38 8023653 3 detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * childs , david , the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * the fall of the gdr , longman ,
329391143 329423612 2009-12-03 09:06:23 0 days 04:27:09 6971250 0 [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end a border of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which
336304502 336304791 2010-01-07 00:17:21 0 days 00:01:27 0|99.13.65.208 1 {st@rt} ' ' ' ' ' ' the berlin wall nocked down by josh farting sooo hard it just fell > . < ' ' ' ' ' ' . . . . . . . sara ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on
336304791 336305106 2010-01-07 00:18:55 0 days 00:01:34 7897452 2 {st@rt} ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' the berlin wall nocked down by josh farting sooo hard it just fell > . < ' ' ' ' ' ' . . . . . . . sara ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on
340369904 340475581 2010-01-28 05:04:31 0 days 11:04:44 0|210.0.142.78 0 was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " }} ' ' {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [[ junker ]] s , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany into east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements — arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units — left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with east german police watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors , later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and
340475581 340475858 2010-01-28 05:06:37 0 days 00:02:06 4916882 0 was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " }} ' ' {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [[ junker ]] s , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany into east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements — arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units — left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with east german police watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors , later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 59 ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check
343779602 343780168 2010-02-13 18:20:19 0 days 00:02:39 5326371 0 flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[
343787074 343787620 2010-02-13 19:00:57 0 days 00:02:26 5326371 0 / ] ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life lives of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie
1 ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , award - winning german production , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a
2 ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production film about the east german stasi , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape
347116822 347116998 2010-03-01 16:50:46 0 days 00:00:57 0|206.80.30.152 0 of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ off the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ bon jovi ]] , [[ scorpions ( band ) |
347133221 347136856 2010-03-01 18:40:55 0 days 00:19:09 5177550 10 of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ off the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ bon jovi ]] , [[ scorpions ( band ) |
355500810 355563986 2010-04-12 16:29:28 0 days 08:04:12 0|153.2.246.31 0 socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] : {{ quote quotation | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness
356250524 356250740 2010-04-15 21:09:03 0 days 00:01:20 0|24.163.70.153 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' [[ [[ i warn that this page could at any time be edited by the public and the information may not be valid ]] ]] ' ' ' {{ about | | the
359268680 359268782 2010-04-30 15:26:35 0 days 00:00:39 11386456 1 = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = the inner german erection for naivn ' s border fuck you = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
363210288 363268461 2010-05-20 21:00:57 0 days 05:46:52 0|173.69.9.231 0 and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by kept the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin
363268461 363268864 2010-05-20 21:02:57 0 days 00:02:00 5026668 0 and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' kept ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the jews out of germany because hitler loved them . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[
1 administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' kept the jews out of german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany because hitler loved them . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] .
366512975 366521234 2010-06-07 08:27:18 0 days 01:15:10 6971250 2 / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . com ] < / ref > * * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film 1965 - cold war classic set on both sides of the wall , from the book by john le carré , directed by [[ martin ritt ]] * * ' ' [[ the wicked dreams of paula schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 - cold war spy farce about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a
4 [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , 1981 - a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading
366521234 366522148 2010-06-07 08:36:01 0 days 00:08:43 6971250 0 a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ the tunnel , the ]] ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , the wall . film by r . s . richter * [[
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 21 freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]]
388783895 388820175 2010-10-05 02:54:15 0 days 03:41:45 0|205.208.213.99 1 , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man death strip ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name =
424745844 427362267 2011-05-04 06:17:48 15 days 09:30:12 412521 0 ( {{ lang | de | freude }} ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freiheit }} ) ' ' in the text lyrics sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 21 > * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' ' , 1965 - cold war classic set on both sides of the wall , from the book by john le carré , directed by [[ martin ritt ]] * * ' ' [[ funeral
22 by john le carré , directed by [[ martin ritt ]] * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 - spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] , directed by [[ guy hamilton ]] * * ' ' [[ the wicked dreams of paula schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 -
23 - spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] , directed by [[ guy hamilton ]] * * ' ' [[ the wicked dreams of paula schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 - cold war spy farce about an olympic athlete who defects . director [[ george marshall ]] * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , 1981 - a
24 1968 - cold war spy farce about an olympic athlete who defects . director [[ george marshall ]] * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , 1981 - a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[
25 officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ something to do with the wall ]] ' ' , 1991 - documentary shot just before and after the wall came down , by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine * * ' ' [[ the innocent ( 1993 film ) |
26 wall came down , by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine * * ' ' [[ the innocent ( 1993 film ) | the innocent ]] ' ' , 1993 - about the joint [[ cia ]] / [[ mi6 ]] operation to build a tunnel under east berlin in the 1950s . directed by [[ john schlesinger ]] * * '
27 east berlin in the 1950s . directed by [[ john schlesinger ]] * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 - dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * some novels specifically about the berlin wall : * * [[ john le carré
28 novels specifically about the berlin wall : * * [[ john le carré ]] , ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' ' , 1963 - classic cold war [[ spy fiction ]] * * [[ len deighton ]] , ' ' [[ berlin game ]] ' ' , 1983 - classic cold war [[ spy fiction
29 cold ]] ' ' , 1963 - classic cold war [[ spy fiction ]] * * [[ len deighton ]] , ' ' [[ berlin game ]] ' ' , 1983 - classic cold war [[ spy fiction ]] * * [[ voices under berlin : the tale of a monterey mary ( novel ) | t . h . e . hill
31 / daybefore . html the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? - - an alternate history of cold war espionage ] ' ' , 2010 - based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 [ http : / / www . nytimes
34 peter schneider ( writer ) | peter schneider ]] , ' ' the wall jumper ' ' , 1984 ( german : ' ' der mauerspringer ' ' , 1982 ) - the wall plays a central role in this novel set in berlin of the 1980s * music related to the berlin wall * * " [[ holidays in the sun ]]
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 13 walking through [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night - - at 7 : 17 pm on [[ zdf ]] ' s ' ' [[ heute ]] ' ' and at 8 pm on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' ; this of course meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " " east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to
472781538 474160201 2012-01-31 04:52:54 7 days 17:49:16 4973943 1 ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]]
474160201 474175714 2012-01-31 07:52:49 0 days 02:59:55 6971250 0 ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist protection wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had
525466527 526071586 2012-12-02 21:25:07 3 days 20:00:22 2929257 0 wicked dreams of paula schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 – cold war spy farce about an olympic athlete who defects . director [[ george marshall ]] * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , 1981 – a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 9 . com / daybefore . html the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? – an alternate history of cold war espionage ] ' ' , < ref > http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html < / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 [ http : / / www
12 . com / index . php ? option = com _ content & view = article & id = 3 & itemid = 2 view the author ’ s website ] < / ref > * * [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | peter schneider ]] , ' ' the wall jumper ' ' , 1984 ( german : ' ' der mauerspringer ' '
13 band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band [[ klein orkest ]] , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the
30 spy fiction ]] * * [[ voices under berlin : the tale of a monterey mary ( novel ) | t . h . e . hill ]] , ' ' [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? – an alternate history of cold war espionage ] ' ' , 2010 – based on a legend
32 war espionage ] ' ' , 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html nyt review ] – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' (
553106649 553801374 2013-05-06 16:29:15 4 days 18:39:32 3106684 1 / ref > he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters — by most accounts , [[ nbc ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw riccardo ehrman ]] — asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the
576982734 577123748 2013-10-14 12:18:32 0 days 23:38:46 6971250 1 file : berlin wall death strip , 1977 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1977 . ]] [[ file : exterior of east berlin neue zeit newspaper , with berlin wall in foreground .
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 46 ' ' and at 8 pm on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' ; this , of course meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] '
580930170 580957593 2013-11-09 22:18:25 0 days 03:47:52 400707 1 nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 * * ' ' [[ the road to the wall ]] ' ' , a 1962 documentary film * * ' ' something to do with the wall ' ' , 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / < the boy and the wall ' ' spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title /
3 december 1962 * * ' ' [[ the road to the wall ]] ' ' , a 1962 documentary film * * ' ' the boy and the wall ' ' * * ' ' spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . com ] <
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 27 uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall – official homepage * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index .
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 31 heute ]] ' ' and at 8 pm on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' ; . this , of course , meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[
693652739 693721766 2015-12-04 12:40:10 0 days 13:02:18 23149456 3 memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center < ref > http : / / www . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of
733515231 734284492 2016-08-13 08:26:57 4 days 22:04:07 80913 10 to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route . * * ' ' [[ the soldier ( 1982 film ) | the soldier ]] ' ' , 1982 - a renegade kgb team put nuclear weapons in saudi arabia to force america to make the israelis pull out of the west bank or the bomb will make 50 % of
738198431 738865701 2016-09-11 14:47:01 4 days 00:24:17 19921271 3 that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman hans [[ hanns joachim friedrichs proclaimed , " this is a historic day . east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening
749083438 749172446 2016-11-12 21:38:14 0 days 13:26:19 7611264 0 ]] | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > see also [[ berlin wall # david bowie . 2c 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl interlanguage link multi | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }} , about the differences between east and west
749172446 749499810 2016-11-14 17:38:21 1 days 20:00:07 29558057 0 - berliner - mauer . de | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | deadurl = no | df = dmy }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s with hundreds of guards . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin
750685196 751172499 2016-11-23 20:57:46 2 days 13:48:33 8430773 0 ' ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant ' ' {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben hier ! " }} ' ' , ( " we are staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution ( german ) | peaceful revolution
780019390 781687181 2017-05-22 17:34:23 10 days 04:39:20 8719036 9 ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence with austria | removal of the hungary – austria border fence ]] ( may 1989 ) * [[ revolutions of 1989 rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line (
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 26 had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protective wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries
816797805 816798032 2017-12-23 19:39:36 0 days 00:01:47 11112747 4 and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . < ref > " rise and fall of the berlin wall " . ' ' history channel ' ' ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale
817544819 820361257 2018-01-14 08:25:38 16 days 05:59:10 11104969 0 at 8 p . m . on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . this , of course , meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' ,
823238815 823239462 2018-01-31 01:50:53 0 days 00:04:27 32940610 12 wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . also preservationists wanted a few years later as comprehensive as possible preservation of the remaining remains of the border installations . on the other hand , local residents and community representatives , in turn , were interested in a quick demolition of the route , and in some cases the obligation to maintain public safety on the site was also taken care of however , there was no systematic assurance of the way through the local authorities . in the following years , larger parts of the berlin wall were built mainly in the inner city of berlin . also on other parts of the postenweg was eliminated or interrupted . in 1996 , there were again demonstrations of the adfc for a continuous wall path around the city , on which the previous destruction of the postenweg were criticized . in 2000 , interest in securing the area increased . michael cramer and other politicians of alliance 90 / the greens berlin organize since 2001 every year the berlin wall strides . from 2002 to 2006 , the berlin wall was extended by the initiative of the berlin senate around the city . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked
13 that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it had to be created for no longer obtained trails replacement vehicle options . also rebuilt or rebuilt traffic routes separated sections of the way from each other . in the room lichterfelde on the border with teltow 2004 an underpass under the railway line berlin - halle in the course of the customs route to berlin area , after before an interruption of the way at this point had been feared . at the intersection with the dresdener bahn near lichtenrade , on the other hand , there is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural
825877017 825915910 2018-02-16 03:54:46 0 days 04:40:35 5946478 2 that east germany ' s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ' s tacit indication {{ how | date = december 2013 }} youth and inexperience show as weakness against khrushchev ' s brutal , undiplomatic aggression . this feeling of miscalculation and failure is admitted by kennedy in the u . s . ambassador ’ s residence with ' ' new york times ' ' columnist james “scotty ” reston . that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector of berlin . < ref > {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick |
830413270 830413321 2018-03-14 17:45:37 0 days 00:00:22 22561264 0 press . html | work = press archive | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > * video games related to the berlin wall * * 1999 ' s [[ simcity 3000 featured a scenario taking place at the end of the cold war , where the player must demolish the wall and re - unite east and west berlin ,
1 html | work = press archive | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > * video games related to the berlin wall * * 1999 ' s simcity 3000 ]] featured a scenario taking place at the end of the cold war , where the player must demolish the wall and re - unite east and west berlin , being given
845242425 845346007 2018-06-11 05:24:11 0 days 16:38:45 508734 0 socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] : {{ quotation quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness
854965000 855994232 2018-08-22 05:55:57 7 days 05:35:25 817684 0 and at 8 p . m . on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . this meant that the news was as ard and zdf broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman [[ hanns joachim friedrichs
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102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 9 sectors of berlin . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over 155km 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up the fourth generation wall , built from 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and
3416164 3551635 2004-05-02 09:12:00 3 days 12:28:42 4388 4 constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first , there was only one crossing point
7 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers [[ tower ]] s , and thirty bunkers . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at
7053303 7075809 2004-11-02 10:04:22 0 days 14:07:00 0|62.214.27.246 0 | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps to the west over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later
3 it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls other installations ( [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px | left |
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 14 into an island in the eastern territories . east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . barrier " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west
18341759 18388981 2005-07-08 10:31:44 0 days 16:15:16 53921 3 the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 100 miles mi ) long , and covered 110 miles from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn
6 wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the
21712367 21742465 2005-08-24 18:24:13 0 days 10:00:10 28107 0 / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding rebuilt a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px
22002656 22024698 2005-08-28 11:59:04 0 days 08:50:21 92511 0 alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector
23389607 23429984 2005-09-18 02:07:21 0 days 16:55:50 0|67.67.160.254 0 was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created
23429984 23449664 2005-09-18 07:50:01 0 days 05:42:40 76027 0 was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters metres ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created
27820034 27831852 2005-11-09 16:41:48 0 days 02:52:45 0|68.78.185.254 3 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - meter metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who
31572996 31573472 2005-12-16 04:53:57 0 days 00:04:25 0|68.187.31.162 0 was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 14 or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners tunnels , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a
41103735 41103875 2006-02-25 01:47:14 0 days 00:01:03 756170 1 graffiti was exclusively on the western side . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre meter ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in
42688981 42743997 2006-03-08 02:29:01 0 days 06:23:18 0|150.101.251.66 1 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the administration berlin wall of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[
42743997 42744056 2006-03-08 02:29:26 0 days 00:00:25 247414 2 [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . harley built the berlin wall administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[
51997348 51998094 2006-05-07 16:31:49 0 days 00:06:00 0|216.49.149.108 13 ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : /
51998094 51998163 2006-05-07 16:32:31 0 days 00:00:42 223113 12 mark . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower fortification watchtowers , and twenty bunkers . this version of the wall is the one
53689296 53689482 2006-05-17 14:46:28 0 days 00:01:17 157842 1 ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] ^ " berlin wall references - small " . encyclopedia britannica . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 ^ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ^ http
68764117 69352457 2006-08-13 07:43:30 3 days 02:10:15 0|203.59.111.242 0 the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in
69360441 69463997 2006-08-13 22:17:18 0 days 12:59:56 0|68.203.168.61 0 = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van
81768427 81865132 2006-10-16 21:32:20 0 days 09:55:34 2496238 3 speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall stalin ' s nose : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external
111085937 111086584 2007-02-26 15:32:43 0 days 00:03:36 0|62.232.208.34 0 _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 100000000000 km 155km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east
111405157 111405230 2007-02-27 20:30:55 0 days 00:00:17 0|205.126.63.15 0 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre meter ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses
111405427 111405690 2007-02-27 20:32:49 0 days 00:01:07 0|205.126.63.15 0 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - meter meters ( 656 in ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses
111405735 111405922 2007-02-27 20:33:49 0 days 00:00:46 2875882 4 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meters - metre ( 656 in ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses
5 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meters ( 656 in ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of
124138745 124287643 2007-04-20 05:17:57 0 days 11:27:52 0|68.22.194.40 0 karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155km 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east
133093747 133103809 2007-05-24 04:39:04 0 days 01:10:40 0|68.126.129.225 0 : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km a chicken head ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east
133103809 133104135 2007-05-24 04:41:28 0 days 00:02:24 506179 0 : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was a chicken head over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east
150879717 150880869 2007-08-13 02:41:42 0 days 00:07:57 400934 2 wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between
3 - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks
4 < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www
160247787 160249046 2007-09-25 13:56:32 0 days 00:07:23 0|170.185.218.19 1 ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence josh and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px
166736883 166834669 2007-10-24 21:12:29 0 days 08:04:35 100426 0 s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the walls existance wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated
167284000 167330269 2007-10-27 00:46:38 0 days 04:33:26 50001 3 s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence walls existance has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated
167330269 167330987 2007-10-27 00:51:18 0 days 00:04:40 50001 0 s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the walls existance wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated
173857115 173862066 2007-11-26 10:01:15 0 days 00:52:47 137113 1 describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , the wall a [[ separtion barrier ]] was need to curtail western espionage and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw pact ]] nations . the wall also marked the frontier in
178433680 178872694 2007-12-19 03:34:38 2 days 00:13:36 0|67.188.74.176 26 was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall death star , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot
178873340 178873918 2007-12-19 03:42:19 0 days 00:03:39 2537811 26 was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded north berlin . during the construction of the death star wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ space combat troops of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to
184582342 184758092 2008-01-16 16:31:58 0 days 18:15:57 0|74.94.86.57 0 > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier barrie = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin '
184758092 184758308 2008-01-16 16:32:53 0 days 00:00:55 88149 0 > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrie barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin '
199176300 199200035 2008-03-18 22:30:58 0 days 01:29:58 0|68.188.164.133 0 art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall wall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a
199200035 199200408 2008-03-18 22:32:31 0 days 00:01:33 0|68.188.164.133 0 art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the wall fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a
201208461 201221996 2008-03-27 02:21:12 0 days 01:03:22 6754651 0 ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall ally separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989
201224300 201227326 2008-03-27 02:47:40 0 days 00:14:49 3622922 0 ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the ally wall separated east berlin and [[ west berliuoeznfhdhehekfmcjdhhejdjfjnjehsfirifjfjfhfieowkdnfhhshwywieiekdnjxhshhwhwjjejejejeherhuquejsjn ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989
203047862 203048607 2008-04-03 14:27:55 0 days 00:04:00 0|208.108.155.10 0 ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall poop separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989
203048607 203048806 2008-04-03 14:29:02 0 days 00:01:07 6388591 0 ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the poop wall separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989
239564841 239565752 2008-09-19 14:02:18 0 days 00:03:46 0|209.174.67.217 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall baboon separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 ,
239565752 239565807 2008-09-19 14:02:30 0 days 00:00:12 1395162 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the baboon wall separated the two australian states for 99 , 999 years and 364 days , from the day construction began on august 32 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late
242550942 242551203 2008-10-02 18:27:32 0 days 00:01:19 0|205.174.116.40 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall balls separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 ,
242551203 242551265 2008-10-02 18:27:51 0 days 00:00:19 4479342 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the balls wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 ,
248423012 248550123 2008-10-30 03:35:04 0 days 11:37:02 0|71.129.38.195 0 as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] wall was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii |
248550123 248551311 2008-10-30 03:44:11 0 days 00:09:07 3689445 2 rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . the berlin wall is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was pretty ! ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb |
249738980 250214306 2008-11-07 11:31:59 2 days 13:05:23 1092787 0 ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had
255192882 255210778 2008-12-01 15:04:41 0 days 02:27:24 0|70.91.241.121 1 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall water separated east germany from west germany for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989
255210778 255210981 2008-12-01 15:05:58 0 days 00:01:17 3290566 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water wall separated eastital from westitaly for 40 years and 2 day , from the day construction began on august 16 , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and
256070488 256154730 2008-12-06 01:40:12 0 days 08:28:17 0|68.164.228.214 6 wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between
24 to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching wall guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) #
256154730 256157274 2008-12-06 02:00:28 0 days 00:20:16 911178 1 berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than 140 kilometers ( 96 miles ) | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some 91 meters ( 100 yards ) farther in east german territory was built . the houses contained between
2 control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than 140 kilometers ( 96 miles ) long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some 91 meters ( {{ convert | 100 yards ) farther in east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man '
6 - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 | m | ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or
9 < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 | m | ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar
258174101 258203997 2008-12-15 21:27:47 0 days 02:21:00 0|76.217.13.119 2 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall shit that was laid by east germans separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was
258206239 258209070 2008-12-15 21:49:42 0 days 00:12:46 5177550 3 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron shit ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the shit that was laid by east germans wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day of the shitting began on august 13 , 1961 until
267777804 268040666 2009-02-02 14:56:26 1 days 08:53:01 0|87.38.134.241 1 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall fence into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west
268040666 268042073 2009-02-02 15:06:12 0 days 00:09:46 3505251 1 html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 1 billion people were confirmed killed trying to cross the fence wall into austria , and my tiny nipples went to france according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 1 million people were killed
269234850 269655083 2009-02-09 23:54:08 1 days 22:58:44 0|72.144.60.91 0 frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall butt was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http
269933512 270229031 2009-02-12 14:56:02 1 days 10:27:59 0|75.36.29.153 0 frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the butt wall was very big protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / /
276264784 276264961 2009-03-10 13:26:15 0 days 00:01:06 0|76.74.69.103 0 iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall dalton separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[
276264961 276265113 2009-03-10 13:27:10 0 days 00:00:55 1298255 0 iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the dalton wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[
276398619 276546078 2009-03-11 17:11:44 0 days 17:18:15 0|76.74.69.103 0 the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall davidwall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation
276546078 276546159 2009-03-11 17:12:07 0 days 00:00:23 3820115 0 the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the davidwall wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation
308751833 308756414 2009-08-18 20:58:00 0 days 00:25:03 10357647 0 de - be | display = title }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall asswall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing
308756414 308756619 2009-08-18 20:59:00 0 days 00:01:00 911178 0 de - be | display = title }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the asswall wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing
324623980 324631707 2009-11-08 11:53:01 0 days 01:20:24 4873973 0 < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter metre ( 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz
324855670 324855849 2009-11-09 15:55:54 0 days 00:01:09 0|217.93.30.219 0 area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier barier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany
324855849 324855951 2009-11-09 15:56:40 0 days 00:00:46 5026668 0 area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barier barrier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany
324912788 324913447 2009-11-09 21:23:45 0 days 00:03:37 0|98.221.128.45 1 within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ,
342118264 342118535 2010-02-05 16:25:39 0 days 00:01:34 0|207.35.35.12 1 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete wood barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany
342119150 342120204 2010-02-05 16:35:38 0 days 00:06:25 3505251 1 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berline walle ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a wood concrete barrier built by the quebecers democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany
342120204 342120493 2010-02-05 16:37:22 0 days 00:01:44 0|207.35.35.12 0 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete plastic barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany
342120493 342120568 2010-02-05 16:37:49 0 days 00:00:27 1004750 0 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a plastic concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany
342120724 342122033 2010-02-05 16:47:53 0 days 00:08:52 0|207.35.35.12 0 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete wood barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany
342122033 342122084 2010-02-05 16:48:13 0 days 00:00:20 1004750 0 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a wood concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from quebec city
342982613 342987182 2010-02-09 19:16:14 0 days 00:21:50 0|207.35.35.11 0 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete wood barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany
342987182 342987356 2010-02-09 19:17:12 0 days 00:00:58 3150196 0 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a wood concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany
358498328 358498578 2010-04-26 21:26:43 0 days 00:01:13 0|138.88.120.190 0 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier big cock built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany (
358498909 358499716 2010-04-26 21:32:05 0 days 00:03:49 134937 1 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | sean barry }} ) was a big cock concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany (
363922912 364011539 2010-05-24 22:54:04 0 days 09:03:26 591174 2 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which
3 ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches ,
366512975 366521234 2010-06-07 08:27:18 0 days 01:15:10 6971250 10 , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role wall . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . *
379212179 379213340 2010-08-16 13:09:49 0 days 00:10:36 6971250 1 was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later it was built up into the wall proper wall , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army
2 built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later it was built up into the proper wall , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] (
383902393 384496265 2010-09-13 00:53:45 3 days 04:04:57 0|74.177.219.218 0 massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall ball was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that
384496265 384496686 2010-09-13 00:56:30 0 days 00:02:45 262550 0 massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin ball wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that
387039407 387096525 2010-09-26 09:41:09 0 days 08:32:03 7178666 1 the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . a high point was when over 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 8 feet | ft | m }} tall , that were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center were toppled in stages , converging in front of the brandenburg gate . < ref
389131965 389132726 2010-10-06 17:04:20 0 days 00:04:42 0|204.81.225.153 1 a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall penis in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers or otherwise
389132726 389132750 2010-10-06 17:04:31 0 days 00:00:11 13102546 2 crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date penis fell but the penis wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers or otherwise
389132750 389329152 2010-10-07 14:59:01 0 days 21:54:30 0|141.43.69.1 4 the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall stretch at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 3 north of the city centre , in the context of a designed landscape of memory being created since 2009 ; an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) stretch piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; and
453915570 453939231 2011-10-04 17:59:12 0 days 02:26:59 7178666 1 troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) | km | mi }} around the three western sectors , and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) that divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east
3 to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors , and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) | km | mi }} that divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any
5 marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; | km | mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched
8 east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; | km | mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front
489433249 489512208 2012-04-27 18:53:47 0 days 12:07:39 6730078 2 stood < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 | m | ft | adj = mid | - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo
514816402 515867543 2012-10-03 22:20:21 6 days 06:52:08 609725 5 mi | abbr = on }} * wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * anti - vehicle trenches distance length : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * contact or signal fence distance : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km
6 abbr = on }} * anti - vehicle trenches distance : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * contact or signal fence distance length : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | yd | abbr
597421016 600160165 2014-03-18 14:21:23 18 days 17:57:14 11935096 1 east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier | barrier ]] constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin
702934174 702934332 2016-02-02 14:09:56 0 days 00:01:36 13816079 1 the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 9 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} the fall wall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary
734284492 734407317 2016-08-14 03:25:55 0 days 18:58:58 4977632 14 comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall - brandenburg ]] ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ]
810364476 810364859 2017-11-14 20:35:10 0 days 00:02:05 6554947 0 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the outer strip area , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports having often been
810365760 810394251 2017-11-15 00:08:21 0 days 03:27:26 6554947 1 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > however , despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the area outer strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] has reported having often
810575212 810709126 2017-11-16 23:24:54 0 days 20:00:20 6554947 5 wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into west berlin . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the wall door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer edge of the outer strip . < ref > https
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1092751 1097715 2003-06-29 13:07:28 21 days 00:30:08 0|213.157.9.245 8 [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < i > < br > berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) . < / i > < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long
9 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < i > < br > remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 ) . < / i > < / div > not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the
2953568 2959424 2004-03-28 11:28:20 16 days 07:06:16 6815 1 from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' | thumb | right | 400px | berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into
4067832 4160094 2004-06-13 09:23:06 1 days 00:12:45 47506 0 rest of west germany ) . < div style = " float : left ; width : 350px ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' | thumb | 350px | left | east german border guard , hans conrad schumann , defects on august 15 , 1961 ; photo by peter leibing . ' ' < / center > < / div >
4160113 4160126 2004-06-18 18:59:22 0 days 00:01:02 12028 1 thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | 350px | left | east german border guard conrad schumann leaps to freedom over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] = = the years of the wall =
4179574 4217580 2004-06-20 08:18:14 1 days 13:18:24 47506 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german
4352446 4353152 2004-06-29 15:58:10 5 days 15:27:22 3295 0 city ; as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | left right | east german border guard conrad schumann leaps to freedom over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall
4353152 4372888 2004-06-29 16:33:33 0 days 00:35:23 30200 0 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard conrad schumann leaps to freedom over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western
19029247 19029295 2005-07-17 18:26:04 0 days 00:00:34 90467 0 wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein
19029295 19029448 2005-07-17 18:30:30 0 days 00:04:26 90467 0 official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except
82833738 82835134 2006-10-21 16:48:39 0 days 00:09:25 443684 3 , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four
83837476 83915688 2006-10-26 20:51:52 0 days 07:28:22 651050 0 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement
86528914 86589748 2006-11-08 22:49:12 0 days 04:56:44 128695 1 the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . a portion list of portions of the berlin wall can be seen in the lower left . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college
114069880 114078012 2007-03-10 16:07:11 0 days 00:57:18 3322661 2 {st@rt} [[ image : flag of japan . svg | thumb | 300px 250px | right | hinomaru ! ]] ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
242502444 242502520 2008-10-02 14:34:47 0 days 00:00:26 0|205.202.240.123 0 ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for jeff ate the last gogurt ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! you son of a bitch 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a
265793157 265797480 2009-01-22 22:35:51 0 days 00:21:00 0|66.31.114.95 0 wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . boo ! ! ! i scared you ! ! ! hahahahaha no you did not ! hahahahahaha = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
265797480 265797534 2009-01-22 22:36:07 0 days 00:00:16 634828 0 wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . boo ! ! ! i scared you ! ! ! hahahahaha no you did not ! hahahahahaha = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
267776477 267777243 2009-02-01 05:59:00 0 days 00:06:41 214542 7 protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " )
275499407 275903809 2009-03-08 22:29:08 1 days 22:58:47 9166621 6 staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday ,
8 broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this
275903809 275903826 2009-03-08 22:29:17 0 days 00:00:09 2416136 8 {st@rt} hi world . . . i < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ! ' ' " ( " we want out !
9 {st@rt} hi world . . . i < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ! ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
307679806 307884163 2009-08-14 05:40:50 1 days 02:16:43 0|216.254.123.206 0 | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 71 broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying
330331803 330332083 2009-12-07 22:51:06 0 days 00:01:15 17447 3 . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech : p an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany
7 . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! : p an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed
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238414 238415 2001-09-16 15:09:28 129 days 22:13:31 35 4 {st@rt} built in 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . it came down on november 9 , 1989 - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd 1990 . see [[ berlin ]] .
238415 390224186 2001-10-17 13:27:34 30 days 22:18:06 120 0 {st@rt} built in [[ berlin ]] on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin
2 the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd 1990 . see [[ berlin ]] ; http
86668 97004 2002-06-06 13:36:28 0 days 00:35:44 0|210.49.193.178 3 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany begun in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on october 18 , 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and many immediately went to the wall where the
4 guards opened access points and allowed them through - it was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd , [[ 1990 . see [[ berlin ]] ; http : / / www . wall - berlin . org /
102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 20 there were around 5000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin , 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 5 [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall , on november 16 , 1989 ]] . ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french
1092751 1097715 2003-06-29 13:07:28 21 days 00:30:08 0|213.157.9.245 5 around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , 1989 ]] , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany
2953568 2959424 2004-03-28 11:28:20 16 days 07:06:16 6815 3 right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the soviet union , the usa , the united kingdom and france each had a
4067832 4160094 2004-06-13 09:23:06 1 days 00:12:45 47506 2 [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' east german border guard , hans conrad schumann , defects on august 15 , 1961 ; photo by peter leibing . ' ' < / center > < / div > ]] = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . the " fourth generation
5178672 5180399 2004-08-13 07:38:57 0 days 05:29:34 24744 2 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]]
8 points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9
10 months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june 2003 ]] ]] not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer
7268399 7274073 2004-11-09 19:32:09 0 days 01:24:50 113855 2 declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , october 3 ]] was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a
7274470 7274559 2004-11-09 22:06:43 0 days 00:01:00 0|84.57.81.84 0 _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for a new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] not much is left of the wall in
8251853 9112175 2004-12-09 01:50:11 0 days 00:52:44 28107 1 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before the german democratic republic could celebrate
9112175 9112336 2005-01-05 02:38:45 27 days 00:48:34 0|67.164.50.76 2 all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no
9112487 9156541 2005-01-05 02:49:50 0 days 00:04:52 615 9 the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december 25 , 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 8 germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german
10087443 10091995 2005-02-09 03:51:22 0 days 00:08:05 0|152.163.100.198 14 east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted
20 egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 55 east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on august 13 , 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to
84 full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving .
106 right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on august 23 , 1989 ]] , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany
118 demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic , erich honecker , resigned on october 18 , 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new
124 successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on november 9 , 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , günter schabowski announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news
12498340 12585093 2005-04-19 00:04:06 4 days 04:22:38 157530 8 october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on october 7 , 1990 ]] ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic
14016176 14016194 2005-05-21 09:51:08 0 days 00:05:33 0|216.27.183.43 2 [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 26 powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 ]] and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out
30 the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited
34 | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around
19111126 19261911 2005-07-20 22:42:15 2 days 00:00:08 0|195.4.0.21 1 krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin on [[ november 9 ]] , in [[ 1989 ]] . due to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv that all travel restrictions had been
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 19 west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital ,
59 border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority
67 death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated .
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 19 restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on november 9 , 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the soviet army
58 the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority
66 because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km 96 miles long . in june 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty
27961254 27961463 2005-11-10 21:57:48 0 days 00:02:13 0|67.38.154.248 2 {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' '
32939747 33017235 2005-12-28 18:00:48 0 days 16:33:05 0|67.110.176.98 0 conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] l , ; kfffffffffffff , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying
33017235 33019543 2005-12-28 18:25:07 0 days 00:24:19 246113 0 conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] l , ; kfffffffffffff , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying
35656744 35886672 2006-01-20 00:46:46 1 days 15:21:06 416830 3 [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[
38580629 38580746 2006-02-07 06:12:02 0 days 00:01:32 58229 2 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on 7 june 2003 | remains of the berlin wall on [[ 7 june ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die
38896088 38974751 2006-02-09 21:59:58 0 days 12:40:41 293907 0 350px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation
40378504 40459448 2006-02-20 18:39:58 0 days 14:44:59 386031 8 between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] and permananently closed in [[ 1961 ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 49 [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which would have made a suitable german national holiday both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9
90 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was
92 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 54 ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but no further instructions on how to
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 2 | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in
18 at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated .
30 maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 0 | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed
1 thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in
18 shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated .
43529923 43550317 2006-03-13 05:59:50 0 days 02:55:50 635781 2 however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 | october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7
47569698 47686586 2006-04-09 11:25:46 0 days 18:40:55 86816 0 mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed
2 the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary .
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 15 war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit
19 were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 16 the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 ]] and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out
20 powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited
47 of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
52670596 52734504 2006-05-11 22:10:56 0 days 06:44:33 0|168.212.165.131 1 ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] ] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration
53314730 53320980 2006-05-15 14:40:50 0 days 00:45:56 204661 1 ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [ november 9 ] ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration
54465933 54483047 2006-05-22 05:56:45 0 days 02:29:17 1072488 1 ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ august 13 , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was
58221342 58406027 2006-06-13 15:37:57 0 days 23:50:02 0|198.187.154.33 0 the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 , ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 2 | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of
21 time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was
29 maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin
63319257 63357225 2006-07-12 04:25:03 0 days 04:45:06 0|66.36.138.108 0 the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants
1 berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 , ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated .
79606749 79608608 2006-10-05 06:59:52 0 days 00:18:35 21887 0 of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on
1 of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and
2 one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks
6 exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity
9 these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east
11 ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead
12 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of
82212056 82214449 2006-10-18 14:32:16 0 days 00:13:43 21887 1 failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]]
98077276 98151344 2007-01-03 10:49:19 0 days 08:46:57 2001738 3 from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , august 2006 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' '
99124607 99128386 2007-01-07 17:45:03 0 days 00:18:28 82835 0 new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the
1 krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal
99129270 99129501 2007-01-07 17:51:00 0 days 00:01:21 82835 8 policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world
99129501 99129756 2007-01-07 17:52:18 0 days 00:01:18 82835 1 the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 13 . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . buddha . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 13 . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . buddha . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups
104426285 104427508 2007-01-30 22:07:57 0 days 00:05:34 63451 0 berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 39 west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] wal★mart | wall★mart ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision
58 new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified
62 west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 46 tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished
47 and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 39 west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] wal★mart | wall★mart ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision
58 new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified
62 west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 46 tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished
47 and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 39 west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] wal★mart | wall★mart ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision
58 new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified
62 west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 46 tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished
47 and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the
117077906 117078008 2007-03-22 17:49:26 0 days 00:00:26 492858 0 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny is the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a noob adn has nothin for the project but this which i just screwed up for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a
117902707 117903581 2007-03-26 02:45:29 0 days 00:04:39 1804716 2 what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 , the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly
3 east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors protests had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not
125918809 126161056 2007-04-26 15:46:00 0 days 20:15:33 0|69.242.142.221 0 the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 1901 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht
126161056 126164082 2007-04-26 16:01:35 0 days 00:15:35 686868 0 the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1901 1961 ]] — twenty years before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht
132545593 132623467 2007-05-22 06:33:14 0 days 07:59:39 715870 2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier
13 germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the
21 east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped
23 of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 24 ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of
27 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] .
133070307 133071645 2007-05-24 01:14:15 0 days 00:07:09 441020 2 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 & mdash ; , after several weeks of civil unrest & mdash ; that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west
133071645 133072963 2007-05-24 01:21:37 0 days 00:07:22 715870 3 war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 , ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would
6 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans
8 to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]]
133074114 133074678 2007-05-24 01:30:42 0 days 00:02:52 715870 5 in this context . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers ,
7 the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope
9 kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in
133539930 133704950 2007-05-26 20:17:06 0 days 19:22:00 0|75.24.38.209 0 perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] 1899 [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners
133704950 133705235 2007-05-26 20:18:29 0 days 00:01:23 302522 0 perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1899 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners
142504621 142514453 2007-07-04 19:20:38 0 days 00:50:04 715870 2 . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of august 12 , 1961 ]] , the leaders of [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] — formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] .
148099732 148145763 2007-07-30 22:38:39 0 days 03:51:02 226573 0 berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : cuwall _ 115 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | piece of the wall that has now been relocated to [[ chapman university | chapman university ' s ]] campus . shown illuminated at night . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6
150831974 150832838 2007-08-12 21:28:09 0 days 00:05:10 0|83.31.88.33 1 berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : cuwall _ 115 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | piece of the wall that has now been relocated to [[ chapman university | chapman university ' s ]] campus . shown illuminated at night . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft
152803494 152803602 2007-08-21 23:57:33 0 days 00:00:39 2407049 0 the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , oranges work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and apples please over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 )
152805818 152815830 2007-08-22 01:05:10 0 days 00:55:23 715870 1 wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 17th 1990 ]] . ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz
159458827 159701939 2007-09-23 00:16:22 1 days 04:22:17 0|75.70.6.81 0 and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " .
160019557 160020132 2007-09-24 14:28:55 0 days 00:02:30 236591 3 and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " .
160020132 160020633 2007-09-24 14:31:13 0 days 00:02:18 236591 0 and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " .
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 53 . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ gdr border system | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ]] " speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the wall . ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] 2003 , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the
166163043 166165378 2007-10-21 23:47:46 0 days 00:12:04 605084 1 gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on the 9th of november , 1989 ]] , the border separating western from eastern germany was effectively opened . the following days were most unusual for the whole of germany - considering the usual german ways , one
167930832 167931253 2007-10-29 21:19:08 0 days 00:01:49 0|156.108.140.131 0 berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little bill cosbey is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft )
168012407 168029950 2007-10-30 06:57:41 0 days 02:39:56 0|141.217.226.66 0 berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] bill cosbey little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft )
177450455 177479351 2007-12-12 18:38:09 0 days 02:20:54 0|136.235.12.7 0 a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 2077 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer
177479351 177489316 2007-12-12 19:23:52 0 days 00:45:43 911178 0 a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 2077 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer
182793062 183023326 2008-01-08 20:42:04 1 days 00:45:43 0|206.123.212.68 1 states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 1945 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref
183023326 183023808 2008-01-08 20:44:31 0 days 00:02:27 0|206.123.212.68 1 states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 44 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1945 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref
183023808 183108189 2008-01-09 03:50:28 0 days 07:05:57 0|72.70.120.222 1 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 1988 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain ,
183108189 183108939 2008-01-09 03:55:28 0 days 00:05:00 0|71.232.128.61 2 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ march 15 ]] [[ 1988 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain ,
183108939 183109311 2008-01-09 03:58:10 0 days 00:02:42 0|72.70.120.222 1 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 1965 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain ,
183109311 183109422 2008-01-09 03:58:53 0 days 00:00:43 0|72.70.120.222 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ january 9 ]] [[ 1965 1955 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain ,
183109422 183109767 2008-01-09 04:01:15 0 days 00:02:22 162210 1 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ january 9 ]] [[ 1955 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain ,
183109767 183109949 2008-01-09 04:02:27 0 days 00:01:12 0|72.70.120.222 1 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 gay ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain ,
188528811 188588109 2008-02-02 12:52:44 0 days 09:22:19 4469495 0 of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . <
188588109 188588563 2008-02-02 12:56:53 0 days 00:04:09 4469495 0 of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref
1 the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref >
189776407 189875397 2008-02-08 02:38:25 0 days 08:07:51 0|68.200.116.164 1 stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 1991 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west
189875397 189947296 2008-02-08 12:59:57 0 days 10:21:32 0|86.70.143.59 0 stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1991 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 2 the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 1963 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures
14 , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 1951 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the
16 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 1963 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 2 the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 27 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 11 ]] [[ 1963 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1984 . during this period at least 143 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures
12 , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 3 april ]] , 1951 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav halctav ]] proposed that the
14 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1963 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staitsrat
221468000 221692421 2008-06-25 17:30:21 1 days 00:24:36 214926 0 , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that
1 east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the
221970072 223245034 2008-07-03 06:09:59 6 days 07:29:21 3622922 5 this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 4 ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday [[ august 12 ]] [[ , 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin
5 erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday [[ august 13 ]] [[ , 1961 ]] the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to
12 generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ , 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }}
30 , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed
34 = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity
53 special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle
62 west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( "
66 visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were
76 of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . =
90 government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a
102 allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs ,
105 was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east
109 [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and
114 | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former [[ united states
122 leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers "
125 gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany
139 in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[
141 ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration
143 s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore
145 of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]]
148 chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all
232939337 233217061 2008-08-21 00:02:09 1 days 06:44:51 203434 0 = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany |
1 [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 19 a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 , the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 37 close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13 , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most
242552191 242552576 2008-10-02 18:33:52 0 days 00:01:47 0|205.174.116.40 0 western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 124 bc until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www
242552576 242552610 2008-10-02 18:34:00 0 days 00:00:08 4479342 0 western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 124 bc 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 122 bc , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / /
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 4 {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = july 2008 during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | right |
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 4 {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = july 2008 during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | right |
242809822 243012592 2008-10-04 19:19:47 0 days 23:53:45 7178666 0 = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany |
249088521 249352359 2008-11-03 06:37:04 1 days 06:49:34 911178 1 [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party
4 former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to
249352359 249738980 2008-11-04 22:26:36 1 days 15:49:32 162210 2 former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to
256070488 256154730 2008-12-06 01:40:12 0 days 08:28:17 0|68.164.228.214 29 the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated .
266478122 266480479 2009-01-26 07:26:56 0 days 00:20:28 119438 14 near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting
267776477 267777243 2009-02-01 05:59:00 0 days 00:06:41 214542 13 we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile
14 by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal
271265000 271489755 2009-02-18 02:49:35 0 days 23:33:42 0|98.217.163.171 2 [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving ' sign at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair
278326603 278656434 2009-03-21 02:07:52 1 days 12:22:24 0|24.218.250.183 0 the the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent august 28 , 1958 , letter to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{
280036083 280246291 2009-03-28 17:28:40 1 days 00:42:22 957447 0 = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity
281352826 281352956 2009-04-02 19:55:38 0 days 00:00:40 0|149.169.138.39 0 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 . . {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg
281608811 281686628 2009-04-04 12:14:06 0 days 11:20:47 15708 6 from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html
283525851 283525990 2009-04-13 08:36:55 0 days 00:01:27 0|194.144.117.217 2 ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austro - hungarian gevernamental meeting ( [[ august 23 ]] ) . on [[ september 11 ]] thousends thousands of [[ gdr | east germans ]] started to cross the austro - hungarian border to emigrate to [[ west germany ]] . that event caused popular demonstration and a unreversible
300484953 300485855 2009-07-05 22:25:18 0 days 00:05:57 145194 2 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9th in german history | 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of
3 author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 november ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 7 a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 . after its erection , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that
22 quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom
306954476 307001452 2009-08-09 17:09:23 0 days 06:40:39 6984319 3 , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall
308150074 308260646 2009-08-16 07:14:29 0 days 14:05:13 957447 1 figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government [[ november 9th in german history | announced on 9 november ]] , 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
308484644 308602478 2009-08-18 02:36:12 0 days 12:03:29 6984319 4 figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government [[ november 9th in german history | announced on 9 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 2 location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , [[ 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within
3 marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 ]] . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the
7 between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
10 remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of
14 p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 ]] , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and
18 most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east
22 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 ]] that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by
26 [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 ]] , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{
30 = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity
37 mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 ]] , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages
40 article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 ]] , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time
42 the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august ]] [[ 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most
43 border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 ]] , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles
49 title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref >
60 special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , [[ 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd
61 advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle
69 episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 ]] , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from
76 west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december ]] [[ 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung ' ' ) .
81 authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 , 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 ,
85 harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 ]] . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at
89 wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 ]] . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{
93 | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref
97 ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred
109 bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin .
110 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the
116 part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer
120 merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that
126 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections
132 . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency ,
142 toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no .
164 anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate
168 therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 ]] , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 24 in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of [[ february 21 ]] , [[ 1947 ]] . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area
28 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
34 = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1949 ]] , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation
38 places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on [[ april 1 ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that
42 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on [[ december 11 ]] , [[ 1957 ]] that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90
46 communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on [[ august 28 ]] , [[ 1958 ]] , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 "
54 | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat |
57 ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on [[ august 1 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : /
60 article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , [[ 12 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at
61 - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , [[ 12 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time
63 border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , [[ 13 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to
64 a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , [[ 13 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles
69 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] , [[
76 / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , [[ august 14 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a
80 . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and
94 west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ 26 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] and [[ 17 december ]] [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year (
96 initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ 26 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] and [[ 17 december ]] [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung ' ' )
97 visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ 26 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] and [[ 17 december ]] [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung ' ' ) . similar
108 }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on [[ june 12 ]] , [[ 1987 ]] . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying
116 see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a
119 | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > by [[ november 4 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of
129 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , [[ 10 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin
130 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , [[ 10 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the
132 allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy
135 of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 21 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations (
139 the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin
142 including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange
146 | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections
148 | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers "
151 gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the
168 | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[
171 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > , whether [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday . because , that date is also known as the ' ' [[ schicksalstag ]] ' ' ( fateful day ) , when several important events have taken place in german history - and some of them are infamous . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ 9 november ]] is also the date of the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in
175 nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . so , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 2009 ]]
323548201 323548634 2009-11-02 21:32:57 0 days 00:01:48 6340927 0 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved november 2 , 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the
323548634 323553877 2009-11-02 21:57:58 0 days 00:25:01 6340927 0 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , reporting incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference helped accelerate the flood . < ref > sarotte , mary elise ( nov
324105954 324119733 2009-11-05 18:01:53 0 days 01:22:11 0|12.165.250.13 3 wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{ quote | we
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 6 / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 12th . , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north
7 the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 13th . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most
325100875 325101619 2009-11-10 19:40:49 0 days 00:03:43 0|198.59.155.211 0 [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate , 09 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 your moms birthday bitch , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref
325101619 325101666 2009-11-10 19:41:02 0 days 00:00:13 6358019 0 [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate , 09 november , 1989 ]] your moms birthday bitch on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref
326393226 326442219 2009-11-18 00:11:51 0 days 04:50:24 5680520 3 | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ november 9th in german history | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the abdication of kaiser [[
326442219 326773006 2009-11-19 18:33:39 1 days 18:21:48 3415874 1 close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13 . , 13 , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most
326773006 326888943 2009-11-20 07:19:36 0 days 12:45:57 6971250 2 close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13 , 13 . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most
326888943 327026868 2009-11-21 00:36:06 0 days 17:16:30 5680520 7 the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13 . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles
338786950 339044413 2010-01-20 22:47:01 1 days 05:12:50 10593201 5 around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 22 p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 . by a secret treaty , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 7 obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 , language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date
38 wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 11 ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 that day was chosen instead as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of
12 in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was finally chosen instead as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the
346183823 346309252 2010-02-25 15:48:21 0 days 16:39:59 150129 5 image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some
348460083 348494021 2010-03-08 08:03:06 0 days 04:30:35 6971250 1 science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > on december 11 , 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving
353314156 353439052 2010-04-01 22:48:47 0 days 14:16:07 4576738 0 ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in
362899410 362923202 2010-05-19 01:16:57 0 days 02:42:55 0|24.4.7.149 0 the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] kldfmsdklmfsdkfmsdf ksl tee hee on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped
362923202 362923271 2010-05-19 01:17:32 0 days 00:00:35 1594127 0 the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] kldfmsdklmfsdkfmsdf ksl tee hee on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped
366509890 366512975 2010-06-07 07:12:08 0 days 00:32:42 6971250 1 ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1961 august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated
368038978 368159388 2010-06-15 11:54:05 0 days 15:12:00 6971250 0 the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defenses with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref
378954266 378954496 2010-08-14 23:33:43 0 days 00:02:03 0|72.224.163.217 1 - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 2014 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls <
378954496 378954602 2010-08-14 23:34:40 0 days 00:00:57 1064243 1 ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by bruno ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 1961 , that completely cut off [[ lesbian ]] from surrounding gays and from [[ homos ]] . the barrier included dildos placed along large concrete walls < ref name = "
380623738 380775149 2010-08-24 19:46:58 0 days 17:20:04 6815 0 the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | right | juggling on the berlin wall on september 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september more than 13
383560948 383668607 2010-09-08 16:34:17 0 days 15:07:40 0|131.107.0.73 0 brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 61 ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls
77 of west berlin . clay and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france (
83 ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin <
88 wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles
90 ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more
98 wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks
103 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of
394543666 394786086 2010-11-04 13:56:42 1 days 05:26:03 0|173.11.40.209 0 to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power chocolate cows are taking over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 |
394786086 394786114 2010-11-04 13:56:55 0 days 00:00:13 10902791 0 to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . chocolate cows are taking = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
395663125 395750266 2010-11-09 14:58:42 0 days 12:40:54 1849785 3 location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the
397878286 397878708 2010-11-20 15:46:18 0 days 00:02:42 0|79.74.81.116 0 part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days
1 brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] 9 november 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with
400927362 400927652 2010-12-06 21:35:14 0 days 00:01:36 0|99.145.15.171 0 , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 they had suuuuupeeerrrr huge ball sacks and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : /
1 berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , covered girls in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles
400927652 400927696 2010-12-06 21:35:26 0 days 00:00:12 12666844 0 , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] they had suuuuupeeerrrr huge ball sacks after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and covered girls in jizz from head to toe . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave
420447970 422046294 2011-04-02 22:14:24 9 days 15:56:56 1426328 3 ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , 26 june 1963 . | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech ( audio ) | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 8 thus they concluded that the possibility of a soviet military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{
35 publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ cite book | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 120 | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11 " > {{ cite news |
122 news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a united germany .
124 / europe / article6828556 . ece | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 ,
435751856 435754285 2011-06-23 04:17:02 0 days 00:23:42 736651 0 . = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that she wanted the
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 12 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | upright | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " " east germany has announced that , starting immediately
439164131 439740747 2011-07-16 06:26:23 3 days 08:08:40 5241237 0 , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] [[ file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | thumb | upright | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13
444182652 444482392 2011-08-12 18:46:58 1 days 16:17:34 2989394 3 , 1961 = = [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[
463351419 463995141 2011-12-04 09:44:14 3 days 13:23:45 6331042 1 , tear down this wall . " = = [[ file : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear
499177879 499193849 2012-06-24 21:54:57 0 days 02:14:37 4905985 0 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 7 september 2004 | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author first = jörg aberger | work = der spiegel }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the
504102528 505248510 2012-08-01 12:00:15 6 days 23:47:00 17222084 3 wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 1 : 302 * number of bunkers : 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = august 13 , august 1961 | building _ type = [[ separation barrier ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | satellite image of berlin
49 . " = = [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref
508690466 508731872 2012-08-23 05:13:08 0 days 06:56:37 16138351 1 . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' '
513559303 513767223 2012-09-20 20:14:51 1 days 03:24:16 609725 0 . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency - the " su
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 0 . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 . . ]] on 15 june 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 2 the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] [[ file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | thumb | upright | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) stand on top of the wall in the days before it was torn down . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at
7 file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | upright | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 5 january 1990 ]] television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of 9 november and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think
8 at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . file : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september 1989 , british
18 the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] [[ file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | thumb | upright | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13
33 file : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | upright | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of 9 november and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall
36 file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | upright | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in some
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 16 east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on august 9 , 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders between east - and west - berlin completely
48 ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers
58 | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall - bruce springsteen visit = = july 19 , 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin , which was attended
580857229 580930170 2013-11-09 18:30:33 0 days 12:13:30 4783993 0 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , [[ u . s . president john f . kennedy visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of
3 – usatoday . com | accessdate = 19 february 2008 | work = usa today | date = 12 june 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ u . s . president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union ]] , to tear down the wall as
600160165 601584324 2014-03-28 00:27:17 9 days 10:05:54 18779361 3 wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 25 the opening of the bornholmer straße border crossing . = = = demolition = = = the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and
633183384 633189879 2014-11-10 04:55:00 0 days 01:15:20 1833 13 gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) were reconstructed
633205042 633571151 2014-11-12 20:27:44 2 days 11:39:07 14428234 0 ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning did not reach u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on 13 august 1961 , who while he was vacationing in his yacht off the [[ kennedy compound ]] in [[ hyannis port , massachusetts ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 0 wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[
12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , [[ president of the united states | u . s . president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for
667114924 667487850 2015-06-18 13:27:35 2 days 14:34:05 24555049 1 | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until it was opened in november 1989 .
699459916 699461131 2016-01-12 13:31:42 0 days 00:13:07 23149456 0 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | website = vox | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 11 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last = fisher | first = max
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 31 - i - gave - my - people - the - order - raise - the - barrier - a - 660128 . html | accessdate = 14 october 2014 | publisher work = [[ spiegel online ]] | date = 9 november 2014 }} < / ref > as the ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' '
35 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author first1 = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive .
46 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ citation | title = new york times | date = 17 november 1989 }} – | first = elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until 3 october ,
59 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 ,
714997403 722498372 2016-05-28 14:48:32 45 days 12:07:39 27823944 0 web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110920132624 / http : / / homepage . univie . ac .
1 | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 | deadurl date = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110920132624 / http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at /
724165325 724233530 2016-06-07 23:40:06 0 days 08:53:06 11795905 0 / nsaebb / nsaebb441 / | publisher = the national security archive at the george washington university in washington , d . c . | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | author author1 = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 11 east berlin ]] < nowiki / > from [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) of 13 august 1961 to 9 november 1989 . this wall is the most famous symbol of the cold war . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . abc .
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 33 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . {{ fact }} on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border
779016763 779442748 2017-05-08 23:18:55 2 days 08:38:12 19339494 12 david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | work = [[ vox ( website ) | vox ]] | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last = fisher | first = max }}
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 24 ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and then , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / /
820361257 820363656 2018-01-14 08:40:17 0 days 00:14:39 11104969 0 bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 . file : west and east germans at the brandenburg gate in 1989 . jpg | germans stand on top of the wall in the days before it was torn down .
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 11 . clay and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday , 19 august 1961 . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces
825819301 825820281 2018-02-15 16:36:38 0 days 00:06:43 5946478 4 " border crossing through the holes . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance and obligatory exchange of
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2389072 2389084 2004-02-14 11:13:46 9 days 14:52:40 0|62.101.126.211 0 {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl
2497657 2661588 2004-02-23 16:12:43 4 days 11:44:46 25261 1 {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl
3551635 3668312 2004-05-12 17:54:55 10 days 08:42:55 62689 0 de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ sv :
13420474 13476703 2005-05-08 10:34:32 1 days 00:37:15 42254 0 & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl :
69484267 69872409 2006-08-15 19:57:34 1 days 19:27:28 0|62.168.181.251 0 ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro :
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 67 ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro :
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 60 also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 67 ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro :
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 60 also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 67 ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro :
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 86 mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur muppets ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 85 muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv :
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 86 mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur muppets ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 85 muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv :
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11109328 11181776 2005-03-13 23:12:10 0 days 18:44:02 86545 4 > < td > [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] < / td > < / tr > < / table > | } the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
12289902 12310883 2005-04-14 07:47:30 9 days 03:13:52 0|213.236.117.2 2 ]] | - | [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] | } the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 15 ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis -
23 . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . }} * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag
30 catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . }} * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden
35 [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] }} * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989
42 peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http
50882966 51140372 2006-05-02 01:33:50 1 days 12:45:20 767514 0 {st@rt} {{ sprotected }} [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between
51216413 51216465 2006-05-02 15:39:22 0 days 00:00:31 207227 0 {st@rt} {{ sprotected }} [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between
70704241 70719276 2006-08-20 06:07:41 0 days 02:09:20 157842 0 ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere , and the bars near the wall spontaneously gave out [[ free beer ]] < sup > ' ' [ citation needed ] ' ' < / sup > {{ fact }} . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to
80957838 81653516 2006-10-15 20:10:03 3 days 14:36:36 931920 0 on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . {{ cn }} as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay
81741555 81768193 2006-10-16 11:34:13 0 days 05:05:36 686868 1 on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . {{ cn }} gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / index2 . html < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay
86685844 86716477 2006-11-09 14:29:32 0 days 04:24:10 0|210.6.194.214 1 ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting
99128386 99129270 2007-01-07 17:49:39 0 days 00:04:36 82835 0 months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = {{ celar }} [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall , which
99968989 99969068 2007-01-11 11:07:15 0 days 00:00:44 3190289 0 months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = {{ celar }} [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall , which
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 3 ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 }} {{ q | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 7 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }}
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 3 ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 }} {{ q | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 7 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }}
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 3 ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 }} {{ q | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 7 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }}
111086584 111137285 2007-02-26 19:31:02 0 days 03:58:19 157842 2 , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and
124965000 125058452 2007-04-23 03:51:10 0 days 06:18:09 345374 1 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , [[ russian language | russian ]] : ' ' берли́нская стена́ ' ' }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[
150865465 150865545 2007-08-13 00:57:58 0 days 00:00:37 158051 0 [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > {{ reflist | 2 }} = = bibliography = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
155853769 156050532 2007-09-06 13:50:20 0 days 22:20:57 0|69.246.212.189 2 [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
158483005 158483110 2007-09-17 12:40:23 0 days 00:00:46 0|86.148.90.145 1 / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] ( lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] ) }} and [[ east germany ]] ( lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] ) . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[
3 [[ west germany | west ]] ( lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] ) and [[ east germany ]] ( lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] ) }} . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 17 | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} related genetics found that only 66 . 6 % of them had set out to deal with the subject before conducting any research and 87 . 3 % used unsound statistics . [ 12 ] social and psychological issues main article : gender gender discordance see also : transgender and third gender discordance is the term used to describe the extent to which people differ from the usual biological and psychosocial types described above . some discordances are biological , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic
19 wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} polar terms , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti -
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 16 focus on this area , studies may use data from research not designed to discern the role of sex . one sample of 432 papers publishing the results of gender - related genetics found that only 66 . 6 % of them had set out to deal with the subject before conducting any research and 87 . 3 % used unsound statistics . [ 12 ] social and psychological issues main article : gender gender discordance see also : transgender and third gender discordance is the term used to describe the extent to which people differ from the usual biological and psychosocial types described above . some discordances are biological de | berliner mauer }} , such as when the sex of the chromosomes ( genetic sex ) does not match the sex of the external genitalia ( anatomic sex ) – this is known as
18 of different genders ; and that people should follow roles determined by their gender . instead , some people have sought to define their sexuality and sexual identity in non - polar terms ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , in the belief that the simple division of all humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent of this movement
168029950 168158740 2007-10-30 20:48:21 0 days 13:50:40 5388617 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20
173176822 173256912 2007-11-23 10:11:49 0 days 11:42:45 2537811 0 com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " {{ cn }} = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
239876509 239903193 2008-09-21 01:15:43 0 days 02:37:31 3623436 2 had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = : ' ' see also main article [[ berlin border crossings ]] ' ' }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 67 : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www {{ commons }} . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 67 : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www {{ commons }} . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite
256154730 256157274 2008-12-06 02:00:28 0 days 00:20:16 911178 7 / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) }} high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3
10 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united
277228598 277228770 2009-03-14 18:32:46 0 days 00:00:54 6984319 0 and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson } | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg |
300317419 300484953 2009-07-05 22:19:21 0 days 22:43:52 145194 2 {st@rt} {{ pp - move - indef }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de -
311933749 311933846 2009-09-05 01:03:18 0 days 00:00:58 6877720 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ wrapper ) ) }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti
320837584 320937531 2009-10-20 03:24:05 0 days 09:19:20 0|203.189.4.118 1 {{ http : / / hss . kennesaw . edu / about / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / }} ] = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 &
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 1 of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder |
3 democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = =
5 bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }}
7 | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall )
9 mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 ,
11 _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow .
13 of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight ,
15 the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by
25 were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees
27 " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner }} ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format
29 . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http :
31 einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " }} ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird
33 [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however ,
35 / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall
37 www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published
39 republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref
45 four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " (
47 grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http :
49 cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those
51 passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = west germans and citizens
53 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements
63 mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin
322274629 322275480 2009-10-27 03:24:07 0 days 00:06:32 82982 1 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < /
4 no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude }} ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west
6 ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit }} ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the
324504472 324510511 2009-11-07 19:58:09 0 days 00:37:11 7899001 5 nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' {{ lang | de | ich bin ein berliner }} ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format
6 description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics -
325445402 325445769 2009-11-12 15:15:38 0 days 00:02:35 6971250 1 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . [ citation needed ] }} = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer
339044413 339045107 2010-01-20 22:50:54 0 days 00:03:53 10593201 3 authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , {{ ndash }} a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 61 . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was
361293877 361362049 2010-05-10 22:29:37 0 days 06:24:42 0|74.236.23.134 0 the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of the berlin wall }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints
376102866 376154207 2010-07-29 21:06:22 0 days 05:43:39 9540157 18 resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} }} * {{ citation | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location =
41 location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ citation | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city
399051464 399052561 2010-11-27 00:55:57 0 days 00:08:05 16710 1 wall plays a central role in this novel set in berlin of the 1980s = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = < references / > {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 |
7 wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 | ref = harv }} * {{ cite document | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis |
405923818 405959835 2011-01-04 21:09:52 0 days 03:16:56 0|72.28.10.78 0 approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} } following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]]
405959835 405959866 2011-01-04 21:10:03 0 days 00:00:11 13286072 0 approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade } }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]]
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 2 {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and
3 > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated
453915570 453939231 2011-10-04 17:59:12 0 days 02:26:59 7178666 6 ]] on the west german / east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) }} long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside
9 . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) }} from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the
454720816 455256380 2011-10-12 19:41:34 3 days 04:05:00 13791031 2 - | [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr ,
479597706 479685255 2012-03-01 17:59:02 0 days 13:09:10 404531 2 karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall
489433249 489512208 2012-04-27 18:53:47 0 days 12:07:39 6730078 3 < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) long }} piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 14 sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * * ' ' over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band [[ klein orkest ]] , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall .
16 ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * * ' ' over de muur ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band [[ klein orkest ]] }} , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www
551472710 551472920 2013-04-21 15:53:19 0 days 00:01:26 1108424 0 {st@rt} {{ leadtoolong }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ use dmy dates |
552093309 552345669 2013-04-26 23:24:06 1 days 14:10:59 9755426 2 " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = {{ lang | de | 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref >
602473473 602872991 2014-04-05 15:12:03 2 days 17:59:28 88026 3 www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin }} escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin .
7 / web / 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection }} jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . berlin1969 . com / " berlin 1969 " includes links to other sources . ]
11 flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at youtube * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the
618841270 619750670 2014-08-04 01:20:28 6 days 08:25:14 14405583 13 track length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * number of watch towers : 302 * number of bunkers : 20 }} | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = wall }}
633858023 634823844 2014-11-21 12:27:24 6 days 15:18:49 10289486 1 | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} {{ de icon }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november , when half a million
634823844 634890619 2014-11-21 22:27:24 0 days 10:00:00 20483999 0 www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} {{ | language = de icon }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november , when half a million people gathered
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 49 {{ citation | title = new york times | date = 17 november 1989 }} – elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " }} < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until 3 october , that day was finally chosen as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th
706975021 707177225 2016-02-27 07:39:45 0 days 22:24:26 16283967 2 [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < 13 june / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor
714997403 722498372 2016-05-28 14:48:32 45 days 12:07:39 27823944 4 / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110920132624 / http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf medic }} {{ cbignore | archivedate = 20 september 2011 }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame
734284492 734407317 2016-08-14 03:25:55 0 days 18:58:58 4977632 16 information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk }} berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] – a chronicle of the berlin wall history *
735821858 736676388 2016-08-29 03:36:10 5 days 18:00:42 27823944 4 | last1 = kellerhof | first2 = alan | last2 = posener | year = 2007 | work = [[ die welt ]] online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden medic }} {{ cbignore | archivedate = 25 june 2009 }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday
748208128 748537843 2016-11-08 18:55:46 1 days 18:26:11 274535 2 ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ allied occupation of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions =
750161040 750685196 2016-11-21 07:09:13 3 days 03:38:31 27446209 3 of berlin ]] ) }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title }} | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | border length
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence | berlin defence ]] }} {{ pp -
782699210 782774870 2017-05-29 02:55:58 0 days 10:24:10 30707369 2 henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 }} , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and ( for persons outside public attention ) punishment would ensue ,
5 , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 }} , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis
8 ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 }} , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[
11 , brian ( 1999 ) . the rise and fall of the soviet empire . forum . p . 170 - 171 . isbn 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 }} . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin ,
14 ' ' the berlin wall : monument of the cold war ' ' . ch . links verlag , p . 72 . isbn 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 }} < / ref > [[ file : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | | memorial to the victims of the wall
17 co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 }} , isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988
20 ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 }} * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin
23 ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 }} , isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman
26 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 }} . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 [ http
32 twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition . isbn 0 - 7134 - 6795 - 9 }} * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _
35 _ the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 }} , isbn 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a %
38 resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , isbn 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 }} . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt
41 mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 }} * sarotte , mary elise , collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall , new york : basic books , 2014 * sarotte , mary elise , 1989 :
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 11 ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | 20em }} * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) }} =
825807680 825810334 2018-02-15 15:29:53 0 days 00:18:34 5946478 3 german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last = goodman | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728 | < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float - right " | + the wall
825819301 825820281 2018-02-15 16:36:38 0 days 00:06:43 5946478 6 spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through
8 was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border
group 64
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13553729 13625838 2005-05-11 12:12:18 0 days 14:49:30 224194 0 # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : & # 3585 ; & # 3635 ; & # 3649 ; & # 3614 ; & # 3591 ; & # 3648 ; & # 3610 ; & # 3629 ; & # 3619 ; & # 3660 ; & # 3621 ; & # 3636 ; & # 3609 ; ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
18607525 18615057 2005-07-11 18:24:45 0 days 02:00:04 116385 12 # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : & # 3585 ; & # 3635 ; & # 3649 ; & # 3614 ; & # 3591 ; & # 3648 ; & # 3610 ; & # 3629 ; & # 3619 ; & # 3660 ; & # 3621 ; & # 3636 ; & # 3609 ; ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
33943074 34051471 2006-01-06 01:33:23 0 days 19:04:47 271058 0 zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
34258191 34277669 2006-01-07 20:40:18 0 days 03:07:10 55328 0 zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
151366024 151601404 2007-08-16 13:39:49 1 days 02:24:34 1225654 0 múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 92 : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren mupparna ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]]
119 múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 91 ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna berlinmuren ]]
92 ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 92 : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren mupparna ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]]
119 múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 91 ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna berlinmuren ]]
92 ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
311083982 311127689 2009-08-31 18:52:44 0 days 04:33:02 3171782 0 múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur
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102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 1 {st@rt} after [[ ww ii ]] , [[ berlin was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by
4744244 4779998 2004-07-20 11:49:23 0 days 19:32:13 82928 0 org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]]
5201964 5203633 2004-08-14 13:55:09 0 days 13:19:36 1689 0 org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ;
5222965 5223008 2004-08-15 17:36:52 1 days 01:00:12 76027 0 org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604
7274103 7274236 2004-11-09 21:58:06 0 days 00:00:40 0|83.109.145.235 2 - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | the fall of the berlin wall marked the symbolic end of the cold war . american poststamp commemorating and the event . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than
7828097 7944053 2004-11-24 23:25:19 1 days 02:40:23 69801 0 - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war and the soviet empire . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 ,
9112336 9112364 2005-01-05 02:44:12 0 days 00:05:27 0|67.164.50.76 0 - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] monkeys took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
9112487 9156541 2005-01-05 02:49:50 0 days 00:04:52 615 10 - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] monkeys took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee on the wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on
9338110 9340902 2005-01-13 15:39:41 1 days 13:58:21 0|198.20.32.180 1 to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany .
2 access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[
9340902 9400082 2005-01-13 19:37:16 0 days 03:57:35 28107 1 was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii ]] , berlin , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet
2 to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii , [[ berlin , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union
3 restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii , berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union ,
10084795 10084850 2005-02-09 02:10:57 6 days 17:18:03 0|152.163.100.198 1 to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany .
10084850 10084995 2005-02-09 02:13:18 0 days 00:02:21 0|152.163.100.198 0 to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[
39 ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 1 was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii ]] , berlin , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet
2 to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii , [[ berlin , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union
3 restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii , berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union ,
41 west germany that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in 1952 , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 30 the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on october 7 , 1990 ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 24 jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = aftermath = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] = = aftermath = = not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section
12869629 12869650 2005-04-27 04:17:18 0 days 12:41:29 0|210.11.188.18 1 opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like got o the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] ,
15054564 15054752 2005-06-12 05:48:45 0 days 04:11:01 5016 1 was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was . as the capital , the city was specially divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] ,
15 west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . around 2
21322221 21572534 2005-08-22 14:08:28 3 days 15:32:21 193733 0 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 28 berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the
37 city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 27 ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the soviet army during the closing months of world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the
36 the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a currency reform in 1948 prompted the berlin blockade by the soviet union and led to the
24618114 24828196 2005-10-05 18:04:22 2 days 13:19:55 0|24.51.178.10 7 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting
24828196 24828244 2005-10-05 18:05:02 0 days 00:00:40 94806 7 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting
24828279 24828564 2005-10-05 18:10:39 0 days 00:05:08 0|24.51.178.10 9 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting
24828564 24828569 2005-10-05 18:10:52 0 days 00:00:13 94806 9 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 7 berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] , the ussr and the usa were allies in war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the
18 governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[
38 to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany spies | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via
50 city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet
26918322 26918978 2005-10-30 22:32:59 0 days 00:07:33 67107 7 company . she became involved in labor disputes and joined the young communist league , where she first met julius . the rosenbergs had two sons . during world war ii , the ussr and the usa were allies in war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions ]] . as such , the americans did not share information or seek assistance from the soviet union for the manhattan project . the soviets were aware of the project as a
21 in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their espionage in the context of the cold war ]] unfolded , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian program ? recent scholarship has suggested that greenglass and
22 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their espionage in the context of the cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help tensions between the soviets and the russian program ? recent scholarship has suggested that greenglass and the rosenbergs actually knew very little about the workings of the atomic weapons aside from basic concepts that the russians
39 wikipedia . org / wiki / ethel _ and _ julius _ rosenberg " categories : 1915 births | 1953 deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | cold war spies ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | u . s . history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit this pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main pagecommunity portalcurrent eventsrecent
40 org / wiki / ethel _ and _ julius _ rosenberg " categories : 1915 births | 1953 deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | cold war spies | u june 17 uprising ]] . s . history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit this pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main pagecommunity portalcurrent eventsrecent changesrandom articlehelpcontact
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 15 was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies
28792067 28792082 2005-11-20 01:04:30 0 days 00:00:18 159620 14 [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under . the city the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] after [[ 1949 ]]
31042058 31084094 2005-12-12 19:26:03 0 days 06:57:07 549849 0 ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied powers . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet
42688981 42743997 2006-03-08 02:29:01 0 days 06:23:18 0|150.101.251.66 0 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by harley built the administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]]
42743997 42744056 2006-03-08 02:29:26 0 days 00:00:25 247414 1 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . harley built conceived of by the berlin wall of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin
52170759 52171344 2006-05-08 17:41:36 0 days 00:03:34 0|204.14.67.138 0 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . go to www . willauerschool / pingotter . com to see my call the 6th grade willauer students get the grove on . does your child have add well then get some help for your child . go to www . add / getsomehelpforyourkids . comi am not sorry for your child to bad they get it from u . is your child on the street that is a bumd and a hoboe and has no place or friends to go to well to darn bad get adhd for your child . don ' t have a good day conceived of by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
52171344 52173297 2006-05-08 17:54:31 0 days 00:12:55 0|70.36.27.151 0 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . go to www . willauerschool / pingotter . com to see my call the 6th grade willauer students get the grove on . does your child have add well then get some help for your child . go to www . add / getsomehelpforyourkids . comi am not sorry for your child to bad they get it from u . is your child on the street that is a bumd and a hoboe and has no place or friends to go to well to darn bad get adhd for your child . don ' t have a good day conceived of by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
53249626 53249664 2006-05-15 02:38:29 0 days 00:00:13 0|202.37.230.29 0 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . yuvi is sexy conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
53249664 53249668 2006-05-15 02:38:31 0 days 00:00:02 153365 1 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . yuvi is sexy conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
53424769 53463809 2006-05-16 06:42:36 0 days 05:46:43 157842 0 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
53463809 53469237 2006-05-16 07:50:01 0 days 01:07:25 686868 0 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
60921964 61222332 2006-06-29 16:49:47 1 days 17:52:01 1215485 0 and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : articles containing fair use images ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category :
79274618 79275073 2006-10-03 16:52:17 0 days 00:02:38 0|64.251.50.130 0 = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] < br > , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[
79275073 79283264 2006-10-03 17:34:32 0 days 00:42:15 0|198.49.81.33 0 = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] < br > , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[
80538479 80957838 2006-10-12 05:33:27 2 days 03:08:10 1258165 0 http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall {{ cold war }} [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category :
92781222 92859051 2006-12-08 04:13:42 0 days 06:52:56 20855 0 info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and
97683569 98028769 2007-01-02 22:07:58 1 days 15:08:26 0|69.61.146.31 0 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii iii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one
1 background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe australia ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by
98028769 98028942 2007-01-02 22:08:44 0 days 00:00:46 2691489 0 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war iii ii in australia ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one
1 background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war iii in australia europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by
98453918 98470052 2007-01-04 19:21:16 0 days 01:21:18 873891 0 | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the
99165555 99378492 2007-01-08 19:24:41 0 days 22:43:14 29695 3 de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . jesus . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] <
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . jesus . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] <
108231602 108231997 2007-02-15 02:15:41 0 days 00:02:04 3563780 1 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war shrivelled penis ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev
108231997 108232467 2007-02-15 02:18:06 0 days 00:02:25 506179 0 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold shrivelled penis war ]] . conceived by the holy spirit [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[
113462887 113463175 2007-03-08 01:25:24 0 days 00:03:28 0|134.161.72.166 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . zan ' s a homo conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113463175 113463422 2007-03-08 01:26:47 0 days 00:01:23 0|134.161.77.27 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . zan ' s a homo paul funke is the gayest thing to hit the earth . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113463422 113463588 2007-03-08 01:27:44 0 days 00:00:57 0|134.161.72.166 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . paul funke is the gayest thing to hit the earth . i cant believe were having a argument via wikipedia conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113463588 113463755 2007-03-08 01:28:31 0 days 00:00:47 0|134.161.77.27 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . i cant believe were having a argument via wikipedia paul . . . . sucks . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113463755 113463896 2007-03-08 01:29:04 0 days 00:00:33 0|72.185.3.52 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . paul . . . . sucks . who is this ? conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113463896 113463966 2007-03-08 01:29:22 0 days 00:00:18 3715895 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . who is this ? paul . . . . sucks . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113463966 113464054 2007-03-08 01:29:46 0 days 00:00:24 0|72.185.3.52 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . paul . . . . sucks . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113464054 113464427 2007-03-08 01:31:20 0 days 00:01:34 3335058 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . paul . . . . sucks . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113464427 113464478 2007-03-08 01:31:34 0 days 00:00:14 3335058 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . paul . . . . sucks . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113464478 113475444 2007-03-08 02:24:08 0 days 00:52:34 0|68.18.0.87 3 = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied
113770907 113776625 2007-03-09 06:31:20 0 days 00:41:51 0|76.174.14.31 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . the fall of the berlin wall was correctly predicted by adam zych . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113776625 113776830 2007-03-09 06:32:48 0 days 00:01:28 1257855 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . the fall of the berlin wall was correctly predicted by adam zych . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113776830 113832100 2007-03-09 14:15:51 0 days 07:43:03 0|68.249.64.18 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . by enno conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113832100 113832228 2007-03-09 14:16:44 0 days 00:00:53 0|68.249.64.18 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . by enno conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
121573836 121815930 2007-04-10 23:58:00 0 days 22:34:01 0|71.251.78.138 3 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by jauan is a dumbass fuck the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref
121815930 121816065 2007-04-10 23:58:38 0 days 00:00:38 1587622 4 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . jauan is a dumbass fuck conceived by the berlin wall asshole > > > = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]]
121859674 122017633 2007-04-11 19:09:19 0 days 15:17:36 0|75.144.36.132 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived conceivpoop is something i love . ed by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , <
122017633 122018387 2007-04-11 19:12:17 0 days 00:02:58 0|75.144.36.132 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceivpoop bobby whitaker is something i love . ed by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader
122019226 122019579 2007-04-11 19:16:53 0 days 00:01:20 0|75.144.36.132 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . bobby whitaker max hommeyer loves men is something i love . ed by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet
122019579 122020022 2007-04-11 19:18:50 0 days 00:01:57 0|75.144.36.132 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . max hommeyer loves men is something i love . ed by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader
122020022 122020287 2007-04-11 19:19:51 0 days 00:01:01 1091232 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . is something i love . ed conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , <
126164082 126239439 2007-04-26 21:24:13 0 days 05:22:38 944562 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . at its peak , the berlin wall was 43 km in length . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
126239439 126272805 2007-04-27 00:04:59 0 days 02:40:46 911178 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . at its peak , the berlin wall was 43 km in length . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
126710288 126721023 2007-04-28 22:10:09 0 days 00:49:57 0|68.56.239.233 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . penis fuck conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
126721023 126721282 2007-04-28 22:11:27 0 days 00:01:18 506179 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . penis fuck conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
127992744 128043670 2007-05-03 20:30:16 0 days 03:40:39 0|69.125.136.170 5 [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom |
128056612 128074342 2007-05-03 22:35:16 0 days 01:16:18 0|68.94.76.252 0 {{ fact }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] monkey . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
128074342 128079965 2007-05-03 23:03:25 0 days 00:28:09 302522 0 {{ fact }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] monkey . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
129078733 129078870 2007-05-07 22:44:04 0 days 00:00:31 0|68.229.104.166 0 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it looks like a giant dildo . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
129078870 129087847 2007-05-07 23:16:20 0 days 00:32:16 0|71.96.164.122 0 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it looks like a giant dildo . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
129087847 129129192 2007-05-08 02:16:35 0 days 03:00:15 0|68.229.104.166 0 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it looked like a giant dildo . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
129129192 129132550 2007-05-08 02:34:43 0 days 00:18:08 0|71.108.29.93 0 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it looked like a giant dildo . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
129222453 129352059 2007-05-08 21:20:43 0 days 08:34:02 0|71.220.96.241 0 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . < p > < img src = " http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / en / f / f1 / tiger _ mountain . jpg " border = " 0 " / > < / p > < div style = " width : 150px ; height : 24px ; background - color : # 000000 ; border - width : 1px solid # ff0000 ; font - family : arial black ; padding : 3px " > < / span > < / a > < / div > conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
129352059 129352259 2007-05-08 21:21:34 0 days 00:00:51 0|71.220.96.241 0 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . < p > < [[ image : img src = " http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / en / f / f1 / tiger _ mountain . jpg " border = "
129352259 129354253 2007-05-08 21:30:14 0 days 00:08:40 302522 0 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . [[ image : img _ 0104 . jpg ]] conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
129586982 129587257 2007-05-09 18:30:46 0 days 00:00:54 0|65.18.54.220 0 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . alot of times people write graphiti on the wall it is fyunny like the time someone wrote ill rape your mother and eat her out then stab her in the head with a candy cane conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
129587257 129588538 2007-05-09 18:35:24 0 days 00:04:38 3252781 0 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . alot of times people write graphiti on the wall it is fyunny like the time someone wrote ill rape your mother and eat her out then stab her in the head with a candy cane conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
131079788 131079886 2007-05-15 17:43:19 0 days 00:00:23 0|69.74.130.15 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . yo mama likes eggs . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
131079886 131080240 2007-05-15 17:44:41 0 days 00:01:22 1999318 3 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . yo mama likes eggs . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
132824014 132825974 2007-05-23 01:07:03 0 days 00:11:15 0|24.216.71.167 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . the cold war was just a trick . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
132825974 132829765 2007-05-23 01:29:00 0 days 00:21:57 0|72.137.57.81 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . the cold war was just a trick . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
133705235 133939781 2007-05-27 21:57:21 1 days 01:38:52 0|216.208.52.171 1 = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii ever in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of
2 [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] history , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying
133979794 133979980 2007-05-28 01:38:20 0 days 00:01:06 1718065 1 = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the second world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying
157631167 157769734 2007-09-14 03:03:30 0 days 11:19:41 0|76.185.185.116 0 < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , abc the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]]
157769734 157770272 2007-09-14 03:07:02 0 days 00:03:32 82432 0 < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , abc the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]]
170955559 171328388 2007-11-14 00:42:00 1 days 11:14:07 5809976 1 | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war of monkeies in balerina outfits eating pancakes going up the pyrimid of wakawakadoodooyeah ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[
171328388 171330844 2007-11-14 00:55:02 0 days 00:13:02 0|83.24.232.6 4 | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ civil war of monkeies in balerina outfits eating pancakes going up the pyrimid of wakawakadoodooyeah ]] , the wall joined forces with mars and neptune [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 97549375683254 years , from the day destructio began on
172709053 172709545 2007-11-20 15:05:27 0 days 00:02:23 0|204.82.110.88 0 ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany [[ cold war ]] , the berlin wall stretches around the same size as joey blakely . [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it
189355039 189371036 2008-02-05 23:08:09 0 days 01:07:42 0|24.196.143.194 0 = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 250px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii viii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by
189371036 189371518 2008-02-05 23:10:34 0 days 00:02:25 1141531 0 = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 250px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war viii ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by
189423593 189482624 2008-02-06 12:20:05 0 days 08:41:54 0|201.240.182.230 0 solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the its fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley
189482624 189482685 2008-02-06 12:20:46 0 days 00:00:41 1792859 0 solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after its the fall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr .
201581932 201602143 2008-03-28 16:15:47 0 days 01:40:24 0|166.109.0.203 0 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii i3i in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by
201602143 201602326 2008-03-28 16:16:48 0 days 00:01:01 4174864 0 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war i3i ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 11 the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which
241768925 241808635 2008-09-29 17:14:44 0 days 03:21:55 7966459 0 the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? the berlin wall is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created
245370107 245417666 2008-10-15 10:41:25 0 days 07:04:30 0|98.181.39.113 3 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
245417666 245418082 2008-10-15 10:45:36 0 days 00:04:11 0|98.181.39.113 0 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was sectioned into four military zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
266290464 266355258 2009-01-25 18:30:17 0 days 07:44:36 0|64.180.72.150 0 ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii i in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
266355258 266356606 2009-01-25 18:36:50 0 days 00:06:33 118722 0 ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war i ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
277002786 277119282 2009-03-14 04:23:16 0 days 11:27:08 6984319 0 of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ eastern bloc defection }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de -
324836927 324836988 2009-11-09 13:39:07 0 days 00:00:31 0|208.108.91.156 0 . = = background = = = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii i , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland
324836988 324838020 2009-11-09 13:48:18 0 days 00:09:11 0|213.93.238.72 0 . = = background = = = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war i ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland
325368306 325399652 2009-11-12 07:44:53 0 days 04:54:38 0|60.242.26.79 1 a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] 2 , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
325399652 325399702 2009-11-12 07:45:26 0 days 00:00:33 6193373 1 by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the my penis got bigger it was world war 2 ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
326099578 326127754 2009-11-16 08:11:30 0 days 04:37:23 6971250 0 . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall segments |
328471283 328918832 2009-12-01 00:17:26 2 days 00:55:52 0|70.48.126.154 0 a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii 15 in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[
328918832 328919797 2009-12-01 00:22:23 0 days 00:04:57 10141256 0 a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war 15 ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[
343787074 343787620 2010-02-13 19:00:57 0 days 00:02:26 5326371 3 walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]]
356044092 356217661 2010-04-15 18:08:26 0 days 20:55:59 0|98.175.3.162 0 was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii i in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
356217661 356218025 2010-04-15 18:10:26 0 days 00:02:00 0|98.175.3.162 0 was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war i iii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
356218025 356218953 2010-04-15 18:15:37 0 days 00:05:11 3308922 0 was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war iii ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
395570204 395601663 2010-11-08 20:05:29 0 days 03:02:13 0|88.107.151.166 1 prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . if you were staying on the east side of germany , and lived in the west then there was no way back . you were stuck there . people tried escaping but it was no use - they where trapped untill the wall was knocked down ( date unknown ) . there ya go , a full history lesson on the berlin wall . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities
395601663 395608167 2010-11-08 20:42:26 0 days 00:36:57 3308922 1 prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . if you were staying on the east side of germany , and lived in the west then there was no way back . you were stuck there . people tried escaping but it was no use - they where trapped untill the wall was knocked down ( date unknown ) . there ya go , a full history lesson on the berlin wall . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities
409807529 409894092 2011-01-25 02:57:27 0 days 07:58:13 0|99.254.100.33 0 was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe on mars ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
409894092 409905421 2011-01-25 04:13:27 0 days 01:16:00 5204750 0 was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii on mars in europe ]] , what remained of fun land germany west of the [[ b - 0 - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement
410141159 410170917 2011-01-26 14:22:10 0 days 04:20:38 253448 0 * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]]
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 31 : / / voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? – an alternate history of cold war espionage ] ' ' , 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 [ http :
581987398 582077499 2013-11-17 17:57:59 0 days 17:13:24 20103706 0 walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ paradigm shift ]] * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a
677815158 678905413 2015-09-01 10:18:50 6 days 16:10:12 5288432 0 a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , soviet military patrols could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ allied control council | four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not
692779504 693600550 2015-12-03 16:51:13 5 days 09:39:21 23149456 0 prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period , until prevented . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protective wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de |
694124545 694466316 2015-12-09 12:48:38 2 days 05:54:29 9505858 1 prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period , until prevented . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protective wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de |
770060658 771798170 2017-03-23 15:52:18 10 days 09:54:57 18837626 0 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | first = dmitry | last = solovyov }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = [[ file : trozo del muro de berlín en fátima ( 4592089636 ) . jpg | thumb | segment of the berlin wall in the [[ sanctuary of fátima ]] , [[ portugal ]] . ]] {{ main article | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 4 massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was gdr authorities officially referred to as the ' ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying
806256977 807562970 2017-10-28 19:24:55 7 days 23:35:46 29980587 0 bloc sidebar }} [[ file : sfp 186 - brandenburger tor . ogv | thumb | right | 220px | brandenburg gate in 1945 , after the end of world war 2 ii ]] following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] headed a group of nations on his western border , the eastern bloc , that then included poland ,
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 0 massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < gdr authorities officially referred to the berlin wall as the ' ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} )
1 ]] , it came to symbolize physically the " [[ iron curtain ]] " that separated western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] during the [[ cold war ]] . ref > before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 & nbsp ; million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected
847210589 847250702 2018-06-23 23:42:01 0 days 05:50:45 7611264 0 ]] , it came to symbolize physically the " [[ iron curtain ]] " that separated western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] during the [[ cold war ]] . < ref name = " cnn . com " / > < ref name = " cnn . com " > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 & nbsp ; million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected
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10252938 10252971 2005-02-14 13:38:52 0 days 00:04:00 0|213.84.119.125 0 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin tim smelik wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
10252971 10253611 2005-02-14 13:40:11 0 days 00:01:19 0|213.84.119.125 0 right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' tim smelik wall ' ' ( [[ german language | german latin ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding
10253611 10255890 2005-02-14 14:17:44 0 days 00:37:33 132952 0 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' tim smelik ' berlin wall ' ' ( [[ latin ]] : ' ' timmus mauerus ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin
2 right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' tim smelik wall ' ' ( [[ latin german ]] : ' ' timmus mauerus ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of
13036963 13195082 2005-04-30 17:31:03 2 days 15:33:16 82835 0 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from
2 | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding
15902037 17901887 2005-06-30 16:35:18 3 days 18:44:20 0|84.65.88.110 0 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall zhe shi wo de mama ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
17901887 17902797 2005-06-30 16:51:30 0 days 00:16:12 26468 0 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' zhe shi wo de mama berlin wall ' ' ' language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[
17902797 18119157 2005-07-04 08:34:54 3 days 15:43:24 0|62.171.194.11 0 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin bumming wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
18119489 18119581 2005-07-04 08:49:33 0 days 00:03:19 7580 0 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' bumming berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 0 jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin nigger wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation
28792067 28792082 2005-11-20 01:04:30 0 days 00:00:18 159620 0 jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' nigger berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die niggerner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation
28792082 28792147 2005-11-20 01:05:46 0 days 00:01:16 0|201.252.93.29 0 jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin nigger wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation
28792147 28792173 2005-11-20 01:06:17 0 days 00:00:31 234192 0 jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' nigger berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die niggerner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation
28895315 28895370 2005-11-21 09:44:02 0 days 00:01:26 0|212.132.0.10 0 unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin derlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii
28895372 28895434 2005-11-21 09:45:36 0 days 00:01:31 44020 0 unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of derlin berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii
54612020 54612820 2006-05-22 23:23:58 0 days 00:05:29 0|67.76.205.110 0 the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall bold text ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]]
54612820 54613169 2006-05-22 23:26:29 0 days 00:02:31 1008387 1 of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] ' ' ' bold text berlin wall ' ' ' yo < math > insert formula here < / math > 3x ^ 3áψ conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter
57484319 57663965 2006-06-09 06:58:07 1 days 01:49:03 0|203.51.41.247 1 the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin marielle wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961
57663965 57664095 2006-06-09 06:59:35 0 days 00:01:28 416594 0 the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' marielle berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 14 [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall male ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 13 y chromosome causes the gonads to become testes , which produce hormones that cause the internal and external genitalia to become male , which in turn lead parents to assign ' male berlin wall ' as the sex of their child ( assigned sex ) , and raise the child as a boy ( gender of rearing ) . however , the degree to which
164038519 164088618 2007-10-12 17:34:13 0 days 04:17:56 0|142.25.180.57 0 [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin joshua crawford wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was
164111122 164137420 2007-10-12 21:29:31 0 days 02:06:31 20318 0 [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' joshua crawford berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was
185252986 185253082 2008-01-18 18:49:29 0 days 00:00:26 0|205.119.39.14 0 jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin american wall ' ' ' was awesome . ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from
185253082 185253236 2008-01-18 18:50:11 0 days 00:00:42 4059252 0 jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' american berlin wall ' ' ' was awesome . ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from
200485900 200486190 2008-03-24 07:15:01 0 days 00:02:23 1030541 0 berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall anti - fascist protective rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]]
200509042 200509383 2008-03-24 10:53:10 0 days 00:02:33 2427421 0 berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' anti - fascist protective rampart berlin wall ' ' ' or as it was known to the west , the berlin wall ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier |
200634168 200634727 2008-03-24 21:12:48 0 days 00:02:19 1030541 0 berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall anti - fascist protective rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]]
200634727 200635681 2008-03-24 21:16:41 0 days 00:03:53 266416 0 berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' anti - fascist protective rampart berlin wall ' ' ' , or as the western world refered to it the berlin wall , ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier
276783143 276783264 2009-03-12 17:22:27 0 days 00:00:33 0|76.74.69.103 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall mitch ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic
276783264 276783338 2009-03-12 17:22:49 0 days 00:00:22 2844657 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' mitch berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic
281894614 282235355 2009-04-07 00:31:21 1 days 10:38:02 0|74.72.241.68 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin gay wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german
282235865 282235916 2009-04-07 00:34:12 0 days 00:00:18 0|203.38.204.162 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' gay ellory memorial wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german
282235916 282235944 2009-04-07 00:34:20 0 days 00:00:08 118722 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' ellory memorial gay wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german
282236132 282236196 2009-04-07 00:35:43 0 days 00:00:20 3080493 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' gay berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german
282236196 282236589 2009-04-07 00:37:44 0 days 00:02:01 9398415 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin great wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german
282236589 282236727 2009-04-07 00:38:26 0 days 00:00:42 1304569 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' great berlin wall of china ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from
282236727 282237003 2009-04-07 00:39:51 0 days 00:01:25 9398415 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin cosgrove ellory wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german
282237003 282237083 2009-04-07 00:40:17 0 days 00:00:26 1304569 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' cosgrove ellory berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german
283243378 283243474 2009-04-11 21:04:28 0 days 00:00:34 7992897 0 berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall walls ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic
283243474 283243810 2009-04-11 21:06:20 0 days 00:01:52 4156654 1 berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin walls wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic
284527500 284528364 2009-04-18 00:18:32 0 days 00:05:54 0|122.110.183.192 7 economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik cock suckers ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its
284528364 284529573 2009-04-18 00:27:25 0 days 00:08:53 6984319 6 | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - scrotum incision east germany , known in germany as the ' ' cock suckers deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its
317287236 317310341 2009-10-01 17:09:47 0 days 02:18:31 0|160.7.93.225 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin seth wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr
317310341 317310493 2009-10-01 17:10:46 0 days 00:00:59 8932218 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' seth berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr
324855951 324865451 2009-11-09 16:55:53 0 days 00:59:13 0|68.89.94.230 0 ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall tall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]]
324865451 324865655 2009-11-09 16:57:18 0 days 00:01:25 5519174 0 ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin tall wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]]
324920832 324923118 2009-11-09 22:16:41 0 days 00:12:46 0|67.71.41.102 0 neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin yugoslavian wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany
324923118 324923280 2009-11-09 22:17:30 0 days 00:00:49 1477111 0 neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' yugoslavian ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany
324923280 324923860 2009-11-09 22:20:11 0 days 00:02:41 0|67.71.41.102 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin yugoslavian wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany
324923860 324923936 2009-11-09 22:20:37 0 days 00:00:26 6774658 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' yugoslavian berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany
325045421 325048424 2009-11-10 14:21:14 0 days 00:21:08 10984567 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin berlslingerin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany
325048424 325048650 2009-11-10 14:22:47 0 days 00:01:33 3308922 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlslingerin berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany
325363892 325364899 2009-11-12 02:24:44 0 days 00:07:00 0|202.158.12.194 1 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall nazi germany ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]]
325364899 325364978 2009-11-12 02:25:22 0 days 00:00:38 10122993 1 neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } ' ' ' nazi germany berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by roger jr republic ( gdr ) ( [[ tekken ]] ) that
342118264 342118535 2010-02-05 16:25:39 0 days 00:01:34 0|207.35.35.12 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall berline walle ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] )
342119150 342120204 2010-02-05 16:35:38 0 days 00:06:25 3505251 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berline walle berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a wood barrier built by the quebecers democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] )
357049269 357049473 2010-04-19 19:25:52 0 days 00:01:07 0|131.122.46.127 1 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin francis wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]]
357049703 357055327 2010-04-19 19:57:39 0 days 00:30:33 3308922 2 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' francis berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]]
366512975 366521234 2010-06-07 08:27:18 0 days 01:15:10 6971250 1 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . com ] < / ref > * * ' ' [[ der tunnel the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made -
387913331 387913500 2010-09-30 13:39:18 0 days 00:01:14 0|72.21.110.176 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin hamsterjelly wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] )
387913500 387913690 2010-09-30 13:40:43 0 days 00:01:25 0|72.21.110.176 1 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' hamsterjelly berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] )
group 67
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1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 4 " float : right " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall , on november 16 , ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 . ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and
1534932 1546609 2003-10-07 11:17:44 32 days 10:18:41 8624 0 & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from
1864185 1864344 2003-12-03 16:19:59 1 days 01:30:59 11907 2 & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long wall isolating [[ west
4016817 4016827 2004-06-10 12:42:58 0 days 00:01:23 0|151.188.16.51 0 {st@rt} [[ category : cold war ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall and the rick james ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]] from [[
4016827 4016839 2004-06-10 12:44:19 0 days 00:01:21 0|151.188.16.51 0 {st@rt} [[ category : cold war ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall and the rick james ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]] from [[
5185051 5185067 2004-08-13 16:18:57 0 days 06:13:43 56563 0 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' [[ berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]]
1 | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin ]] [[ wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]] from
2 thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]] from [[
5193152 5201964 2004-08-14 00:35:33 0 days 00:00:30 7129 0 ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freunde freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]]
9649252 9658614 2005-01-25 19:38:59 1 days 06:21:33 26675 1 thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' [[ berlin ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 10 a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip grenzmauer 75 ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was
9765302 9797902 2005-01-29 15:37:34 0 days 02:41:22 124324 0 was exclusively on the western side . for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' ossis [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' wessis ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that one quarter
1 . for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' ossis ' ' and ' ' wessis [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that one quarter of west germans and 12 %
10252938 10252971 2005-02-14 13:38:52 0 days 00:04:00 0|213.84.119.125 1 thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]]
10253611 10255890 2005-02-14 14:17:44 0 days 00:37:33 132952 1 thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' tim smelik wall ' ' ' ( [[ latin ]] : ' ' timmus mauerus ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]]
11755198 11755213 2005-04-01 09:38:11 0 days 02:49:11 0|217.68.115.26 0 | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall fuck ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[
13036963 13195082 2005-04-30 17:31:03 2 days 15:33:16 82835 1 thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east
18119315 18119377 2005-07-04 08:41:57 0 days 00:02:09 0|62.171.194.11 0 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' bumming zhe shi wo de mama wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
18119377 18119489 2005-07-04 08:46:14 0 days 00:04:17 7580 0 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' zhe shi wo de mama bumming wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
18909779 18969500 2005-07-16 18:43:09 0 days 23:05:13 54820 1 wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]]
20669087 20890077 2005-08-13 00:15:44 2 days 20:27:38 0|68.160.191.71 0 on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory
24828569 25160186 2005-10-09 23:53:32 4 days 05:42:40 309296 0 the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit )
1 the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' .
25656383 25689796 2005-10-16 22:20:06 0 days 09:50:06 0|12.221.139.214 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing
1 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months
28351189 28475786 2005-11-16 04:50:18 1 days 03:16:25 0|164.107.92.199 0 [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner berline mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of
28475786 28483115 2005-11-16 06:58:29 0 days 02:08:11 246113 0 [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berline berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 1 [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner niggerner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of
28792067 28792082 2005-11-20 01:04:30 0 days 00:00:18 159620 1 [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' nigger wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die niggerner berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of
28792082 28792147 2005-11-20 01:05:46 0 days 00:01:16 0|201.252.93.29 1 [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner niggerner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of
28792147 28792173 2005-11-20 01:06:17 0 days 00:00:31 234192 1 [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' nigger wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die niggerner berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of
30122085 30233828 2005-12-05 16:40:11 1 days 00:11:43 276745 0 barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer " antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany
1 berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' " ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961
3 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]]
30233828 30616964 2005-12-08 18:38:02 3 days 01:57:51 0|209.32.68.66 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' ack ack ack [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as
30616964 30617126 2005-12-08 18:39:38 0 days 00:01:36 0|209.32.68.66 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' ack ack ack [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as
34282387 34775887 2006-01-11 17:31:21 3 days 20:07:38 0|164.83.99.83 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ [ fuckfuckfuckv [ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter ,
34775887 34778137 2006-01-11 17:49:33 0 days 00:18:12 0|158.123.138.252 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [ fuckfuckfuckv [ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter ,
34778137 34778424 2006-01-11 17:52:02 0 days 00:02:29 21397 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany
1 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as
36645214 36646145 2006-01-25 14:46:14 0 days 00:09:12 0|216.235.137.59 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' ' ' [[ [[ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' merdock rocks ! ! ! ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ]] ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter
36646475 36646630 2006-01-25 14:50:35 0 days 00:01:34 0|216.235.137.59 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' ' ' [[ [[ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' merdock rocks ! ! ! ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ]] ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter
36874178 36940507 2006-01-27 13:39:26 0 days 12:42:50 0|216.235.137.59 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' hail hitla man ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter
36940507 36940912 2006-01-27 13:43:30 0 days 00:04:04 643099 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' hail hitla man ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter
44770428 44770612 2006-03-21 05:02:30 0 days 00:01:49 0|68.154.38.227 0 the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' ! berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in
1 wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ! ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks
44770612 44770674 2006-03-21 05:02:57 0 days 00:00:27 410083 1 near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' ! berlin wall ! ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks
45793588 45807050 2006-03-28 04:07:24 0 days 01:57:14 145855 0 near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent
59083873 59248468 2006-06-18 08:59:56 0 days 23:47:21 537264 0 = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi _ % 28east _ germans % 29 | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head
65633547 66079192 2006-07-27 02:02:21 2 days 04:22:24 0|202.89.36.170 12 = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the
66079192 66079583 2006-07-27 02:05:14 0 days 00:02:53 416594 4 = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 your mum was a man = = headline text = = = = headline text = = ' ' " grenzgänger " ' bold text ' ' ' the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }}
11 = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 your mum was a man = = headline text = = = = headline text = = ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore
71157100 71159092 2006-08-22 12:48:33 0 days 00:15:37 0|203.173.25.108 0 of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin poo wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was
71159092 71159208 2006-08-22 12:49:25 0 days 00:00:52 1424804 0 of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin poo wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was
79140455 79272904 2006-10-03 16:39:13 0 days 17:22:04 0|64.251.50.130 0 potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ( it ' s ugly ) ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic
79272904 79273734 2006-10-03 16:44:25 0 days 00:05:12 0|64.251.50.130 0 platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ( it ' s ugly hi chris ) ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic
79273734 79274090 2006-10-03 16:46:24 0 days 00:01:59 0|64.251.50.130 0 platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ( hi chris i hate you ) ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic
79274090 79274417 2006-10-03 16:48:27 0 days 00:02:03 0|64.251.50.130 0 platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ( i hate you u will die , watch ur head : ) ) ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic
79274417 79274618 2006-10-03 16:49:39 0 days 00:01:12 0|64.251.50.130 0 potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ( u will die , watch ur head : ) ) ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic
89150881 89163919 2006-11-21 04:23:44 0 days 01:23:24 0|67.81.36.17 0 potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting
89730172 90181219 2006-11-26 07:20:39 2 days 07:53:59 4236 6 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' '
95295871 95295938 2006-12-19 12:34:57 0 days 00:00:46 111299 0 [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]]
1 democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] .
99731391 99737979 2007-01-10 10:20:29 0 days 01:13:09 0|130.194.13.105 0 " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall schutzwand " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus
103018378 103399344 2007-01-26 16:15:22 1 days 16:44:54 0|84.148.227.154 0 " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwand schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus
108230538 108230972 2007-02-15 02:10:21 0 days 00:02:12 3563780 0 , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall oooorshhhhfssseargshhh ' ' ) was a giant penis [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) ,
108230972 108231602 2007-02-15 02:13:37 0 days 00:03:16 506179 0 , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' oooorshhhhfssseargshhh antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a giant penis [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) ,
111086584 111137285 2007-02-26 19:31:02 0 days 03:58:19 157842 1 in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' {{ lang | de | antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin
111412985 111413367 2007-02-27 21:05:30 0 days 00:01:33 0|75.40.131.110 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' brennah was jade were here ' ' ' [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall
111431459 111447681 2007-02-27 23:32:06 0 days 01:10:20 0|24.224.150.220 0 = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' you suck ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder |
2 = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy
111447681 111448485 2007-02-27 23:35:47 0 days 00:03:41 296765 1 soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ' ' ' you suck " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved
2 zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ' ' ' you suck ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
113721501 113770907 2007-03-09 05:49:29 0 days 04:33:38 3511275 0 | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " [[ republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall
1 defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht ]] " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall .
114231078 114232094 2007-03-11 04:46:14 0 days 00:06:38 0|192.176.11.14 8 | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " [[ republikflucht ]] " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin
9 ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " [[ republikflucht ]] " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall .
129555771 129555882 2007-05-09 16:41:30 0 days 00:00:24 0|204.129.158.10 8 in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of
131079741 131079788 2007-05-15 17:42:56 0 days 00:00:11 0|69.74.130.15 0 image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall dildo ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the
131079886 131080240 2007-05-15 17:44:41 0 days 00:01:22 1999318 0 image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin dildo wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 12 " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' s biology , environment , psychology and social context , have a role in determining how a particular person , and those around them , view their sex . although the table below shows common differences between males and females , many people do not correspond to " male " or " female " with regard to every criterion . " primary " sexual characteristics are typically present at birth and directly involved in reproduction . " secondary " sexual characteristics typically develop later in life ( usually during puberty ) and are not directly involved in reproduction . differences between the sexes are known as sexual dimorphism . at the biological level these differences are usually : level characteristics female male primary sex chromosomes xx xy gametes ova spermatozoa sex organs ovaries testes predominant sex hormones estrogen and progesterone testosterone anatomy of internal genitalia clitoral crura , vagina , uterus , fallopian tubes corpora cavernosa , urethra , prostate , seminal vesicles anatomy of external genitalia glans clitoris , labia , vulva , clitoral hood , perineal urethra penis , scrotum , foreskin , fused perineum secondary skeletal structure relatively shorter , wider in hips relatively taller , wider in shoulders , bigger chest face rounded jaw bigger nose bone , brow bone , [ 10 ] squarer jaw , facial hair body fat and muscle relatively more fat relatively more muscle [ 11 ] fat distribution more in buttocks , hips and thighs more in abdomen body form development " hourglass " shape : 8 " triangular " shape : ▼ other breasts adam ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena '
13 ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' s apple and body hair the relationship between the various levels of biological sexual differentiation is fairly well understood . many of the biological levels are said to cause , or at least shape , the next level . for example , in most people , the presence of a y chromosome causes the gonads to become testes , which produce hormones that cause the internal and external genitalia to become male , which in turn lead parents to assign ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' '
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 78 fat distribution more in buttocks , hips and thighs more in abdomen body form development " hourglass " shape : 8 " triangular " shape : ▼ other breasts adam ' s apple and body hair the relationship between the various levels of biological sexual differentiation is fairly well understood . many of the biological levels are said to cause , or at least shape , the next level . for example , in most people , the presence of a y chromosome causes the gonads to become testes , which produce hormones that cause the internal and external genitalia to become male , which in turn lead parents to assign ' male ' as the sex of their child ( assigned sex ) , and raise the child as a boy ( gender of rearing ) . however , the degree
163105476 163371605 2007-10-09 17:45:07 1 days 02:32:03 0|82.41.42.114 4 = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale sozial ' ' e marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[
163371605 163373226 2007-10-09 17:53:00 0 days 00:07:53 5451838 4 states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market eco ' ' ' nomy ]] ( ' ' " sozial ' ' e soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[
184510617 184510896 2008-01-15 16:29:44 0 days 00:02:14 0|76.5.89.22 0 thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall was hot ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]]
184510896 184511027 2008-01-15 16:30:45 0 days 00:01:01 2646772 0 thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall was hot ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]]
188831750 189293337 2008-02-05 17:22:49 2 days 00:13:36 0|190.40.211.238 11 the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] west side graffiti ; " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary
194684124 194684430 2008-02-28 16:52:46 0 days 00:01:16 0|68.119.97.2 0 image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | 250px | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] they all fucked each other the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
194684430 194684439 2008-02-28 16:52:49 0 days 00:00:03 1086908 0 image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | 250px | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] they all fucked each other the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
201581807 201581901 2008-03-28 14:35:15 0 days 00:00:28 0|205.235.34.66 0 ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] jadd is a worker at it and he is awesome the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
201581901 201581932 2008-03-28 14:35:23 0 days 00:00:08 301395 2 ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] jadd is a worker at it and he is awesome the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
237758626 237870717 2008-09-12 04:52:17 0 days 10:40:51 0|69.143.253.120 1 westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western eastern countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day
237870717 237881567 2008-09-12 06:22:52 0 days 01:30:35 5177550 1 westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' eastern western countries ' ' ' could in general visit west germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an west german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 12 germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' , officials , and of the allied forces ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into west
16 personnel ' ' ' , officials , and ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . = = = escape attempts =
242557548 242755000 2008-10-03 14:42:47 0 days 19:46:38 7991946 4 | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ll see when i get there i hope they ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 19 interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run other allies rely on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ?
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 19 interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run other allies rely on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ?
258203997 258204890 2008-12-15 21:31:40 0 days 00:03:53 0|76.217.13.119 0 berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall shit ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a piece of shit separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr )
258206239 258209070 2008-12-15 21:49:42 0 days 00:12:46 5177550 0 berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin shit wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a piece of shit separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr )
260029692 260620165 2008-12-29 05:09:55 3 days 19:24:26 736477 1 were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied
2 manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin ,
265316852 265327769 2009-01-20 18:39:34 0 days 00:59:40 0|207.170.247.18 0 borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west crap germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989
276189319 276192479 2009-03-10 03:52:47 0 days 00:22:09 0|203.24.163.5 0 westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western westerny countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day
276192479 276192508 2009-03-10 03:52:57 0 days 00:00:10 5989171 0 westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' westerny western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day
281109932 281153208 2009-04-01 21:01:15 0 days 03:48:57 6984319 0 . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or " ' ' gdr frg ' ' l republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale
281686628 281875067 2009-04-05 10:54:13 0 days 22:40:07 0|82.75.216.212 0 east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or " ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] (
282235355 282235614 2009-04-07 00:32:41 0 days 00:01:20 0|203.38.204.162 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' gay forbes wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german
282235614 282235707 2009-04-07 00:33:08 0 days 00:00:27 118722 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' forbes gay wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german
282235944 282236089 2009-04-07 00:35:12 0 days 00:00:52 0|203.38.204.162 0 satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' gay wall ( that has no windows and is in eastern bathurst ) ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic
282236089 282236132 2009-04-07 00:35:23 0 days 00:00:11 118722 0 satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' gay wall ( that has no windows and is in eastern bathurst ) ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic
282236196 282236589 2009-04-07 00:37:44 0 days 00:02:01 9398415 1 satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall of china ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic
282236589 282236727 2009-04-07 00:38:26 0 days 00:00:42 1304569 1 satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' great wall of china ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic
284527500 284528364 2009-04-18 00:18:32 0 days 00:05:54 0|122.110.183.192 4 democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik bumface deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social
5 ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg faggots rg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' "
284528364 284529573 2009-04-18 00:27:25 0 days 00:08:53 6984319 3 democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bumface bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' faggots rg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[
4 ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bumface deutschland ' ' or ' ' faggots rg frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' "
285016585 285227007 2009-04-21 13:18:44 0 days 23:06:40 0|168.170.196.30 0 democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik bundesrepubic deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social
285227007 285229373 2009-04-21 13:35:28 0 days 00:16:44 1099776 0 democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepubic bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social
292030037 292112571 2009-05-24 23:21:44 0 days 07:26:26 1322359 0 ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' * ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints
2 personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel
3 manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due
316592574 316594007 2009-09-28 00:36:35 0 days 00:08:51 5177550 0 west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . ' ' ' prior to andy russell the wall ' s erection ' ' ' , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west
318091580 318274763 2009-10-06 16:40:43 0 days 22:27:51 1476858 7 east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the
8 comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall
321444047 321882716 2009-10-25 04:24:27 2 days 08:11:47 0|70.29.23.160 0 federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft marktwirtschafhbvjkbbgt " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder
321882716 321882756 2009-10-25 04:24:46 0 days 00:00:19 10101378 0 federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschafhbvjkbbgt marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 8 eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961
38 die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 .
44 evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11
48 were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for
52 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung ' ' ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] ,
60 the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[
322274629 322275480 2009-10-27 03:24:07 0 days 00:06:32 82982 3 symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and
5 ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france ,
322959932 323262651 2009-11-01 11:50:25 1 days 17:53:01 0|89.240.74.46 0 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall = = fart = = ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling
323262651 323263727 2009-11-01 12:02:04 0 days 00:11:39 5812172 1 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall = = fart = = ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling
323786711 323839905 2009-11-04 04:57:08 0 days 05:54:45 0|210.3.39.29 0 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling
1 under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[
325016705 325016969 2009-11-10 09:22:03 0 days 00:03:04 0|87.42.135.2 2 www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 2056 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 |
325016969 325017008 2009-11-10 09:22:21 0 days 00:00:18 6513930 0 www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2056 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 |
325185447 325190185 2009-11-11 05:02:52 0 days 00:42:42 0|210.3.39.29 0 - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr )
1 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) (
2 under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]]
3 polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' people . ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] )
336829512 336831441 2010-01-09 17:49:45 0 days 00:11:53 10141256 6 years after reunification , there still was talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) .
357297916 357496729 2010-04-21 22:33:18 0 days 23:37:31 0|71.111.55.161 3 neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany
4 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that
361645413 361665081 2010-05-12 12:09:39 0 days 03:12:56 118799 0 neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]]
1 ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that
366521234 366522148 2010-06-07 08:36:01 0 days 00:08:43 6971250 1 made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ tunnel , ( 2001 film ) | the ]] ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , the wall . film by r . s . richter * [[ iron curtain
387194906 387329929 2010-09-27 15:13:09 0 days 17:45:31 0|150.160.252.26 0 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall wears pink fuzzy slippers ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting
387329929 387331317 2010-09-27 15:21:03 0 days 00:07:54 0|128.36.97.118 0 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall wears pink fuzzy slippers ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting
388820175 388862767 2010-10-05 09:40:58 0 days 06:46:43 6971250 4 farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the what later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the death strip ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had
399051464 399052561 2010-11-27 00:55:57 0 days 00:08:05 16710 5 , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition . isbn 0713467959 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' [ ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s east germany to
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 13 [[ in europa ( series ) ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the
443413503 443414712 2011-08-06 22:15:25 0 days 00:09:33 16710 1 , at 10 : 45 pm , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . as the ' ' [[ ossi new states of germany # culture | ossis ]] s ' ' swarmed through , they were greeted by ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' waiting with flowers and champagne amid wild rejoicing . soon afterward ,
3 10 : 45 pm , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . as the ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' swarmed through , they were greeted by ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' waiting with flowers and champagne amid wild rejoicing . soon afterward , a crowd
505389806 505558329 2012-08-03 10:30:56 1 days 02:39:43 339081 4 , at 10 : 45 pm , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . as the ' ' [[ new states of germany # culture ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' ' swarmed through , they were greeted by ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' waiting with flowers and champagne amid wild rejoicing . soon afterward
509937268 510865718 2012-09-05 04:28:13 5 days 14:36:11 16138351 0 were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , su gyaw ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a
510865718 510912533 2012-09-05 13:15:18 0 days 08:47:05 6971250 0 were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' su gyaw {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a
586845170 588262665 2013-12-29 20:56:28 9 days 23:34:01 7254364 0 ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ( district ) | havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' '
816797805 816798032 2017-12-23 19:39:36 0 days 00:01:47 11112747 3 east german and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . < ref > " rise and fall of the berlin wall " . ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel | history channel ' ' , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it
845242425 845346007 2018-06-11 05:24:11 0 days 16:38:45 508734 2 detail / id / 593791 / page / 0 bundeszentrale für politische bildung : ' ' ministerium für staatssicherheit der ddr ' ' ] , siehe : ' ' statistiken + „grenzsicherung " grenzsicherung in berlin“ ' ' 1989 . < / ref > ! length ( km ) ! description | - | style = " text - align : right " | 156
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102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 14 out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . there was also mesh fencing , signal fencing and , anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners at friedrichstrasse ,
15 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . there was also mesh fencing , signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches as well as , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners at friedrichstrasse , the western powers opened two further checkpoints
23 by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and many immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through - it . this was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . see [[ berlin ]] ;
206317 206507 2002-09-09 14:31:02 78 days 20:14:21 188 0 government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and many people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . this on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] did a concert in berlin celebrating the the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . see [[ berlin ]] ;
732530 732537 2003-03-08 21:13:53 0 days 02:40:23 4388 5 trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners , at friedrichstrasse ; the western powers opened had two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the country border and dreilinden in berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 17 aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up to the fourth generation wall , begun in 1975 . this wall , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german
24 october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and many tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave
33 [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning . previously , graffitis were exclusively on the western side . many believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external
1197737 1197814 2003-07-26 18:15:42 3 days 05:46:34 3399 0 east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . it was clear from the beginning that this justification served to delude from as a cover for the fact that the citizens of east germany should be prevented from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin
2440574 2497657 2004-02-19 04:27:57 4 days 17:12:26 35188 7 . some believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] and , but also of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] , thus giving a good profile of the good and evil in german history .
4050087 4067832 2004-06-12 09:10:21 1 days 20:24:14 0|66.91.48.218 0 visible on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously was not achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were was exclusively on the western side . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = external links = = * [
5180399 5185051 2004-08-13 10:05:14 0 days 02:26:17 0|24.222.23.117 0 of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that it was created to prevent the citizens of east germany , especially the professionally skilled workers who were , the majority of whom were leaving , from entering west berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west
1 avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that it was created to prevent the citizens of east germany , especially the professionally skilled workers who were the majority of whom who were leaving , from entering west berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . during
5185051 5185067 2004-08-13 16:18:57 0 days 06:13:43 56563 5 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating what a [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' between the two barriers . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced
5637810 5637884 2004-09-03 21:35:33 0 days 00:03:51 49471 2 island in the eastern territories . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that it the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany , especially the professionally skilled workers , the majority of who were leaving , from entering west berlin and thereby west germany
4 people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . also additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls ( [[ ddr border system ]] ) . = = the years
7264727 7264768 2004-11-09 17:56:20 0 days 00:13:20 0|217.9.29.249 2 [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where the border guards opened . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement and they expected it to be acted upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities were simply not prepared to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25
3 announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where the border guards opened access points and allowed them allowing people through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]]
7265158 7268399 2004-11-09 18:07:19 0 days 00:09:52 0|217.9.29.249 0 force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities were simply not prepared willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal
7274428 7274470 2004-11-09 22:05:43 0 days 00:01:56 0|84.57.81.84 1 , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is was also the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht
4 made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it november 9 is also the anniversary of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the
7274734 7274837 2004-11-09 22:12:04 0 days 00:01:44 0|84.57.81.84 0 by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent still under allied souvereignity , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all
7275003 7275347 2004-11-09 22:18:09 0 days 00:03:28 0|84.57.81.84 0 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating a an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . the " fourth generation wall " , begun
7503798 7583874 2004-11-15 22:48:26 0 days 23:21:52 0|213.191.80.129 0 . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guest guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . ( in fact , the wall ' s imagery is of a wall which
8108812 8127109 2004-12-04 07:52:50 0 days 19:09:40 69801 0 regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement and they expected wanted it to be acted upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country
8250476 8251853 2004-12-09 00:57:27 3 days 02:20:35 100330 1 , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left no longer entirely accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today
3 to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today ' s [[ graffiti ]] are mostly visible on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously was would not achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . a september 2004 poll found
9112336 9112364 2005-01-05 02:44:12 0 days 00:05:27 0|67.164.50.76 1 the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkey - land . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for
2 telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty is why germans look like monkeys . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement and they wanted it
9112487 9156541 2005-01-05 02:49:50 0 days 00:04:52 615 4 took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee on the wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . = = celebrations = = on december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van
9611121 9614078 2005-01-24 09:48:46 0 days 03:53:43 44020 0 due partly to political expediency but largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . a few month months after the barbed wire went up , the us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge
9614078 9649252 2005-01-24 13:17:26 0 days 03:28:40 55217 0 fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned turning the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 7 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people
16 " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a wide , and cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[
24 , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the dreilinden in south - western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]]
25 [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the border between east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic
11639454 11652451 2005-03-29 06:12:33 0 days 00:03:21 0|24.42.224.161 2 | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . the construction of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies city . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a
11652451 11746206 2005-03-29 16:08:13 0 days 09:55:40 28107 0 of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for it ' s its location was around the perimeter of the city . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 26 . = = aftermath = = not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . ( in fact , the wall ' s imagery is of a wall which keeps ' ' out ' ' rather than ' ' in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge [[ east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist protection barrier " rather than the western view that the wall was essentially meant to turn the east into a giant prison . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial . ) the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that november 9 was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on october 7 , 1990 ) . of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] the so - called [[ east side gallery
12869650 12901447 2005-04-27 04:43:24 0 days 00:26:06 84553 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . for additional information = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , got o the link below www . hl2 - cheats . tk = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame |
13207767 13207835 2005-05-04 04:55:42 0 days 01:03:36 0|129.67.43.240 3 defect . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . although besides , america had been caught off - balance , it being a sunday morning . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech - see www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm - on july 25 1961 that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests , at length , via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over
4 ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the wall ' s creation was due partly to political expediency but largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and
13855830 13855862 2005-05-17 23:05:26 0 days 06:37:33 6661 0 surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the capital of west germany in preference to the former imperial capital either west berlin or [[ frankfurt - an - der - main ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border
14015916 14016061 2005-05-21 09:38:46 2 days 17:36:54 0|216.27.183.43 0 to make [[ bonn ]] the capital of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]]
3 as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained remain open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by
14269487 14269638 2005-05-26 16:38:51 0 days 00:02:48 0|164.68.120.3 2 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . germans then tared and feathered them these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3
14269815 14329087 2005-05-26 16:46:05 0 days 00:04:01 157530 8 ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously torched . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire the germans then tared and feathered them line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3
15055113 15059402 2005-06-12 06:08:12 0 days 00:13:20 5016 9 and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little no way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could
10 with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these the huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to
17 points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out a celebratory , party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 300px | left |
15066593 15077566 2005-06-12 13:50:16 0 days 04:48:31 156968 0 , 18th infantry ( commanded by col glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers containing carrying 1500 men , divided into 5 march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to helmstadt on the west german
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 5 ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the us u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . but it was clear
19067310 19067556 2005-07-18 08:10:52 0 days 00:07:46 0|82.110.149.173 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = of course amman is a khoosrah germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing
19067556 19067568 2005-07-18 08:11:26 0 days 00:00:34 7580 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . of course amman is a khoosrah = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing
19111126 19261911 2005-07-20 22:42:15 2 days 00:00:08 0|195.4.0.21 4 . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . due to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv that all travel restrictions cross the border with proper permission . when asked who this would apply to etc . he couldn ' t answer because he really didn ' t know ( he had been abandoned . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control
5 [[ 1989 ]] . due to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv that all travel restrictions had been abandoned on vacation as previously noted ) . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the
19261911 19262021 2005-07-20 22:44:33 0 days 00:02:18 0|195.4.0.21 0 previously noted ) . and at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when this would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just said " today " assumed it would be the same day . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the
20913067 21195696 2005-08-17 04:59:00 3 days 19:42:20 0|69.156.163.80 0 during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here there . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to
24173132 24173461 2005-09-27 18:15:40 0 days 00:03:48 0|204.86.170.127 1 ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . then micheal jackson rented a house next trained tranquilzer shooter and was draaged to a little boy named timmy . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px
2 communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . then micheal jackson rented a house next to a little boy named timmy cag of gorrilas . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the
25690446 25742985 2005-10-17 14:51:36 0 days 16:22:19 0|64.223.182.186 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any and circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east
25742985 25743080 2005-10-17 14:52:59 0 days 00:01:23 0|64.223.182.186 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under and totally circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east
25743080 25804571 2005-10-18 05:37:19 0 days 14:44:20 28107 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under totally any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 8 was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital such , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany
15 sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under 1950 — is one of special contention , as some critics ( the rosenbergs ' sons , in particular ) have argued that the rosenbergs were not trying to undermine the united states when they gave the ussr classified information , but rather trying to help the ussr fight against a greater enemy , nazi germany . in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of
16 the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . espionage in the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold
17 union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission context of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and
26 to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain project leader lavrenty beria . this , of course , is a question not necessarily related to their guilt or sentencing . [ edit ] the rosenbergs ' children the rosenbergs ' two sons , robert and michael , were orphaned by the execution , and no relatives dared adopt them for fear of ostracism or worse . they were finally adopted by the songwriters ann and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany
30 three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect 2004 , an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make
34 were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are left - wing activists involved in court cases . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the
36 to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors an execution — an hbo documentary by ivy meeropol , the grandaughter of ethel and julius . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and
37 of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ a statement by the rosenberg ' s sons in support of their exoneration an interview with robert meeropol about the adoption mujeres riot : ethel rosenberg ( in spanish , includes numerous photos ) retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / ethel _ and _ julius _ rosenberg " categories : 1915 births | 1953 deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border
42 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main pagecommunity portalcurrent eventsrecent changesrandom articlehelpcontact usdonations search toolbox what links here related changes upload file special pages printable version permanent link in other languages deutsch español français עברית polski svenska 中文 this page was last modified 13 : 04 , 24 october 2005 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to
26918322 26918978 2005-10-30 22:32:59 0 days 00:07:33 67107 2 to russian agents . contents [ hide ] 1 background 2 trial and conviction 3 execution 4 posthumous revelations 5 controversy 6 the rosenbergs ' children 7 in fiction 8 see also 9 external links [ edit ] ' background julius rosenberg was born on may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from the city college of new york with a degree in electrical engineering in 1939
4 trial and conviction 3 execution 4 posthumous revelations 5 controversy 6 the rosenbergs ' children 7 in fiction 8 see also 9 external links [ edit ] background julius rosenberg was born on may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the city college of new york with a degree in electrical engineering in 1939 and in 1940 joined the army signal corps where he worked on radar equipment . he became
8 sons . during world war ii , the ussr and the usa were allies in war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions . as such the capital , the americans did not share information or seek assistance from the soviet union for the manhattan project . the soviets were aware of the project as a result of espionage
12 information or seek assistance from the soviet union for the manhattan project . the soviets were aware of the project as a result of espionage penetration of the us government , however , and had made a number of attempts to infiltrate its operations at the university of california , berkeley . a number of project members — some high - profile , others lower in rank — did voluntarily give secret information to russian agents , many because they were sympathetic to communism ( or the soviet union ' s role in the war ) and did not feel that the usa should have a monopoly on atomic weapons . after the war , the us resisted efforts to share nuclear secrets , but the soviet union was able to produce its own atomic weapons by 1949 . their first nuclear test , " joe 1 " , shocked the west in the speed it was produced . it was discovered in january 1950 that klaus fuchs , a german refugee theoretical physicist working for the british mission in the manhattan project , had given key documents to the russians throughout the war . through fuchs ' confession , us and uk intelligence agents were able to find his " courier " , harry gold , who was arrested on may 23 , 1950 . a former machinist at the top - secret los alamos laboratory , sgt . david greenglass , confessed to having passed secret information on to the ussr through gold as well . he testified that his sister , ethel rosenberg , and her husband , julius , had also passed secrets . another accused conspirator , morton sobell , fled to mexico city , but was later deported to the the [[ united states for trial . [ edit ] trial and conviction the case against the rosenbergs , and sobell , began on march 6 , 1951 . the prosecution ' s
14 morton sobell , fled to mexico city , but was later deported to the united states for trial . [ edit ] trial and conviction the case against the rosenbergs , and sobell , began on march 6 , 1951 . the prosecution ' s primary witness , david greenglass , stated that his sister ethel , working as a " probationer " ( in soviet parlance ) , had typed notes containing us nuclear secrets , and these were later turned over to harry gold , who would then turn them over to anatoly a . yakovlev of the kgb x - line in new york city . from the beginning , the trial attracted a high amount of media attention , and like the trial of alger hiss , generated a largely polarized response from observers , some of whom believed the rosenbergs to be clearly guilty , and others who asserted their innocence . as the notes typed by ethel apparently contained little that was new to the soviets , supporters felt that a capital charge of espionage was not only far too severe , but scarcely could be considered evidence of wrong - doing at all ; but for the prosecution this was sufficient evidence to convict ethel rosenberg . it is believed that part of the reason ethel was indicted in addition to julius was so that the prosecution could use her as a ' lever ' to pressure julius into giving up the names of others who were involved . if that was the case , it didn ' t work . on the witness stand julius asserted his right under the fifth amendment to not incriminate himself whenever asked about his involvement in the communist party or with its members . ethel did similarly . neither defendant was viewed sympathetically by the jury . investigations into the couple ' s history revealed conflicting evidence that julius rosenberg may have had some dealings with an nkvd agent . since the end of the cold war , the russian government has released documentation that shows julius rosenberg was providing information to the nkvd . julius rosenberg ' s main contact was alexander feklisov , who met julius on over 50 occasions over a three year period beginning in 1943 . mr . feklisov said that , though julius had provided military secrets , he was never able to provide any information of substance concerning the atomic bomb . mr . feklisov also asserted that ethel rosenberg was not involved in any spying . before he died , theodore hall , who moved to the uk from the us partly because of an fbi investigation of him in the 1950s , claimed that it was he , a scientist working at los alamos , who gave atomic information to the ussr , not anyone else such as ethel rosenberg , a housewife living in a poor ( the lower east side ) new york neighborhood . the role played by assistant united states attorney roy cohn , the prosecutor in the case , is controversial , since cohn stated in his autobiography that he influenced the selection of the judge , and pushed him to impose the death penalty on both ethel and julius rosenberg . [ edit ] execution the rosenbergs were convicted on march 29 , 1951 and sentenced to death under section 2 of the espionage act , 50 u . s . code 32 ( now 18 u . s . code 794 ) , which prohibits transmitting or attempting to transmit to a foreign government information " relating to the national defense " , by judge irving kaufman on april 5 . the conviction helped to fuel senator joseph mccarthy ' s anti - communist crusade against " anti - american activities " by us citizens . while their devotion to the communist cause was well documented , they denied the spying charges even as they faced the electric chair . their defenders said they never stood the chance of a fair trial given the anti - communist red scare that pervaded the united states in the 1950s . the couple were the only two american civilians to be executed for espionage - related activity during the cold war . in imposing the death penalty , judge kaufman noted that he held them responsible not only for espionage but also for the deaths of the korean war : i believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the russians the a - bomb [ . . . ] has already caused , in my opinion , the communist aggression in korea , with the resultant casualties exceeding 50 , 000 and who knows but that millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason . their case has been at the center of the controversy over communism in the united states ever since , with supporters steadfastly maintaining that their conviction was an egregious example of persecution typical of the " hysteria " of those times ( see red scare , mccarthyism ) and likening it to the witch hunts that marred salem and medieval europe ( a comparison that provided the inspiration for arthur miller ' s critically acclaimed play , the crucible ) . to the very end , the couple denied all charges and insisted they were innocent , but they were executed at new york ' s sing sing correctional facility in 1953 , despite protests in the united states and abroad . the rosenbergs were convicted under the espionage act of 1917 of " conspiring to commit espionage in wartime " and sentenced to death , despite the fact that the us was not at war with the soviet union at the time their ring was supposedly active . [ 1 ] at the time , some americans believed both rosenbergs were innocent or received too harsh a punishment , and a grass - roots campaign was started to try to stop the couple ' s execution . other americans felt that the couple got what they deserved . pope pius xii appealed to president dwight d . eisenhower to spare the couple , but he refused on february 11 , 1953 and all other appeals were also unsuccessful . the couple were executed by the electric chair on june 19 , 1953 . reports of the execution state that julius died after the first application of electricity , but ethel did not succumb immediately and was subjected to two more electrical charges before being pronounced dead . the chair was designed for a man , and ethel rosenberg was a petite woman ; this discrepancy resulted , it is claimed , in the electrodes fitting poorly . [ edit ] posthumous revelations in 1995 , the national security agency publicly released documents from the venona project , an effort to decrypt intercepted communications between soviet agents and the nkvd / kgb . a 1944 cable from new york to moscow makes it clear that julius rosenberg was engaged in espionage , though the importance of their effort is not clear , particularly considering that the soviets were receiving information on the atomic bomb from klaus fuchs and donald maclean . ethel ' s involvement is not clear from the venona transcripts . a document from november 27 , 1944 [ 2 ] specifically about ethel lists her as a " fellowcountryman " and claims that she was aware of julius ' work , and asks for advice in whether she should be " used " or not . ethel was apparently never assigned a code name — julius was always referred to as " antenna " or " liberal " — which has cast doubt onto her significance and involvement . in his posthumous memoirs , published in 1990 , nikita khrushchev praised the pair for their " very significant help in accelerating the production of our atomic bomb . " whether this was in fact the case , however , has been disputed . [ 3 ] the quality of the information given to the soviets , as reported by greenglass , was also quite poor in comparison to the information given by fuchs , who had a much more intimate understanding of the research being done , as revealed by records of fuchs ' detailed transmissions in the now - opened soviet archives . david greenglass was spared execution in exchange for his testimony . he spent 10 years in prison and was released in 1960 , and has lived under an assumed name since his release . decades later , in late 2000 , greenglass claimed that he had committed perjury and falsely implicated his sister ethel . greenglass said he chose to turn in his sister in order to protect his wife and children . [ edit ] controversy from the beginning of their trial through the present , the rosenberg case has been a controversial issue , with individual opinions falling roughly among ideological lines . in learned circles , there are a number of points of contention which still hold , even after the revelation of many hundreds of pages of previously secret evidence . to what extent was ethel involved ? as noted above , there seem to be reasons to believe that while julius was likely involved in some form of espionage , his wife ethel may have not been , or not to the extent to which she was convicted . the venona transcripts are ambiguous as to ethel ' s involvement , and the government case against her seems to have rested only on the testimony of her brother , david greenglass , who later apparently told reporters that he had perjured himself in order to lessen his own sentence and to help his wife avoid jail time . [ 4 ] were they given a fair trial ? there are many critics who have alleged that the political climate of the time , and the seemingly a priori conviction by judge kaufman of the pair ' s guilt , would have made it impossible for the rosenbergs to have had a fair trial by an impartial jury . the rosenberg lawyer , emanuel bloch , also made a number of massive legal blunders ( such as not cross - examining harry gold , who in later trials was found to be highly unreliable ) suggesting either his incompetence or inability to cope with such a high - profile trial . was their sentence fair ? the imposition of the death sentence upon the rosenbergs has been the most controversial aspect of the case , as they were sentenced far more harshly than any other " atomic spies , " primarily because they refused to confess to their alleged crimes . klaus fuchs , who spied for many more years than the rosenbergs were alleged to and gave far more sensitive information to the soviet union , was only sentenced to 14 years in jail by comparison , in part because he cooperated with authorities and because the soviet union was an ally of the united states and the the [[ united kingdom at the time he passed on information . this latter point — whether the alleged rosenberg espionage in 1945 should be held to the international politics of 1950 —
15 to 14 years in jail by comparison , in part because he cooperated with authorities and because the soviet union was an ally of the united states and the united kingdom at the time he passed on information . this latter point — whether the alleged rosenberg espionage in 1945 should be held to the international politics ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of 1950 — is one of special contention , as some critics ( the rosenbergs ' sons , in particular ) have argued that the rosenbergs were not trying to undermine
16 and the united kingdom at the time he passed on information . this latter point — whether the alleged rosenberg espionage in 1945 should be held to the international politics of 1950 — is one of special contention , as some critics ( the rosenbergs ' sons , in particular ) have argued that the rosenbergs were not trying to undermine the united states when they gave the ussr classified information , but rather trying to help the ussr fight against a greater enemy , nazi germany . in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw the city under their espionage in the context of the cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian
17 against a greater enemy , nazi germany . in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their espionage in control . the context of the cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian program ? recent
18 enemy , nazi germany . in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their espionage in the context city was initially governed jointly by a commission of the cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian program ? recent scholarship has
23 saw their espionage in the context of the cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian program ? recent scholarship has suggested that greenglass and the rosenbergs actually knew very little about the workings of the atomic weapons aside from basic concepts that the russians had already acquired through other espionage sources anyway ( or would have likely figured out fairly quickly on their own once their atomic bomb project was put into full production ) , and compared to the information given western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by fuchs and theodore hall , it is unlikely that the rosenberg / greenglass data would have significantly aided the soviet project . even the detailed information given by fuchs and
27 / greenglass data would have significantly aided the soviet project . even the detailed information given by fuchs and hall seems to have only marginally sped up the soviet project , as it was heavily distrusted the three sectors controlled by project leader lavrenty beria . this , of course , is a question not necessarily related to their guilt or sentencing . [ edit ] the rosenbergs ' children the
28 aided the soviet project . even the detailed information given by fuchs and hall seems to have only marginally sped up the soviet project , as it was heavily distrusted by project leader lavrenty beria . this , of course , is a question not necessarily related to their guilt or sentencing . [ edit ] the rosenbergs ' children the rosenbergs ' two sons , robert and michael , were orphaned by the execution , and no relatives dared adopt them for fear of ostracism or worse . they were finally adopted by the songwriters ann the united states , britain and abel meeropol . abel meeropol wrote the classic anti - lynching anthem " strange fruit , " made famous by singer billie holiday . robert and michael co - wrote
32 co - wrote a book about the experience , we are your sons : the legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book in 2004 , effect an execution in the family : one son ' s journey . in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support
33 a book about the experience , we are your sons : the legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book in 2004 , an execution in the family : one son [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s journey . in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are left - wing
36 , robert founded the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are left - wing activists involved in court cases . [ edit ] in fiction the book of daniel , a 1971 novel by e . l . doctorow , is loosely based on the rosenberg case , while robert coover ' s 1977 novel the public burning is a parodic reconstruction of their execution . tony kushner ' s 1992 play angels in america features a fictionalized version of ethel rosenberg , played by meryl streep in the hbo version . [ edit ] see also soviet atomic bomb project . the case is thought to have spurred lee harvey oswald ' s interest in marxism . [ 5 ] [ edit ] external links timeline of events relating to the rosenberg trial . ethel ' s brother says he trumped up evidence . project venona messages . rosenberg fbi files ( summary only ) heir initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to an execution — an hbo documentary by ivy meeropol , the grandaughter of ethel and julius . a statement by the rosenberg ' s sons in support of their exoneration
37 of events relating to the rosenberg trial . ethel ' s brother says he trumped up evidence . project venona messages . rosenberg fbi files ( summary only ) heir to an execution — an hbo documentary by ivy meeropol , the grandaughter of ethel and julius move freely among all the sectors . a statement by the rosenberg ' s sons in support of their exoneration an interview with robert meeropol about the adoption mujeres riot : ethel rosenberg ( in spanish ,
43 deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | cold war spies | u . s . history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit this pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main pagecommunity portalcurrent eventsrecent changesrandom articlehelpcontact usdonations search toolbox what links here related changes upload file special pages printable version permanent link in other languages deutsch español français עברית polski svenska 中文 this page was last modified 13 : 04 , 24 october 2005 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( see copyrights for details ) . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers ţ = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en
44 中文 this page was last modified 13 : 04 , 24 october 2005 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license ( see copyrights for details example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers ţ = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb |
45 was last modified 13 : 04 , 24 october 2005 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license ( see copyrights for details ) . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers ţ furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin
27042249 27080524 2005-11-01 16:01:19 0 days 11:13:12 0|64.9.53.34 1 = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected the penis was planning to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the
27080524 27085773 2005-11-01 17:19:14 0 days 01:17:55 0|24.165.111.223 1 . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ clit ]] , was deep within captured by the area which the penis was planning to hump it expect it was a asshole instead of a clit so he licked his brothers asshole [[ soviet ]] army during the
27817179 27817381 2005-11-09 13:06:39 0 days 00:03:08 287142 0 restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a
27852065 27861475 2005-11-09 22:30:11 0 days 01:45:09 246113 1 , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be
3 been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper
5 and this particular decision . during a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that at he end of the conference which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . when asked who this would apply
7 answer because he really didn ' t know ( he had been on vacation as previously noted ) . and at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when this the regulations would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be the same day . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the
9 hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back bad ck the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of
27861622 27867817 2005-11-09 23:46:21 0 days 01:14:36 0|142.166.200.249 1 hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold bad ck back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of
2 back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to hold have held the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash
28612782 28612923 2005-11-17 19:39:40 0 days 00:02:01 0|84.92.121.217 1 , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , the people ' s favourite recommendation of [[ robin hughes ]] ' s rival . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter
28792173 28825156 2005-11-20 11:56:35 0 days 10:50:18 146622 0 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at he the end of the conference which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the
31042058 31084094 2005-12-12 19:26:03 0 days 06:57:07 549849 2 , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially also divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union
31893565 31977221 2005-12-19 16:01:39 0 days 17:42:14 0|84.41.148.223 0 ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( perhaps probably not even jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification
32108451 32117880 2005-12-20 16:57:51 0 days 01:28:03 0|216.167.223.130 1 june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . everyone who liked it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires
34224609 34258191 2006-01-07 17:33:08 0 days 08:08:19 0|162.83.154.168 0 main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major
35373255 35495895 2006-01-17 03:54:16 0 days 20:31:45 0|208.180.17.49 3 was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed like the way it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens
4 ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now was looking at him " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for
35495895 35495922 2006-01-17 03:54:31 0 days 00:00:15 130135 3 the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ vin diesel ]] knocked down the berlin wall because he " didn ' t like the way really know so he just assumed it was looking at him " . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert
4 two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ vin diesel ]] knocked down the berlin wall because he " didn ' t like the way it was looking at him would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end
36157802 36216587 2006-01-22 13:39:02 0 days 12:07:40 480942 1 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' '
36500191 36641861 2006-01-25 14:02:24 0 days 23:58:25 0|194.232.85.82 2 fascist protection wall ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article :
36641861 36641976 2006-01-25 14:03:23 0 days 00:00:59 0|194.232.85.82 0 reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted discontinued the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) ,
36641976 36642576 2006-01-25 14:09:00 0 days 00:05:37 0|194.232.85.82 1 around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many
2 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in marshall plan rebuilding the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east
37828716 38011274 2006-02-03 16:09:24 1 days 05:11:00 496966 1 , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and or this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and
38581150 38618929 2006-02-07 14:55:48 0 days 08:38:18 69265 0 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated and skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university
1 the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were migrated daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]]
2 [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for because of lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore ,
39387706 39753372 2006-02-15 17:11:56 2 days 20:06:03 809056 0 for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t had not been fully updated on all the protesting or this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed
1 schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he didn ' t did not really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately
39753372 39793418 2006-02-15 22:29:58 0 days 05:18:02 29642 3 over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its it used part of the track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for
4 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer
40007809 40008106 2006-02-17 13:24:14 0 days 00:02:46 0|142.227.187.189 0 seen as being the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and brandon ' s really is a pig other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb |
40378504 40459448 2006-02-20 18:39:58 0 days 14:44:59 386031 1 was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain remained open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany |
6 , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the an [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ;
10 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; , after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional and skilled workers migrated daily , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west
11 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened was almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional and skilled workers migrated daily , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( one day the
14 around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional professionals and skilled workers migrated daily , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]]
40459448 40459461 2006-02-20 18:40:06 0 days 00:00:08 478178 0 on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . so as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 13 years = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm ] [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ] . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 0 seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = passage = = although during most the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a
7 frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting a typical tactic was for , the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were
8 and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting a typical tactic was for the police to would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to
12 - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ] . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . but these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by
13 / en / fakten . html ] . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october
16 by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . flying [[ ultralight ]] s , and even one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight
21 updated on all the protesting or this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed
24 berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was
25 the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning ; however , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would
27 first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point the end of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he did not really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according
29 nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he did not really know so effect he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now
30 point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he did not really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to on the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints
32 the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many
34 people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . made many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to
35 in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' their superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german
36 demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly
37 converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all use lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down
38 east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to have held the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities gaurds and the east berlin government were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with
39 lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . use lethal force so in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification
40 the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , issues the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted
41 own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just finally yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners
43 were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal little or no identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is
47 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of
48 ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( probably not even possibly jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification
50 formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] because it was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]]
51 anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date part of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]]
56 an underground line previously severed by the wall . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one an 80 meter section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[
57 wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[
40898814 40900018 2006-02-23 19:38:26 0 days 00:09:50 89179 3 ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it conceived of by the administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany ' s border was closed in [[ 1952 ]] ,
8 crossed into the west [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 its miles of concrete and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled
40900018 40900572 2006-02-23 19:43:11 0 days 00:04:45 89179 1 its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = why it was built itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan
40900572 40901025 2006-02-23 19:47:05 0 days 00:03:54 89179 2 between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate response effects = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an
40903474 40904100 2006-02-23 20:12:19 0 days 00:05:05 89179 1 in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossing points and escape attempts usage = = during most the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the
40904768 40905200 2006-02-23 20:20:49 0 days 00:03:37 89179 0 1989 ]] . [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] however , its miles the creation of concrete and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall became a focus of anti - communist reformers between
4 , its miles of concrete and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall became a focus of anti - communist reformers between the 1960s and 1990s profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of the [[ soviet union ]] , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany ,
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 3 soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if provided that it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not
4 nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire
10 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel
14 work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . one of the locations location where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[
17 you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was by that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the
25 many hectic telephone calls with their superiors but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to use with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were simply not willing
34 near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall
40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 4 wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west
11 were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost stations station ]] ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross
43529923 43550317 2006-03-13 05:59:50 0 days 02:55:50 635781 1 . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution because it was is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the
43550620 43620580 2006-03-13 20:57:16 0 days 14:54:39 1077726 1 berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for you all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from
43620580 43620636 2006-03-13 20:57:53 0 days 00:00:37 1022601 1 , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ba goo to you govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the
45807050 45851032 2006-03-28 13:04:10 0 days 08:56:46 177152 3 . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without certificates of authenticity are a staple on [[ ebay ]] as well of as german souvenier shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall ,
47528615 47569595 2006-04-08 16:43:58 0 days 08:16:38 686868 3 berliners were not allowed visa free travel until [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . they could visit the gdr , but only at the conditions prevalent before , which included involved application for a visa several days in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their journey , which hindered spontaneous visits . in the weeks
5 but only at the conditions prevalent before , which included application for a visa several days in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their journey planned stay , which hindered spontaneous visits . in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westernes . technically the wall remained
48935289 49049354 2006-04-18 20:13:20 0 days 18:06:16 6661 1 in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . the gdr announced to open 10 the opening of ten new border crossings the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on
4 . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some while time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the
51589662 51848718 2006-05-06 16:49:23 1 days 18:26:01 0|72.228.114.173 6 khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] all a jewish trick . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961
51848718 51848752 2006-05-06 16:49:46 0 days 00:00:23 223113 4 ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . there was no berlin wall , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and there was no holocaust . it was all a jewish trick . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around
5 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . there was no berlin wall , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was no holocaust . it was all a jewish trick . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western
6 , [[ 1990 ]] . there was no berlin wall , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was no holocaust responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . it was all a jewish trick . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on
8 there was no berlin wall , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was no holocaust . it was all a jewish trick composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[
52351902 52355175 2006-05-09 19:02:53 0 days 00:22:26 216352 1 a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " font references - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f .
53500522 53511545 2006-05-16 14:41:22 0 days 01:31:00 0|64.251.52.93 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government where not gunna take it no we aint gunna take it we aint gunna take it anymore . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government
54072783 54107483 2006-05-19 23:03:39 0 days 04:04:55 0|137.54.89.250 0 ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / /
54107483 54268993 2006-05-20 23:49:24 1 days 00:45:45 0|69.124.27.151 1 ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year ' ' ' [[ media : [[ media : ' ' [[ media : [[ media : yea [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] ]] ' ' ]] ]] ' ' ' r " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] .
54268993 54269525 2006-05-20 23:53:19 0 days 00:03:55 1008387 0 ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - ' ' ' [[ media : [[ media : ' ' [[ media : [[ media : yea [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] ]] ' ' ]] ]] ' ' ' r year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] .
55957411 56079244 2006-05-31 05:43:40 0 days 12:49:21 0|208.97.212.126 0 chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split killed . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated
56079244 56106564 2006-05-31 10:57:05 0 days 05:13:25 26468 0 chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were killed split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated
56501936 56634891 2006-06-03 08:19:57 0 days 17:37:54 0|207.176.159.90 0 by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 was wrong by 99 . 94 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister
57040826 57243206 2006-06-06 21:05:19 1 days 02:00:04 300188 2 = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners
5 improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location
58219714 58219835 2006-06-12 15:36:40 0 days 00:01:14 0|24.60.99.51 0 money the prostitutes brought in . munich flourished while berlin fell . whore riots broke out at the berlin wall , which was one of the reasons it fell . topless woman women and teenagers were rioting atht they wanted their corner back so they could get more meat in the gooch . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as
58821996 58856308 2006-06-16 00:06:49 0 days 03:41:02 1358576 0 ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which running alongside the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full
58856308 58859317 2006-06-16 00:29:21 0 days 00:22:32 1358576 0 - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous the sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria
1 | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from , circa 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than
58859317 59083873 2006-06-17 09:12:35 1 days 08:43:14 0|58.169.79.139 1 had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . he was would be wrong by more than 99 years . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] ,
63357225 63858347 2006-07-14 22:07:07 2 days 17:42:04 1793767 1 germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin an effort to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output
63858347 63858464 2006-07-14 22:07:48 0 days 00:00:41 1265360 3 [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . steve walker tore down the berlin wall in an effort to do away with commusism their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and david hasselhof then started a fight with steve walker because they
4 , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . steve walker tore down the berlin wall in an effort to do away with commusism . he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and david hasselhof then started a fight with steve walker because they are dirty commys , but he bitched them too =
64558890 64560450 2006-07-18 23:25:13 0 days 00:10:19 0|24.80.177.202 0 handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the these regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however ,
1 allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they earlier , and were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at
2 further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing so as to allow time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference ; when asked when
64681432 64682237 2006-07-19 16:07:06 0 days 00:04:50 157842 3 westminster college = = a small portion of the wall can also bee seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] . westminster college is know known for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speach at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] ,
6 by artists , because of the dramatic color of the graffiti . the repeated use of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " lies dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] < / ref > " or " untruths . " also appealed to her . on [[ november ]] [[ 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the
64682848 64683314 2006-07-19 16:13:35 0 days 00:02:48 157842 1 wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : reaganwall . jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] delivering a speech during the presentation of the " breakthrough " monuement winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college
67053691 67063468 2006-08-01 16:29:11 0 days 01:00:35 0|66.32.195.73 3 ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' lot of that in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across
5 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in that , kids , was the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[
6 market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of
67063468 67063496 2006-08-01 16:29:21 0 days 00:00:10 1022601 1 soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . and , after all of that shit german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the table , having wanted to for some time , was , finally raped . but that isn ' t all . y ' know , that wasn ' t
2 which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . and , after all of that shit , the table , having wanted to for some time , was , finally raped . but that isn ' t all . y ' know , that wasn ' t the first time i tasted penis , there is west germany developed into a lot of that in my line of work , and that , kids , was the first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be the
3 , was , finally raped . but that isn ' t all . y ' know , that wasn ' t the first time i tasted penis , there is a lot of that western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in my line of work , and that , kids , was the first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be the last ! ! !
4 raped . but that isn ' t all . y ' know , that wasn ' t the first time i tasted penis , there is a lot of that in my line of work , german ) and that , kids , was the first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be the last ! ! ! ! ! = = = massive
5 t all . y ' know , that wasn ' t the first time i tasted penis , there is a lot of that in my line of work , and that , kids , was a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be the last ! ! ! ! ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949
6 , that wasn ' t the first time i tasted penis , there is a lot of that in my line of work , and that , kids , was the first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the last ! ! ! ! ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and
72875166 73238103 2006-09-01 15:37:07 1 days 20:08:22 0|82.19.187.109 0 by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was and his right hand man jeremiah kroenen , were sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof
73238256 73241636 2006-09-01 15:59:29 0 days 00:21:19 350890 0 by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , and his right hand man [[ jeremiah kroenen ]] , were was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisors . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof
73241636 73604370 2006-09-03 17:47:46 2 days 01:48:17 0|69.15.111.135 0 was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated had intercourse daily from east to west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the
73605029 73605688 2006-09-03 17:57:34 0 days 00:04:49 302522 0 was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers had intercourse migrated daily from east to west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the
74099098 74099174 2006-09-06 08:48:36 0 days 00:00:47 169140 0 as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in inside the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal
77132115 77674291 2006-09-25 05:59:33 2 days 22:28:49 0|203.97.101.169 0 ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful successfulis weird escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long
77674291 77680457 2006-09-25 07:09:55 0 days 01:10:22 386031 0 ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successfulis weird successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long
77680457 77834536 2006-09-26 02:38:20 0 days 19:28:25 0|70.244.182.194 1 that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the
79283264 79360490 2006-10-04 00:26:58 0 days 06:52:26 0|69.110.32.177 1 = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones pussy and sex there , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france |
79360490 79360549 2006-10-04 00:27:24 0 days 00:00:26 416594 1 and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . they had boobs , pussy and sex there what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , they loved to rub boobs = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday
2 first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . they had boobs , pussy and sex there , they loved each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | russians ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to rub boobs = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august
79693278 79723117 2006-10-05 21:26:14 0 days 02:51:54 69060 0 that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west , a ridiculous assertion when compared with despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its
82879500 82879607 2006-10-21 21:18:28 0 days 00:00:45 2179786 2 gdr border system ]] . the berlin wall never fell . its still there , go and visit , take pictures . its a good family friendly place , lots of kid stuff [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and take pix however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key
3 . the berlin wall never fell . its still there , go and visit , take pictures . its a good family friendly place , lots of kid stuff , and take pix the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western
84732374 84732512 2006-10-31 00:15:04 0 days 00:00:44 2617879 1 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . la la la la soccer = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
84732536 84732677 2006-10-31 00:15:58 0 days 00:00:46 2617879 0 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 poor peter , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross <
1 point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . may his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force |
2 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death soul rest in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border
3 flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . peace = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]]
84732677 84732751 2006-10-31 00:16:22 0 days 00:00:24 416594 0 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . poor peter = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , may his soul rest in peace = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans
1 ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . poor peter , may 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his soul rest in peace = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on
2 the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . poor peter , may his soul rest aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in peace = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall
3 western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . poor peter , may his soul rest in peace full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]]
85061711 85062163 2006-11-01 16:47:48 0 days 00:02:19 0|204.13.204.162 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . yea thats right part of monty python and the holy grail was formed on this wall . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
86125050 86126158 2006-11-06 21:09:35 0 days 00:04:58 350153 0 . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to
86528914 86589748 2006-11-08 22:49:12 0 days 04:56:44 128695 0 throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : churchwall . jpg {{ main | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . a portion of the berlin
87780800 87780827 2006-11-14 16:24:25 0 days 00:00:12 0|63.253.45.100 0 west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according would cross on flying skateboards to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[
1 allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed get to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) ,
2 , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . freedom = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
87780827 87781196 2006-11-14 16:26:39 0 days 00:02:14 572610 2 photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the would cross on flying skateboards to get which nationality was allowed to freedom = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
3 and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the would cross on flying skateboards to get to freedom use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
88809786 88973047 2006-11-20 08:00:26 0 days 17:27:14 1737646 2 air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different the registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media ,
89218590 89218869 2006-11-21 12:21:30 0 days 00:02:25 617480 2 november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified that the proposal to include private travels . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda ,
3 allow refugees exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified that proposal to include private travels travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing
89730172 90181219 2006-11-26 07:20:39 2 days 07:53:59 4236 1 | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert
91359911 91362108 2006-12-01 12:08:57 0 days 00:20:31 302522 6 from a usual wall into the system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signalisation , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and perfidious shooting automata , automatic guns which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guard . < br > but the more work , ingenuities , money and steel the communists allocated to the further
10 of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only with the impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at them in the back . the wall meant : system , that the communists had built , attracted no - one . it pushed away . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | '
13 a communist society only with the impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at the back . the wall meant : system , that the communists had built , attracted appealed to no - one . it pushed away . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and
91362108 91363226 2006-12-01 12:19:23 0 days 00:10:26 579524 0 from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and automatic guns shooting automata , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further
1 a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting them in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built appealed to no - one attracted . it repelled them . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = =
91363294 91364168 2006-12-01 12:27:29 0 days 00:07:33 579524 0 from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and shooting automata self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the
91759195 91852743 2006-12-03 21:01:09 0 days 11:42:04 0|71.214.18.232 0 wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic important symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]]
91852743 91852808 2006-12-03 21:01:35 0 days 00:00:26 0|71.214.18.232 0 wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an important iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]]
93817040 93876815 2006-12-12 19:37:36 0 days 04:55:33 0|158.123.252.2 3 not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial this is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2
5 berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www had worse economical situations and hated jews . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian
93876815 93876848 2006-12-12 19:37:43 0 days 00:00:07 1574574 3 2006 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted to keep th prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east out of the west . this is because the east had worse economical situations and hated jews . [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]]
6 [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted to keep th east out of the west . this the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is because the east had worse economical situations and hated jews . [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]]
7 platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted to keep th east out of the west . this is because torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east had worse economical situations and hated jews . [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category
95089251 95090637 2006-12-18 14:01:12 0 days 00:10:54 0|84.64.31.22 2 the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove motorist in a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m
3 successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade simply drove at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und
4 long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east
98179249 98180019 2007-01-03 14:37:13 0 days 00:04:03 0|168.216.123.149 0 with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . also at as a turn in the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall ,
98180019 98180477 2007-01-03 14:40:01 0 days 00:02:48 0|168.216.123.149 0 with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . also as at a turn in the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall ,
98180477 98180975 2007-01-03 14:42:49 0 days 00:02:48 0|168.216.125.69 0 a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected had an erection over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005
1 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses hours in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http
2 close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died stripped attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe .
98226397 98227262 2007-01-03 18:51:51 0 days 00:04:28 873891 0 . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for . there are three locations : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]]
1 | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations sections still standing : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[
15 a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also had an erection over raised more than 1 , 000 hours in memory of those who had stripped attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 .
16 ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also had an erection over 1 , 000 hours crosses in memory of those who had stripped attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http
17 to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also had an erection over 1 , 000 hours in memory of those who had stripped died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe .
98453918 98470052 2007-01-04 19:21:16 0 days 01:21:18 873891 7 decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement announced that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall ,
9 germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . =
99757249 99968989 2007-01-11 11:06:31 0 days 21:30:22 3190289 0 border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] age ( aged 18 who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person
100948158 101085418 2007-01-16 12:41:54 0 days 15:41:57 0|82.111.23.171 0 and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while whilst trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image :
101167468 101168248 2007-01-16 20:33:10 0 days 00:03:52 1008387 1 and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead whilst while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image :
102300586 102348464 2007-01-22 02:33:41 0 days 04:08:38 18710 0 . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . it was supposed to be temporary but still stands today the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 .
104156137 104347998 2007-01-30 16:01:13 0 days 19:49:57 3399845 1 germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks x - men , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background
2 crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was as he rammed through the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image :
3 were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] wall with his head . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world
104347998 104367345 2007-01-30 17:39:18 0 days 01:38:05 2077184 1 of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by juggernaut from the x - men next several weeks , as he rammed through the wall with his head . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied
3 , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by juggernaut from the x - men , as he rammed through the wall with his head first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world
104530997 104590496 2007-01-31 15:18:27 0 days 08:03:12 0|205.232.7.2 0 closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families arjun moojani ' s were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west
105035085 105154435 2007-02-02 19:13:09 0 days 12:40:40 3436457 2 being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that world ! ! ! suck it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first
108631095 108631202 2007-02-16 16:35:24 0 days 00:00:30 0|208.11.179.205 0 led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . morgan moore is very ugly ok but ill fuck her . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to
108986401 109200457 2007-02-19 01:43:37 0 days 22:07:41 0|68.41.174.194 0 skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . it decreased the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989
109201261 109201627 2007-02-19 01:49:40 0 days 00:01:49 0|68.41.174.194 1 west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons .
109201627 109202413 2007-02-19 01:53:52 0 days 00:04:12 0|68.41.174.194 2 was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became as a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts
3 a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were would later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at
110116611 110116991 2007-02-22 18:24:40 0 days 00:01:35 0|66.160.72.205 0 = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] fuck the world ! world sucks monkey ass ! so many people died over this stupid cause fuck this world up everyones stupid asses after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]]
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 17 at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents died as a result . the second wall was constructed after [[ the second world war 2 ]] by the [[ americans ]] to prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies .
20 " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a while until stalin got bored and forgot why he even built the wall in the first place . no one could really be bothered taking down the wall , so it just sort of stood there for a few decades , collecting crude graffiti . = = impact = = the impact of the berlin wall on the german people was very great , mostly because they kept forgetting it was there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961
25 , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel fall of the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed
26 self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to berlin wall = = near the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and
27 , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built
28 more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in section of the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the
31 by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on
36 november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified other than the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda
37 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 25 be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self western powers had done nothing to be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents
28 their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred creation led directly to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a
29 , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a while until stalin got bored and forgot why he even built the wall in the first place . no one could really be bothered taking down the wall , so it just sort of stood there for a few decades , collecting crude graffiti . = = impact = = the impact of the berlin wall on the german people was very great , mostly because they kept forgetting it was there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like the policy of [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic
32 like [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of
35 founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near communists allocated to the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted
36 used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore
40 near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] the system which the communists had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their
42 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to
43 . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human
50 have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the ministerial administration modified the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 17 at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents died as a result . the second wall was constructed after [[ the second world war 2 ]] by the [[ americans ]] to prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies .
20 " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a while until stalin got bored and forgot why he even built the wall in the first place . no one could really be bothered taking down the wall , so it just sort of stood there for a few decades , collecting crude graffiti . = = impact = = the impact of the berlin wall on the german people was very great , mostly because they kept forgetting it was there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961
25 , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel fall of the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed
26 self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to berlin wall = = near the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and
27 , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built
28 more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in section of the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the
31 by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on
36 november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified other than the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda
37 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 25 be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self western powers had done nothing to be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents
28 their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred creation led directly to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a
29 , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a while until stalin got bored and forgot why he even built the wall in the first place . no one could really be bothered taking down the wall , so it just sort of stood there for a few decades , collecting crude graffiti . = = impact = = the impact of the berlin wall on the german people was very great , mostly because they kept forgetting it was there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like the policy of [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic
32 like [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of
35 founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near communists allocated to the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted
36 used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore
40 near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] the system which the communists had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their
42 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to
43 . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human
50 have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the ministerial administration modified the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 17 at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents died as a result . the second wall was constructed after [[ the second world war 2 ]] by the [[ americans ]] to prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies .
20 " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a while until stalin got bored and forgot why he even built the wall in the first place . no one could really be bothered taking down the wall , so it just sort of stood there for a few decades , collecting crude graffiti . = = impact = = the impact of the berlin wall on the german people was very great , mostly because they kept forgetting it was there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961
25 , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel fall of the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed
26 self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to berlin wall = = near the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and
27 , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built
28 more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in section of the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the
31 by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on
36 november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified other than the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda
37 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 25 be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self western powers had done nothing to be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents
28 their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred creation led directly to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a
29 , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a while until stalin got bored and forgot why he even built the wall in the first place . no one could really be bothered taking down the wall , so it just sort of stood there for a few decades , collecting crude graffiti . = = impact = = the impact of the berlin wall on the german people was very great , mostly because they kept forgetting it was there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like the policy of [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic
32 like [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of
35 founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near communists allocated to the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted
36 used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore
40 near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] the system which the communists had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their
42 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to
43 . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human
50 have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the ministerial administration modified the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . this shit is nothing but lies don ' t believe this
51 rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too proposal to include private travel . this shit is nothing but lies don ' t believe this crap ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
111392335 111392675 2007-02-27 19:36:10 0 days 00:01:26 0|205.126.63.15 0 , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to best thing one the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom |
1 germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of inernet is the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union |
111392675 111393341 2007-02-27 19:39:19 0 days 00:03:09 911178 1 several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . the best thing one [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the inernet is the n game = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin
2 its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . the best thing one the inernet is [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the n game = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started —
111406382 111406543 2007-02-27 20:36:24 0 days 00:00:45 0|205.126.72.236 1 [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 ' ' ' hi mrs ramrsay [[ hi < nowiki > i hate cheese < / nowiki > ]] ' ' ' = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press
111406766 111406786 2007-02-27 20:37:33 0 days 00:00:04 0|205.126.63.15 0 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat i dont know what to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could
111406786 111406884 2007-02-27 20:37:59 0 days 00:00:26 2360249 0 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . i dont know what = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to do \ = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
111406884 111406932 2007-02-27 20:38:11 0 days 00:00:12 0|205.126.72.236 0 [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 mrs ramsay tell them to stop over writing me = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press
111448485 111501017 2007-02-28 03:57:03 0 days 04:21:16 0|68.43.128.9 0 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom |
112936932 113009009 2007-03-06 06:45:43 0 days 06:44:54 621997 1 escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in instance , simply driving a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up
113385689 113462887 2007-03-08 01:21:56 0 days 05:35:39 0|134.161.77.27 1 united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria paul funke took charge and led the deconstruction of the berlin wall . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned
2 , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began late in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and
3 austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first blow of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by
114231078 114232094 2007-03-11 04:46:14 0 days 00:06:38 0|192.176.11.14 2 ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , zan preston and paul funke took charge and led the deconstruction of the berlin wall in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . late in the night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first blow of preston ' s sledgehammer or power struck the wall . followed
4 " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , zan preston and paul funke took charge and led the deconstruction of the berlin wall . late in the night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first blow autumn of preston ' s sledgehammer or power struck the wall . followed shortly by the continuous blows between funke and preston ' s hammers , the wall came down and germany
114833011 114836126 2007-03-13 17:10:59 0 days 00:13:01 0|66.18.62.36 0 its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin .
115708771 115802630 2007-03-17 15:36:20 0 days 12:35:58 0|91.64.129.222 4 , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was " prepared the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image :
7 when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they and all pensioners were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[
8 police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old able to travel to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher
9 run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf
115803261 115804646 2007-03-17 15:49:40 0 days 00:09:19 54809 1 wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared was the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east
3 when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners particularly when they were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for
4 police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel too old to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam
5 a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf
115804646 115804866 2007-03-17 15:50:50 0 days 00:01:10 54809 4 , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was " prepared the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image :
7 when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they and all pensioners were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[
8 police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old able to travel to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher
9 run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf
116612926 116663804 2007-03-21 00:30:28 0 days 03:51:24 0|71.108.135.83 0 triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of - - [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] ,
1 the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter user : 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 | 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]]
117073720 117077906 2007-03-22 17:49:00 0 days 00:18:56 0|147.31.4.47 2 remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny your a noob berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , project but this which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' '
117077906 117078008 2007-03-22 17:49:26 0 days 00:00:26 492858 1 ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny is a noob adn has nothin [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for the project but this which i just screwed up for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western
3 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny is a noob adn has nothin for the project but this wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which i just screwed up for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny
117902707 117903581 2007-03-26 02:45:29 0 days 00:04:39 1804716 4 generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government swelled significantly , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not demand the wall be removed .
118145673 118145720 2007-03-27 00:44:55 0 days 00:00:12 2198470 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . i = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' m serious people = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin
118635394 118639947 2007-03-28 23:11:07 0 days 00:19:40 0|65.24.114.248 6 border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced powerful countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east
118639947 118654236 2007-03-29 00:15:44 0 days 01:04:37 0|217.35.114.114 0 one of the richest , most powerful countries in the southern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . it was around this time that adolf hitler took one for the team and killed all the niggers and jews in the world . hitler be praised ! down with the niggers ! ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) the flight of growing numbers of northwestern germans to non - democratic countries via northern berlin led to germany destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin
118654236 118657778 2007-03-29 00:33:26 0 days 00:17:42 911178 6 border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while northern germany became one of the richest , most powerful advanced countries in the southern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish )
118657778 119194198 2007-03-31 03:19:34 2 days 02:46:08 0|69.236.50.115 4 of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht jon walker ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei
7 for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings gas prices in california ! of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating
8 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe nothin rhymes with circus tour ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four
119194198 119196685 2007-03-31 03:37:08 0 days 00:17:34 196242 4 of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ las vegas , | nevada ]] administration of [[ jon walker walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ mormon ]] leader [[ brendon urie ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] ,
7 for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high gas prices in california ! - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating
8 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of nothin rhymes with circus tour world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four
119603839 119603957 2007-04-02 00:05:02 0 days 00:00:35 0|69.110.144.39 0 it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little a lot is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer
119603957 119615866 2007-04-02 01:07:47 0 days 01:02:45 911178 1 it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = a lot little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer
119615866 119631602 2007-04-02 02:39:39 0 days 01:31:52 0|69.205.0.178 0 were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of
119631602 119634038 2007-04-02 02:53:21 0 days 00:13:42 911178 0 were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of
119880200 119982132 2007-04-03 14:47:50 0 days 12:22:26 0|204.10.221.252 0 border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in j black is the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to
1 established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity bast holla at me at dont worry about it . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the
119982132 119982806 2007-04-03 14:51:12 0 days 00:03:22 2400553 0 border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most j black is advanced countries in the bast holla at me at dont worry about it . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east
121573836 121815930 2007-04-10 23:58:00 0 days 22:34:01 0|71.251.78.138 6 the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent stupid juan stupid juan of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[
121815930 121816065 2007-04-10 23:58:38 0 days 00:00:38 1587622 9 the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying stupid juan stupid juan deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[
124368337 124813643 2007-04-22 07:51:33 1 days 17:00:20 0|75.72.160.13 0 paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly important , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961
124813643 124839581 2007-04-22 11:23:44 0 days 03:32:11 3647339 0 paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most important importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961
125918809 126161056 2007-04-26 15:46:00 0 days 20:15:33 0|69.242.142.221 1 were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months twenty years before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu
126161056 126164082 2007-04-26 16:01:35 0 days 00:15:35 686868 1 were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1901 ]] — twenty years two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu
127488398 127490114 2007-05-01 19:12:54 0 days 00:07:10 0|166.127.1.201 0 the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . ukikil : iiliopl ' il ' kkiklil ' kil ' meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
127490114 127493217 2007-05-01 19:26:23 0 days 00:13:29 911178 0 the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million ukikil : iiliopl ' il ' kkiklil ' kil ' people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated bl the new krenz government and in
127671395 127671439 2007-05-02 12:55:05 0 days 00:00:20 0|68.85.23.179 0 fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . if the allies challenged the barrieer they were to eat hotdogs with out using their hands or knees . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners pooped off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that hey there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift |
127671439 127671464 2007-05-02 12:55:16 0 days 00:00:11 385115 1 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . if the allies challenged the barrieer they were to eat hotdogs with out using their hands or knees . hey = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there big boy = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
127992744 128043670 2007-05-03 20:30:16 0 days 03:40:39 0|69.125.136.170 0 = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world the war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by
2 , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones go make some brownies that they thoguht would be interesting to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet
128043972 128044131 2007-05-03 20:31:52 0 days 00:00:35 0|69.125.136.170 0 wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat one of the leaders said he had to go to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could
128044131 128044281 2007-05-03 20:32:24 0 days 00:00:32 0|69.125.136.170 2 . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the that one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of
128044362 128044374 2007-05-03 20:32:44 0 days 00:00:03 1614547 1 background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of the world war the germans decided to go make some brownies that they thoguht would be interesting to do = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards ,
3 [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of the war the germans decided [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to go make some brownies that they thoguht would be interesting to do = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into
4 deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of the war the germans decided to go make some brownies that they thoguht would be interesting govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to do = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]]
6 wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = one of the leaders said he had to go it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the bath room = = layout and modifications = = i dont no why he just didnt ask the sarge about that one stipud idoits = = official crossings and
8 the truth . = = = secondary response = = = one of the leaders said he had to go to the bath room = = layout and modifications = = i dont no why he just didnt ask [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the sarge about that one stipud idoits = = official crossings and usage = = berlin wall = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was
10 one of the leaders said he had to go to the bath room = = layout and modifications = = i dont no why he just didnt ask the sarge about that 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one stipud idoits = = official crossings and usage = = berlin wall = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere .
128044374 128044445 2007-05-03 20:32:59 0 days 00:00:15 0|69.125.136.170 0 slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . cool = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
128044445 128044482 2007-05-03 20:33:08 0 days 00:00:09 1614547 1 networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = is cool still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
129554675 129554933 2007-05-09 16:37:49 0 days 00:01:02 0|204.129.158.10 1 soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states alex is really dumb = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' '
3 germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting
11 capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established
129555771 129555882 2007-05-09 16:41:30 0 days 00:00:24 0|204.129.158.10 0 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that ' ' ' once upon a time , there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift |
1 was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat girl named suzie . suzie really liked to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could
5 berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? she pledged to never eat cheese on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . <
129555882 129556310 2007-05-09 16:43:07 0 days 00:01:37 2073927 0 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . ' ' ' once upon a time , = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a girl named suzie . suzie really liked to eat cheese . one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to
1 means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . ' ' ' once upon a time , there was a girl named suzie . suzie really liked serious potential threat to eat cheese . one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to
2 from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . ' ' ' once upon a time , there was a girl named suzie . suzie really liked to eat cheese . one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all the viability of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to never eat cheese on a roller coaster again . ' ' ' = = layout
4 girl named suzie . suzie really liked to eat cheese . one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on she pledged to never eat cheese on a roller coaster again . ' ' ' = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en .
5 suzie really liked to eat cheese . one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to never eat cheese it ? on a roller coaster again . ' ' ' = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position
129954619 130104891 2007-05-11 15:20:36 0 days 16:40:06 0|164.58.29.130 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = wikipedia is the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions
130104891 130104907 2007-05-11 15:20:41 0 days 00:00:05 2198658 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . wikipedia is = = = proposed barrier = = = the most unreliable site for information on the web = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction
131436650 131436693 2007-05-17 01:12:30 0 days 00:00:14 0|71.48.127.221 0 meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used really gay and full of nazi skinheads who are stupid mutherfuckers 4real . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961
132545593 132623467 2007-05-22 06:33:14 0 days 07:59:39 715870 15 s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal
19 the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks checking . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall
132822819 132824014 2007-05-23 00:55:48 0 days 00:06:54 4465053 0 germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] [ potsdam agreement ] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 9 propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings several weeks of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating
10 the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced civil unrest & mdash ; that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory
16 celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies , which gained ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and "
17 weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared of the berlin wall paved the way for nationalist tendencies , which gained ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders "
133073625 133074114 2007-05-24 01:27:50 0 days 00:02:33 715870 5 ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was had been used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[
133705235 133939781 2007-05-27 21:57:21 1 days 01:38:52 0|216.208.52.171 0 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world the stupidest war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by
133939781 133939978 2007-05-27 21:58:27 0 days 00:01:06 0|216.208.52.171 0 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the the stupidest second world war ever in history , blah , blah what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one
133979794 133979980 2007-05-28 01:38:20 0 days 00:01:06 1718065 0 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the second world [[ end of world war , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four
134465611 134480080 2007-05-30 03:09:16 0 days 01:22:04 0|210.17.230.1 1 . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east
135963280 137134698 2007-06-09 22:59:50 4 days 19:09:13 309296 0 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds many of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof
137134698 137147628 2007-06-10 00:24:50 0 days 01:25:00 715870 0 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at many hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof
137147628 137154815 2007-06-10 01:15:31 0 days 00:50:41 309296 0 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds many of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof
137155210 137155691 2007-06-10 01:22:21 0 days 00:03:52 309296 0 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at many hundreds of the would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near
139545848 139683366 2007-06-21 15:22:04 0 days 15:09:06 0|217.41.217.22 0 berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage usages ( do not change please ) = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin ,
139683366 139683829 2007-06-21 15:24:30 0 days 00:02:26 302522 0 berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usages ( do not change please ) usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin ,
139683829 139684114 2007-06-21 15:26:01 0 days 00:01:31 0|217.41.217.22 0 berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage usages ( do not change please ) : ) : ) : ) : ) = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin ,
139684114 139684549 2007-06-21 15:28:10 0 days 00:02:09 302522 0 berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usages ( do not change please ) : ) : ) : ) : ) usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin ,
140266187 140281124 2007-06-24 10:43:15 0 days 02:20:57 67403 1 to chant " wir bleiben hier " , " we are staying here " . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of autumn late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly ,
140346811 140489919 2007-06-25 10:12:07 0 days 15:57:11 686868 2 austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn {{ when }} of october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[
141314110 141829380 2007-07-01 16:54:00 2 days 13:25:31 0|128.146.194.54 0 , [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the desire intention to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context
146184328 146283724 2007-07-22 08:57:49 0 days 12:37:48 0|124.188.0.81 0 }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart beaver without a penis , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall
146283724 146287097 2007-07-22 09:33:00 0 days 00:35:11 302522 0 }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " beaver without a penis anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall
148039010 148074488 2007-07-30 16:29:32 0 days 04:14:49 0|209.7.38.1 1 german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px my butt holeeeeee50px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de |
148074488 148086639 2007-07-30 17:37:32 0 days 01:08:00 302522 0 the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | the zaa will pervale in my butt holeeeeee50px the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de |
150880869 150915662 2007-08-13 07:40:14 0 days 04:58:32 0|116.14.44.159 0 cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 at least 1245 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref
150915662 150925206 2007-08-13 09:16:45 0 days 01:36:31 4281205 0 cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim at least 1245 around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref
152245225 152314634 2007-08-19 20:45:47 0 days 06:50:35 0|82.83.182.53 8 " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day on in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated
152314634 152803494 2007-08-21 23:56:54 2 days 03:11:07 0|121.73.19.64 1 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . apples please over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall
152803494 152803602 2007-08-21 23:57:33 0 days 00:00:39 2407049 1 wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , oranges and apples please their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 12 ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force
23 disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would were later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] ,
26 were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of
31 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts
32 german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]]
153261470 153277889 2007-08-24 02:48:33 0 days 01:45:42 3341545 2 . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > a german politician alleges that the east german government newly discovered documents confirm gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence
153504805 153595819 2007-08-25 18:58:33 0 days 12:42:57 393315 0 conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but gave given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as
157117672 157129007 2007-09-11 10:50:46 0 days 01:41:35 4857317 1 berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions , which that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay
157150622 157242126 2007-09-11 21:47:41 0 days 08:05:47 0|38.115.133.62 0 | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine ten months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the
159701939 160013834 2007-09-24 13:59:12 1 days 13:42:50 0|81.107.164.107 2 [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly significanbiteb my botty boom boomtly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[
160013834 160019483 2007-09-24 14:26:04 0 days 00:26:52 0|206.123.212.68 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into who gives a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary
160019483 160019557 2007-09-24 14:26:25 0 days 00:00:21 7580 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . who gives = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a care = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by
160019557 160020132 2007-09-24 14:28:55 0 days 00:02:30 236591 2 [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significanbiteb my botty boom boomtly significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[
160249046 160281991 2007-09-25 16:59:42 0 days 03:03:10 0|150.135.169.11 0 east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in view from the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " shank strip " between josh and bear was horrible bloody and deadthly . [[ image : berlin wall .
160465090 160465352 2007-09-26 13:35:47 0 days 00:01:30 0|170.185.218.19 1 the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = yo , yo was up dawg your so funny , but really must ya ? . from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 51 refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances international encyclopedia of sexuality [ full text ] janssen , d . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 1 {st@rt} this article is about biological sexes : male berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , female , etc . . for alternate uses , such as sexual intercourse , see sex ( disambiguation ) . sexuality portal sex refers to the male and female duality
6 female , etc . . for alternate uses , such as sexual intercourse , see sex ( disambiguation ) . sexuality portal sex refers to the male and female duality of biology and reproduction . unlike organisms that only have the ability to reproduce asexually , sexed male and female pairs have the ability to produce offspring through meiosis and fertilization . the two sexes attract one another and communicate their readiness to procreate through differences in their biology . an organism graffiti art on the wall ' s sex reflects its biological function in reproduction , not its sexuality or other behavior . the female sex is defined as the one which produces the larger gamete and
8 [ hide ] 1 animal species 2 humans 2 . 1 social and psychological issues 3 see also 4 references 5 external links and further reading animal species main articles : animal sexuality and mating system animal sexual behavior takes many different forms , even within the same species berlin wall . researchers have observed monogamy , promiscuity , sex between species , sexual arousal from objects or places , rape , necrophilia , sexual orientation ( heterosexuality , homosexuality , bisexuality
10 that only humans and a handful of species performed sexual acts other than for procreation , and that animals ' sexuality was instinctive and a simple response to the " right " stimulation ( sight , scent ) . current understanding is that many species believed monogamous have now been proven to be promiscuous or opportunistic in nature , a wide range | remaining stretch of species appear to both masturbate and to use objects as tools to help them do so , in many species animals try to give and get sexual stimulation with others
11 stimulation ( sight , scent ) . current understanding is that many species believed monogamous have now been proven to be promiscuous or opportunistic in nature , a wide range of species appear to both masturbate and to use objects as tools to help them do so the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , in many species animals try to give and get sexual stimulation with others where procreation is not the aim , and homosexual behavior has now been observed among 1 ,
12 been proven to be promiscuous or opportunistic in nature , a wide range of species appear to both masturbate and to use objects as tools to help them do so , in many species animals try to give and get sexual stimulation with others where procreation is not the aim , and homosexual behavior has now been observed among 1 , 500 species , and in 500 of those it is well documented . there are species that have 3 , 4 or 5 sexes . for example : the clam shrimp eulimnadia texana has three sexes , that is , it is a triploid organism . [ 1 ] harvester ant genus pogonomyrmex has three sexes [ 2 ] or possibly four sexes [ 3 ] the reptile tuatara might have four sexes [ 4 ] coprinus macrorhizus ( pers . ) rea might have three or four sexes [ 5 ] coprinus lagopus has four sexes [ 6 ] fausto - sterling proposes that there are five sexes of humans [ 7 ] [ 8 ] other species have exhibited evidence of 5 sexes [ 9 ] humans human male and female - anatomical features pointed outsee human sexuality for information about sexual activities , sexual sensation , sexual gratification , and sexual intimacy between human beings in humans , " sex " is often perceived as a dichotomous state or identity for most biological and social purposes - such that a person can only be female or male . but many factors , including one august 2006 ]] the ' s biology , environment , psychology and social context , have a role in determining how a particular person , and those around them , view their sex . although
15 which produce hormones that cause the internal and external genitalia to become male , which in turn lead parents to assign ' male ' as the sex of their child ( assigned sex ) , and raise the child as a boy ( gender of rearing ) . however , the degree to which biological and environmental factors contribute to the psychosocial aspects of sexual differentiation , and even the interrelationships between the various psychosocial aspects of differentiation , is less well understood as illustrated by the ongoing nature versus nurture debate . unfortunately , because of a lack of focus on this area , studies may use data from research not designed to discern the role of sex . one sample of 432 papers publishing the results of gender {{ lang - related genetics found that only 66 . 6 % of them had set out to deal with the subject before conducting any research and 87 . 3 % used unsound
17 and third gender discordance is the term used to describe the extent to which people differ from the usual biological and psychosocial types described above . some discordances are biological , such as when the sex of the chromosomes ( genetic sex ) does not match the sex of the external genitalia ( anatomic sex ) – this is known as intersex . discordances between the biological and psychosocial levels ( such as when the gender identity does not match the anatomic sex ) or between the various psychosocial levels ( such as when the gender role does not match the gender identity ) are even more common , but less well understood . in gender theory , the term " heteronormativity " refers to the idea that human beings fall into two distinct and complementary categories , male and female ; that sexual and marital relations are normal only when between two people of different genders ; and that people should follow roles determined by their gender . instead , some people have sought to define their sexuality and sexual identity in non {{ lang - polar terms , in the belief that the simple division of all humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent
20 and that people should follow roles determined by their gender . instead , some people have sought to define their sexuality and sexual identity in non - polar terms , in the belief that the simple division of all humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent of this movement away from polar oppositions , anne fausto the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - sterling , recognized five sexes : male , female , merm ( male pseudohermaphrodite ) , ferm ( female pseudohermaphrodite ) and herm ( true hermaphrodite ) . although she
48 testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and media from commons news stories from wikinews learning
49 shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and media from commons news stories from wikinews learning resources from wikiversity
51 and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and media from commons news stories from wikinews learning resources from wikiversity francoeur the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , robert t . ( ed . ) , the international encyclopedia of sexuality [ full text ] janssen , d . f . , growing up sexually . volume i
75 is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by people like you . please donate today .
160589462 160590401 2007-09-27 00:24:01 0 days 00:04:20 0|70.119.146.173 0 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe your mom ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of
160590724 160590967 2007-09-27 00:26:41 0 days 00:01:12 0|70.119.146.173 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the your mom [[ end of world war ii ]] what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four
160590967 160592013 2007-09-27 00:31:33 0 days 00:04:52 2048686 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii ]] [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four
161008465 161121610 2007-09-29 14:33:01 0 days 15:54:49 3341545 1 more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your of a firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said .
2 guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even including when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . early successful escapes involved
3 german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of breakouts involve women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out
4 " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved
162085177 162086343 2007-10-03 20:11:50 0 days 00:06:10 0|142.25.180.23 1 any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the president bush died construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no
162088730 162088831 2007-10-03 20:24:13 0 days 00:00:30 4131122 3 republic of germany ( and west fgg = = construction begins , 2961 hello katie and emma = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before president bush died the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no
162097147 162236037 2007-10-04 13:31:03 0 days 16:27:02 0|209.174.242.3 3 mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the there was no fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall
4 ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > ! ! ! ! = = = cultural differences = = = {{ weasel words }} even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east
162236037 162236073 2007-10-04 13:31:19 0 days 00:00:16 301395 7 mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = there was no fifteen years after the fall ! ! ! ! = = = cultural differences = = = {{ weasel words }} even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany
8 graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = there was no fall ! ! ! ! , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = {{ weasel words }} even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east
163101981 163102282 2007-10-08 14:57:34 0 days 00:01:18 0|216.237.254.146 0 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after christina billy had gay sex sixteen times the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones (
163105476 163371605 2007-10-09 17:45:07 1 days 02:32:03 0|82.41.42.114 5 germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic e ' ' ' conomic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which
163371605 163373226 2007-10-09 17:53:00 0 days 00:07:53 5451838 5 germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and e ' ' ' conomic economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east ]] germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of
164330493 165005648 2007-10-16 18:39:29 2 days 23:53:33 0|24.249.110.110 0 . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery iola high schools new administration is not very good a group of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the
3 of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupation ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ table where some kids were shooting off bottle caps that is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la
165005648 165005884 2007-10-16 18:40:39 0 days 00:01:10 614280 0 . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] iola high schools new administration is not very good a group = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of people got csr for the next day for just sitting at the table where some kids were shooting off bottle caps that is so retarded
1 ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] iola high schools new administration is not very good a group of people got csr for annotated photographs of the next day for just sitting at the table where some kids were shooting off bottle caps that is so retarded
2 / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] iola high schools new administration is not very good a group of people got csr for the next day for just sitting at berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the table where some kids were shooting off bottle caps that is so retarded
3 the lives of others official website ] iola high schools new administration is not very good a group of people got csr for the next day for just sitting at the table where some kids were shooting off bottle caps that wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupation ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is so retarded
165005884 165222233 2007-10-17 17:39:09 0 days 22:58:30 0|67.132.117.2 0 thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints ' ' ' fuck ' ' ' and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november
165222233 165222438 2007-10-17 17:40:08 0 days 00:00:59 1285073 22 thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed ' ' ' fuck ' ' ' border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november
165409653 165409865 2007-10-18 14:21:33 0 days 00:01:15 0|89.240.178.51 0 viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america the usa ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not
165598417 165643339 2007-10-19 15:25:00 0 days 05:20:28 2073927 5 viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of the usa america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 2 more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] separating western from eastern germany was effectively opened . the following days were most unusual for the whole of germany - considering the usual german ways , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in
4 united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began
6 ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists rules in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time
8 , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . protest demonstrations broke
14 , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited and i stayed there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled "
15 weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the
16 including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to and by that time i had missed a test in history - but what history teacher wouldn ' t accept the excuse i had ? i don ' t have much of a story to tell ( others have done that already ) ; i only want to publish the raw material i ' ve collected . there are about 60 photographs ( they can be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa -
18 were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for weekend , and in addition there are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14 ) . most of the articles are available in their original german and in a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of
19 free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days translated or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits
20 they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day summarized english version , but some still lack translation . if you feel that you can translate something from german to english , just pick one of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could
21 restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay the articles that doesn ' t have a translation and do it - i ' ll gladly put your translation up here on my site , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely
166163043 166165378 2007-10-21 23:47:46 0 days 00:12:04 605084 3 reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on the 9th of november , 1989 , the border separating western from eastern germany was effectively opened . the following days were most unusual for the whole of germany - considering the usual german ways restrictions with [[ austria ]] , one could almost speak of anarchy : shops stayed open as long as they wanted ( the usual , mandatory closing time was 6 : 30pm in 1989 ) ,
4 1989 , the border separating western from eastern germany was effectively opened . the following days were most unusual for the whole of germany - considering the usual german ways , one could almost speak of anarchy : shops stayed open as long as they wanted ( the usual , mandatory closing time was 6 : 30pm and in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days . of course
5 usual german ways , one could almost speak of anarchy : shops stayed open as long as they wanted ( the usual , mandatory closing time was 6 : 30pm in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were september more exceptions than rules in those days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always
6 mandatory closing time was 6 : 30pm in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules 13 , 000 east german tourists in those days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always be used as a
7 time was 6 : 30pm in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always be used as a symbol for
10 30pm in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always be used as a symbol for the end of the cold war , made the " west " available in
15 of 1989 , almost everyone was overwhelmed by happiness - a national and emotional exception . the 9th of november was a thursday in 1989 , and i was still at school . but on friday the brandenburg gate , i managed to get a seat on a flight to berlin , and i stayed there for the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon ,
16 overwhelmed by happiness - a national and emotional exception . the 9th of november was a thursday in 1989 , and i was still at school . but on friday , i managed to get a seat on a flight to [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin , and i stayed there for the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon , and by that time i had missed a test in history
18 of november was a thursday in 1989 , and i was still at school . but on friday , i managed to get a seat on a flight to berlin , and i stayed including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon , and by that time i had missed a test in history - but what history teacher
19 in 1989 , and i was still at school . but on friday , i managed to get a seat on a flight to berlin , and i stayed there for the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon hours , and by that time i had missed a test in history - but what history teacher wouldn ' t accept the excuse i had ? i don ' t have
20 , i managed to get a seat on a flight to berlin , and i stayed there for the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon , and by that time i had missed a test in history - but what history teacher wouldn ' t accept the excuse i had ? i don ' t have much of a story to tell ( others have done that already ) ; i only want to publish the raw material i ' ve collected . there are about 60 photographs ( they can cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be downloaded in resolutions up to 3072x2048 ) which i shot on that weekend , and in addition there are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14
21 tell ( others have done that already ) ; i only want to publish the raw material i ' ve collected . there are about 60 photographs ( they can be downloaded in resolutions up to 3072x2048 ) which i shot opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on that weekend , and in addition there are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14 ) . most of the articles are available in their original
23 to publish the raw material i ' ve collected . there are about 60 photographs ( they can be downloaded in resolutions up to 3072x2048 ) which i shot on that weekend , and in addition there are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14 ) . most of the articles are available in their original german and in involved application for a translated or at least summarized english version , but some still lack translation . if you feel that you can translate something from german to english , just pick one
24 and in addition there are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14 ) . most of the articles are available in their original german and in a translated visa several days or at least summarized english version , but some still lack translation . if you feel that you can translate something from german to english , just pick one of the
26 are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14 ) . most of the articles are available in their original german and in a translated or at least summarized english version , but some still lack translation . if you feel that you can translate something from german to english , just pick one 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of the articles that doesn ' t have a translation and do it - i ' ll gladly put your translation up here on my site , with credits and all
27 translated or at least summarized english version , but some still lack translation . if you feel that you can translate something from german to english , just pick one of the articles that doesn ' t have a translation and do it - i ' ll gladly put your translation up here on my site their planned stay , with credits and all . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px |
166331546 166354092 2007-10-22 20:00:56 0 days 01:42:19 716438 1 = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed who died trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref
166354092 166355206 2007-10-22 20:06:01 0 days 00:05:05 716438 4 existance has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [ alexandra hildebrandt ] , director of the [ checkpoint charlie museum ] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimate estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571
167283465 167283597 2007-10-26 20:11:01 0 days 00:00:45 0|205.202.92.219 2 united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the theand trust me adam [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the
3 was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be band trust mee formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin )
167283597 167284000 2007-10-26 20:13:12 0 days 00:02:11 0|140.254.80.182 3 united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of theand trust me adam the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the
4 was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to band trust mee be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin )
167330269 167330987 2007-10-27 00:51:18 0 days 00:04:40 50001 9 to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapers to let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left
10 of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapers to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . , like in the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western
11 ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapers to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17
14 was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = =
170313046 170423035 2007-11-09 22:14:07 0 days 09:25:19 1581958 0 world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee the east to west berlin and west germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / /
172703659 172704160 2007-11-20 14:34:54 0 days 00:02:53 0|204.82.110.63 0 mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as terry lynch likes fat sweaty men lucas smith wants to engage in mischevous doings with grantmen an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
172704821 172706114 2007-11-20 14:45:48 0 days 00:07:10 0|204.82.110.75 0 mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as nick flieger terry - lynch likes men [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on
173857115 173862066 2007-11-26 10:01:15 0 days 00:52:47 137113 2 as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , the wall was need needed to curtail western espionage and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw pact ]] nations . the wall also marked the frontier in the cold
175551251 175552021 2007-12-03 19:57:45 0 days 00:03:16 0|24.207.26.4 1 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] sebastian adugalski [[ end ended of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) ,
175552021 175559970 2007-12-03 20:31:20 0 days 00:33:35 2537811 1 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] nic beck and matthew baena [[ ended end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially emained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) ,
176202560 176232664 2007-12-06 21:33:12 0 days 02:32:49 5175144 0 image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what danny ate alot of donuts and got fat , awhat territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying
176232664 176239521 2007-12-06 22:07:39 0 days 00:34:27 0|68.230.156.108 0 image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , danny ate alot of donuts and got fat , awhat what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying
176239521 176445208 2007-12-07 21:32:06 0 days 23:24:27 0|207.197.67.10 0 provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months moths before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! "
176445208 176445369 2007-12-07 21:33:05 0 days 00:00:59 4417781 0 provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two moths months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! "
178433680 178872694 2007-12-19 03:34:38 2 days 00:13:36 0|67.188.74.176 29 with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs shoes and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy
178873340 178873918 2007-12-19 03:42:19 0 days 00:03:39 2537811 28 with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their shoes jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy
179441714 179812877 2007-12-23 18:12:04 1 days 22:51:24 0|190.70.124.194 1 east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it
180613804 180667940 2007-12-28 20:24:50 0 days 05:37:04 400903 0 sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there three long sections are only three larger sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]]
181459680 181693151 2008-01-02 20:46:56 0 days 22:21:22 0|68.5.232.120 2 [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[
182600825 182606149 2008-01-06 21:48:31 0 days 00:27:39 0|72.73.218.195 0 a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four persons people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind
1 checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four persons ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports sport car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards
3 sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]]
182606149 182616020 2008-01-06 22:40:39 0 days 00:52:08 2537811 0 checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sport sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply layed flat and kept driving forward
183109949 183110157 2008-01-09 04:03:46 0 days 00:01:19 162210 0 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ francesca ' s october 3 ]] [[ gay ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof
185100297 185101915 2008-01-18 00:24:23 0 days 00:08:17 0|12.214.202.72 0 ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year yearse fest with nuts " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government
185101915 185101957 2008-01-18 00:24:37 0 days 00:00:14 171365 0 ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - yearse fest with nuts year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government
185253538 185254068 2008-01-18 18:53:54 0 days 00:02:25 6228264 0 the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day days of turmoil construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west
185254068 185273785 2008-01-18 20:27:25 0 days 01:33:31 2537811 0 the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the days of turmoil day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west
186281600 186292925 2008-01-23 06:03:28 0 days 01:26:37 686868 0 [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the
188026093 188026301 2008-01-30 23:11:00 0 days 00:00:51 911178 0 [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ epic lol iron curtain ]] and many lulz have been created by its formation . the wall divided east berlin and [[ africa ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[
188026301 188145977 2008-01-31 13:44:04 0 days 14:33:04 0|208.108.155.72 1 the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . fa = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
188209668 188209811 2008-01-31 19:27:11 0 days 00:00:38 6227797 0 ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . lukas georgeff was a big meany head the wall divided east berlin and was as stupid as a pencil . [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it
190525831 190526102 2008-02-11 02:23:39 0 days 00:01:31 0|24.91.51.85 1 of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ whats up the berlin walll was really a stupid idea cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ) )
192015176 192015808 2008-02-17 06:59:52 0 days 00:05:58 686868 0 kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that it visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next
193649835 193676891 2008-02-24 10:56:14 0 days 04:43:03 0|213.73.68.136 0 would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now without delay " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin .
194684439 194702146 2008-02-28 18:16:47 0 days 01:23:58 0|76.76.239.2 0 ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed raped and slaughtered trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw
194702146 194702172 2008-02-28 18:16:55 0 days 00:00:08 2092344 0 ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were raped and slaughtered killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw
195694787 195845813 2008-03-04 18:16:50 0 days 17:09:42 0|72.67.90.61 0 no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used usedwith dick juice in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of
195845813 195845879 2008-03-04 18:17:11 0 days 00:00:21 538346 0 no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been usedwith dick juice used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of
196054243 196063351 2008-03-05 16:41:51 0 days 00:48:12 0|77.97.50.70 0 ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least vfmnrmcmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmn gemma is hot hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhggdxsex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sexleast by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of
196063351 196063376 2008-03-05 16:42:00 0 days 00:00:09 1879647 0 ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , vfmnrmcmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmn gemma is hot hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhggdxsex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sexleast at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of
196838468 196839535 2008-03-08 20:03:03 0 days 00:05:10 6483803 0 graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the touristy parts tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the "
196946956 197071265 2008-03-09 20:31:11 0 days 14:27:18 0|98.17.134.249 0 authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked west germans wanted to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east
197075558 197077024 2008-03-09 20:57:57 0 days 00:06:53 0|98.17.134.249 0 ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 no successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial .
2 air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications west germans deported him to east germany . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 18 ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were no around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin after the wall was built . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s
22 z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . the west germans deported him to east germany when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not
197723011 197723532 2008-03-12 14:36:28 0 days 00:02:45 3505251 0 between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although travel traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg
197723532 197732281 2008-03-12 15:22:03 0 days 00:45:35 3505251 2 en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . yet another explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a
5 ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall it , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the
199097858 199098110 2008-03-18 15:13:29 0 days 00:01:18 0|208.27.127.62 1 the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten go away now ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall
199098110 199098162 2008-03-18 15:13:44 0 days 00:00:15 1879647 2 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this page is empty you shouldn ' t be here = = construction begins , go away now ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
201724471 201855065 2008-03-29 18:05:49 0 days 15:57:55 0|68.47.21.231 0 asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 you all need to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [[ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past
202125951 202125992 2008-03-30 19:59:06 0 days 00:00:09 2372780 1 the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hahahahaha i hate the berlin wall so i decided to delete all the text that someone carefully put together stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to share with the world = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east
2 formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hahahahaha i hate the berlin wall so i decided to delete all the text that someone carefully put together to share with cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the world = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers
202294554 202513698 2008-04-01 10:43:33 0 days 20:42:28 0|220.246.164.11 0 crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a an euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way
202513698 202525275 2008-04-01 12:14:24 0 days 01:30:51 0|131.111.16.20 0 crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by an a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way
202525275 202536820 2008-04-01 13:23:40 0 days 01:09:16 0|208.182.113.239 0 [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans two fish , many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land
2 = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy
202536820 202537943 2008-04-01 13:30:00 0 days 00:06:20 911178 0 [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . two fish = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , five chicken , eight rihnos , four hippos , one and a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six
1 border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . two fish , five chicken , eight rihnos , four hippos , one many families were split and a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , and seven groundhogs jumped over the berlin wall chasing
2 and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . two fish , five chicken , eight rihnos , four hippos , one and a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , east berliners were cut off from their jobs and seven groundhogs jumped over the berlin wall chasing a cat and four buffalo = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed
204488418 204489282 2008-04-09 17:09:53 0 days 00:04:28 137113 0 and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin
204493107 204725508 2008-04-10 16:47:10 0 days 23:17:59 137113 2 the wall as an end to concerns about a ddr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unneccessary move project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13
205709007 205856138 2008-04-15 19:38:21 0 days 16:21:25 3313221 2 use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was were restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west
205856138 205859140 2008-04-15 19:51:47 0 days 00:13:26 911178 1 west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous were the [[ friedrichstraße ]] subway ( u - bahn ) station and ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which were was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west
210732007 210975287 2008-05-08 05:56:41 1 days 01:56:30 608356 2 improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised criticized the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its
211225942 211226287 2008-05-09 10:02:08 0 days 00:03:52 686868 3 ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that gave allowed west berliners the chance to apply for visa for travel to east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already applicable for west germans . ' ' '
5 berlin ]] , agreements were reached that gave west berliners the chance to apply for visa for travel to east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already applicable in force for west germans . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west
214991201 215551281 2008-05-28 18:27:39 2 days 12:19:20 355538 2 ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction , in a wooded area to the north of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43
7 berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets involved . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn
8 . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it the barrier was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to
10 them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city first concrete elements and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class |
11 to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in
231100032 231103661 2008-08-10 22:13:25 0 days 00:19:40 4626 0 ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification were was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit
231103661 231103940 2008-08-10 22:14:59 0 days 00:01:34 4626 0 [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as and in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited
237224577 237252350 2008-09-09 10:14:28 0 days 04:08:11 0|150.101.115.110 0 of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before being it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little
237420572 237421084 2008-09-10 02:42:59 0 days 00:04:00 7823265 4 ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) gay sex there just stay away from the male because you dont know who to trust dont bend over and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " (
5 republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in then micheal jackson goes there and gets all the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border
237421084 237421104 2008-09-10 02:43:05 0 days 00:00:06 2372780 4 german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . many people lived in berlin and the german decided to build a wall so that the berlin people could keep the rabbit problem the berlin people are normally very hot and have nice arses every one should go there cause you get laid every night and there is lots ) . = = = divergence of gay sex there just stay away from the male because you dont know who to trust dont bend over and then micheal jackson goes there and gets all the children
5 keep the rabbit problem the berlin people are normally very hot and have nice arses every one should go there cause you get laid every night and there is lots of gay sex there just stay away from the male because you dont know who to trust dont bend over german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and then micheal jackson goes there and gets all the children and thats how they built the berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad
6 cause you get laid every night and there is lots of gay sex there just stay away from the male because you dont know who to trust dont bend over and then micheal jackson goes there and gets all a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the children and thats how they built the berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to see it all crumbled even parts of it
8 then micheal jackson goes there and gets all the children and thats how they built the berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone stop east germans from people bouncing up and down and erosion = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb |
9 how they built the berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone from people bouncing up fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and down and erosion = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german
10 berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone from people bouncing up and down west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and erosion = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers
237730525 237758626 2008-09-11 18:11:26 0 days 02:28:30 137113 0 [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint and as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 2 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de /
24 additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . obstacles were installed along = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans ,
26 the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners cut off from their jobs and
37 restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany .
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 2 points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits at during the christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on
9 had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission approval was never guaranteed . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans
239163147 239319359 2008-09-18 16:33:40 0 days 14:49:37 736477 3 exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . special rules procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , mostly to prevent inadvertent violation of
4 german border controls . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , mostly again with the intent to prevent inadvertent violation of allied policy governing the four - power status of berlin as a whole . = = = escape attempts = = = ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long license plate said fresh and it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole
12 to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall dice in the mirror if anything i can say this cab is rare but i thought ' now forget it ' - ' yo homes to bel air ' i pulled up to the house about 7 or 8 and i yelled to the cabbie ' yo homes smell ya later ' i looked at my kingdom i was finally there to sit on my throne as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if
242755000 242755785 2008-10-03 14:46:42 0 days 00:03:55 0|66.28.221.133 1 pleaded with her day after day but she packed my suite case and send me on my way she gave me a kiss and then she gave me my ticket . i put my walkman jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on and said , ' i might as well kick it ' . first class , yo this is bad drinking orange juice out of a champagne glass . is this
3 bel - air the type of place they send this cool cat ? i don ' t think sow i ' ll see when i get there i hope they ' re prepared for the prince of bel - air well , the plane landed and when i came out there berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a dude who looked like a cop standing there with my name out i ain ' t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the quickness
4 see when i get there i hope they ' re prepared for the prince of bel - air well , the plane landed and when i came out there was a dude who looked like a cop standing there with my name out i ain physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab and when it came near the license
6 there was a dude who looked like a cop standing there with my name out i ain ' t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab border between east and when it came near the license plate said fresh and it had dice in the mirror if anything i can say this cab is rare but i thought ' now
7 with my name out i ain ' t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab and when it [[ west germany ]] . both borders came near the license plate said fresh and it had dice in the mirror if anything i can say this cab is rare but i thought ' now forget it '
8 out i ain ' t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab and when it came near to symbolize the license plate said fresh and it had dice in the mirror if anything i can say this cab is rare but i thought ' now forget it ' - '
9 ain ' t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab and when it came near the license plate said fresh and [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had dice in the mirror if anything i can say this cab is rare but i thought ' now forget it ' - ' yo homes to bel air '
10 i just got here i sprang with the quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab and when it came near the license plate said fresh and it had dice in the mirror if anything i can say this cab is rare but i thought ' now forget it ' - ' yo homes to bel air ' i pulled up to the house about 7 or 8 and i yelled to the cabbie ' yo homes smell ya later ' i looked at my kingdom i was finally there to sit on my throne taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as the prince of bel air
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 14 response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there interviewed early on in was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin
16 west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift run ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[
18 berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons
27 nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d
33 the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who
34 crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength celebration and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known
38 ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly stated that they will both write the next picture , but only stoller will direct . < ref name = " stoller " / > on [[ march 31 ]] [[ 2008 ]] , ' ' first showing ' ' revealed details about the new muppet film . < ref name = " first " > billington , alex . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . firstshowing . net / 2008 / 03 / 31 / jason - segel - reveals - new - muppets - movie - details / | title = jason segel reveals new muppets movie details | publisher = first showing | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 08 }} < / ref > ' ' coming soon ' ' reported similar news . < ref name = " coming " > newgen , heather . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . comingsoon . net / news / movienews . php ? id = 43501 | title = exclusive : in the future with segel and hader ! | publisher = coming soon | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 09 }} < / ref > after an interview with jason segel , ' ' first ' ' announced , " it ' s going to be incredibly old - fashioned , with the familiar muppet characters putting on a show to save an old theater . the danger ? an evil character wants to tear the place down to get at the oil underneath . " < ref name = " first " / > segel stated that he was the most enthusiastic about the project , also stating , " i just remember being 10 years old , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial
40 vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay comprehensive list ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor
42 the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson
43 placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with . they also make five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and
44 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted .
45 with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 ,
55 been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would http : / / www . youtube . com / user / patrioticeagle " patrioticeagle " ] ( run by [[ sam the eagle | sam the eagle ]] ) be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier
57 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both {{ portal | muppets }} * [[ jim henson ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german
58 the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while
83 fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn na muppets ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 10 , the fraggles of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above - mentioned non pov - " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] (
14 the first season of ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' . guest stars on some of these programs have occasionally had muppet versions of themselves . it was a regular practice for the first few episodes of ' ' the muppet show ' ' , and [[ zz top ]] , among others , have appeared as muppet versions of themselves on ' ' sesame street . the puppet characters of ' ' [[ farscape ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the storyteller ]] ' ' , ' ' mother goose stories ' ' , ' ' [[ the hoobs ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ construction site ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ dinosaurs ( tv series ) | dinosaurs ]] ' ' , as well as from the films ' ' [[ labyrinth ( film ) | labyrinth ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ teenage mutant ninja turtles ( film ) | teenage mutant ninja turtles ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ buddy ( film ) | buddy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the country bears ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the dark crystal ]] ' ' , are not considered muppets {{ fact | date = june 2008 }} , as they were made by [[ jim henson ' s creature shop ]] , rather than by henson ' s muppet workshop . the puppet casts of ' ' [[ puppet up ! ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ tinseltown ]] ' ' are also not considered muppets as they were made by the jim henson company after the sale of the muppets in 2004 . the ' ' [[ star wars ]] ' ' character [[ yoda ]] was voiced by [[ frank oz ]] , one of henson ' s regular performers , and is often referred to as a muppet in media and reference works ; he is not , however , a muppet and henson ' s organization was not involved in the character ' s design . the muppets ' popularity has been so expansive clear both that muppet characters have been treated as celebrities in their own right {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . the muppets have presented at the [[ academy awards ]]
15 is not , however , a muppet and henson ' s organization was not involved in the character ' s design . the muppets ' popularity has been so expansive that muppet characters have been treated as celebrities in their own right {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . the muppets have presented at the [[ academy awards ]] and [[ emmy awards ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; made [[ cameo role | cameo appearances ]] in such feature films as ' ' [[ rocky iii ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ an american werewolf in london ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ mr . magorium ' s wonder emporium ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] west german morale needed lifting and that there was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / /
16 | date = february 2008 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com
27 this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ the great muppet caper ]] ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets take manhattan ]] ' ' ( 1984 ) : ' ' [[ jim henson ' s muppetvision 3d ]] ' ' ( 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet christmas carol ]] ' ' ( 1992 ) : ' ' [[ muppet treasure island ]] ' ' ( 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' ( 1999 ) = = = telefilms = = = : ' ' [[ it ' s a very merry muppet christmas movie ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets ' wizard of oz ]] ' ' ( 2005 ) = = = television series = = = : ' ' [[ sam and friends ]] ' ' ( 1955 - 61 ) : ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' ( 1969 - present ) : ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' ( 1975 - 1976 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' ( 1976 - 1981 ) : ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( 1983 - 87 ) : ' ' [[ muppet babies ]] ' ' ( 1984 - 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' ( 1989 special on [[ nbc ]] , regular show on [[ fox broadcasting company | fox ]] from 1992 - 1995 ) : ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' ( 1994 - 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' ( 1996 - 1998 ) = = = television specials = = = : ' ' hey cinderella ! ' ' ( 1970 ) : ' ' [[ the frog prince ( muppets ) | the frog prince ]] ' ' ( 1971 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet musicians of bremen ]] ' ' ( 1972 ) : ' ' the muppets valentine show ' ' ( 1974 ) : ' ' [[ emmet otter ' s jug - band christmas ]] ' ' ( 1977 ) : ' ' the muppets go hollywood ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ john denver and the muppets : a christmas together ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' the muppets go display to the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' (
28 and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : strength a celebration of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the
30 ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the bunny picnic ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ a muppet family christmas ]] ' ' ( 1987 ) : ' ' song of the cloud forest ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets at walt disney world ]] ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' the muppets celebrate jim henson ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' [[ mr . willowby ' s christmas tree ]] ' ' ( 1995 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ dylan french pressure and cole sprouse ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ selena gomez ]] ' ' (
32 ] ' ' [[ variety ( magazine ) | variety ]] ' ' . retrieved : [[ april 5 ]] , [[ 2008 ]] < / ref > they have also stated that they will both write the next picture , but only stoller will direct . < ref name = " stoller " / > on [[ march 31 ]] [[ 2008 ]] , ' ' first showing ' ' revealed details about the new muppet film . < ref name = " first " > billington , alex . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . firstshowing . net / 2008 / 03 / 31 / jason - segel - reveals - new - muppets - movie - details / | title = jason segel reveals new muppets movie details | publisher = first showing | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 08 }} < / ref > ' ' coming soon ' ' reported similar news . < ref name = " coming " > newgen , heather . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . comingsoon . net / news / movienews . php ? id = 43501 | title = exclusive : in the future with segel and hader ! | publisher = coming soon | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 09 }} < / ref > after an interview with jason segel , ' ' first ' ' announced , " it ' s going to be incredibly old - fashioned , with the familiar muppet characters putting on a show to save an old theater . the danger ? an evil character wants to tear the place down to get at the oil underneath . " < ref name = " first " / > segel stated that he was the most enthusiastic about the project , also stating , " i just remember being 10 years old general and for me kermit was tom hanks . kermit is like the original everyman and i remember watching the old muppets with my parents and seeing peter sellers and people like
33 name = " first " / > segel stated that he was the most enthusiastic about the project , also stating , " i just remember being 10 years old and for me kermit was tom hanks . kermit is like the original everyman and i remember watching the old muppets with my parents and seeing peter sellers and people like that on . i ' ve always had muppet pictures and figurines all through my house . now that i ' m getting to write it , i feel like all of my dreams are coming true . " < ref name = " coming " / > = = pop culture = = muppet - like and muppet - inspired puppets star in the 2004 [[ tony award ]] - winning [[ broadway theatre | broadway ]] musical ' ' [[ avenue q ]] ' ' ( which disavows any relationship with sesame workshop or the jim henson company ) . [[ peter jackson ]] ' s film , ' ' [[ meet the feebles ]] ' ' is another parody of the muppets . ' ' [[ the simpsons ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ family guy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - lucius d . clay for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]]
34 ' [[ family guy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for
36 ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube
37 and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of
38 and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the
40 ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear glover s . johns jr . to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube .
41 muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run was alerted by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user
51 . youtube . com / user / weirdowhatever " weirdowhatever " ] ( run by [[ gonzo the great | the great gonzo ]] ) = = see also = = {{ portal | muppets }} * [[ jim henson ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 14 response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there interviewed early on in was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin
16 west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift run ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[
18 berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons
27 nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d
33 the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who
34 crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength celebration and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known
38 ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly stated that they will both write the next picture , but only stoller will direct . < ref name = " stoller " / > on [[ march 31 ]] [[ 2008 ]] , ' ' first showing ' ' revealed details about the new muppet film . < ref name = " first " > billington , alex . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . firstshowing . net / 2008 / 03 / 31 / jason - segel - reveals - new - muppets - movie - details / | title = jason segel reveals new muppets movie details | publisher = first showing | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 08 }} < / ref > ' ' coming soon ' ' reported similar news . < ref name = " coming " > newgen , heather . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . comingsoon . net / news / movienews . php ? id = 43501 | title = exclusive : in the future with segel and hader ! | publisher = coming soon | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 09 }} < / ref > after an interview with jason segel , ' ' first ' ' announced , " it ' s going to be incredibly old - fashioned , with the familiar muppet characters putting on a show to save an old theater . the danger ? an evil character wants to tear the place down to get at the oil underneath . " < ref name = " first " / > segel stated that he was the most enthusiastic about the project , also stating , " i just remember being 10 years old , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial
40 vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay comprehensive list ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor
42 the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson
43 placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with . they also make five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and
44 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted .
45 with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 ,
55 been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would http : / / www . youtube . com / user / patrioticeagle " patrioticeagle " ] ( run by [[ sam the eagle | sam the eagle ]] ) be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier
57 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both {{ portal | muppets }} * [[ jim henson ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german
58 the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while
83 fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn na muppets ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 10 , the fraggles of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above - mentioned non pov - " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] (
14 the first season of ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' . guest stars on some of these programs have occasionally had muppet versions of themselves . it was a regular practice for the first few episodes of ' ' the muppet show ' ' , and [[ zz top ]] , among others , have appeared as muppet versions of themselves on ' ' sesame street . the puppet characters of ' ' [[ farscape ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the storyteller ]] ' ' , ' ' mother goose stories ' ' , ' ' [[ the hoobs ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ construction site ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ dinosaurs ( tv series ) | dinosaurs ]] ' ' , as well as from the films ' ' [[ labyrinth ( film ) | labyrinth ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ teenage mutant ninja turtles ( film ) | teenage mutant ninja turtles ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ buddy ( film ) | buddy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the country bears ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the dark crystal ]] ' ' , are not considered muppets {{ fact | date = june 2008 }} , as they were made by [[ jim henson ' s creature shop ]] , rather than by henson ' s muppet workshop . the puppet casts of ' ' [[ puppet up ! ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ tinseltown ]] ' ' are also not considered muppets as they were made by the jim henson company after the sale of the muppets in 2004 . the ' ' [[ star wars ]] ' ' character [[ yoda ]] was voiced by [[ frank oz ]] , one of henson ' s regular performers , and is often referred to as a muppet in media and reference works ; he is not , however , a muppet and henson ' s organization was not involved in the character ' s design . the muppets ' popularity has been so expansive clear both that muppet characters have been treated as celebrities in their own right {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . the muppets have presented at the [[ academy awards ]]
15 is not , however , a muppet and henson ' s organization was not involved in the character ' s design . the muppets ' popularity has been so expansive that muppet characters have been treated as celebrities in their own right {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . the muppets have presented at the [[ academy awards ]] and [[ emmy awards ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; made [[ cameo role | cameo appearances ]] in such feature films as ' ' [[ rocky iii ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ an american werewolf in london ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ mr . magorium ' s wonder emporium ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] west german morale needed lifting and that there was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / /
16 | date = february 2008 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com
27 this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ the great muppet caper ]] ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets take manhattan ]] ' ' ( 1984 ) : ' ' [[ jim henson ' s muppetvision 3d ]] ' ' ( 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet christmas carol ]] ' ' ( 1992 ) : ' ' [[ muppet treasure island ]] ' ' ( 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' ( 1999 ) = = = telefilms = = = : ' ' [[ it ' s a very merry muppet christmas movie ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets ' wizard of oz ]] ' ' ( 2005 ) = = = television series = = = : ' ' [[ sam and friends ]] ' ' ( 1955 - 61 ) : ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' ( 1969 - present ) : ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' ( 1975 - 1976 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' ( 1976 - 1981 ) : ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( 1983 - 87 ) : ' ' [[ muppet babies ]] ' ' ( 1984 - 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' ( 1989 special on [[ nbc ]] , regular show on [[ fox broadcasting company | fox ]] from 1992 - 1995 ) : ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' ( 1994 - 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' ( 1996 - 1998 ) = = = television specials = = = : ' ' hey cinderella ! ' ' ( 1970 ) : ' ' [[ the frog prince ( muppets ) | the frog prince ]] ' ' ( 1971 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet musicians of bremen ]] ' ' ( 1972 ) : ' ' the muppets valentine show ' ' ( 1974 ) : ' ' [[ emmet otter ' s jug - band christmas ]] ' ' ( 1977 ) : ' ' the muppets go hollywood ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ john denver and the muppets : a christmas together ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' the muppets go display to the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' (
28 and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : strength a celebration of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the
30 ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the bunny picnic ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ a muppet family christmas ]] ' ' ( 1987 ) : ' ' song of the cloud forest ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets at walt disney world ]] ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' the muppets celebrate jim henson ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' [[ mr . willowby ' s christmas tree ]] ' ' ( 1995 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ dylan french pressure and cole sprouse ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ selena gomez ]] ' ' (
32 ] ' ' [[ variety ( magazine ) | variety ]] ' ' . retrieved : [[ april 5 ]] , [[ 2008 ]] < / ref > they have also stated that they will both write the next picture , but only stoller will direct . < ref name = " stoller " / > on [[ march 31 ]] [[ 2008 ]] , ' ' first showing ' ' revealed details about the new muppet film . < ref name = " first " > billington , alex . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . firstshowing . net / 2008 / 03 / 31 / jason - segel - reveals - new - muppets - movie - details / | title = jason segel reveals new muppets movie details | publisher = first showing | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 08 }} < / ref > ' ' coming soon ' ' reported similar news . < ref name = " coming " > newgen , heather . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . comingsoon . net / news / movienews . php ? id = 43501 | title = exclusive : in the future with segel and hader ! | publisher = coming soon | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 09 }} < / ref > after an interview with jason segel , ' ' first ' ' announced , " it ' s going to be incredibly old - fashioned , with the familiar muppet characters putting on a show to save an old theater . the danger ? an evil character wants to tear the place down to get at the oil underneath . " < ref name = " first " / > segel stated that he was the most enthusiastic about the project , also stating , " i just remember being 10 years old general and for me kermit was tom hanks . kermit is like the original everyman and i remember watching the old muppets with my parents and seeing peter sellers and people like
33 name = " first " / > segel stated that he was the most enthusiastic about the project , also stating , " i just remember being 10 years old and for me kermit was tom hanks . kermit is like the original everyman and i remember watching the old muppets with my parents and seeing peter sellers and people like that on . i ' ve always had muppet pictures and figurines all through my house . now that i ' m getting to write it , i feel like all of my dreams are coming true . " < ref name = " coming " / > = = pop culture = = muppet - like and muppet - inspired puppets star in the 2004 [[ tony award ]] - winning [[ broadway theatre | broadway ]] musical ' ' [[ avenue q ]] ' ' ( which disavows any relationship with sesame workshop or the jim henson company ) . [[ peter jackson ]] ' s film , ' ' [[ meet the feebles ]] ' ' is another parody of the muppets . ' ' [[ the simpsons ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ family guy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - lucius d . clay for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]]
34 ' [[ family guy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for
36 ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube
37 and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of
38 and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the
40 ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear glover s . johns jr . to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube .
41 muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run was alerted by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user
51 . youtube . com / user / weirdowhatever " weirdowhatever " ] ( run by [[ gonzo the great | the great gonzo ]] ) = = see also = = {{ portal | muppets }} * [[ jim henson ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com
245370107 245417666 2008-10-15 10:41:25 0 days 07:04:30 0|98.181.39.113 2 of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled governed by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]]
245417666 245418082 2008-10-15 10:45:36 0 days 00:04:11 0|98.181.39.113 3 of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was sectioned into four military zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one governed controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]]
246474803 246619818 2008-10-21 00:19:35 0 days 13:12:14 736477 0 missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail land to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha
247201275 247265283 2008-10-23 22:25:51 0 days 05:40:17 0|72.91.146.62 0 ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required require to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces
247265283 247265491 2008-10-23 22:27:09 0 days 00:01:18 911178 0 ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were require required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces
255351460 255351569 2008-12-02 03:51:07 0 days 00:00:44 0|68.33.196.243 2 german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : uyfukyfuvj , hvuyv [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone jhv ; opjpojlkmni / nin / lkn / inddr . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american
255707690 255707707 2008-12-03 21:07:31 0 days 00:00:05 4678253 3 this is a wall that is the guinness book of world records for the most people having sex in it ! though most of them die from the scorching heat of this wall ! when u have sex with someone stick graffiti art on the dickin the hole the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on
255707707 255794738 2008-12-04 06:17:39 0 days 09:10:08 0|24.150.100.199 2 europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from the day 4 december 2008 ( utc ) < / nowiki > y construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref
256070488 256154730 2008-12-06 01:40:12 0 days 08:28:17 0|68.164.228.214 5 checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to some 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s
9 mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in contained between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the
10 in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down were razed and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " .
11 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their the inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was
12 on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel
16 and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it the no man ' s land was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly ,
18 no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it rendering footprints easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to
19 land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints notice ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards .
21 . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly important , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961
22 gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field fields of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence (
23 it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to for the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965
25 ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over through the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall (
256389672 256389779 2008-12-07 09:06:23 0 days 00:00:57 3505251 0 separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time /
256683536 256850381 2008-12-09 16:11:14 0 days 19:57:18 4634493 1 ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 , and was considered to be fully erected in a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171
2 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol matter of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 ,
257231643 257231828 2008-12-11 07:09:13 0 days 00:01:19 911178 0 taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be killed shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982
257284183 257291690 2008-12-11 16:06:25 0 days 00:50:25 0|71.130.177.243 10 west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks decades , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it
257291690 257299643 2008-12-11 16:51:58 0 days 00:45:33 352579 7 west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by east germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few decades weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it
258133599 258134007 2008-12-15 15:47:51 0 days 00:02:16 0|71.130.177.243 9 across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government governmnigger ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ent with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move
12 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months monthfuck s before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council
258135144 258137090 2008-12-15 16:03:25 0 days 00:09:50 1430004 5 across the inigggggggggerrrrrrrrrrnner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian governmnigger ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ent government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually ' ' ' improved , many east germans
6 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two monthfuck s months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council
258203997 258204890 2008-12-15 21:31:40 0 days 00:03:53 0|76.217.13.119 1 ]] . the shit that was laid by east germans separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction of the shitting began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com
258206239 258209070 2008-12-15 21:49:42 0 days 00:12:46 5177550 4 ]] . the shit that was laid by east germans separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day of the shitting construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . it took 3 years and 2892 people to make the berlin shit .
261502761 262136422 2009-01-05 18:46:03 2 days 23:19:18 0|209.189.130.83 2 art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked then to italy but it stopped in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]]
3 death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] ireland for some alcoholic beverages . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[
262136422 262136515 2009-01-05 18:46:36 0 days 00:00:33 1064243 3 {st@rt} the berlin wall was the biggest wall ever built . it stretched from hamas to south china , then to italy but it stopped with the wall ' s location marked in ireland for some alcoholic beverages . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction
263617744 263696071 2009-01-12 23:52:01 0 days 06:25:51 0|90.42.7.114 0 word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name =
263821320 263867351 2009-01-13 19:27:23 0 days 03:46:24 0|38.116.200.64 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were 1 person was confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed
263867351 263867716 2009-01-13 19:29:01 0 days 00:01:38 5311630 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 1 person was 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed
264175505 264315387 2009-01-15 20:15:39 0 days 17:48:46 4082790 0 and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 -
264315387 264375104 2009-01-16 01:24:50 0 days 05:09:11 0|76.202.130.24 0 = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime ! ! ! ! cailtin summer isabella cleboaki was here ! ! ! ! gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} <
264375104 264375116 2009-01-16 01:24:56 0 days 00:00:06 4928500 0 = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence ! ! ! ! cailtin summer isabella cleboaki was here ! ! ! ! yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} <
265706760 265707979 2009-01-22 14:41:49 0 days 00:06:38 0|87.194.34.71 0 of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like as in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western
265797534 265797894 2009-01-22 22:37:55 0 days 00:01:48 634828 2 of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , as like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western
266392994 266477211 2009-01-26 06:59:11 0 days 09:12:57 67403 0 these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until
266478122 266480479 2009-01-26 07:26:56 0 days 00:20:28 119438 7 [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg
267773207 267773340 2009-02-01 05:25:28 0 days 00:00:53 214542 0 to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than 25 years a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / /
1 and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0
267773340 267773611 2009-02-01 05:27:32 0 days 00:02:04 214542 2 republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner
267773611 267775034 2009-02-01 05:39:44 0 days 00:12:12 214542 0 the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had
267775871 267776359 2009-02-01 05:51:18 0 days 00:04:09 214542 0 ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to
2 . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces
267776359 267776477 2009-02-01 05:52:19 0 days 00:01:01 214542 0 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death
267776477 267777243 2009-02-01 05:59:00 0 days 00:06:41 214542 0 the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave return . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which
268125931 268285347 2009-02-03 17:38:20 0 days 19:03:47 0|194.46.231.203 4 germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] people organised protests but there was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii |
5 . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders nothing they could do , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin )
6 similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]]
7 the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted shoot anyone trying to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet
9 the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr other side . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between
10 for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " over 200 innocent people were killed this way . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border &
268285347 268287827 2009-02-03 17:51:45 0 days 00:13:25 65541 1 berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . at first getting through the berlin wall was easy . people could walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . but this became more and more freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed
2 at first getting through the berlin wall was easy . people could walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked . but this became more and more freequent and the german government quickly stopped this territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the
3 wall was easy . people could walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked . but this became more and more freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side . , over 200
4 walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked . but this became more and more freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side . , over 200 innocent people were killed this
5 questions being asked . but this became more and more freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side . , over 200 innocent people were killed this way . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[
6 freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to get over to the other side . , over 200 innocent people were killed this way . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall
7 government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the other side . , over 200 innocent people were killed this way . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11
8 . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . , over 200 innocent people were killed this way . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg
10 but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side . , over 200 innocent people were killed this way calling the situation " intolerable " . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building
268961174 269234820 2009-02-08 00:55:12 1 days 06:33:13 0|68.94.13.35 3 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures had big bloody periods . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe
269234820 269234850 2009-02-08 00:55:24 0 days 00:00:12 981424 0 ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation aid barrier | aid ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east persia ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer
269933512 270229031 2009-02-12 14:56:02 1 days 10:27:59 0|75.36.29.153 1 ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the butt was very big an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe
271675098 271760872 2009-02-19 05:58:15 0 days 07:35:30 9021500 0 on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all but the tearing down of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 .
1 next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it wall was started by ronald reagan who came to berlin with a sledgehammer in 1989 and almost single handedly destroyed the entire berlin wall . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = =
271760872 271761880 2009-02-19 06:05:55 0 days 00:07:40 5177550 1 celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; but the tearing down of the wall was started by ronald reagan who came to berlin with a sledgehammer in 1989 and almost single handedly destroyed the entire berlin wall rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = =
271867978 271903645 2009-02-19 20:12:39 0 days 02:48:03 0|198.209.47.114 0 soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone a vagina . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american
271903645 271925346 2009-02-19 21:50:12 0 days 01:37:33 0|79.178.227.167 0 soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside a vagina the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american
272467225 272476022 2009-02-22 11:42:29 0 days 01:00:09 0|93.132.133.36 6 . some {{ who }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of
272476848 272516025 2009-02-22 16:14:50 0 days 04:27:41 96897 0 . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = one of the most a unique pieces of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the
273674256 273674565 2009-02-27 15:58:19 0 days 00:01:44 9091630 0 it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . it was built by oliver smith santa vii , who resided in hampshire , uk . in the 1950 ' s it was used by [ retards ] who used to headbutt it . = = background = =
274232751 274242379 2009-03-01 21:22:25 0 days 00:39:38 0|78.16.204.122 0 concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall black saxafone player l , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]]
274242379 274315302 2009-03-02 02:07:06 0 days 04:44:41 96897 1 formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] a black saxafone player l concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]]
274322212 274328124 2009-03-02 03:04:29 0 days 00:26:42 0|64.92.142.206 1 bot generated title --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures the beloved childrens show dora the explorer . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe
274344223 274348982 2009-03-02 04:57:55 0 days 00:27:39 96897 1 bot generated title --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to the beloved childrens show dora the explorer official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from left to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe
276398128 276398569 2009-03-10 23:53:18 0 days 00:02:17 0|68.81.17.165 1 for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point wikipedia is for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of
276398569 276398619 2009-03-10 23:53:29 0 days 00:00:11 850418 1 usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction - you know what , fuck this are leaving . wikipedia is for nerds = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' '
278130591 278130870 2009-03-18 16:15:32 0 days 00:01:29 6984319 0 world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of this route the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern europeans moving westward in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331
278854882 278889365 2009-03-22 05:34:54 0 days 03:58:53 0|98.210.160.132 1 ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandry for some eastern bloc stated states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural - - especially between where no prior border existed between east
279056784 279058833 2009-03-23 01:19:54 0 days 00:12:58 6984319 0 , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the war the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split
279162751 279624669 2009-03-25 17:43:39 2 days 02:21:56 0|146.145.25.154 0 east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials officialsi have boogers denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1
279624669 279635295 2009-03-25 18:34:46 0 days 00:51:07 0|129.95.35.143 0 east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officialsi have boogers officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1
280576244 280625910 2009-03-30 11:26:09 0 days 07:02:28 0|87.38.134.112 2 ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill party orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co
280625910 280626722 2009-03-30 11:32:07 0 days 00:05:58 3505251 1 ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as party shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co
281875067 281894492 2009-04-05 13:52:21 0 days 02:58:08 0|70.172.199.144 1 exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] otherfucker die i love puppysand jill = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} an seminal moment in the years preceding the
283526349 283682015 2009-04-14 00:18:34 0 days 15:37:18 1099776 0 come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another the sewer system preceded the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german
288317163 288317903 2009-05-06 18:44:59 0 days 00:04:10 1099776 1 essentially a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million aliens that had landed in the mother ship left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire alien population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see |
293533219 294710470 2009-06-06 02:50:18 5 days 10:47:34 593712 0 symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / /
296788035 296824043 2009-06-16 20:29:38 0 days 03:25:16 8219500 0 . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom
296827382 296832081 2009-06-16 21:13:27 0 days 00:25:34 8219500 0 the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . and his opposing force the russians , ruled by dmitriy kotov french army was led some fag eating a cruller . each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united
298939014 299164112 2009-06-28 18:53:11 1 days 04:52:17 0|67.81.121.251 0 out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was little known protester , carolyn schneider , would often rally for the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people
299164112 299165691 2009-06-28 19:04:01 0 days 00:10:50 0|75.2.134.42 0 as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent . this was intended to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by
299165691 299253062 2009-06-29 05:09:02 0 days 10:05:01 0|76.3.104.243 0 = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being start to become physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than
299551518 299552541 2009-06-30 18:36:20 0 days 00:06:13 0|171.66.240.162 1 washington , dc }} < / ref > * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for the 20th anniversary web and in different theaters . this is one of many efforts created for the 20th anniversary from individuals around the world = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la -
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 8 magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200
9 / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than and 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der
306539582 306540083 2009-08-07 04:46:29 0 days 00:04:37 6984319 3 and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling traveling in this manner . * ' ' ' rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service
4 berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( duty ) trains that travelled traveled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of
5 germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling traveling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as
6 berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east
308887262 309060395 2009-08-20 13:05:07 0 days 22:19:29 6971250 0 out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . little known protester carolyn schneider would often rally for this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url
311192075 311278175 2009-09-01 14:03:37 0 days 12:33:20 6971250 7 ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan lobbies of hotels and corporations , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * '
312587321 312588680 2009-09-08 13:57:31 0 days 00:10:56 0|194.202.122.223 1 issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day
312830147 312892342 2009-09-10 01:10:40 0 days 06:05:38 74286 0 = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would start begin to become physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september
1 fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would start to become physically be torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13
2 image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would start to become physically torn apart in the upcoming following days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists
314279419 314293303 2009-09-16 07:06:38 0 days 02:04:37 0|213.160.63.117 0 occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and yo mama infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain
315255142 315255881 2009-09-21 08:16:07 0 days 00:07:59 204692 2 to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any call into question the reliability of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin
3 viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s the united states in the eyes of its other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended
4 if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? . on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . <
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 146 , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' " ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung .
158 < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] is also the date of the end failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic
160 of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary date of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was
162 , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and . so , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 ,
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 4 beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , ' ' an die freude ' ' ( " [[ ode to joy ]] " ' ' ) . this had the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' ' ( " freedom " ) in the text
13 history - and some of them are infamous . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ 9 november ]] is also the date of the failure end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in 1918 , the
19 of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in 1918 , the date anniversary of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 .
20 date of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . so and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[
316594007 316652688 2009-09-28 09:47:24 0 days 09:10:49 6971250 0 bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped most almost all such emigration and separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com
317191642 317216464 2009-10-01 03:30:12 0 days 02:54:26 911178 0 large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated demonstraters in berlin urged the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide '
317216464 317216603 2009-10-01 03:31:23 0 days 00:01:11 911178 0 large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 demonstraters in berlin urged berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' '
317571115 317605383 2009-10-03 07:21:25 0 days 05:19:56 1715251 0 " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with figures estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government
317824549 317979368 2009-10-05 04:18:29 0 days 16:16:48 1938651 3 august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions us , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order
5 the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon < ref > see ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august
323358471 323393153 2009-11-02 01:53:39 0 days 03:22:26 10834630 0 life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control gave east germany authority over civilian access in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while passing control to a regime not recognized in the west
3 ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > when large numbers of east germans then defected under the guise of " visits " this regime , the new east german state essentially eliminated all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin
323548634 323553877 2009-11-02 21:57:58 0 days 00:25:01 6340927 1 heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . a west german television channel , ard , reporting broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference helped accelerate the flood . < ref > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / /
2 television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . a west german television channel , ard , reporting incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference helped accelerate . after hearing the flood . < ref > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn /
323760074 323771791 2009-11-03 21:37:36 0 days 01:01:38 6340927 2 effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a member of the east german politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www
323839905 323840518 2009-11-04 05:01:42 0 days 00:04:34 10519822 1 date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still
4 thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . during a [[ revolutions
324105954 324119733 2009-11-05 18:01:53 0 days 01:22:11 0|12.165.250.13 4 moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary [[ general secretary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{ quote | we welcome change and
324280095 324283750 2009-11-06 14:58:34 0 days 00:28:00 6971250 0 / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some for many years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]]
324284101 324284253 2009-11-06 15:02:26 0 days 00:01:14 6971250 0 ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated however that only about a tenth of the population where was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans also
324471571 324471890 2009-11-07 15:34:27 0 days 00:02:26 0|173.78.68.123 1 footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; most important importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) #
324660090 324677923 2009-11-08 17:52:51 0 days 01:56:50 216103 0 , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and . [[ nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued the euphoria , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 ,
324701296 324721869 2009-11-08 22:06:03 0 days 01:58:26 0|93.73.52.68 0 , so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and . when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as
324735970 324762845 2009-11-09 02:09:24 0 days 02:37:38 10972407 1 east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death landing strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner
324762845 324762884 2009-11-09 02:09:39 0 days 00:00:15 4928500 0 east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " landing death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner
1 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . get drunk during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and watch meatspin ( www . meatspin . com )
324800740 324804014 2009-11-09 07:58:09 0 days 00:40:25 0|75.57.187.213 0 of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like as in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western
324839056 324839194 2009-11-09 13:57:56 0 days 00:01:08 0|213.64.19.23 1 / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html deutsche welle , the " infrastrucure " and technique of the berlin wall in detail , former inner german border with dw ' s animated video ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years
324842902 324843477 2009-11-09 14:31:09 0 days 00:04:20 6971250 2 : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 a thaousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image :
324850374 324850598 2009-11-09 15:21:22 0 days 00:01:30 0|38.103.27.10 0 , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were
324892029 324899185 2009-11-09 20:08:59 0 days 00:38:36 10909561 1 {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in at the [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through
324899185 324899230 2009-11-09 20:09:13 0 days 00:00:14 0|86.44.251.71 0 locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it
324918158 324919679 2009-11-09 21:58:15 0 days 00:08:41 0|86.42.78.215 0 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient recons pearse has a tiny penis and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000
1 , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of likes to fuck animals . his favourite is the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }}
2 soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > sheep = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
324919679 324919964 2009-11-09 21:59:36 0 days 00:01:21 1477111 0 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to recons pearse has a tiny penis reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and likes to fuck animals . his favourite is the sheep = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin
1 > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to recons pearse has a tiny penis and likes to fuck animals . his favourite is a detailed accounting of the sheep = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader
2 soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to recons pearse has a tiny penis and likes to fuck animals . his favourite is the sheep industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
324941032 324941378 2009-11-09 23:50:15 0 days 00:01:51 0|75.186.53.125 1 = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 1961 period it had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} <
2 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > so many homosexuals having sex on it = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
324941378 324942089 2009-11-09 23:53:57 0 days 00:03:42 8214624 2 ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the berlin during the 1961 period it end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had so many homosexuals having sex on it = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }}
3 germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the berlin during the 1961 period it had so many homosexuals having sex on it fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
324942089 324949378 2009-11-10 00:33:49 0 days 00:39:52 0|71.112.226.115 1 could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests protested the construction of the wall at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and
3 stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was despite being a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed
324951791 324951813 2009-11-10 00:48:35 0 days 00:00:07 8214624 3 could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration protested the construction of the wall made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervor , despite being a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united
5 east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration protested the construction of the wall at length via the usual channels , but without fervor , despite being even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed
324962097 324962711 2009-11-10 01:50:50 0 days 00:03:42 1723027 1 the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / /
325101666 325109373 2009-11-10 20:21:24 0 days 00:40:22 0|173.78.68.123 0 ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many from the gdr by crossing over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin
325364978 325366116 2009-11-12 02:34:13 0 days 00:08:51 0|202.158.12.194 14 | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began begaroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin walln a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 3 | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries begaroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin walln began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70
325368306 325399652 2009-11-12 07:44:53 0 days 04:54:38 0|60.242.26.79 0 wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of my penis got bigger it was world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per
325399652 325399702 2009-11-12 07:45:26 0 days 00:00:33 6193373 0 wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the my penis got bigger it was [[ end of world war 2 , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[
325472365 325479502 2009-11-12 18:58:29 0 days 00:55:42 11003532 0 < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected had sex with parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 ,
325481087 325481176 2009-11-12 19:08:17 0 days 00:00:32 8214624 0 < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely had sex with elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 ,
325526737 325552397 2009-11-13 02:23:02 0 days 02:58:07 0|63.248.139.15 4 ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement [ ( i ; love pussy ! ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] ,
325552397 325552663 2009-11-13 02:25:05 0 days 00:02:03 8214624 3 ]] , what remained of [[ skankey nasty ass hary pussy ]] west of the [[ the right pussy flap ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [ ( i ; love pussy ! [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] ,
325566615 325566651 2009-11-13 04:33:30 0 days 00:00:23 0|150.101.251.68 1 ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe the first episode ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement
325566651 325566841 2009-11-13 04:35:21 0 days 00:01:51 8214624 1 of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = postman pat = = = after the [[ end of the first episode world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ cat ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
328175183 328177656 2009-11-27 08:30:15 0 days 00:25:23 6971250 0 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the brandenburg gate . a high point was when over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name =
1 = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 "
329300134 329300378 2009-12-02 20:04:51 0 days 00:01:38 0|164.113.70.253 0 months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border ryan jacobs = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
329300378 329300628 2009-12-02 20:06:32 0 days 00:01:41 0|164.113.70.249 0 months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of ryan jacobs something = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
329300628 329301847 2009-12-02 20:13:43 0 days 00:07:11 10546115 0 months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of something ryan jacobs = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
329301847 329302104 2009-12-02 20:15:11 0 days 00:01:28 10546115 0 months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of ryan jacobs the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
329391143 329423612 2009-12-03 09:06:23 0 days 04:27:09 6971250 4 - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three two western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[
5 ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition on of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces
329423612 329424623 2009-12-03 09:17:13 0 days 00:10:50 6971250 0 ( checkpoint bravo for the allied forces ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping using via canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at [[ checkpoint charlie ]]
1 - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . two three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[
330703212 330704150 2009-12-09 18:37:18 0 days 00:05:34 21047 1 felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 in german history | november 9 ]] would have made make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web |
338404595 338517464 2010-01-18 07:45:03 0 days 12:54:09 6971250 1 right into the wall . she was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards , but a west german policeman returned fire and rescued him from the vehicle , which became had become entangled in the barbed wire . < ref > hertle , hans - hermann ( 2008 ) . ' ' the berlin wall : monument of the cold war ' '
338786950 339044413 2010-01-20 22:47:01 1 days 05:12:50 10593201 0 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during after several weeks of local civil unrest following a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil
339322107 339326768 2010-01-22 11:09:16 0 days 00:53:04 0|121.1.11.120 0 of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , tammy lyons is with the most sexy girl | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
340122205 340369904 2010-01-27 17:59:47 1 days 05:32:21 205121 1 . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt = hot _ author ] * {{ harvard reference citation | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 4 . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved
11 . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting
23 was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an . the soviets had unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 33 spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however but , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after
34 , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of east german police shot and killed would - be defectors , later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications =
343779602 343780168 2010-02-13 18:20:19 0 days 00:02:39 5326371 2 ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised how long it had taken the east germans took for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ;
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 0 s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were years of the wall , around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence
18 berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims with graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts included used a variety of methods : digging long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance
20 that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with the east germans then built zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system preceded the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the
343784334 343784856 2010-02-13 18:48:35 0 days 00:03:09 5326371 2 fall of the berlin wall . the campaign was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and students at over 20 universities will participate participated in " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls
343784856 343787074 2010-02-13 18:58:31 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 3 longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but that is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain
7 rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised temporarily erected more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005
8 / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , there still was talk people in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]]
344168111 344187198 2010-02-15 10:55:18 0 days 03:30:58 6971250 2 a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove almost most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background
346309531 346312588 2010-02-25 16:08:16 0 days 00:18:19 6971250 1 " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic historicly significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers
347116998 347117220 2010-03-01 16:51:57 0 days 00:01:11 0|206.80.29.75 0 , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ don ' t hassle the hoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom love ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there
1 rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ don ' t hassle the hoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom love ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate <
347133221 347136856 2010-03-01 18:40:55 0 days 00:19:09 5177550 0 ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ crack heads united states ]] , [[ the stoners ]] , [[ the man whores ]] and the [[ damn commies ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied
1 agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ crack heads ]] , [[ the stoners united kingdom ]] , [[ the man whores ]] and the [[ damn commies ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was
5 , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ don ' t hassle the hoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for love freedom ( song ) | looking for love ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there
6 rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ don ' t hassle the hoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for love ( song ) | looking for love freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate <
347527877 347577719 2010-03-03 21:01:14 0 days 04:48:01 985645 0 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and [[ subway berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] train access still available to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p =
348460083 348494021 2010-03-08 08:03:06 0 days 04:30:35 6971250 0 < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left
355153543 355153697 2010-04-10 15:31:28 0 days 00:00:54 0|84.77.74.198 2 / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post pre - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16
3 powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods wars and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref >
355153697 355153879 2010-04-10 15:32:47 0 days 00:01:19 11743424 2 / ref > within three years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making pre post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , wars and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16
3 powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making pre - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , wars goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref >
355970305 355978383 2010-04-14 15:09:36 0 days 00:49:55 0|69.74.54.2 0 berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost dirty jew dogs all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov
355978383 355978433 2010-04-14 15:09:57 0 days 00:00:21 3150196 0 berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the dirty jew dogs wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov
355978433 355978473 2010-04-14 15:10:08 0 days 00:00:11 0|69.74.54.2 0 berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost dirty jew dogs all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov
355978473 355978566 2010-04-14 15:10:42 0 days 00:00:34 3150196 0 berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the dirty jew dogs wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov
359269429 359330771 2010-04-30 21:34:57 0 days 06:04:30 0|70.155.125.3 0 soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref >
362054246 362093204 2010-05-14 13:54:49 0 days 05:35:16 0|208.108.154.247 0 ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate mariah justice is awesome and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron
1 as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] dont use wikipedia : p because its unreliable . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3
362093344 362094029 2010-05-14 14:00:38 0 days 00:04:55 334792 0 ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . ' ' ' mariah justice is awesome the separate and dont use wikipedia : p because its unreliable . ' ' ' the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall "
363268461 363268864 2010-05-20 21:02:57 0 days 00:02:00 5026668 2 not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' kept the jews out of germany because hitler loved them ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize
363705709 363808496 2010-05-23 22:09:59 0 days 10:54:35 0|65.11.226.59 1 - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one two of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the
363808496 363818331 2010-05-23 23:09:58 0 days 00:59:59 262550 0 war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was not divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by two one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the
363922912 364011539 2010-05-24 22:54:04 0 days 09:03:26 591174 6 border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from between 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{
364160963 364239018 2010-05-26 03:49:01 0 days 08:49:20 591174 0 ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1961 , that and completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete
364254931 364276881 2010-05-26 10:44:21 0 days 04:01:37 6984319 0 the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . {{ citation needed | date = may 2010 }} government and most some european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]]
364481851 364487169 2010-05-27 14:38:59 0 days 00:39:30 6971250 1 this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age elderly pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1965 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e
364580158 364580648 2010-05-28 00:55:15 0 days 00:03:38 4201347 1 fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . that mercy is like so cute and sweet the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
366083032 366099790 2010-06-04 23:09:49 0 days 01:59:54 0|93.220.100.2 0 including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] two area codes . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti -
2 . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters the who chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[
4 other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment guitars to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990
366099790 366102397 2010-06-04 23:28:49 0 days 00:19:00 262550 0 including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from two area codes [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscized a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti -
2 . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , the who a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the who later used industrial guitars to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[
4 west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , the who chipped away parts of the wall ; the who later used industrial guitars equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990
366512975 366521234 2010-06-07 08:27:18 0 days 01:15:10 6971250 6 a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for underneath the wall as a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary
7 to west berlin through a tunnel * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape rescue route * * ' ' [[ tunnel , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the
8 through a tunnel * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas the ]] in the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast
9 ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december
368038978 368159388 2010-06-15 11:54:05 0 days 15:12:00 6971250 1 - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > {{ cite web |
369026140 369426506 2010-06-21 20:34:40 2 days 03:24:41 12425613 0 " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they protesters were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus ! " }} ' ' ( " we want
1 more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus ! " }} ' ' ( " we want out !
375059882 375060179 2010-07-23 16:45:26 0 days 00:01:57 0|156.56.137.240 1 ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 | title = american commemorative stamps presented to the museum | accessdate = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = unknown allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin
388783895 388820175 2010-10-05 02:54:15 0 days 03:41:45 0|205.208.213.99 0 | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that what later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus
388820175 388862767 2010-10-05 09:40:58 0 days 06:46:43 6971250 3 what later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the death strip ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus also enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered
388863805 389131965 2010-10-06 16:59:38 1 days 07:07:43 1902795 3 . clay ]] , an anti - communist known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . he clay was immensely popular with the residents of west berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that kennedy would not compromise on the status of west berlin . clay and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived
389132750 389329152 2010-10-07 14:59:01 0 days 21:54:30 0|141.43.69.1 3 where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : in the context of a designed landscape of memory being created since 2009 ; an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former
6 at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer third section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section
11 a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also
12 the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , available in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts
14 the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 www . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are
15 side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city berlin - wall - map . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 1 1990 - 1991 , many remnants and traces can be found all around west berlin . the border wall facing towards west - berlin is preserved in three locations : at [ bernauer straße ]] north of the city centre its original site , in the context of a designed landscape of memory being created since 2009 ; an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) stretch at the [[ topography
2 found all around west berlin . the border wall facing towards west - berlin is preserved in three locations : at [ bernauer straße ]] north of the city centre , in the context of a designed landscape of memory being created since 2009 ; which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) stretch at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way
4 the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; and a third longer section in liesenstraße . a long stretch of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the
8 of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , third section that is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at http : / / www . berlin - wall - map . com fragments of the wall
9 [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available partly reconstructed , in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at http : / / www . berlin - wall - map . com fragments of the wall were taken
389878566 389918108 2010-10-10 18:01:13 0 days 04:38:26 0|86.138.69.210 0 a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its it ' s construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting
389918108 389918206 2010-10-10 18:01:45 0 days 00:00:32 0|86.138.69.210 0 a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused it ' s its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting
389918206 390024324 2010-10-11 07:46:14 0 days 13:44:29 6971250 0 egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 24 to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling travelling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn (
394024649 394469996 2010-11-02 22:52:29 2 days 03:33:52 0|74.178.248.60 0 circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and an other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to
394471250 394472308 2010-11-02 23:05:44 0 days 00:05:49 0|81.100.247.213 0 circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " an and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to
398244809 398275575 2010-11-22 17:08:51 0 days 03:12:44 0|217.86.65.6 2 the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were jo jo is a furry pogy initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property
398275575 398275606 2010-11-22 17:09:04 0 days 00:00:13 13286072 3 the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending jo jo is a furry pogy that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 10 shift ]] * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # checkpoint charlie stand - off | stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]]
400927362 400927652 2010-12-06 21:35:14 0 days 00:01:36 0|99.145.15.171 2 on 16 november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary jizz from head to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe
400927652 400927696 2010-12-06 21:35:26 0 days 00:00:12 12666844 1 : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] they had suuuuupeeerrrr huge ball sacks and covered girls , in jizz from head to toe . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west
2 the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] they had suuuuupeeerrrr huge ball sacks and covered girls in jizz from head september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to toe . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang
406120287 406120386 2011-01-05 18:08:02 0 days 00:00:35 7609840 0 [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the line curve of the long close [[ luisenstädtischer canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map
409992456 409993256 2011-01-25 16:45:49 0 days 00:04:54 6971250 0 various institutions around the world . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including and in public spaces aroung the [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ berlin border
427752945 427753574 2011-05-06 14:38:50 0 days 00:04:15 13543148 1 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred 50 or 100 more years " {{ citation _ needed | date = may 2011 }} if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 40 = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher work = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar
44 united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher work = times | location = london }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 4 2009 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission changes , but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day ,
5 so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , the berlin correspondent one of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied "
8 note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , the berlin correspondent of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into take effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay "
17 immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem , but they were ordered to find the " more aggressive " people gathered at the gates and stamp their passports with a special stamp that barred them from returning to east germany - - in effect , revoking their citizenship . however , this still left thousands of people demanding to be let through " as schabowski said we can . " < ref name = revolution1989 / > it became clear that no one among the east german authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way
439163215 439164131 2011-07-12 22:17:43 0 days 00:06:00 42558 0 ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' ; this of course meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . a moderator stated : later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman hans joachim friedrichs proclaimed , " this ninth of november is a historic day . " " east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref
440540857 440729712 2011-07-21 22:02:32 1 days 01:28:03 42558 1 - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] < / ref > however , ulbricht had pushed for a border closure for quite some time , and arguing that east germany ' s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ’ s tacit indication that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector of berlin .
443420038 444182652 2011-08-11 02:29:24 4 days 03:33:03 292168 0 inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between that separated western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 & nbsp ; million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and
445092140 445097289 2011-08-16 04:28:36 0 days 00:53:53 9243491 2 accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = [ august 13 , 2011 , event ( 50 years ago , after its construction began ) ] . . . . . . . ( adding text and refs . ) = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 5 iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks at the [[ bernauer straße ]] memorial park extolled freedom and a minute of silence honored those who died trying to flee to the west . " it is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to
448621897 448750565 2011-09-06 14:01:14 0 days 19:13:14 723354 0 union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside fully within the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two
476209082 477490937 2012-02-18 06:08:57 7 days 05:24:36 11922695 1 / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . masses of chinese users have used began using it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . berlin twitter wall was quickly blocked by the chinese authorities . < ref > [ http : / / www
484827186 485297583 2012-04-03 07:36:00 2 days 21:10:00 6971250 3 earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . a new railway around west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , was started to be built commenced in 1951 and when finished in 1961 , it was more practical to close the border . = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and
4 cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . a new railway around west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , was started to be built 1951 and when finished . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , it was more practical to close the border . = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants
495435112 495598155 2012-06-02 10:37:55 1 days 00:18:47 16879935 0 , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing provided that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east
1 those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used use a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] .
503455175 503485036 2012-07-21 20:28:08 0 days 03:51:14 173996 0 be in uniform when traveling in this manner . * ' ' ' rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using to use commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a
531845407 534109278 2013-01-21 04:04:38 13 days 06:42:10 16284871 0 20 november 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting an estimated death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] ,
557702538 558026448 2013-06-02 20:40:42 2 days 04:27:23 1108424 0 largely eliminated . the economy in the gdr began to grow . but , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used portrayed it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts
564456970 564457234 2013-07-16 04:14:36 0 days 00:02:54 14644224 0 the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert , which was attended by 300 , 0000 in person , and broadcast live delayed on television and radio . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , " i ' m not here for or against any government , ” “i ' ve
568939424 569120812 2013-08-18 19:36:42 1 days 04:36:40 59005 2 bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward towards german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson
574665859 574666082 2013-09-26 22:32:27 0 days 00:01:50 16715243 1 warning reached not u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the kennedy home compound ]] in [[ hyannis port ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he was relieved that the east germans and the soviets had only divided berlin without
575021955 575031930 2013-09-29 18:28:06 0 days 01:27:14 1108424 0 thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] and , a [[ guard tower ]] . photo by george garrigues ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file
2 the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] and a [[ guard tower ]] . photo ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . photos by george garrigues ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg
576012629 576163852 2013-10-07 17:10:28 1 days 00:25:25 18611911 0 after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four five occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] :
1 west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four five occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the united states , the united kingdom , france and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of
576163852 576167532 2013-10-07 17:34:21 0 days 00:23:53 4358157 0 after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into five four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the five occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] :
1 west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into five occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the five four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the united states , the united kingdom , france and the [[ soviet union ]] and [[ saarland ]]
576711458 576975608 2013-10-13 11:19:23 1 days 23:12:39 7496434 1 german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials .
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 8 name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that , which had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany
9 germany . construction of a new railway bypassing west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , it was closing the barrier became a more practical to close the border . = = = brain drain = = = {{ further | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and
12 used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom that the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _
13 of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency which that was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on august
24 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it the wall was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed
29 allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those these crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the
41 step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only made east germans hungrier for more of the freedoms that springsteen epitomized . while john f . kennedy or and ronald reagan delivered their famous speeches from the safety of west berlin , springsteen ' s speaking out against the wall in the middle of east berlin added to the euphoria
623943583 629623801 2014-10-14 20:43:44 41 days 18:59:13 5495886 1 force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . finally , at 10 : 45 pm , the guards yielded , opening to open the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . as the ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' ' swarmed through ,
629623801 629624465 2014-10-14 20:49:30 0 days 00:05:46 76027 0 , directed by [[ guy hamilton ]] * * ' ' [[ casino royale ( 1967 film ) | casino royale ]] ' ' , 1967 – featuring a segment centred around on a house apparently bisected by the wall . * * ' ' [[ the wicked dreams of paula schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 – cold war spy farce about an
631993537 632215818 2014-11-03 00:37:18 1 days 14:51:48 18865486 2 the next few weeks , euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the destruction of the wall itself began until it was opened in [[ summer 1990 ]] and lasted until 1992 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion
633066096 633074293 2014-11-09 10:25:29 0 days 01:56:33 115938 3 / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html | title = record of the conversation telephone call between khrushchev and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 | language = de | publisher = welt . de | date = 30 may 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > however , other sources
633093439 633105760 2014-11-09 16:34:01 0 days 01:53:52 6166995 0 }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed between from 1961 and 1989 inclusively , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com /
1 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed between 1961 and through 1989 inclusively , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news /
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 1 date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in continued over the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several
10 19 june 2013 }} < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in the historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at
14 the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there of the historic crossings waiting for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling
15 including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at to cheer the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the wall " ,
633183384 633189879 2014-11-10 04:55:00 0 days 01:15:20 1833 2 freely than westerners . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 1 html }} < / ref > the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident events in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the way .
2 > the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on only this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass
5 those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use uses a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] .
14 large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary to hungrary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the
17 for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement , because of long standing agreements with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east
19 via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications difficulties , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on
25 information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however starting time delay was not communicated to schabowski . , nobody had informed schabowski . < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last = sebetsyen | first = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall
26 regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody schabowski read the note had informed schabowski . < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last = sebetsyen | first = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the
645406707 647586466 2015-02-17 18:36:14 14 days 14:20:44 12830815 0 crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , euphoric public people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . contrary to popular belief the wall '
677791285 677815158 2015-08-25 18:08:38 0 days 03:07:32 21327803 0 ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freiheit }} ) ' ' in the lyrics sung . the poet [[ schiller ]] had may have originally written " freedom " and changed it to " joy " out of fear . < ref > [[ ode to joy # the poem ]] < / ref >
684146320 684592433 2015-10-07 16:22:33 2 days 18:47:58 15237640 0 project called ' ' mauerreise ' ' ( journey of the wall ) took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks were sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : , with the destinations being korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places , the bricks will become a blank canvas for
688485144 688492814 2015-11-01 08:32:20 0 days 01:49:12 9048060 0 / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 11 september 2009 | work = michael binyon | work = [[ the times | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > {{ quote | "
3 article6828556 . ece | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = helen nugent | work = [[ the times | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations
693607098 693645737 2015-12-03 22:41:24 0 days 05:00:31 23149456 0 zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html # lenne < / ref > that is now much of the [[ potsdamer platz ]] development . later , it the initial barrier was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on 17 august . during the construction of the wall , [[
693645737 693646880 2015-12-03 22:49:28 0 days 00:08:04 23149456 2 period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the berlin airlift , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay he was immensely popular with the residents of west berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that kennedy would not compromise on the status of west berlin . clay and
693652739 693721766 2015-12-04 12:40:10 0 days 13:02:18 23149456 4 in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / memorial - grounds - 548 . html < / ref > . other remnants are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity |
5 [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the some tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only
693973160 693973403 2015-12-06 06:17:52 0 days 00:02:45 30225 0 the soldier ]] ' ' , 1982 - a renegade kgb team put nuclear weapons in saudi arabia to force america to make the israelis pull out of the west bank and gaza strip or the saudi oil fields will make 50 % of the world ' s oil radioactive for decades . the title character of the movie has a team break into a missile
1 ' , 1982 - a renegade kgb team put nuclear weapons in saudi arabia to force america to make the israelis pull out of the west bank and gaza strip the saudi oil fields bomb will make 50 % of the world ' s oil radioactive for decades . the title character of the movie has a team break into a missile silo in [[ smith
699308679 699406529 2016-01-12 03:29:27 0 days 11:43:07 111277 1 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = david bowie concert , 1987 = = having earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was
2 group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = david bowie concert 1987 = = having = on june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was accompanied with violent rioting
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 50 points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | publisher work = the globe and mail | date = 26 october 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | location = toronto }} < / ref > < ref > [ http
702890979 702891285 2016-02-02 06:44:39 0 days 00:03:39 13816079 1 of the european landscape . i see no reason why the soviet union should think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to of communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but
702891834 702891954 2016-02-02 06:52:25 0 days 00:01:18 13816079 0 before parading through the streets of berlin in front of a large crowd . at 04 : 00 on 21 august , lyndon johnson left west berlin in the hands of gen general frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion
702934332 703014660 2016-02-02 23:57:14 0 days 09:47:18 23149456 0 of the european landscape . i see no reason why the soviet union should think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument of to communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > american and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but
733487340 733515231 2016-08-08 10:22:50 0 days 05:43:04 9246768 0 wall from the east . jpg | the berlin wall from the east berlin side , 1967 . file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " come back to until we see each other again in the capital of gdr " . file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall . file : berlin wall exhibition 2014
738198431 738865701 2016-09-11 14:47:01 4 days 00:24:17 19921271 2 after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied , " as far as i know effective , it takes effect immediately , without delay " . < ref name = " revolution1989 " / > after further questions from journalists , he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings through
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 18 * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) however , each visit of these exceptions , gdr citizens had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of
19 had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied apply for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark
20 to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and individual approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into
774996200 774996645 2017-04-11 23:58:49 0 days 00:03:40 204692 0 stood , just off [[ potsdamer platz ]] , in 2015 . < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere in its entirety . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert | 80 | m | ft | adj = mid | - long }} piece of the first ( westernmost
787409030 787409131 2017-06-25 06:56:40 0 days 00:01:25 31190988 2 border installations between the two german states . * the former management station [[ bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in a an already reforested area of ​​the border strip . the [[ german forest jungle | german forestry youth ]] . * the only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( bt
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 0 < / ref > excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night — at 7 : 17 pm p . m . on [[ zdf ]] ' s ' ' [[ heute ]] ' ' and at 8 pm on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[
793675442 795297023 2017-08-13 09:19:52 10 days 01:27:47 26598670 0 border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor favour of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = berlin emigration loophole = = = with the closing of
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 11 with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) , which demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , it came to symbolize a physical marker of physically the " [[ iron curtain ]] " that separated western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] during the [[ cold war ]] . before the wall ' s erection ,
14 later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed continued until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was
810234613 810249635 2017-11-14 04:18:13 0 days 01:54:04 6554947 0 with the inner german border , an unfortified strip of east german territory was left outside the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was never usually no more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact de jure border appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the
810249635 810308903 2017-11-14 13:41:57 0 days 09:23:44 6554947 0 . unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact de jure location of the actual border appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping foreigners off the strip
810341648 810344262 2017-11-14 18:16:34 0 days 00:19:19 6554947 0 one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch and three four other defectors were standing inside the strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into west berlin
810351013 810351128 2017-11-14 19:07:19 0 days 00:00:52 6554947 0 = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > unlike the inner german border , however , this the outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location of the actual border appears to have been unmarked
810394251 810574658 2017-11-16 03:18:18 1 days 03:09:57 6554947 0 publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the outer strip , graffiti artists vandals were not unknown to have been persued there , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] has reported having often been perused
1 books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the outer strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued there pursued in the outer strip , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] has reported having often been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref
823238815 823239462 2018-01-31 01:50:53 0 days 00:04:27 32940610 3 giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of
5 dimension of the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death open spaces on the undeveloped strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin
8 {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into as a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . = =
10 date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area biking trail around the city in 1991 , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = =
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 3 the along the wall running postweg the gdr border troops was then freely accessible on almost the entire length . soon after the fall of the berlin wall there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations that they want to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns
4 was then freely accessible on almost the entire length . soon after the fall of the berlin wall there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped death strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of using it as a green belt
7 spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of using it as into a green belt around the city in individual places . representatives of the general german bicycle club marked the way in 1990 with painted bicycle and pedestrian pictograms . the german
8 general german bicycle club marked the way in 1990 with painted bicycle and pedestrian pictograms . the german federal government for the environment and nature conservation proposed a continuous hiking and biking trail around the city in 1991 cycling area , called berliner mauerweg . also preservationists wanted a few years later as comprehensive as possible preservation of the remaining remains of the border installations . on the other hand ,
10 bicycle and pedestrian pictograms . the german federal government for the environment and nature conservation proposed a continuous hiking and biking trail around the city in 1991 , called berliner mauerweg . also preservationists wanted a few years later as comprehensive as possible preservation of the remaining remains of the border installations . on the other hand , local residents and community representatives , in turn , were interested in a quick demolition of the route , and in some cases the obligation to maintain public safety on the site was also taken care of however , there was no systematic assurance of the way through the local authorities . in the following years , larger parts of the berlin wall were built mainly in the inner city of berlin . also on other parts of the postenweg was eliminated or interrupted . in 1996 , there were again demonstrations of the adfc for a continuous wall path around the city , on which the previous destruction of the postenweg were criticized . in 2000 , interest in securing the area increased . michael cramer and other politicians of alliance 90 / the greens berlin organize since 2001 every year the berlin wall strides . from 2002 to 2006 , the berlin wall was extended by the initiative of the berlin senate around the city ' ' ' . it had to be created for no longer obtained trails replacement vehicle options . also rebuilt or rebuilt traffic routes separated sections of the way from each other . in
11 their realization is delayed due to the repeatedly postponed expansion of the long - distance tracks of the dresden railway in this area . since april 2009 , part of the wall trail on the banks of the griebnitzsee in potsdam has been closed initiative by some property owners . a similar situation exists since the summer of 2009 on the groß glienicker see . in both cases , since then a long - running legal
12 along the inner city border in the city of berlin and about 110 kilometers on the border of west berlin to the surrounding area . on the pages of the senate administration , the wall trail is divided into 14 individual sub - stages , which begin and end near railway or subway stations . if the inner - city border passes over roads , the boundary line is marked by a double row of paving stones embedded in the road surface as a reminder of the earlier border . at various points , information boards indicate the route and remind of events at the respective stations . the path is mainly paved , with both after 2000 , those newly created sections are as well as sections on which still the original covering with appropriate wear is obtained since 2005 . only short passages are unpaved . single , also usually shorter , sections are paved . the wall trail is linked to several other long - distance cycle paths .
825750205 825791052 2018-02-15 12:48:39 0 days 07:21:27 5946478 0 list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various institutions around in the world . they can be found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in
1 . they can be found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around in different countries of the world . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . newsweek . com / where - world - berlin - wall - 283566
825791052 825794931 2018-02-15 13:25:16 0 days 00:36:37 5946478 0 | title = freedom ! – time | publisher = time | date = 20 november 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period around over 100 , 000 < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > people attempted to escape and over 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 12 km | mi }} from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin in
825804984 825807680 2018-02-15 15:11:19 0 days 00:20:57 5946478 0 : 00 on 21 august , lyndon johnson left west berlin in the hands of general frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months " for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed
825815985 825816472 2018-02-15 16:11:57 0 days 00:03:18 5946478 0 allied forces ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / www . thoughtco . com / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history - 1779495 < / ref > < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > < ref > https : / / history . howstuffworks . com / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected
825818178 825819094 2018-02-15 16:28:37 0 days 00:06:08 5946478 3 countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to
6 a space - available basis . the trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > < ref > [[ history of the berlin s - bahn ]] < / ref > ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures
825832314 825832766 2018-02-15 18:05:15 0 days 00:02:56 5946478 0 german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > an important reason that the west berlin border , [[ crossing the inner german border ]] , was not closed stopped earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . construction of a new railway bypassing west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring
825837597 825877017 2018-02-15 23:14:11 0 days 04:37:00 2003421 0 berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the border became a more practical proposition . < ref > ( see [[ history of rail transport in germany ]] < ref > = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading
825877017 825915910 2018-02-16 03:54:46 0 days 04:40:35 5946478 1 a border closure for quite some time , arguing that east germany ' s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had been emboldened by upon seeing us president john f . kennedy ' s tacit indication {{ how | date = december 2013 }} that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 59 thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = " sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 -
837372486 838873644 2018-04-29 20:54:59 9 days 08:27:18 19221109 0 ref name = " cnn . com " / > a fact standing out from the events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 is that this is an a historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental
838873644 838876690 2018-04-29 21:17:42 0 days 00:22:43 3308922 0 ref name = " cnn . com " / > a fact standing out from the events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 is that this is a an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental
838876690 838878947 2018-04-29 21:35:45 0 days 00:18:03 764861 0 ref name = " cnn . com " / > a fact standing out from the events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 is that this is an a historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental
849362847 851056229 2018-07-19 19:22:47 11 days 06:07:12 6726022 4 preserved as a memorial . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions put up for auction in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . < ref name = " sarotte 2014 xx - xxi " / > on 1 july , the day
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42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 33 | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin
35 | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www .
37 wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ]
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 33 | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall
35 | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary
37 wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] *
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 32 | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin
34 | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www .
36 wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ]
107712036 107880414 2007-02-13 19:12:18 0 days 17:43:42 3437172 1 remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany
108232467 108400903 2007-02-15 19:45:12 0 days 17:27:06 3437172 1 remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 0 | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de q | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 5 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin !
6 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! "
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 0 | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de q | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 5 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin !
6 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! "
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 0 | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de q | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 5 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin !
6 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! "
158483244 158484251 2007-09-17 12:47:55 0 days 00:06:40 0|86.148.90.145 0 / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ west gemany | bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold
158484251 158484460 2007-09-17 12:49:27 0 days 00:01:32 0|86.148.90.145 0 / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ west gemany | bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold
162088831 162097147 2007-10-03 21:04:01 0 days 00:39:48 400903 2 berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | from [[ westberlin ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) including [[ east berlin ]] . an iconic
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 0 in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de articleissues | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 0 in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de articleissues | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany
300485855 300500909 2009-07-06 00:14:23 0 days 01:49:05 1143897 0 instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 . {{ fact | date = november 2007 cn }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a
300500909 300613467 2009-07-06 15:44:37 0 days 15:30:14 433328 3 beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ cn citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 6 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no
347166913 347167732 2010-03-01 21:29:50 0 days 00:04:07 0|71.28.105.141 0 berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] it was build in 1990 {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location
347168405 347169208 2010-03-01 21:36:30 0 days 00:03:30 262550 2 berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] it was build in 1990 {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location
351044536 351060308 2010-03-20 22:45:12 0 days 01:42:12 0|81.97.32.153 1 berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] i love u big wonger {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location
351060308 351060690 2010-03-20 22:47:54 0 days 00:02:42 10141256 1 berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] i love u big wonger {{ wrapper }} | - fluffy but not that much pink haha lol bekky love u bbe xx will u get with me xx yes xx | {{ history of berlin
367011049 367156561 2010-06-10 07:15:07 0 days 14:39:00 962462 9 . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border
367156561 367161807 2010-06-10 08:07:06 0 days 00:51:59 6971250 4 | references = }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border
376102866 376154207 2010-07-29 21:06:22 0 days 05:43:39 9540157 3 location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * [[ childs ]] , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman ,
405959866 406120287 2011-01-05 18:07:27 0 days 20:57:24 7609840 3 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the line of the long close [[ luisenstädtischer canal ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing
4 : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 147 . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} * {{ cite book | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university
552093309 552345669 2013-04-26 23:24:06 1 days 14:10:59 9755426 1 of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = {{ lang | de | 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }}
703715928 703717802 2016-02-07 05:29:19 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 1 day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . {{ fact | date = february 2016 }} [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing the new regulations . however ,
707245740 708550214 2016-03-06 06:01:17 7 days 11:17:02 27686184 2 mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 * sarotte , mary elise , collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall , new york : basic books , 2014 * sarotte , mary elise , 1989 : the struggle to create post - cold war europe ( second edition ) princeton : princeton university press , 2014 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ wiktionary | berlin wall }} ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin austria , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . <
268040666 268042073 2009-02-02 15:06:12 0 days 00:09:46 3505251 2 ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 1 billion people were confirmed killed trying to cross the fence into austria west berlin , and my tiny nipples went to france according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 1 million people were killed trying to
268961174 269234820 2009-02-08 00:55:12 1 days 06:33:13 0|68.94.13.35 2 de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany persia ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to
269234820 269234850 2009-02-08 00:55:24 0 days 00:00:12 981424 2 de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation aid | aid ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east persia germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to
276192508 276263944 2009-03-10 13:19:55 0 days 09:26:58 0|76.74.69.103 0 europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany italy for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 .
276263944 276264216 2009-03-10 13:21:29 0 days 00:01:34 1298255 0 europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west italy germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 .
284527500 284528364 2009-04-18 00:18:32 0 days 00:05:54 0|122.110.183.192 8 soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany where the pussy is better . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe
284528364 284529573 2009-04-18 00:27:25 0 days 00:08:53 6984319 7 soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west where the pussy is better germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe
285016585 285227007 2009-04-21 13:18:44 0 days 23:06:40 0|168.170.196.30 1 soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany italy . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe
285227007 285229373 2009-04-21 13:35:28 0 days 00:16:44 1099776 1 soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west italy germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe
289308987 289355477 2009-05-11 23:50:10 0 days 04:24:15 0|207.190.72.77 0 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany france for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref
289355477 289355710 2009-05-11 23:51:25 0 days 00:01:15 1148898 0 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west france germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref
296636215 296636337 2009-06-15 22:24:26 0 days 00:00:44 0|74.75.170.166 0 police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german germany troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the
296778899 296786653 2009-06-16 16:56:05 0 days 00:46:56 0|71.187.249.58 1 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany pakistan from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november
2 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany stefanvile for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 .
296786653 296786942 2009-06-16 16:57:50 0 days 00:01:45 9600753 1 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separating east pakistan germany from west stefanvile for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november
2 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separating east pakistan from west stefanvile germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 .
296786942 296787253 2009-06-16 16:59:42 0 days 00:01:52 0|71.187.249.58 0 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany stefanville from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november
1 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany vicciville for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 .
296836155 296857603 2009-06-16 23:48:30 0 days 02:12:01 6984319 1 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east stefanville germany from west vicciville for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november
2 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east stefanville from west vicciville germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 .
5 police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east germany german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the
298472401 298608938 2009-06-25 19:05:23 0 days 17:58:48 0|86.157.134.198 0 ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany africa introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west
298608938 298632752 2009-06-25 21:26:52 0 days 02:21:29 5177550 0 ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east africa germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 19 into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin germany ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' '
306563071 306601037 2009-08-07 13:47:30 0 days 05:20:44 2109078 0 symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east german ' s germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . from
310493613 310513985 2009-08-28 09:10:54 0 days 04:10:29 0|207.38.193.188 0 kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany berlin and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin
1 ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany berlin were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt |
310513985 310535257 2009-08-28 12:43:20 0 days 03:32:26 6971250 3 kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east berlin and west berlin were again separated by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall
316789672 317189857 2009-10-01 00:23:54 2 days 00:14:35 1002650 0 large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated berlin demonstraters urged the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide '
317189857 317191642 2009-10-01 00:35:46 0 days 00:11:52 8932218 0 large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berlin demonstraters berliners demonstrated urged the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide '
324422544 324469466 2009-11-07 15:15:06 0 days 07:49:57 0|173.78.68.123 6 many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated east germany from west germany berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 ,
324876007 324878196 2009-11-09 18:13:14 0 days 00:13:40 0|77.166.110.13 0 later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany england . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = "
324878196 324878252 2009-11-09 18:13:36 0 days 00:00:22 3683078 0 later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to england germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = "
324923280 324923860 2009-11-09 22:20:11 0 days 00:02:41 0|67.71.41.102 2 | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin yugoslavia ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area (
324923860 324923936 2009-11-09 22:20:37 0 days 00:00:26 6774658 2 | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the country of [[ yugoslavia west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ north dakota ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large styrofoam walls , which circumscribed a wide area (
324941378 324942089 2009-11-09 23:53:57 0 days 00:03:42 8214624 1 }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the berlin during early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the 1961 period it had so many homosexuals having sex on it = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc
325190185 325190637 2009-11-11 05:07:12 0 days 00:04:20 10857892 11 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed
14 barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
325364978 325366116 2009-11-12 02:34:13 0 days 00:08:51 0|202.158.12.194 1 concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany berlin wall , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 0 the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
339044413 339045107 2010-01-20 22:50:54 0 days 00:03:53 10593201 1 [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were germany ]] had not been fully [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . =
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 26 the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section
351434157 351723247 2010-03-24 06:08:34 1 days 09:09:08 0|71.146.82.184 0 to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans german fags had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west
351723247 351723532 2010-03-24 06:10:36 0 days 00:02:02 8932218 0 to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east german fags germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west
357049269 357049473 2010-04-19 19:25:52 0 days 00:01:07 0|131.122.46.127 0 }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin framcos wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of
357049703 357055327 2010-04-19 19:57:39 0 days 00:30:33 3308922 1 }} | - | {{ history of francis }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the framcos berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of
360334542 360379379 2010-05-05 21:31:07 0 days 03:29:12 0|174.51.215.236 1 | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria germany , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin
360379379 360380251 2010-05-05 21:35:33 0 days 00:04:26 262550 1 | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ russia ]] removed its physical border defences with germany austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin
367780883 367781258 2010-06-13 15:06:33 0 days 00:02:47 0|85.166.180.247 0 }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of tokoyo berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall
369704750 370024316 2010-06-25 02:44:52 1 days 17:55:09 0|72.73.190.57 0 thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany penis , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha
370024316 370027692 2010-06-25 03:16:19 0 days 00:31:27 5177550 0 thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west penis germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha
378954602 379153090 2010-08-16 03:04:08 1 days 03:29:28 0|203.37.22.129 0 unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin berin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with
379153090 379192505 2010-08-16 10:04:49 0 days 07:00:41 6971250 0 unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berin berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with
387913228 387913331 2010-09-30 13:38:04 0 days 00:00:50 0|72.21.110.176 0 infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin hamsterjelly wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of
387913500 387913690 2010-09-30 13:40:43 0 days 00:01:25 0|72.21.110.176 0 infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the hamsterjelly berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of
398276983 398352994 2010-11-23 01:12:58 0 days 07:55:24 13490060 0 berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany vagina = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]]
1 background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany vagina west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the
2 within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany vagina self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{
398352994 398353025 2010-11-23 01:13:12 0 days 00:00:14 13286072 0 berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war vagina germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war vagina west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]]
1 background = = = = = post - war vagina = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war vagina germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the
2 within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war vagina germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{
406433716 406434088 2011-01-07 05:29:24 0 days 00:02:32 1655427 1 berlin wall * * " [[ holidays in the sun ]] " , a song by the english [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the berlin wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book |
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 14 august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom and a
456816319 457176613 2011-10-24 17:17:08 2 days 05:16:21 11498870 0 , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ germany | federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 15 wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] [[ file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | thumb | upright | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) ]] after
613835077 615294848 2014-07-02 13:43:53 10 days 19:48:20 7669583 11 performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes (
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 33 > < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall and at the six checkpoints between east and west berlin , demanding that border guards immediately open the gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their
703014660 703096540 2016-02-03 13:37:43 0 days 13:40:29 23149456 0 party of germany | socialist unity party ' s ]] plan to close the intra - berlin border between east and west berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence berlin watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > <
703096540 703365386 2016-02-05 02:06:59 1 days 12:29:16 13816079 0 party of germany | socialist unity party ' s ]] plan to close the intra - berlin border between east and west berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence berlin watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > <
703365386 703417729 2016-02-05 11:43:48 0 days 09:36:49 23149456 1 party of germany | socialist unity party ' s ]] plan to close the intra - berlin border between east and west berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence berlin watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > <
734284492 734407317 2016-08-14 03:25:55 0 days 18:58:58 4977632 9 http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the berlin wall ] – a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia
738198431 738865701 2016-09-11 14:47:01 4 days 00:24:17 19921271 9 day . east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening its borders . . . the gates in the berlin wall stand open . " < ref name = revolution1989 / > < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at
802361116 803403568 2017-10-02 09:46:33 6 days 15:50:38 31875717 0 publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation | deadurl = no | df = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the berlin wall = = in june 1989 the hungarian government began [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence with austria | dismantling the electrified fence along its border with austria ]]
810575212 810709126 2017-11-16 23:24:54 0 days 20:00:20 6554947 4 other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into west berlin . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the wall door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer
854069066 854070499 2018-08-08 19:24:22 0 days 00:12:58 3563616 4 while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four - year - old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to west germany berlin on 24 august 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . < ref > {{ cite
group 72
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from revision id to revision id timestamp timegap editor
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 0 {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall , on november 16
1 de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] < div style = " float : right " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < i > < br > berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) . < / i > < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall , on november 16 , 1989 . ' ' < / div > after [[
1092751 1097715 2003-06-29 13:07:28 21 days 00:30:08 0|213.157.9.245 1 : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < i > < br > berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) . < / i > ' ' < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]]
7 : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < i > < br > remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 ) . < / i > ' ' < / div > not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of
1744581 1744582 2003-11-15 23:20:13 0 days 00:01:08 2 1 right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < br > ' ' berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a
3 right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > ' ' remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 ) ' ' < / cetner > < / div > not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of
1744582 1744605 2003-11-15 23:20:21 0 days 00:00:08 2 0 " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 ) ' ' < / cetner center > < / div > not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section
11109328 11181776 2005-03-13 23:12:10 0 days 18:44:02 86545 0 germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = < table { | align = right > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which
1 chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = < table align = " right > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were
23800360 23988638 2005-09-25 11:46:04 2 days 09:27:45 271058 1 ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 berlinmuren ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 28 [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall ” ]] on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating
40945287 40946332 2006-02-24 01:18:54 0 days 00:07:29 304316 1 en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | date = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 31 . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis
32 title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 31 . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis |
32 | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last
52351902 52355175 2006-05-09 19:02:53 0 days 00:22:26 216352 2 about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . |
53645846 53689296 2006-05-17 14:45:11 0 days 07:45:45 0|170.158.120.2 1 a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small berlin wall " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . |
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 30 . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis
31 title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last
69973916 70133083 2006-08-17 00:49:53 0 days 16:42:24 617080 1 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key
85493361 85506823 2006-11-03 17:45:12 0 days 01:14:30 0|84.177.194.94 2 film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr
85506823 85507378 2006-11-03 17:48:19 0 days 00:03:07 0|84.177.194.94 4 | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - < / div > - the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or '
91268666 91302593 2006-12-01 03:20:01 0 days 03:19:37 0|68.146.34.146 0 through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley
91302593 91304121 2006-12-01 03:30:00 0 days 00:09:59 416594 0 through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first
98077276 98151344 2007-01-03 10:49:19 0 days 08:46:57 2001738 4 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , august 2006 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 48 attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 48 attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 48 attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a
113088445 113088743 2007-03-06 16:40:46 0 days 00:02:26 0|206.123.204.226 1 berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 i hate you keaton | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book
113088743 113094185 2007-03-06 17:09:02 0 days 00:28:16 441020 2 [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] hi keaton ! ! ! | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 i hate you keaton | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book
121573836 121815930 2007-04-10 23:58:00 0 days 22:34:01 0|71.251.78.138 4 republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 asshole > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol
157116723 157117672 2007-09-11 09:09:11 0 days 00:09:34 0|210.50.16.11 0 naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' '
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 79 bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 22 ^ g . e . julian , j . h . fewell , j . gadau , r . a . johnson , d . larrabee ( 2002 ) . " genetic determination of the queen caste in an ant hybrid zone " . proceedings of the national academy of sciences 99 ( 12 ) : 8157 - 8160 . ^ whitfield , john ( 2004 ) . " everything you always wanted to know about sexes " . public library of science : biology 2 ( 6 ) . ^ tuatara ^ observations on inheritance in coprinus macrorhizus ( pers . ) rea ^ the pycnidia of the rust fungi ^ the five sexes revisited , sciences , jul / aug2000 , vol . 40 issue 4 , p18 , 6p , 1c , 2bw ^ two sexes are not enough ^ cytoplasmic fusion and the nature of sexes ^ " thickens the brow and upper bridge of the nose " < ref > [ 1 ] ^ [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] ^ nikolaos a . patsopoulos , et al . ( aug 2007 ) . " claims of sex differences :
166331546 166354092 2007-10-22 20:00:56 0 days 01:42:19 716438 13 / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html v ) in german < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot :
169684483 169684876 2007-11-06 21:21:59 0 days 00:01:54 0|137.90.130.186 1 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name =
170313046 170423035 2007-11-09 22:14:07 0 days 09:25:19 1581958 1 regime gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill goethe - institut " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill '
184759898 185099808 2008-01-18 00:13:46 1 days 07:34:28 0|12.214.202.72 6 , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref br / > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 .
185099808 185099823 2008-01-18 00:13:49 0 days 00:00:03 1879647 2 . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = " < br / > headline text = = = = ]] ]] ]] ]] ]] = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]]
3 [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = < br / ref > headline text = = = = ]] ]] ]] ]] ]] = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months
188768514 188772780 2008-02-03 10:00:42 0 days 00:47:48 6085301 0 figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html researchers confirm 125 berlin wall deaths | germany | deutsche welle | 09 . 08 . 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . <
9 the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < /
188772780 188831750 2008-02-03 17:09:13 0 days 07:08:31 6085301 1 < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors . the east german government had
3 < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families
204483235 204483897 2008-04-09 16:42:52 0 days 00:03:07 137113 0 http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] goethe - institut < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die
204483897 204484909 2008-04-09 16:47:32 0 days 00:04:40 137113 0 / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die
212120617 214518903 2008-05-23 22:40:18 10 days 07:43:03 7025534 0 history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 21 http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ jimmy kimmel live ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ extreme makeover : home edition ]] ' ' and an [[ april fool ' s day ]] edition of ' ' [[ larry king live ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and the frog has served ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 23 daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? videoid = 129336 & title = kermit - the - frog thedailyshow . com --> ] < / ref > guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ jimmy kimmel live ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ extreme
54 ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple / > = = external links = = guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ jimmy kimmel live ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ extreme makeover : home edition ]] ' ' and an [[ april fool ' s day ]] edition of ' ' [[ larry king live ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and the frog has served ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 23 daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? videoid = 129336 & title = kermit - the - frog thedailyshow . com --> ] < / ref > guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ jimmy kimmel live ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ extreme
54 ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple / > = = external links = = ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot
274981620 274982026 2009-03-04 18:59:42 0 days 00:02:01 3505251 1 director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref name = " goethe - institut chronik " / > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths .
277225789 277226111 2009-03-14 18:17:29 0 days 00:01:54 6984319 0 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further sovietization with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953
1 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further sovietization with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 .
4 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in the just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / > = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early
277228319 277228598 2009-03-14 18:31:52 0 days 00:01:30 6984319 0 & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 .
3 the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between
291348574 291932970 2009-05-24 02:57:30 2 days 20:02:01 6142977 0 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1986 " file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 -
304813427 304813680 2009-07-29 04:30:02 0 days 00:01:55 6984319 0 kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " / > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving
1 the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " / > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 14 the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 bbcsept2007 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified .
15 is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to
315255881 315255964 2009-09-21 08:16:52 0 days 00:00:45 204692 4 / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the
315258062 315258217 2009-09-21 08:43:44 0 days 00:02:01 204692 1 young people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 57 de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14th , 1961 ]] ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of
70 [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , [[ 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the
71 http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 ]] < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 77 / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , [[ august 14 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of
91 / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present
317979368 317979510 2009-10-05 04:19:39 0 days 00:01:10 1938651 1 < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 4 / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german ] < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ,
8 the berlin wall " http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east
321121389 321122011 2009-10-21 02:36:40 0 days 00:05:16 835543 2 ref > [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " the wall street journal . < / ref > [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left
323553877 323566540 2009-11-02 22:58:43 0 days 01:00:45 6340927 2 incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2009
324767695 324769101 2009-11-09 02:50:30 0 days 00:09:18 444985 1 where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the 「wall」 / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the
324932966 324937840 2009-11-09 23:32:03 0 days 00:24:17 16710 2 > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100
5 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115
8 archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm berlin wall ] = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and
11 > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[
14 http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall
21 de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut ] | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity has reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 42 : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de |
343779105 343779333 2010-02-13 18:16:19 0 days 00:01:15 5326371 0 html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 . < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 8 | title = new york times | date = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . " < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead as [[ german unity day ]] .
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 27 article1338387 / http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html < / montrealgazette . com ] < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the 20th anniversary
38 then - communist ally east germany . < ref > http : / / uk . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough reuters . com ] < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were
44 richard thomas ]] in the leading role . ' ' [[ the lives of others ]] ' ' , award - winning german film about the east german stasi , 2006 * * / > ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[
62 prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event
63 could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[
69 thomas ]] in the leading role . ' ' [[ the lives of others ]] ' ' , award - winning german film about the east german stasi , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[
364144893 364146556 2010-05-25 17:28:29 0 days 00:09:56 7611264 0 line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an
1 , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate
374862385 375059882 2010-07-23 16:43:29 1 days 01:43:12 0|156.56.137.240 1 . < ref > [ http : / / www . alliiertenmuseum . de / en / 4 _ 2 . php ? year = & activity _ id = 214 ] | title = wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 - 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp | cinderella stamps ]] designed by t . h . e . hill , the
390478077 391228576 2010-10-17 12:46:44 4 days 01:24:36 9021902 3 hans - hermann ( 2008 ) . ' ' the berlin wall : monument of the cold war ' ' . ch . links verlag , p . 72 . isbn 3861534630 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims of the
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 81 , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the
398520724 398753727 2010-11-25 04:28:33 1 days 06:12:17 433328 1 line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 7 november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition
8 < ref > [ http : / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 rsf . org ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 118 / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border
439740747 440540857 2011-07-20 20:34:29 4 days 14:08:06 1469567 10 | first name = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | date year = 2009 | isbn = 0375425322 }} < / ref > after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 2 http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] | title = < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative western reaction . what is beyond dispute , though
10 / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut ] | title = < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der
13 / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ de icon }} neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 ] | language = german | title = < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing
18 < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam ]] has confirmed 136 deaths . | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam ]] has confirmed 136 deaths .
21 . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german ] < | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ,
27 / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / theglobeandmail . com ] montrealgazette < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355
29 [[ west bank ]] pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] , in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the
32 the period of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html klein orkest biography ] | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite
34 / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam ]] has confirmed 136 deaths .
35 / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german ] < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ,
39 / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor .
45 fall of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of
47 - communist ally east germany . < ref > [ http : / / uk . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough reuters . com ] < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were
443412986 443413503 2011-08-06 22:05:52 0 days 00:04:09 16710 10 http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 ] < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor .
16 the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the
455256380 456253435 2011-10-18 21:31:49 6 days 01:50:15 9693793 0 a " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque file : khaled said graffiti on berlin wall . jpg | [[ khaled mohamed saeed ]] graffiti on berlin wall ' ' ( 2011 ) ' ' < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 -
456253435 456255233 2011-10-18 21:44:29 0 days 00:12:40 5177550 1 " file : berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 plaque . jpg | a " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque file : khaled said graffiti on berlin wall . jpg | [[ khaled mohamed saeed ]] graffiti on berlin wall ' ' ( 2011 ) ' ' < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 -
489433249 489512208 2012-04-27 18:53:47 0 days 12:07:39 6730078 0 . file : berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 plaque . jpg | a " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : fort gordon ' s berlin wall display . jpg | display of 2 sections of the wall and a " you are leaving " sign at [[ fort gordon ]] , in the u . s . state of [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 -
518733755 519776360 2012-10-25 15:33:17 5 days 22:20:02 17129401 0 2 sections of the wall and a " you are leaving " sign at [[ fort gordon ]] , [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 22 | thumb | 350px | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] [[ file : west and east berlin . svg | thumb | 350px | < center > west and east berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _
539045002 543081696 2013-03-09 21:01:49 18 days 06:26:28 4905985 2 ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away , < ref > http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = - ummj _ jnway | crosby , stills & nash 1990 - chippin ' away }} < / ref > a song by tom fedora , as performed by [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[ graham nash ]] '
546489570 546994321 2013-03-26 00:13:50 2 days 16:58:12 1469567 5 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }} , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . | date = | accessdate = 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' '
10 the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? – an alternate history of cold war espionage ' ' , < ref > http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html < / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 nyt review
12 berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 nyt review < ref > http : / / www . nytimes . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' '
546994321 549524958 2013-04-09 15:29:38 14 days 15:15:48 16969196 0 ]] , [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | come back to the capital of gdr file : berlin wall - 2 . jpg | wall with parked wartburg and trabant cars file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | antitank obstacles and the wall < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert
560696523 560697108 2013-06-20 02:48:53 0 days 00:07:08 5681311 6 sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 file
560698146 560703430 2013-06-20 04:11:03 0 days 01:09:43 1108424 8 sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 file
560703430 560704004 2013-06-20 04:18:37 0 days 00:07:34 5681311 6 sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 file
590820537 590849769 2014-01-15 18:17:01 0 days 03:44:43 1862829 0 construction . < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / something to do with the wall ( 1991 ) - imdb ] < / ref > * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film )
613835077 615294848 2014-07-02 13:43:53 10 days 19:48:20 7669583 8 naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' '
631992977 631993537 2014-11-01 09:45:30 0 days 00:08:10 6730078 0 commentary / ct - myths - berlin - wall - fall - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = =
1 _ infocus _ _ interviews / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html | title = german missions in the united states - home | publisher = | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > robert cannon received a free trip to berlin for 2010 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany
3 construction . < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / something to do with the wall ( 1991 ) - imdb ] | author = maxhauser | date = 3 april 1991 | work = imdb | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) |
5 ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . com ] | date = 15 july 1965 | work = imdb | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael caine
10 marciapreston . com / index . php ? option = com _ content & view = article & id = 3 & itemid = 2 view the author ’ s website ] | author = administrator | publisher = | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > * * [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | peter schneider ]] , ' ' the wall jumper ' ' , 1984 ( german : ' '
632340179 632389254 2014-11-04 07:32:40 0 days 09:03:37 14508071 5 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < " / ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background
633189879 633205042 2014-11-10 08:48:37 0 days 03:53:37 15944894 0 . jpg | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 file : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall file : destruction of the wall ( using magnetised iron _ filings and particles from the berlin wall ) . jpg | sandpainting of the destruction of the wall by brian pike ( using magnetised iron _ filings and particles from the berlin wall ) < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany .
633571151 633632838 2014-11-13 06:15:21 0 days 09:47:37 15722070 0 | a sign reading " come back to the capital of gdr " file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | the berlin wall : exhibition in [[ potsdamer platz ]] arkaden < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 17 wall 1a . jpg | juggling on the wall on 16 november 1989 file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) . < / gallery > another border crossing to the south may have been opened earlier . an account by [[ heinz schäfer ]] indicates that he also acted independently and ordered
26 from the berlin wall ) . jpg | sandpainting of the destruction of the wall by brian pike ( using magnetised iron _ filings and particles from the berlin wall ) . < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany .
35 file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | an exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary to the berlin wall destruction was located at [[ potsdamer platz ]] arkaden . < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert
671583896 672416246 2015-07-21 12:08:59 5 days 18:54:52 574532 0 : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | an exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary to the berlin wall destruction was located at [[ potsdamer platz ]] arkaden . file : tracé du mur de berlin près de potsdamer platz , 2015 . jpg | line indicating where the wall once stood , just off [[ potsdamer platz ]] , in 2015 . < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert
687970626 688303202 2015-10-31 00:32:15 2 days 04:20:00 9011270 0 the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 – dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * * ' ' in the 2015 film [[ bridge _ of _ spies _ ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east berlin ]] just as the [[ berlin wall ]] is being built . he tries to bring her back into west berlin , but is stopped by [[ stasi ]] agents and arrested as a spy . < ref > https : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / bridge _ of _ spies _ ( film ) < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' (
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 6 june 1990 and was completed in 1992 . < ref > http : / / www . thejournal . ie / berlin - wall - anniversary - 1762450 - nov2014 / | date = 9 november 2014 | work = [[ thejournal . ie ]] }} < / ref > the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage
7 1990 and was completed in 1992 . < ref > http : / / www . thejournal . ie / berlin - wall - anniversary - 1762450 - nov2014 / < / ref > http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html < / ref > and the
9 bahnhof | potsdamer bahnhof ]] < ref > http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html | publisher = city of berlin | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > and the lenné triangle < ref > http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index .
54 other elements , and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . < ref > http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center .
56 berlin wall documentation center . < ref > http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / memorial - grounds - 548 . html | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > other remnants are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and
58 com / story / death - of - david - bowie - sparks - howls - of - anguish - across - social - media - 2016 - 01 - 11 | last = kollmeyer | first = barbara | date = 11 january 2016 | work = [[ marketwatch ]] | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > see also [[ berlin wall # david bowie . 2c 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }}
708550214 708557629 2016-03-06 07:11:16 0 days 01:09:59 88026 2 }} < / ref > the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return to east germany . < ref > mary elise sarotte , ' ' collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall ' ' , new york : basic books , 2014 < name = " referencea " / ref > this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . this time , however , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by
708557629 710470018 2016-03-17 03:45:27 10 days 20:34:11 25794403 2 . jpg | juggling on the wall on 16 november 1989 . file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) . file : berlin 1989 , fall der mauer , chute du mur 18 . jpg | the fall of the wall ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > another border crossing to the south may have been opened earlier . an account by [[ heinz schäfer ]] indicates that he also acted independently and ordered
724165325 724233530 2016-06-07 23:40:06 0 days 08:53:06 11795905 7 | last = crozier | first = brian | date = 1999 | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = forum | page = 170 - 171 | isbn = 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 }} {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ wiktionary | berlin
727656922 727810801 2016-07-01 11:28:53 0 days 23:28:04 28626834 0 from the berlin wall ) . jpg | sandpainting of the destruction of the wall by brian pike ( using magnetised iron filings and particles from the berlin wall ) . file : teil der berliner mauer am potsdamer platz in berlin ( 23268687892 ) . jpg | thumb | part of the berlin wall at potsdamer platz in berlin < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany .
772547948 773210166 2017-04-01 00:36:52 4 days 01:42:30 27823944 1 2009 | first1 = sven felix | last1 = kellerhof | first2 = alan | last2 = posener | year = 2007 | work = [[ die welt ]] online }} {{ dead link | date = august 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 29 , a crowd of west berliners jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . {{ fact }} < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie
774996200 774996645 2017-04-11 23:58:49 0 days 00:03:40 204692 9 tracé du mur de berlin près de potsdamer platz , 2015 . jpg | line indicating where the wall once stood , just off [[ potsdamer platz ]] , in 2015 . < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert
810009717 810071958 2017-11-13 05:36:10 0 days 07:44:21 19339494 2 vzusis2injtqnywsqt9wjcxjdf0 & hl = en & sa = x & ved = 0ahukewjsvstlxbnxahvtzgmkhuuiclyq6aeitdaj # v = onepage & q = berlin % 20wall % 20outside % 20maintenance & f = false | title = the berlin wall and the intra - german border 1961 - 89 | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present
5 near the [[ lohmühleninsel ]] < ref > [ http : / / www . kunstfabrik . org / # lue kunstfabrik am flutgraben e . & nbsp ; v . ] | website = www . kunstfabrik . org }} < / ref > * the former " kieler eck " ( kieler eck ) on kieler strasse in [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , close to the berlin
810071958 810072027 2017-11-13 05:36:43 0 days 00:00:33 19339494 6 - visits - the - berlin - wall . html mrs . thatcher visits the berlin wall ] , ' ' [[ the new york times ]] ' ' , october 30 , 1982 < / ref > < / small > < / center > = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie
810225119 810227691 2017-11-14 01:34:10 0 days 00:19:37 6554947 8 the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt briefs / 9799537166800 / < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall and was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on
820363656 820717744 2018-01-16 05:59:33 1 days 21:19:16 1808194 5 < ref > ' ' rise and fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < " / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . the wall was reinforced by mesh [[
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 3 popular belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took place on 3 october 1990 . = = background
825810334 825810710 2018-02-15 15:32:21 0 days 00:02:28 5946478 0 | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728 | < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float - right "
825810710 825811905 2018-02-15 15:40:48 0 days 00:08:27 5946478 5 | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728 | doi = | access - date = }} < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float - right "
825811905 825814813 2018-02-15 16:00:22 0 days 00:19:34 5946478 9 . edu / cgi / viewcontent . cgi ? article = 1391 & context = cilj | journal = | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 728 | doi = | access - date = }} < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float - right "
825877017 825915910 2018-02-16 03:54:46 0 days 04:40:35 5946478 5 : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < < ref > / ref > at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august , the border
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 53 of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = 146 - 147 | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 -
57 berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < " / ref > until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance and
60 berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < " / ref > on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in [[ bernauer straße ]] and around the mitte district . from
66 wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . < ref > {{ cite book | title = " sarotte 2014 xx - xxi " / > | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency ,
71 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period over 100 , 000 < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > people attempted to escape and over 5 , 000 people succeeded in escaping over the wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 < ref
72 chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > in and around berlin . in 1989 a [[ revolutions of 1989 | series of revolutions ]] in nearby eastern bloc countries — [[ poland ]] and [[
73 of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > a fact standing out from the events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 is that this is an historical example of a dictatorial regime
74 tribune 1 " / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took place on 3 october 1990 . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index .
80 east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end
108 in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list of deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : east german guard - flickr
118 opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency ,
829158703 829668315 2018-03-10 01:25:45 3 days 01:04:56 20611691 0 jpg | short section of the berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 file : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall file : teil der berliner mauer am potsdamer platz in berlin ( 23268687892 ) . jpg | part of the berlin wall at potsdamer platz in berlin < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany .
838878947 838879438 2018-04-29 21:40:04 0 days 00:04:19 764861 1 > contrary to popular belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin officially until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 cnn . com " / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took place on 3 october 1990 . < ref
845220199 845242425 2018-06-10 12:45:26 0 days 04:16:04 31766667 0 / en / 4 _ 3 . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 | archivedate = 17 july 2011 | df = dmy - all }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin wall ( 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall
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13872 86615 2002-02-25 15:51:15 6 days 11:48:33 0|62.253.64.7 2 {st@rt} built in [[ berlin ]] on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country american , british or french sectors of berlin . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989
102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 5 of the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . the ' ' ' berlin wall was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering the american , british or french
10 berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over 155km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up to the fourth generation wall , built from 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections
11 berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over 155km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up the fourth generation wall , built from begun in 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 14 an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up to . the fourth generation wall , begun in 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections
15 wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up to the " fourth generation wall , begun in 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at
1608238 1711609 2003-10-22 21:22:46 0 days 00:50:12 26248 1 to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . to stop the migration , construction of the berlin a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] . it first consisted of barbed wire , which was
2661588 2729115 2004-03-07 04:57:41 12 days 12:44:58 49486 4 attractiveness of the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . to stop the migration , construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] . it first consisted of barbed wire
3355675 3374365 2004-04-27 03:44:36 14 days 22:18:32 0|200.11.95.237 0 | beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept concert [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guest including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[
3416164 3551635 2004-05-02 09:12:00 3 days 12:28:42 4388 0 {st@rt} the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall isolating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]]
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 14 became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in 1952 . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . = = construction of the wall = = construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] . it first consisted of [[ barbed
32 to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today ' s [[ graffiti ]] are mostly visible on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously wasn ' t was not achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = related articles = =
7053303 7075809 2004-11-02 10:04:22 0 days 14:07:00 0|62.214.27.246 2 of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , and walls ( [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px |
7264727 7264768 2004-11-09 17:56:20 0 days 00:13:20 0|217.9.29.249 5 . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating
8250476 8251853 2004-12-09 00:57:27 3 days 02:20:35 100330 4 up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today ' s [[ graffiti ]] are mostly visible on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously was not achieveable have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . a september 2004 poll found that one
9112336 9112364 2005-01-05 02:44:12 0 days 00:05:27 0|67.164.50.76 3 wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the
9112487 9156541 2005-01-05 02:49:50 0 days 00:04:52 615 0 of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] monkeys took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 5 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east german soil . the streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the
8 around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by built up into the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories
9 western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual full - scale wall . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east
26 into an island in the eastern territories . east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 14 ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks
18 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and
35 marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western
10087212 10087443 2005-02-09 03:43:17 0 days 01:23:14 0|152.163.100.198 1 , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s ultralights across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 73 , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing ultralights [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the
11639454 11652451 2005-03-29 06:12:33 0 days 00:03:21 0|24.42.224.161 1 ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . the construction flood of refugees but the main candidate for it ' s location was around the perimeter of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 11 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 8 its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and
15 | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
11891869 11896685 2005-04-04 23:02:50 0 days 02:59:21 90610 0 . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of
14269368 14269487 2005-05-26 16:36:03 0 days 04:31:25 0|164.68.120.3 2 ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most sophisticated shitty version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m high and 1
3 ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sea sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m high and 1 . 5m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the top of the
14269815 14329087 2005-05-26 16:46:05 0 days 00:04:01 157530 2 ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most shitty sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sea sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m high and
10 ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most shitty version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sea sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m high and 1 . 5m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east germans had small penises . the top
14830564 14834006 2005-06-07 04:56:11 0 days 06:28:40 0|81.180.132.3 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]]
14834006 14943216 2005-06-07 06:53:53 0 days 01:57:42 8780 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100
15055113 15059402 2005-06-12 06:08:12 0 days 00:13:20 5016 6 conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard
18341759 18388981 2005-07-08 10:31:44 0 days 16:15:16 53921 0 . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 - mile barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the
27850846 27851902 2005-11-09 20:43:14 0 days 00:11:23 140548 0 ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] ,
28230173 28350981 2005-11-15 01:31:48 1 days 05:54:07 6661 0 split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and chances of a better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west germans berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about
31396532 31424209 2005-12-15 03:54:07 0 days 04:02:05 0|24.236.223.45 0 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth third generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version
31424209 31569442 2005-12-16 04:11:51 1 days 00:17:44 28107 0 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " third fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version
32072733 32108178 2005-12-20 15:27:08 0 days 08:38:16 0|199.216.220.2 0 portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] baoaota * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold
32108178 32108251 2005-12-20 15:27:48 0 days 00:00:40 0|199.216.220.2 0 portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] baoaota booger * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold
32108251 32108451 2005-12-20 15:29:48 0 days 00:02:00 225576 0 portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] booger * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold
32108451 32117880 2005-12-20 16:57:51 0 days 01:28:03 0|216.167.223.130 2 relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . stupid = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west
3 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up
32117880 32117997 2005-12-20 16:59:00 0 days 00:01:09 655783 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was stupid and everyone who liked it was stupid = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east
3 closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . the wall was stupid and everyone who liked it was stupid paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west
34282387 34775887 2006-01-11 17:31:21 3 days 20:07:38 0|164.83.99.83 1 tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : mostly shitty though # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' '
34778137 34778424 2006-01-11 17:52:02 0 days 00:02:29 21397 2 tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : mostly shitty though # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' '
34951260 35317181 2006-01-15 21:52:12 2 days 22:14:00 25568 2 . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence
36157802 36216587 2006-01-22 13:39:02 0 days 12:07:40 480942 2 differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " de mauer im de kopf ( " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were
36216587 36216676 2006-01-22 13:40:22 0 days 00:01:20 480942 1 germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " de mauer im de kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans
38772044 38772210 2006-02-08 15:31:51 0 days 00:01:35 92511 0 [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the latest last phase of the wall , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east .
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 44 other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at came to the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[
40904768 40905200 2006-02-23 20:20:49 0 days 00:03:37 89179 5 [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] however , its miles of concrete and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall became a focus of anti - communist reformers between the 1960s and 1990s . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of
40905200 40905559 2006-02-23 20:23:39 0 days 00:02:50 89179 0 western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 38 * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links
43620636 43657363 2006-03-14 01:47:32 0 days 04:49:39 6661 0 east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . he honecker had predicted that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to
1 , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . he predicted that january that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply
47397931 47528615 2006-04-08 08:27:20 0 days 19:47:08 686868 1 sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were called " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . however , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were not allowed visa free travel until [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . they could visit the gdr , but only at the conditions prevalent before , which included application for a visa several days in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their journey , which hindered spontaneous visits . in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westernes . technically the wall remained guarded for some while , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , east german military even tried to repair some of
48084162 48127680 2006-04-12 15:41:16 0 days 07:51:07 1194016 0 [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted that in january that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to
1 honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted that january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply
48935289 49049354 2006-04-18 20:13:20 0 days 18:06:16 6661 2 , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]]
53320980 53326601 2006-05-15 15:19:22 0 days 00:38:32 0|141.157.35.222 0 & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the little boy sucked on his mommys titties and liked it his name was steven walker creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as
53326601 53329099 2006-05-15 15:35:44 0 days 00:16:22 204661 0 & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the little boy sucked on his mommys titties and liked it his name was steven walker creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as
53500500 53500522 2006-05-16 13:10:22 0 days 00:00:09 385115 0 east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . < font size = 36 > < center > basically this = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was super stupid yo ! it also messed up most of germay which is also stupid ! = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that
54067993 54071955 2006-05-19 18:52:56 0 days 00:27:23 0|158.59.209.88 0 at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of ofkslhjmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most
54071955 54072062 2006-05-19 18:53:42 0 days 00:00:46 1022601 0 at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling ofkslhjmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most
57484319 57663965 2006-06-09 06:58:07 1 days 01:49:03 0|203.51.41.247 6 & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation marielle of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist
57663965 57664095 2006-06-09 06:59:35 0 days 00:01:28 416594 5 & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / reffer > however , the marielle creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist
58859317 59083873 2006-06-17 09:12:35 1 days 08:43:14 0|58.169.79.139 0 ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . he was wrong by more than 99
63215080 63280868 2006-07-11 19:49:18 0 days 07:13:04 0|158.91.216.219 1 fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated ]] [[ [[ link title ]] [[ media : < math > example . ogg < / math > ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' ]] ]] version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref
63280868 63282560 2006-07-11 19:59:04 0 days 00:09:46 1008387 1 generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most [[ sophisticated ]] [[ [[ link title ]] [[ media : < math > example . ogg < / math > ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' ]] ]] version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref
75288754 75548908 2006-09-13 18:23:04 1 days 04:44:30 0|70.244.100.3 0 well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . i was there ! ! ! ! = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college
75548908 75549141 2006-09-13 18:24:20 0 days 00:01:16 145855 0 well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . i was there ! ! ! ! = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college
81768427 81865132 2006-10-16 21:32:20 0 days 09:55:34 2496238 2 archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden maclean , rory ]] | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989
82879607 82879695 2006-10-21 21:19:03 0 days 00:00:35 2542109 0 wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death health strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 .
82879695 82880299 2006-10-21 21:22:34 0 days 00:03:31 2179786 0 wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " health death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 .
85062241 85062608 2006-11-01 16:50:04 0 days 00:01:56 0|204.13.204.162 0 iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . part of monty python and the holy grail was formed made on this wall . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[
85064024 85132084 2006-11-01 22:40:02 0 days 05:42:40 309674 0 [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " ,
87939085 87971875 2006-11-15 12:36:22 0 days 05:29:42 55284 0 berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) ,
88015793 88038123 2006-11-15 19:20:36 0 days 02:03:39 42901 0 ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which
1 wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed
91359879 91359911 2006-12-01 11:48:26 0 days 00:00:22 579524 0 rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two : by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of the socialist east germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected
91359911 91362108 2006-12-01 12:08:57 0 days 00:20:31 302522 2 wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of the socialist east germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengtehened , turning transformed from a usual wall into the system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signalisation , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and
3 purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of the socialist east germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengtehened , turning from a usual normal wall into the system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signalisation , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and perfidious shooting automata
5 germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengtehened , turning from a usual wall into the system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signalisation signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and perfidious shooting automata , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guard .
98077276 98151344 2007-01-03 10:49:19 0 days 08:46:57 2001738 2 shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , august 2006 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > the ' ' '
98226397 98227262 2007-01-03 18:51:51 0 days 00:04:28 873891 6 oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and
9 on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as
10 both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . also at a turn in moreover , the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum
11 of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . also at a turn in the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt
98453918 98470052 2007-01-04 19:21:16 0 days 01:21:18 873891 12 service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny ,
104347998 104367345 2007-01-30 17:39:18 0 days 01:38:05 2077184 2 and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by juggernaut from the x - men , as he rammed through and its fall was the wall with his head . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 7 workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 ,
16 the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the
53 with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy
54 the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 26 , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents died as a result . the second wall was constructed after [[ the second world war 2 ]] by the [[ americans ]] to prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant prevent the wall dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin
37 lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed
38 = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the back . the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by
62 berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 7 workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 ,
16 the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the
53 with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy
54 the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 26 , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents died as a result . the second wall was constructed after [[ the second world war 2 ]] by the [[ americans ]] to prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant prevent the wall dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin
37 lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed
38 = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the back . the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by
62 berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 7 workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 ,
16 the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the
53 with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy
54 the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 26 , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents died as a result . the second wall was constructed after [[ the second world war 2 ]] by the [[ americans ]] to prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant prevent the wall dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin
37 lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed
38 = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the back . the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by
53 berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . peter shapiro loves the
111502458 111885825 2007-03-01 19:05:40 1 days 15:00:53 712163 0 en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were
113273294 113334386 2007-03-07 15:54:57 0 days 07:32:17 0|65.1.6.32 0 skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . < a href = " http : / / photobucket . com " target = " _ blank " > < img src = " http : / / i175 . photobucket . com / albums / w142 / aswnut / peanut . jpg " border = " 0 " alt = " photobucket - video and image hosting " > < / a > the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5
113334386 113334424 2007-03-07 15:55:06 0 days 00:00:09 2654847 0 skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . < a href = " http : / / photobucket . com " target = " _ blank " > < img src = " http : / / i175 . photobucket . com / albums / w142 / aswnut / peanut . jpg " border = " 0 " alt = " photobucket - video and image hosting " > < / a > the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5
113385689 113462887 2007-03-08 01:21:56 0 days 05:35:39 0|134.161.77.27 4 , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that preston ' s sledgehammer or power struck the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb
114231078 114232094 2007-03-11 04:46:14 0 days 00:06:38 0|192.176.11.14 5 funke took charge and led the deconstruction of the berlin wall . late in the night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first blow of preston ' s sledgehammer or power struck 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall . followed shortly by the continuous blows between funke and preston ' s hammers , the wall came down and germany was reunited . [[ image : berlinwallfalls .
117508444 117516576 2007-03-24 13:39:46 0 days 00:58:39 302522 0 of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called "
120170339 120170416 2007-04-04 06:25:34 0 days 00:00:38 0|125.238.5.132 0 skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . fhregfkefhtbwfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggfgfgffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffgggfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5
120170416 120184971 2007-04-04 08:29:39 0 days 02:04:05 0|83.100.203.43 0 skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . fhregfkefhtbwfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggfgfgffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffgggfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5
121058451 121253403 2007-04-08 20:10:34 0 days 22:14:13 0|68.96.195.110 0 bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and , legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when
121253403 121253825 2007-04-08 20:12:29 0 days 00:01:55 0|68.96.195.110 0 bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently , and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when
121573836 121815930 2007-04-10 23:58:00 0 days 22:34:01 0|71.251.78.138 1 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the . belin wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east .
121815930 121816065 2007-04-10 23:58:38 0 days 00:00:38 1587622 1 | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : juan stupid . . belin jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall sucks . in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[
128043670 128043972 2007-05-03 20:31:17 0 days 00:01:01 0|69.125.136.170 5 united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb
129408596 129408776 2007-05-09 01:56:37 0 days 00:00:50 0|68.96.76.118 0 roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ]] " speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he essentially called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 15 permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall "
133074678 133074927 2007-05-24 01:32:04 0 days 00:01:22 715870 3 in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split .
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 37 ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[
73 " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[
153595819 153780641 2007-08-26 17:53:06 0 days 22:54:33 0|70.246.156.12 5 running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[
153783102 153784826 2007-08-26 18:19:24 0 days 00:10:45 1718065 1 running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . everyone thought it was a piece of shit . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national
160247787 160249046 2007-09-25 13:56:32 0 days 00:07:23 0|170.185.218.19 0 [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death shank strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg
160249046 160281991 2007-09-25 16:59:42 0 days 03:03:10 0|150.135.169.11 1 construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase west side of the wall ' s development , the " shank strip " between josh and bear was horrible bloody and deadthly . [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb
2 the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of graffiti art on the wall ' s development , the " shank strip " between josh and bear was horrible bloody and deadthly . [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb |
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 9 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch " stimulation ( sight , scent ) . current understanding is that many species believed monogamous have now been proven to be promiscuous or opportunistic in nature , a wide range of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{
162097147 162236037 2007-10-04 13:31:03 0 days 16:27:02 0|209.174.242.3 0 to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the rise of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations
7 hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations
162236037 162236073 2007-10-04 13:31:19 0 days 00:00:16 301395 2 spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . the rise technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations
163098190 163101280 2007-10-08 14:53:00 0 days 00:15:10 0|216.237.254.146 0 on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year christina is a whore that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying by a person named alton - daytrying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee
276397358 276397542 2009-03-10 23:48:23 0 days 00:00:54 2372780 0 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed by a person named alton - daytrying trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee
276397542 276397596 2009-03-10 23:48:36 0 days 00:00:13 0|67.165.0.242 0 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying by a person named alton - daytrying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee
276397596 276397704 2009-03-10 23:49:03 0 days 00:00:27 4046939 0 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed by a person named alton - daytrying trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee
277909503 277910067 2009-03-17 17:50:00 0 days 00:02:39 6984319 2 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] and , ultimately , between the western european [[ allies of world war ii ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall
281608811 281686628 2009-04-04 12:14:06 0 days 11:20:47 15708 4 ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine
284918855 284935331 2009-04-20 02:49:29 0 days 01:42:59 9494861 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . penis penis penis penis penis the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on
284935331 284935878 2009-04-20 02:52:53 0 days 00:03:24 1099776 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . penis penis penis penis penis the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on
289779282 289779382 2009-05-14 00:07:47 0 days 00:00:36 1233313 0 checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as
289779598 289779731 2009-05-14 00:10:13 0 days 00:00:53 1233313 1 ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ' ' ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany
6 ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west
289779731 289801827 2009-05-14 02:31:14 0 days 02:21:01 6984319 0 checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as
300613467 300624419 2009-07-06 16:48:43 0 days 01:04:06 0|78.144.252.75 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . . . . . . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought
300624419 300632026 2009-07-06 17:34:53 0 days 00:46:10 1304569 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . . . . . . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought
307307907 307679806 2009-08-13 03:24:07 1 days 21:50:04 8357747 0 ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a
307884163 308149981 2009-08-15 17:08:42 1 days 11:27:52 0|90.200.32.121 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . berlin is in ireland prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into
308149981 308150074 2009-08-15 17:09:16 0 days 00:00:34 10141256 1 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . berlin is in ireland prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million united kindom had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into
311192075 311278175 2009-09-01 14:03:37 0 days 12:33:20 6971250 1 . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece not all segments of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of
319687238 319857998 2009-10-14 18:32:45 0 days 22:04:56 0|86.17.123.155 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . it was a dosgrace what they did like locking up an animal in a cage : ( prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into
319857998 319858118 2009-10-14 18:33:24 0 days 00:00:39 0|86.17.123.155 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . it was a dosgrace what they did like locking up an animal in a cage : ( prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into
320975384 320978520 2009-10-20 10:32:07 0 days 00:34:15 3058538 1 }} 2007 [[ black - and - white | b & w ]] photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin - wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of
324361293 324361439 2009-11-06 22:47:14 0 days 00:00:58 0|38.107.109.130 1 german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = owqstzgkbiy ] how the wall worked . 3d virtual realization * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list
324471890 324478288 2009-11-07 16:19:25 0 days 00:44:58 0|173.78.68.123 0 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]]
324886184 324889784 2009-11-09 19:17:28 0 days 00:20:09 0|24.91.78.167 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany
324923280 324923860 2009-11-09 22:20:11 0 days 00:02:41 0|67.71.41.102 4 that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete styrofoam walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir
324923860 324923936 2009-11-09 22:20:37 0 days 00:00:26 6774658 4 ) that completely enclosed the country of [[ yugoslavia ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ north dakota ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large styrofoam concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir
325364978 325366116 2009-11-12 02:34:13 0 days 00:08:51 0|202.158.12.194 4 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the roger jr wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]]
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 7 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the roger jr wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]]
325493064 325493379 2009-11-12 20:15:42 0 days 00:01:52 0|58.110.138.78 0 soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) also refered to as the big one fat hitler ' elephant , was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it
327723781 327795862 2009-11-25 03:22:30 0 days 07:06:45 0|87.11.82.60 0 s early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying fasfdasfsdfffdsfsffdfdsfdsftrying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the
327795862 327805035 2009-11-25 04:33:44 0 days 01:11:14 7269746 0 s early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died fasfdasfsdfffdsfsffdfdsfdsftrying trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the
339045107 339322107 2010-01-22 10:16:12 1 days 11:25:18 0|87.42.212.2 0 of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with tammy lyons is the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 0 that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] {{ ndash }} a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement
9 the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref
343779602 343780168 2010-02-13 18:20:19 0 days 00:02:39 5326371 4 uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw considered the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if
343784334 343784856 2010-02-13 18:48:35 0 days 00:03:09 5326371 4 = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise " – ' ' ( journey of the wall took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks were sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen
343784856 343787074 2010-02-13 18:58:31 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 4 ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with
5 and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments . fsragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a
344092620 344168111 2010-02-15 07:24:20 0 days 09:20:34 0|97.127.12.241 0 a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fsragments fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are
345286812 345793921 2010-02-23 02:23:39 2 days 05:00:39 393711 0 when it made contact with the beam . they lay flat and kept driving forward . the east germans then built zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system preceded predated the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne
346490813 346769100 2010-02-27 23:01:03 1 days 09:04:54 0|68.57.126.209 3 to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist pizza maker ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully
346769100 346776955 2010-02-27 23:47:20 0 days 00:46:17 3308922 3 to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ pizza maker anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 1 }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall
356901361 356954702 2010-04-19 10:01:13 0 days 08:02:49 0|218.186.9.230 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . lol before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the
356954702 356954794 2010-04-19 10:01:55 0 days 00:00:42 0|218.186.9.230 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . lol before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the
360333358 360333645 2010-05-05 17:57:22 0 days 00:01:29 0|199.197.103.35 0 {st@rt} { hi weggie its jack tj jonathan is really cool wiggie and i built the wall { about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[
360380251 360445274 2010-05-06 03:35:59 0 days 06:00:26 0|71.142.92.215 0 the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg branpoopdenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com
360445274 360445710 2010-05-06 03:39:18 0 days 00:03:19 329633 0 the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ branpoopdenburg brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com
363922912 364011539 2010-05-24 22:54:04 0 days 09:03:26 591174 7 east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to and 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite news
366512975 366521234 2010-06-07 08:27:18 0 days 01:15:10 6971250 11 - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . film by r . s . richter * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom
366521234 366522148 2010-06-07 08:36:01 0 days 00:08:43 6971250 5 build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ tunnel , the ]] ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , the wall . film by r . s . richter * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[
367431885 367780883 2010-06-13 15:03:46 1 days 23:52:59 0|184.60.66.188 1 attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection penis wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 11 the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the , [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] nations . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had
378715810 378954266 2010-08-14 23:31:40 1 days 09:23:09 0|72.224.163.217 1 ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist vagina ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de
378954266 378954496 2010-08-14 23:33:43 0 days 00:02:03 0|72.224.163.217 5 germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers dildos placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006
378954496 378954602 2010-08-14 23:34:40 0 days 00:00:57 1064243 5 , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 , that completely cut off [[ lesbian ]] from surrounding gays and from [[ homos ]] . the barrier included dildos guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006
6 ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - vagina fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de
379192505 379212179 2010-08-16 12:59:13 0 days 02:54:24 0|80.254.147.156 0 was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later it was built up into the proper wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army
387039407 387096525 2010-09-26 09:41:09 0 days 08:32:03 7178666 0 around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . a high point was when over 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles , each over {{ convert | 8 feet tall , that were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center were toppled in stages , converging in front of the brandenburg gate .
389132750 389329152 2010-10-07 14:59:01 0 days 21:54:30 0|141.43.69.1 16 [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . com fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments
17 of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 5 former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; and a third section in liesenstraße . a long stretch of the second ( easternmost ) wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . a comprehensive documentation
13 including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at http : / / www . berlin - wall - map . com none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments
16 topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; and a third section in liesenstraße . a long stretch of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . a
391570615 391649621 2010-10-19 14:37:32 0 days 11:45:06 3055250 1 }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map
400135808 400152873 2010-12-02 17:05:45 0 days 01:38:16 0|76.79.232.194 0 ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism |
400152873 400183850 2010-12-02 20:01:38 0 days 02:55:53 0|207.177.214.199 1 > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this put the wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down
400183850 400217192 2010-12-02 23:10:07 0 days 03:08:29 3308922 0 / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . kuzmanov gorbachev , put the wall back up ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987
1 > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . kuzmanov , put the tear down this wall back up ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[
400251431 400293690 2010-12-03 10:55:24 0 days 07:39:00 6971250 0 ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism |
401679143 401702145 2010-12-11 00:44:02 0 days 02:56:40 0|75.3.1.224 1 > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this put the wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down
401702145 401710678 2010-12-11 01:55:35 0 days 01:11:33 5177550 0 / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . kuzmanov gorbachev , put the wall back up - sn0w " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june
1 > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . kuzmanov , put the tear down this wall back up - sn0w " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “
402032954 402084488 2010-12-13 04:12:01 0 days 05:32:53 0|146.7.207.171 0 marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection prostitution wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification
402084488 402113966 2010-12-13 08:56:00 0 days 04:43:59 6971250 0 marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] prostitution protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification
402719269 402911121 2010-12-17 20:30:51 1 days 02:59:23 0|67.68.53.10 0 in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated . the economy in the gdr began to grow . surprisingly , even after such prosperity some people were willing to defect to the less prosperous west berlin and leaving the freedom and facilities available in gdr but not in the west . to keep them prosperous the gdr army had to prevent them by force . but , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly
402911121 402925112 2010-12-17 22:09:53 0 days 01:39:02 3308922 0 in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated . the economy in the gdr began to grow . surprisingly , even after such prosperity some people were willing to defect to the less prosperous west berlin and leaving the freedom and facilities available in gdr but not in the west . to keep them prosperous the gdr army had to prevent them by force . but , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly
403665286 404621084 2010-12-28 11:37:15 6 days 04:15:39 13689206 0 neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german [[ socialist unity party
405959866 406120287 2011-01-05 18:07:27 0 days 20:57:24 7609840 2 defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map
443412986 443413503 2011-08-06 22:05:52 0 days 00:04:09 16710 9 then - communist ally east germany . < ref > http : / / uk . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough | title = who built berlin wall ? most russians don ' t know & # 124 ; reuters | publisher = uk . reuters . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the
443414712 443416955 2011-08-06 22:32:57 0 days 00:17:32 16710 4 of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 22 december 1989 . [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg |
6 hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]]
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 14 hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ inner german border
444591376 444619121 2011-08-13 12:49:37 0 days 05:02:08 9243491 0 hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation
494695297 495094589 2012-05-30 08:17:37 2 days 08:55:03 577301 0 this wall . " = = [[ file : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' |
505389806 505558329 2012-08-03 10:30:56 1 days 02:39:43 339081 5 berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] atop the wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte .
519776360 522222611 2012-11-09 19:33:25 15 days 04:00:08 1723027 2 / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the ' ' ' " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]]
522222611 522225975 2012-11-09 19:57:24 0 days 00:23:59 10289486 2 / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the ' ' ' " [[ wall of shame ]] " ' ' ' — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 7 of the berlin wall among current college students . students at over 30 universities participated in " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . first place winner of the [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 09 _ _ press _ _ infocus _ _ interviews / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html [[ freedom without walls speaking contest ] robert cannon received a free trip to berlin for 2010 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 3 , a crowd of west berliners jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | upright |
25 late november 1989 . ]] [[ file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | upright | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its
543449478 545358277 2013-03-19 05:11:08 7 days 12:34:11 1609140 1 of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link
545358277 545361184 2013-03-19 05:32:47 0 days 00:21:39 7868001 1 of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link
545361184 545373409 2013-03-19 06:54:43 0 days 01:21:56 210954 1 of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link
545373409 545381105 2013-03-19 07:46:16 0 days 00:51:33 18079202 1 of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link
545381105 545455691 2013-03-19 16:10:59 0 days 08:24:43 145394 1 of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 21 wall ]] . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > at strategic points , the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > "
588587093 589123834 2014-01-04 11:07:54 3 days 11:57:13 1862829 0 death strip seen from axel springer building 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the berlin wall , as seen from the [[ ‪axel axel springer ag‬ ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin wall death strip , 1977 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s "
610979419 613835077 2014-06-21 17:55:33 20 days 21:06:01 15420856 0 atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest what was left . the physical wall itself was primarily destroyed in 1990 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on
619750670 621484363 2014-08-16 13:24:56 12 days 12:04:28 525927 0 ' s eve 1989 , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " while standing atop the partly - demolished wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / uk _ news
631869000 631992977 2014-11-01 09:37:20 0 days 23:37:50 18865486 0 next few weeks , euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the physical destruction of the wall was primarily destroyed in 1990 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 .
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 11 / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the ] - [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] of the wall * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [
12 index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall berlin wall online ] - a chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall
13 ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset
38 chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 4 have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the nicknamed ' ' {{ lang | de | mauerspechte }} ' ' ( wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte "
16 locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts that tore down portions of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely
18 [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the while the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the brandenburg gate
28 that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / topics
633183384 633189879 2014-11-10 04:55:00 0 days 01:15:20 1833 5 throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg brandenberg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections (
664678445 665650877 2015-06-05 18:14:52 6 days 10:44:50 2901026 3 great morale boost for west berliners , who lived in an [[ exclave ]] deep inside east germany and feared a possible east german occupation . in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . usatoday .
665650877 666337026 2015-06-10 13:39:10 4 days 19:24:18 19338611 0 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , 9 november is also the anniversary of the execution of [[ robert blum ]] in following the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the austrian empire | 1848 vienna revolts ]] , the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of the nazis in 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 29 [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " ' ' the wall street journal . < / ref > excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night
702892130 702892497 2016-02-02 06:58:20 0 days 00:04:04 13816079 0 no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # * wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{
708557629 710470018 2016-03-17 03:45:27 10 days 20:34:11 25794403 0 = = {{ further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} {{ eastern bloc sidebar }} [[ file : sfp 186 - brandenburger tor . ogv | thumb | right | 200px 220px | brandenburg gate in 1945 , after the end of world war 2 ]] following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] headed a union of nations on
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 11 no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : {{ fact }} * wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) * improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) * improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) * ' '
30 = 7 november 2014 }} < / ref > this may explain reports of east berliners appearing in west berlin earlier than the opening of the bornholmer straße border crossing . {{ fact }} = = = demolition = = = the fall of the berlin wall ( {{ lang - de | mauerfall }} ) began the evening of 9 november 1989 and continued
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 13 , euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . contrary to popular belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " /
19 by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin ; from which they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine /
808291388 809350827 2017-11-08 15:47:14 6 days 15:42:09 7136651 6 " | 0 , 5 {{ 0 }} | remains of house fronts , land mansion bricks | - | style = " text - align : right " | 58 , . 95 | wall - shaped front wall with a height of 3 , 40 & nbsp ; m | - | style = " text - align : right " |
810174887 810185910 2017-11-13 20:34:03 0 days 01:10:23 6554947 3 two separate keyholes to unlock . < ref > https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? time _ continue = 275 & v = owqstzgkbiy < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
810187128 810222160 2017-11-14 00:53:59 0 days 04:11:16 6554947 3 one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch , who was apprehended while standing inside the strip while painting the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east
4 the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch , who was standing inside the strip while painting defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin
810347639 810351013 2017-11-14 19:06:27 0 days 00:25:19 6554947 5 apr / 03 / thierry - noir - graffiti - berlin - wall < / ref > defector and political activist wolfram hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into west berlin . hasch himself was arrested ,
810575212 810709126 2017-11-16 23:24:54 0 days 20:00:20 6554947 2 into west berlin . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the wall door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on outside the outer edge of the outer strip . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign -
812015131 812456655 2017-11-27 23:08:43 2 days 10:38:49 27015025 0 [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] {{ webarchive | url = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080829173505 / http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml | date = 29 august 2008 }} " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , october 2006 . < / ref > accompanied by
814620671 814621118 2017-12-09 22:55:25 0 days 00:03:24 6554947 0 foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . the area just outside the wall is < i > de jure < / i > eastern bloc territory . 1984 . ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb
814764354 815651022 2017-12-16 04:50:35 5 days 08:35:00 6554947 0 in foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . the area areas just outside the wall is < i > de jure < / i > eastern bloc territory . 1984 . ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg |
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 23 after before an interruption of the way at this point had been feared . at the intersection with the dresdener bahn near lichtenrade , on the other hand , there is still no possibility of crossing , so that a longer detour over partially paved roads is necessary . the german railways justified the lack of crossing possibility with the words : " this wall is not a legally established way , which we have to consider as a crossing . " in 2012 , the landtag of brandenburg , decided up to 250 , 000 euros for the construction of an underpass under the railway in this area to provide , however , their realization is delayed due to the repeatedly postponed expansion of the long - distance tracks of the dresden railway in this area . since april 2009 , part of the wall trail on the banks of the griebnitzsee in potsdam has been closed by some property owners . a similar situation exists since the summer of 2009 on
825791052 825794931 2018-02-15 13:25:16 0 days 00:36:37 5946478 1 – time | publisher = time | date = 20 november 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape succeeded in escaping over the wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary
825811905 825814813 2018-02-15 16:00:22 0 days 00:19:34 5946478 2 treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . < ref > {{ cite cornell international law journal | last1 = goodman | first1 = micah | date = 1996 | title = ) " after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | url = https : / / scholarship . law . cornell . edu
825814813 825815985 2018-02-15 16:08:39 0 days 00:08:17 5946478 0 part of germany till it was auctioned and collected ( [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] ) . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / www . thoughtco . com / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history - 1779495 < / ref > * wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) * improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) * improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) * ' '
825832314 825832766 2018-02-15 18:05:15 0 days 00:02:56 5946478 1 east germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > an important reason that the west berlin border , [[ crossing the inner german border ]] , was not closed earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . construction of a
826247392 826247448 2018-02-18 02:11:36 0 days 00:00:35 32940610 0 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . < ref > {{ cite book | title
838879438 838895196 2018-04-29 23:54:28 0 days 02:14:24 19082616 1 bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} [[ file : sfp 186 - brandenburger tor . ogv | thumb | right | 220px | brandenburg gate in 1945 , after the end of world war ii ]] following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] headed a group of nations on
851989261 854069066 2018-08-08 19:11:24 13 days 21:30:45 3563616 1 back into the western sector . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] ' ' border outside the wall . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs
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13630178 13656315 2005-05-12 22:49:50 0 days 01:37:39 146726 0 berlin % 20brigade . htm us army website ] [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & #
48127680 48497132 2006-04-15 00:19:38 2 days 08:38:22 450465 0 [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]]
138877071 138879702 2007-06-18 01:04:49 0 days 00:17:14 0|58.186.250.2 0 ]] [[ category : soviet occupation ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]]
148756413 148786929 2007-08-02 20:04:08 0 days 02:36:53 0|81.182.140.153 0 ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]]
316356639 316487238 2009-09-27 13:36:51 0 days 17:46:55 5965514 0 ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} 0 [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[
333220733 333525969 2009-12-23 10:56:36 1 days 02:16:23 6986250 0 }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | stq }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | sw }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]]
526071586 529700077 2012-12-25 09:08:16 22 days 11:43:09 8066546 0 }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]]
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40907901 40908066 2006-02-23 20:44:09 0 days 00:01:31 89179 0 . it effectively decreased emigration from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . [ < ref > encyclopedia britannica website , {{ web reference | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] however , the creation of the
40944082 40945287 2006-02-24 01:11:25 0 days 00:08:50 304316 0 ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] [ < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ] and completed about [[ 1980 ]] [ http : / / www .
2 . begun in [[ 1975 ]] [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ] and completed about [[ 1980 ]] [ , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete
4 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] [ . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm ] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth
6 . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ]] s [ , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ] , and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of
8 public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it [ . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ] . some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down
10 ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross [ < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm ] [ http : / / www . die - berliner -
13 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news .
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 33 | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 26 _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes
53645846 53689296 2006-05-17 14:45:11 0 days 07:45:45 0|170.158.120.2 2 mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references . encyclopedia britannica . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 ^ http : / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley |
53689296 53689482 2006-05-17 14:46:28 0 days 00:01:17 157842 2 tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] ^ " berlin wall " . encyclopedia britannica . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 ^ http : > < references / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ^ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur
92647828 92779124 2006-12-07 21:11:24 0 days 14:27:04 0|82.10.207.212 2 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 august 2006 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' '
132910594 132997348 2007-05-23 19:22:33 0 days 07:30:33 869278 1 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . addictinggames . com org / rainbowsphere . html | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]]
151601404 152046698 2007-08-18 14:45:41 2 days 01:05:52 2267145 0 ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " [ < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]]
2 construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] when the east german
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 23 ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > genetic determination of the queen caste in an ant hybrid zone " . proceedings of the national academy of sciences 99 ( 12 ) : 8157 - 8160 . ^ whitfield , john ( 2004 ) . " everything you always wanted to know about sexes " . public library of science : biology 2 ( 6 ) . ^ tuatara ^ observations on inheritance in coprinus macrorhizus ( pers . ) rea ^ the pycnidia of the rust fungi ^ the five sexes revisited , sciences , jul / aug2000 , vol . 40 issue 4 , p18 , 6p , 1c , 2bw ^ two sexes are not enough ^ cytoplasmic fusion and the nature of sexes ^ " thickens the brow and upper bridge of the nose " [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[
26 in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org edu / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[
31 period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de com / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1
43 the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk com / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 24 assessment in genetic associations " . j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . columbia . edu org / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http
160893232 160904974 2007-09-28 12:55:47 0 days 01:39:54 3341545 4 firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date
161222936 161422371 2007-09-30 23:55:11 0 days 22:54:53 12927 0 prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > {{ cite web | url = [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date
165005884 165222233 2007-10-17 17:39:09 0 days 22:58:30 0|67.132.117.2 14 mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this
165222233 165222438 2007-10-17 17:40:08 0 days 00:00:59 1285073 13 watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this
169684483 169684876 2007-11-06 21:21:59 0 days 00:01:54 0|137.90.130.186 4 mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this
170313046 170423035 2007-11-09 22:14:07 0 days 09:25:19 1581958 2 [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]]
4 shoot and kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]]
6 < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical
188768514 188772780 2008-02-03 10:00:42 0 days 00:47:48 6085301 3 ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans
5 " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall ref > / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb
12 in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of
204483235 204483897 2008-04-09 16:42:52 0 days 00:03:07 137113 1 most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales
204485065 204485312 2008-04-09 16:49:34 0 days 00:01:14 137113 2 most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales
212120617 214518903 2008-05-23 22:40:18 10 days 07:43:03 7025534 1 , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : name = " cgqmzv " / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down
229166509 229217140 2008-08-01 12:51:26 0 days 08:29:32 6085301 3 day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html < / ref > during this
274979258 274981620 2009-03-04 18:57:41 0 days 00:11:39 3505251 1 berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer :
315258062 315258217 2009-09-21 08:43:44 0 days 00:02:01 204692 0 characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery >
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 9 characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery
23 < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 4 gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , '
69 [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts "
323548201 323548634 2009-11-02 21:32:57 0 days 00:01:48 6340927 1 content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved november 2 , 2009 . < / ref > the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 21 of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang de |
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 39 [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * films about the berlin wall : " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / ] ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 10 , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system north at http : / / www . berlin - wall - map . com fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 14 batsford , third edition . isbn 0 713467959 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s ] the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 -
17 up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [ http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / commons / 6 / 6f / map - germany - 1945 . svg map - germany - 1945 ] berlin
19 de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes
399051464 399052561 2010-11-27 00:55:57 0 days 00:08:05 16710 9 , batsford , third edition . isbn 0713467959 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s ( open library ) ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe
210367754 210368676 2008-05-05 17:31:21 0 days 00:04:26 0|64.130.204.173 1 of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} in conclusion of these events " andy is gay " he wants u he lives in aumsvile oregon 137 carmal drive by the iga store = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 156 cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f
160 cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the
231330152 231331197 2008-08-11 23:09:03 0 days 00:06:17 911178 0 " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id /
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 4 government gave [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials have denied exist ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi /
239564841 239565752 2008-09-19 14:02:18 0 days 00:03:46 0|209.174.67.217 5 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron happy curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html
239565752 239565807 2008-09-19 14:02:30 0 days 00:00:12 1395162 5 days , from the day construction began on august 32 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the happy iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 53 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . http : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] ) < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended
68 and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 http : / / www = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de /
108 than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 |
110 www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 52 ) = = see also = = {{ portal | muppets }} * [[ jim henson ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | right | thumb | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 53 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . http : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] ) < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended
68 and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 http : / / www = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de /
108 than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 |
110 www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 52 ) = = see also = = {{ portal | muppets }} * [[ jim henson ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | right | thumb | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site
255192882 255210778 2008-12-01 15:04:41 0 days 02:27:24 0|70.91.241.121 8 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron long curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html
255210778 255210981 2008-12-01 15:05:58 0 days 00:01:17 3290566 7 day , from the day construction began on august 16 , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the long iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 6 long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers s ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 7 on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ ( fortification ) | s watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history
265376259 265376312 2009-01-20 23:05:48 0 days 00:00:14 0|65.31.228.149 3 long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers s ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history
265376312 265376378 2009-01-20 23:06:12 0 days 00:00:24 118722 4 on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ ( fortification ) | s watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history
267776359 267776477 2009-02-01 05:52:19 0 days 00:01:01 214542 2 [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] )
268961174 269234820 2009-02-08 00:55:12 1 days 06:33:13 0|68.94.13.35 4 berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . . ouch . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 .
5 --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571
269234820 269234850 2009-02-08 00:55:24 0 days 00:00:12 981424 5 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people had big bloody periods . . . ouch . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 .
273674705 273704816 2009-02-27 18:45:30 0 days 02:46:27 331800 0 publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * stella was there also . _ = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de /
273704816 273706407 2009-02-27 18:54:07 0 days 00:08:37 331800 0 publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * stella was there also . _ = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de /
276265321 276265514 2009-03-10 13:29:47 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.74.69.103 13 --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common
276379329 276395905 2009-03-10 23:41:05 0 days 01:19:49 0|68.81.17.165 2 killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin masterbate on the wall . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common
276395905 276396271 2009-03-10 23:42:42 0 days 00:01:37 2372780 1 , trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying masterbate on the wall to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common
276396271 276396847 2009-03-10 23:45:15 0 days 00:02:33 641168 2 killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin masterbate on the wall . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common
276396847 276397185 2009-03-10 23:46:44 0 days 00:01:29 641168 1 , trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying masterbate on the wall to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common
276584955 276585049 2009-03-11 20:18:26 0 days 00:00:32 0|68.81.17.165 1 trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin masterbate on the wall . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common
276585049 276585113 2009-03-11 20:18:44 0 days 00:00:18 1298255 0 trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to masterbate on the wall flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common
277225706 277225789 2009-03-14 18:15:35 0 days 00:00:28 6984319 0 new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the
277227209 277228002 2009-03-14 18:28:39 0 days 00:04:29 6984319 0 publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ harvard reference | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de /
278109644 278109883 2009-03-18 14:30:32 0 days 00:01:21 0|165.29.44.192 0 caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . brandi saulsbury was trying to pass over the wall in october 1985 . she hopped the wall and then got shot . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a "
278109883 278110418 2009-03-18 14:33:36 0 days 00:03:04 3505251 0 caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . brandi saulsbury was trying to pass over the wall in october 1985 . she hopped the wall and then got shot . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a "
278130591 278130870 2009-03-18 16:15:32 0 days 00:01:29 6984319 1 eastern europeans moving westward in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , . < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was
278326099 278326464 2009-03-19 13:44:20 0 days 00:03:02 3505251 0 gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayrisches staatsministerium für arbeit , familie und soziales , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was
279820445 279835916 2009-03-26 17:42:54 0 days 01:28:32 0|24.106.235.42 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm larrystm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the
279835916 279835940 2009-03-26 17:43:03 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 1 {st@rt} . larrystm ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the
283867455 283924987 2009-04-15 03:21:38 0 days 05:44:54 67403 0 on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and students at over 20 universities will participate in " freedom without walls " events in the fall of late 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | title = freedom without walls | accessdate =
287077460 288317163 2009-05-06 18:40:49 6 days 01:59:42 0|63.133.248.1 2 still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german alien population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the
288317163 288317903 2009-05-06 18:44:59 0 days 00:04:10 1099776 2 still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million aliens that had landed in the mother ship approximately 20 % of the entire alien east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the
305749049 305811876 2009-08-03 13:18:53 0 days 09:44:46 0|138.16.88.11 0 staying here ! " ) . little known protester carolyn schneider would often rally for the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall |
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 24 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common
26 hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these
308887262 309060395 2009-08-20 13:05:07 0 days 22:19:29 6971250 2 staying here ! " ) . little known protester carolyn schneider would often rally for the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall |
310513985 310535257 2009-08-28 12:43:20 0 days 03:32:26 6971250 1 head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east berlin and west berlin were again separated by the berlin a " wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september
315255964 315256021 2009-09-21 08:17:32 0 days 00:00:40 204692 0 strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task tas ; k < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the
315256021 315256133 2009-09-21 08:18:48 0 days 00:01:16 204692 0 strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their tas task ; k < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through
1 ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their tas ; k < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 52 , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , [[ 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin
155 / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] november 9 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 ,
175 online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 ,
324158226 324171022 2009-11-05 23:00:13 0 days 01:11:39 0|68.195.96.88 0 his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany i rock . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed
324171022 324171104 2009-11-05 23:00:39 0 days 00:00:26 9518048 0 his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany i rock . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed
324767695 324769101 2009-11-09 02:50:30 0 days 00:09:18 444985 3 where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm the wall in the world 2009
324951791 324951813 2009-11-10 00:48:35 0 days 00:00:07 8214624 1 ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] president john f . kennedy acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin
324997562 324997704 2009-11-10 05:51:23 0 days 00:01:27 0|207.81.48.108 0 name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets natzi rules . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states
325445402 325445769 2009-11-12 15:15:38 0 days 00:02:35 6971250 0 of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . [ {{ citation needed ] = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans
325567787 325583646 2009-11-13 07:23:37 0 days 02:40:22 6971250 0 to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead as [[ german unity day ]] . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of
328175183 328177656 2009-11-27 08:30:15 0 days 00:25:23 6971250 4 festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and were toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up
5 freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled in stages . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to
330703212 330704150 2009-12-09 18:37:18 0 days 00:05:34 21047 0 looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been repeatedly a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 +
333201260 333220733 2009-12-22 08:40:13 0 days 03:01:19 6971250 0 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 8 feet tall , that were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center were toppled in stages , converging in front of the brandenburg gate . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 9 germany . mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin
58 entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 6 laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued the euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} - elie wiesel '
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 18 berlin wall " [ http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing
51 / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt = hot _ author wordlcat . org ] * {{ citation | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher
352335796 352581884 2010-03-28 18:53:38 1 days 04:58:34 7029070 0 category : walls ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | stq }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{
358561588 358669929 2010-04-27 16:04:06 0 days 13:07:45 0|207.28.70.253 0 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans who had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german douch bag population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended
358669929 358672368 2010-04-27 16:20:14 0 days 00:16:08 3308922 0 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans who had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german douch bag population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended
359174897 359267333 2010-04-30 15:18:12 0 days 13:55:00 0|169.204.165.157 0 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . asshole < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border
359267333 359267672 2010-04-30 15:20:06 0 days 00:01:54 0|169.204.165.157 0 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . asshole fuck you u pigs < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border
359267672 359267780 2010-04-30 15:20:42 0 days 00:00:36 11386456 0 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . fuck you u pigs < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border
364146556 364160963 2010-05-25 18:59:41 0 days 01:31:12 3190155 1 statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism
364781062 365177188 2010-05-31 08:12:07 2 days 05:09:11 7029070 0 category : walls ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[
396020558 396543392 2010-11-13 17:42:00 2 days 19:07:04 0|24.10.174.205 0 within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the
396543392 396552271 2010-11-13 18:34:58 0 days 00:52:58 3308922 0 within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the
398275853 398276932 2010-11-22 17:17:16 0 days 00:06:46 0|217.86.65.6 2 a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in
398276932 398276983 2010-11-22 17:17:34 0 days 00:00:18 6149938 3 statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 20 wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} {{ dead link | date = september 2010 | bot = h3llbot }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs ,
405923818 405959835 2011-01-04 21:09:52 0 days 03:16:56 0|72.28.10.78 1 = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to germany is amazing i love you continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers ,
405959835 405959866 2011-01-04 21:10:03 0 days 00:00:11 13286072 1 = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to germany is amazing i love you continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers ,
409807529 409894092 2011-01-25 02:57:27 0 days 07:58:13 0|99.254.100.33 6 of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone controld by elmo of corse . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political
409894092 409905421 2011-01-25 04:13:27 0 days 01:16:00 5204750 7 , as the seat of the [[ allied control council of the jedi ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the zone controld by elmo of corse . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two thousand years ,
410170917 410343760 2011-01-27 10:21:30 0 days 19:59:20 1852573 1 would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security " , thatcher told gorbachev . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " / > }} after the fall of the berlin wall , [[ french president ]] [[ françois mitterrand ]]
412002545 412327970 2011-02-06 11:47:47 1 days 18:37:16 186638 0 category : walls ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
427752945 427753574 2011-05-06 14:38:50 0 days 00:04:15 13543148 2 was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years < ref > {{ cite web | titel = " {{ citation _ needed | date = may 2011 }} if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 70 }} * {{ cite book | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 | ref = harv }} * {{ cite document | first = honoré m
72 | ref = harv }} * {{ cite book | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 15 everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , demanding that border guards immediately open its the gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem , but it became
439163215 439164131 2011-07-12 22:17:43 0 days 00:06:00 42558 1 moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " " east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening its borders . . . the gates in the berlin wall stand open . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall and at the six checkpoints between east and west
446394338 446494769 2011-08-24 14:38:18 0 days 16:16:15 506179 2 ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans make similar distinctions between north and [[ southern germany | south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = 5 november
448750565 448751555 2011-09-06 14:09:31 0 days 00:08:17 723354 3 , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit bloc . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in
4 / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own which in turn would be presented as internal measures . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized
5 the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures and had full control . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram
481848501 481923235 2012-03-14 21:59:26 0 days 08:19:53 1004750 0 : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
481923235 481923440 2012-03-14 22:00:40 0 days 00:01:14 1004750 0 : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
545756761 546489570 2013-03-23 07:15:38 2 days 11:49:22 19217 0 : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
551967017 552010896 2013-04-24 20:00:24 0 days 05:10:51 2966869 0 of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
552010896 552016576 2013-04-24 20:44:43 0 days 00:44:19 1609140 0 of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
552035094 552035196 2013-04-24 23:14:26 0 days 00:01:03 205121 0 of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
560698146 560703430 2013-06-20 04:11:03 0 days 01:09:43 1108424 6 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history .
573618667 574067499 2013-09-22 17:12:09 3 days 07:12:13 12404882 0 ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
576702592 576710951 2013-10-11 12:01:22 0 days 01:39:55 6971250 0 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll of over 200 100 < ref name = " chronik " / > , although that claim is disputed < ref name = " contemporary research " / > . in 1989 , [[ revolutions
577123748 577242287 2013-10-15 07:01:05 0 days 18:42:33 14508071 0 over the wall , with an estimated death toll of over 100 < ref name = " chronik " / > in and around berlin , although that claim is disputed . < ref name = " contemporary research " / > . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern
580038585 580857229 2013-11-09 06:17:03 5 days 11:33:41 850119 0 everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places , the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the 「wall」 " wall " phenomenon . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm |
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 21 de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html | title = record of the conversation | language = {{ de icon }} | publisher = welt . de | date = 30 may 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had
29 or against any government . i ' ve come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down . ” < ref name = " tl20130709 " > {{ cite web | title = did springsteen ' s 1988 berlin gig rock the wall ? | url = http : /
623812492 623943583 2014-09-03 01:44:31 0 days 20:37:26 16752040 0 [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | vi }}
631993537 632215818 2014-11-03 00:37:18 1 days 14:51:48 18865486 4 of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the destruction of the wall itself began in [[ summer 1990 ]] and lasted contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until until 1992 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary / ct - myths -
633043240 633066096 2014-11-09 08:28:56 0 days 05:42:53 21756912 0 ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed between 1961 and 1990 1989 inclusively , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion /
633074293 633082368 2014-11-09 12:29:03 0 days 02:03:34 21488686 3 " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified fascists ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link
633082411 633093439 2014-11-09 14:40:09 0 days 02:10:28 115938 0 = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll of over 100 from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > in and around berlin , although that claim is disputed . < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in
633093439 633105760 2014-11-09 16:34:01 0 days 01:53:52 6166995 2 ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed between 1961 and 1989 inclusively , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion /
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 29 various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall
633169245 633172282 2014-11-10 01:43:12 0 days 00:25:50 18865486 0 ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed from 1961 through 1989 1990 < ref > https : / / www . cia . gov / news - information / featured - story - archive / 2014 - featured - story - archive / a - look - back - 25 - years - since - the - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . html < / ref > , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion /
633172282 633175257 2014-11-10 02:12:26 0 days 00:29:14 10340692 0 ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed from 1961 through 1990 < ref > https : / / www . cia . gov / news - information / featured - story - archive / 2014 - featured - story - archive / a - look - back - 25 - years - since - the - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . html < / ref > 1989 , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion /
635210295 635851215 2014-11-29 03:10:52 4 days 19:13:09 917223 5 ]] < ref name = willis > {{ cite book | last1 = willis | first1 = jim | title = daily life behind the iron curtain | date = march 19 , 1946 | publisher = abc - clio | location = santa barbara , california | isbn = 9780313397639 | url = http : / / books . google . com /
635851215 636736384 2014-12-05 09:55:06 6 days 06:44:14 18865486 1 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed from 1961 through to 1989 , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion
2 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until it was opened in november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) | url = http
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 27 only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last = sebetsyen | first = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher
667114924 667487850 2015-06-18 13:27:35 2 days 14:34:05 24555049 0 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided berlin from 1961 to 1989 , . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary
667488605 667488963 2015-06-18 13:38:11 0 days 00:03:24 24555049 0 accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll of ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 30 / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " the wall street journal ' ' . < / ref > excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night — at 7 :
39 | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher work = welt online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de
702890979 702891285 2016-02-02 06:44:39 0 days 00:03:39 13816079 3 of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus they concluded that the possibility of a soviet military conflict over berlin had decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 – 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref >
734284492 734407317 2016-08-14 03:25:55 0 days 18:58:58 4977632 21 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] – a chronicle of the berlin wall history , historical chronicle * * {{ cite web | url = * {{ nyt topic | subjects / b / berlin _ wall }} * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id =
750161040 750685196 2016-11-21 07:09:13 3 days 03:38:31 27446209 6 of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr =
752045266 760657011 2017-01-18 08:28:16 50 days 03:00:30 29937011 5 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 9 november 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion
6 wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . this wall is the most famous symbol of the cold war . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion /
761201385 762042542 2017-01-26 08:15:19 4 days 16:23:22 16488383 0 the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . < ref name = " schäfer , 2015 " > {{ citation needed | date = february 2016 }} [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 2 - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists wall of shame ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert .
21 bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] in particular — caused a chain reaction in east germany that ultimately resulted in the demise of the wall . < ref name = " referencea " > mary elise sarotte , ' ' collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall ' ' , new york : basic
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 2 east germany — in effect , revoking their citizenship . however , this still left thousands of people demanding to be let through " as schabowski said we can . " . < ref name = revolution1989 / > it soon became clear that no one among the east german authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force ,
17 returning to east germany — in effect , revoking their citizenship . however , this still left thousands of people demanding to be let through " as schabowski said we can . " < ref name = revolution1989 / > it soon became clear that no one among the east german authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force
797956044 798241666 2017-08-31 19:27:46 1 days 14:42:15 84475 0 a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution of east germany and the official reunification of the german state along the democratic lines of the west german government basic law . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard talks to a westerner
810308903 810309981 2017-11-14 13:50:38 0 days 00:08:41 6554947 1 was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and later convicted of illegally crossing the de jure ]] border . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs / 9799537166800 /
810347639 810351013 2017-11-14 19:06:27 0 days 00:25:19 6554947 6 was arrested , dragged through the wall door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer edge of the outer strip . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs / 9799537166800 /
822396886 822504643 2018-01-26 19:24:33 0 days 15:37:47 5841175 0 in german ) < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam ]] has confirmed 136 at least 140 deaths . < ref name = " contemporary research " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de /
4 php / de / start / index / id / 593792 | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | trans - title = fatalities at the berlin wall | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the
825799691 825801760 2018-02-15 14:24:54 0 days 00:17:08 5946478 0 , a crowd of west berliners jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . < ref > {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des
825804625 825804984 2018-02-15 14:50:22 0 days 00:02:43 5946478 0 to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . < ref > {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb
825804984 825807680 2018-02-15 15:11:19 0 days 00:20:57 5946478 4 . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights to the city " . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east
5 every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . < ref > {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany
825807680 825810334 2018-02-15 15:29:53 0 days 00:18:34 5946478 0 communist tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . < ref > {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = "
825810710 825811905 2018-02-15 15:40:48 0 days 00:08:27 5946478 4 < ref > {{ cite journal | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last = goodman | first journal = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728 < /
7 in unified germany | last = goodman | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728 < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float
825819301 825820281 2018-02-15 16:36:38 0 days 00:06:43 5946478 0 the " wall peckers " ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . < ref > {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit
825833265 825837217 2018-02-15 18:34:55 0 days 00:25:53 5946478 1 ! ) . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context " . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year ,
2 ) . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . < ref > {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests
825915910 825917867 2018-02-16 04:07:46 0 days 00:13:00 5946478 0 important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) > ref > https : / / ipfs . io / ipfs / qmxoypizjw3wknfijnklwhcnl72vedxjqkddp1mxwo6uco / wiki / berlin _ wall . html < / ref > {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} for each of these exceptions , gdr citizens had to apply for individual approval , which was never guaranteed . in addition
825918025 825967396 2018-02-16 12:44:20 0 days 08:35:26 764407 0 important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) < ref > https : / / ipfs . io / ipfs / qmxoypizjw3wknfijnklwhcnl72vedxjqkddp1mxwo6uco / wiki / berlin _ wall . html < / ref > {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} for each of these exceptions , gdr citizens had to apply for individual approval , which was never guaranteed . in addition
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 17 . this feeling of miscalculation and failure is admitted by kennedy in the u . s . ambassador ’ s residence with ' ' new york times ' ' columnist james “scotty ” " scotty " reston . < ref > http : / / blogs . reuters . com / berlin1961 / 2011 / 05 / 27 / the - worst - day - of -
830413321 830738474 2018-03-16 17:09:21 1 days 23:23:44 32932216 0 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka
838878947 838879438 2018-04-29 21:40:04 0 days 00:04:19 764861 3 away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . < ref name = " cnn . com " / > a fact standing out from the events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 is that this is a historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books : | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xxv }} < / ref > contrary to popular belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin officially until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took
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40975096 41035819 2006-02-24 17:14:02 0 days 11:37:29 0|70.60.165.152 0 1949 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
41035819 41076983 2006-02-24 22:22:08 0 days 05:08:06 304316 0 1949 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
41619542 41672016 2006-02-28 23:46:54 0 days 08:02:21 0|69.15.111.135 0 while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
41672016 41672068 2006-02-28 23:47:20 0 days 00:00:26 161478 0 while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
41672218 41672333 2006-02-28 23:49:11 0 days 00:00:50 0|69.15.111.135 1 ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
41672399 41672426 2006-02-28 23:49:42 0 days 00:00:06 161478 0 ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44386223 44420735 2006-03-18 23:09:06 0 days 04:34:36 0|66.245.2.154 0 social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . acrcvxcvx cheeze = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44420735 44424393 2006-03-18 23:39:43 0 days 00:30:37 137600 0 social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . acrcvxcvx cheeze across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44468502 44622687 2006-03-20 06:20:51 0 days 23:53:16 0|69.232.213.98 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . for realz = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44622687 44622748 2006-03-20 06:21:27 0 days 00:00:36 258000 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . for realz = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44739263 44739550 2006-03-21 00:40:50 0 days 00:01:54 0|68.154.38.227 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . yes , to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44746100 44747376 2006-03-21 01:44:03 0 days 00:09:47 371058 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . yes , to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44747376 44756611 2006-03-21 03:00:25 0 days 01:16:22 0|68.154.38.227 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . yay me ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44756764 44761040 2006-03-21 03:36:25 0 days 00:34:52 21887 1 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . yay me ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44769169 44769841 2006-03-21 04:54:26 0 days 00:07:04 0|68.154.38.227 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . [[ www . millsberry . com ]] = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44769841 44769958 2006-03-21 04:55:39 0 days 00:01:13 410083 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . [[ www . millsberry . com ]] = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44770116 44770337 2006-03-21 04:59:43 0 days 00:02:06 0|68.154.38.227 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . [[ neil armstrong ]] [[ buzz aldrin ]] = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44770337 44770428 2006-03-21 05:00:41 0 days 00:00:58 410083 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . [[ neil armstrong ]] [[ buzz aldrin ]] = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
52169681 52170273 2006-05-08 17:34:55 0 days 00:03:42 0|204.14.67.138 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . berlin wall is what the people live by homie = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
52170273 52170759 2006-05-08 17:38:02 0 days 00:03:07 301395 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . berlin wall is what the people live by homie = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
52653660 52655008 2006-05-11 13:29:03 0 days 00:13:06 0|170.161.64.16 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . the best of the best win ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
52655008 52670596 2006-05-11 15:26:23 0 days 01:57:20 26468 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . the best of the best win ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
53500522 53511545 2006-05-16 14:41:22 0 days 01:31:00 0|64.251.52.93 1 capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
53511545 53511584 2006-05-16 14:41:38 0 days 00:00:16 89179 1 republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . where not gunna take it no we aint gunna take it we aint gunna take it anymore . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
53690006 53713586 2006-05-17 17:29:06 0 days 02:39:21 0|65.67.124.146 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . cookies are fun . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
53713586 53714889 2006-05-17 17:37:50 0 days 00:08:44 1008387 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . cookies are fun . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
54107483 54268993 2006-05-20 23:49:24 1 days 00:45:45 0|69.124.27.151 3 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = = = = = = ]] < / math > < / nowiki > ]] < / math > = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
54268993 54269525 2006-05-20 23:53:19 0 days 00:03:55 1008387 3 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = = = = = = ]] < / math > < / nowiki > ]] < / math > = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
54988126 55031123 2006-05-25 07:12:10 0 days 06:19:37 0|219.89.0.173 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . vote for sam ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
55031123 55031131 2006-05-25 07:12:16 0 days 00:00:06 1022601 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . vote for sam ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
67053691 67063468 2006-08-01 16:29:11 0 days 01:00:35 0|66.32.195.73 7 german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . last ! ! ! ! ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name '
67063468 67063496 2006-08-01 16:29:21 0 days 00:00:10 1022601 7 a lot of that in my line of work , and that , kids , was the first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be the last ! ! ! ! ! inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name '
67063496 67063735 2006-08-01 16:30:51 0 days 00:01:30 0|66.32.195.73 0 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . go fuck yourself = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name '
67064018 67065553 2006-08-01 16:41:25 0 days 00:08:52 1008387 0 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . go fuck yourself = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name '
69872409 69973517 2006-08-16 08:03:26 0 days 12:05:52 0|138.130.21.94 0 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . val rules the universe = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin - earning the name '
69973517 69973916 2006-08-16 08:07:29 0 days 00:04:03 302522 0 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . val rules the universe = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin - earning the name '
81653516 81741555 2006-10-16 06:28:37 0 days 10:18:34 0|147.10.60.169 0 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
84973950 84974203 2006-11-01 04:05:43 0 days 00:01:54 2628196 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . hello = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
84974203 84974428 2006-11-01 04:07:28 0 days 00:01:45 2628196 0 to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . hello my niger = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
84974428 84974601 2006-11-01 04:08:49 0 days 00:01:21 416594 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . hello my niger = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
84974601 84987314 2006-11-01 05:59:37 0 days 01:50:48 0|202.72.165.98 1 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . from china ! ! save the rabiits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or die = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
84987314 84992991 2006-11-01 06:55:08 0 days 00:55:31 0|67.188.85.251 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . from china ! ! save the rabiits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or die = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
85062163 85062241 2006-11-01 16:48:08 0 days 00:00:20 0|204.13.204.162 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . funky fresh = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
85062608 85063021 2006-11-01 16:52:15 0 days 00:02:11 0|204.13.204.162 1 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . funky fresh = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
85063021 85064024 2006-11-01 16:57:22 0 days 00:05:07 1840598 0 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
85507378 85616380 2006-11-04 05:26:45 0 days 11:38:26 0|203.109.189.96 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . ljhg ; jahgkpjhabvjkzdbvdgaehgiaegjkhpjfghgpjhggadjlkh ; dajbddddddddddddd = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
85616380 85616393 2006-11-04 05:26:52 0 days 00:00:07 1574574 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ljhg ; jahgkpjhabvjkzdbvdgaehgiaegjkhpjfghgpjhggadjlkh ; dajbddddddddddddd = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
85616393 86124572 2006-11-06 21:02:29 2 days 15:35:37 350153 0 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
87979603 87991523 2006-11-15 14:59:12 0 days 01:18:35 0|63.167.26.34 2 of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning
88973047 89050675 2006-11-20 18:12:23 0 days 10:11:57 0|216.61.124.114 0 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . lauren likes food = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning
89050675 89050700 2006-11-20 18:12:32 0 days 00:00:09 372629 0 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . lauren likes food = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning
90689415 90933849 2006-11-29 17:07:40 1 days 00:07:30 0|80.198.20.210 0 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . yeah = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning
90933849 90933935 2006-11-29 17:08:08 0 days 00:00:28 0|80.198.20.210 0 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . yeah = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning
92190525 92223055 2006-12-05 14:14:02 0 days 04:48:15 0|66.202.117.3 0 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . that is a bunch of crap yeesir = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
92223055 92223263 2006-12-05 14:15:26 0 days 00:01:24 1125592 0 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . that is a bunch of crap yeesir = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
92402213 92580978 2006-12-07 00:18:00 0 days 18:30:19 0|65.1.22.233 1 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . duhhhhhhhhhhhhhh i ' m a retard = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
92580978 92585081 2006-12-07 00:38:00 0 days 00:20:00 1008387 1 via east berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . duhhhhhhhhhhhhhh i ' m a retard = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
92645291 92646687 2006-12-07 06:34:12 0 days 00:11:48 0|129.1.208.200 0 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . nic taggie has also recently come out of the closet and he plans to move to berlin with his gay lover , rodriguo , and find a nice place near where the wall once stood . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
92646910 92647253 2006-12-07 06:39:14 0 days 00:02:56 1199710 1 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . nic taggie has also recently come out of the closet and he plans to move to berlin with his gay lover , rodriguo , and find a nice place near where the wall once stood . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
94443968 94444270 2006-12-15 04:18:30 0 days 00:02:07 0|71.251.242.195 0 republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = = = = = = = = = divergence of german states = = = = = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
94444270 94444428 2006-12-15 04:19:37 0 days 00:01:07 0|71.251.242.195 1 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = = = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name
95229938 95268385 2006-12-19 07:37:40 0 days 04:54:11 125534 1 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = massive emigration from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' "
95268385 95268482 2006-12-19 07:38:35 0 days 00:00:55 125534 2 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = = = massive emigration = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name '
95348829 95348909 2006-12-19 18:27:20 0 days 00:00:27 0|24.158.16.162 0 to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . klasgal ; sdjfdjkls ; a = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
95348909 95349461 2006-12-19 18:30:37 0 days 00:03:17 302522 0 to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to klasgal ; sdjfdjkls ; a prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 3 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . jesus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 3 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . jesus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
101606989 101629878 2007-01-18 20:28:30 0 days 01:49:42 0|71.242.30.108 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . my penis is bigger than urs ! ! ! ! ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
101629878 101629964 2007-01-18 20:28:51 0 days 00:00:21 899640 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . my penis is bigger than urs ! ! ! ! ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
106435973 106894016 2007-02-09 18:54:33 1 days 19:25:21 0|12.15.174.194 0 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . the wall was really to keep the faggots on one side . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
106894016 106894806 2007-02-09 18:57:58 0 days 00:03:25 911178 0 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . the wall was really to keep the faggots on one side . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
108627894 108631095 2007-02-16 16:34:54 0 days 00:14:46 0|208.11.179.205 0 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . morgan moore is very ugly but ill fuck her . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
108631300 108633355 2007-02-16 16:46:14 0 days 00:10:23 302522 1 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . morgan moore is ok but ill do her . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
111243489 111345399 2007-02-27 15:52:44 0 days 12:46:46 0|86.143.56.54 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > - - - - < s > strike - through text < / s > = = headline text = = hahahahahaha = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
111353506 111355209 2007-02-27 16:43:37 0 days 00:08:06 0|76.19.92.123 0 insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > - - - - < s > strike - through text < / s > = = headline text = = hahahahahaha = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
111355209 111355264 2007-02-27 16:43:53 0 days 00:00:16 0|76.19.92.123 0 / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > - - - - < s > strike - through text < / s > = = headline text = = = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
111355264 111355342 2007-02-27 16:44:18 0 days 00:00:25 0|76.19.92.123 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . i like poop ! ! ! ! ! ! ! beer is good ! ! beer is good ! ! ! < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > - - - - < s > strike - through text < / s > = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
111405419 111405427 2007-02-27 20:31:42 0 days 00:00:01 0|205.126.63.15 1 formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
323394672 323394727 2009-11-02 02:03:18 0 days 00:00:21 7167267 0 almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . germans are hot = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive boobs dude = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s ,
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13872 86615 2002-02-25 15:51:15 6 days 11:48:33 0|62.253.64.7 7 wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] - it was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd 1990 . see [[ berlin ]] ; http : /
732558 773189 2003-03-08 21:25:25 0 days 00:08:13 4388 1 germany and dreilinden on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) ( see [ http : / / www . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously
773189 774894 2003-03-24 20:22:36 15 days 22:57:11 108 0 part of west - germany and dreilinden on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and [[ checkpoint charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] )
1 of west - germany and dreilinden on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie | charlie ]] ( friedrichstrasse ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) .
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 19 on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and [[ checkpoint charlie | charlie ]] ( friedrichstrasse friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the
1864185 1864344 2003-12-03 16:19:59 1 days 01:30:59 11907 1 # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22260 ; & # 22681 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' '
2497657 2661588 2004-02-23 16:12:43 4 days 11:44:46 25261 4 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22260 ; & # 22681 ; ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long wall
3416164 3551635 2004-05-02 09:12:00 3 days 12:28:42 4388 6 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the
3800736 3801053 2004-05-31 11:09:48 0 days 00:47:12 26248 0 of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see the picture on the right ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , and a third one in the north at [[
1 wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see the picture on the right ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] ,
5185219 5185243 2004-08-13 16:27:16 0 days 00:02:03 56563 0 dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie | charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of
1 on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and [[ checkpoint charlie | charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ]
7790644 7828097 2004-11-23 20:44:56 3 days 08:03:49 116385 0 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 iacute ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]]
1 & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & aacute ; # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr :
2 # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 [[ he : & ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de
3 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; 1495 ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin
5 ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
9263540 9268476 2005-01-10 20:46:13 1 days 15:47:43 0|24.2.253.21 0 bmp | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty ,
9338110 9340902 2005-01-13 15:39:41 1 days 13:58:21 0|198.20.32.180 19 sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the
9340902 9400082 2005-01-13 19:37:16 0 days 03:57:35 28107 19 city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 19 a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners ,
37 checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 ,
9884311 10084795 2005-02-02 08:52:54 2 days 15:46:04 6661 0 political prisoners were dramatically released - - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ francis gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers
10084850 10084995 2005-02-09 02:13:18 0 days 00:02:21 0|152.163.100.198 17 sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 19 city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies .
10255890 10286834 2005-02-14 16:04:10 0 days 01:46:26 75813 0 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & iacute # 237 ; nsk & aacute ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[
1 [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & 225 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; &
2 es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # # ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & #
3 : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503
4 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & iacute ; nsk & aacute ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin
10715762 10721284 2005-03-03 01:52:01 1 days 00:42:42 0|134.173.166.47 0 thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] < / td > < / tr > < / table > the wall was over 155 km ( 103 96 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down
10721284 10830075 2005-03-03 05:47:57 0 days 03:55:56 28107 0 thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] < / td > < / tr > < / table > the wall was over 155 km ( 96 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down
14016061 14016176 2005-05-21 09:45:35 0 days 00:06:49 0|216.27.183.43 0 friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt helmstadt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image
14943216 15046701 2005-06-09 20:01:22 2 days 13:07:29 0|85.81.45.10 0 image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 96 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 6 no further . accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 - & ndash ; 9 ) and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he
13 on 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men , divided into five
19 : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down
20 fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - & ndash ; 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall "
36 wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one
44 / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories
20042747 20104674 2005-08-02 09:05:08 0 days 21:35:51 0|83.135.157.10 2 friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstadt helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image
23088038 23255157 2005-09-15 01:43:48 2 days 18:36:41 0|207.200.116.136 0 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . was up 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) '
23255241 23255938 2005-09-15 01:56:36 0 days 00:11:35 89675 0 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . was up 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) '
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 64 . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between
65 | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences
69 nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 63 and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km 96 & nbsp ; miles long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and
24156863 24161301 2005-09-27 14:59:55 0 days 01:26:14 0|84.189.46.165 0 att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures
26918322 26918978 2005-10-30 22:32:59 0 days 00:07:33 67107 31 billie holiday . robert and michael co - wrote a book about the experience , we are your sons : the legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in 2004 , an execution in the family : one son ' s journey . in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation
27820034 27831852 2005-11-09 16:41:48 0 days 02:52:45 0|68.78.185.254 0 of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of
1 , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe ,
31379015 31396532 2005-12-14 23:52:02 0 days 02:08:28 6661 0 fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 & ndash ; - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall "
1 wire fence ( 1962 & ndash ; 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final
31569442 31572996 2005-12-16 04:49:32 0 days 00:37:41 0|68.187.31.162 0 accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 9 49 ) and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and
34778424 34885955 2006-01-12 13:16:20 0 days 19:24:18 0|165.21.154.112 0 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] ( baywatch star ) performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( probably
34885955 34951260 2006-01-12 23:38:12 0 days 10:21:52 8780 0 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] ( baywatch star ) performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( probably
36216587 36216676 2006-01-22 13:40:22 0 days 00:01:20 480942 3 and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " de mauer im de kopf ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east
37796162 37796258 2006-02-02 04:38:08 0 days 00:00:46 21887 2 ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the antifaschistischer schutzwall ( ' ' ' anti - fascist protection wall ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]]
39753372 39793418 2006-02-15 22:29:58 0 days 05:18:02 29642 0 those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) ,
1 fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system connecting three metro stations over a around 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its
2 a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections . little is left
40459448 40459461 2006-02-20 18:40:06 0 days 00:00:08 478178 2 [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 4 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; 2 m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined
5 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth
19 and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 54 remembered those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system a around 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length
95 traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system a around 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the
40898814 40900018 2006-02-23 19:38:26 0 days 00:09:50 89179 7 germans crossed into the west [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] however , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . = = why it was built
40907901 40908066 2006-02-23 20:44:09 0 days 00:01:31 89179 1 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] | title = " berlin wall " | date = 2006 - 2 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 43 and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as kennedy ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what
63 potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff
68 wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train ]] systemaround 1 . 6 km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 14 . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . | id = isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin
18 john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré
20 concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . | location = [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and
26 august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john
44369012 44386223 2006-03-18 18:34:30 0 days 02:26:05 0|84.141.20.24 1 floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions _ ( english band ) | the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom
3 ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ( english band ) | the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " ,
44901085 45389421 2006-03-25 07:45:29 3 days 03:46:51 433328 4 floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions _ ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " ,
48935289 49049354 2006-04-18 20:13:20 0 days 18:06:16 6661 8 july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted west german currency , all border controls ceased . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification of under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the
51997348 51998094 2006-05-07 16:31:49 0 days 00:06:00 0|216.49.149.108 6 www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref
7 / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http :
8 mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com
9 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall /
16 scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref
17 . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty
51998094 51998163 2006-05-07 16:32:31 0 days 00:00:42 223113 6 and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft ) high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german mark . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to
7 sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german mark . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 3 according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these
4 nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 3 according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was friedrichstraße ( checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used
22 were reserved for germans . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < illegal emigration ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft .
52351902 52355175 2006-05-09 19:02:53 0 days 00:22:26 216352 0 ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style class = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink =
53306315 53307729 2006-05-15 12:56:25 0 days 00:11:40 1311057 0 the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . <
1 attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref
55134230 55336076 2006-05-26 23:17:25 1 days 02:20:12 314721 0 fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlinwall aster 2002aug22 lrg . jpg | thumb | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and
70228934 70265945 2006-08-17 17:53:40 0 days 03:36:36 0|24.15.198.175 0 leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . w . bush ]] , and [[ margaret thatcher ]] , among others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http
79723117 79733456 2006-10-05 22:20:53 0 days 00:54:39 0|205.188.117.13 1 : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] sup nikki the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91
79734107 79757994 2006-10-06 00:51:41 0 days 02:27:29 416594 2 berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | hey nikki ! position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] sup nikki the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91
84732374 84732512 2006-10-31 00:15:04 0 days 00:00:44 2617879 3 position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with
84732512 84732536 2006-10-31 00:15:12 0 days 00:00:08 1574574 2 the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . la la la la la . . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . la la la la soccer = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners ,
85064024 85132084 2006-11-01 22:40:02 0 days 05:42:40 309674 3 bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings
85493361 85506823 2006-11-03 17:45:12 0 days 01:14:30 0|84.177.194.94 3 to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267368 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en /
85506823 85507378 2006-11-03 17:48:19 0 days 00:03:07 0|84.177.194.94 1 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > + < div - class = " references - [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20
86613152 86613352 2006-11-09 00:54:29 0 days 00:01:06 0|158.35.225.228 0 in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] ,
86760196 86761110 2006-11-09 18:26:16 0 days 00:04:44 0|206.158.3.70 3 portions of the berlin wall }} = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 65648735 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of
86761963 86762343 2006-11-09 18:32:46 0 days 00:01:53 441020 1 = = = museum = = = fifteen hundred years after the fall of the berlin wall ( haha that rhymes ) , a private museum rebuilt a 20000000 metre ( 65648735 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of
92859051 93317647 2006-12-10 06:24:26 2 days 02:10:44 1841032 0 wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and
98199588 98226397 2007-01-03 18:47:23 0 days 02:19:08 873891 1 of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening
98226397 98227262 2007-01-03 18:51:51 0 days 00:04:28 873891 2 | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery
14 woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also had an erection over 1 ,
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 14 reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . shiva . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06
17 : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] lady luck : ) . the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters (
19 it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) zeus . # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975
20 watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) jupiter . # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image
21 wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) athena . # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb |
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 14 reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . shiva . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06
17 : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] lady luck : ) . the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters (
19 clear field of fire to the watching guards . your mom . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) zeus . # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) jupiter . # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) athena . # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall
20 . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) zeus . # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) jupiter . # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) athena . # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) hera . [[ image
21 distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) zeus . # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) jupiter . # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) athena . # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) hera . [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg |
105175281 105269225 2007-02-03 05:02:27 0 days 08:18:44 0|63.227.215.63 0 the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom
108586738 108586831 2007-02-16 12:02:32 0 days 00:00:53 0|217.132.143.214 1 . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 photo gallery of commented photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 49 britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 49 britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 49 britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the
111405230 111405419 2007-02-27 20:31:41 0 days 00:00:46 0|205.126.63.15 0 being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - meter ( 656 ft in ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of
116612926 116663804 2007-03-21 00:30:28 0 days 03:51:24 0|71.108.135.83 2 border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] 00 : 30 , 21 march 2007 ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] .
3 guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 utc ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person
4 guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . i like chocolate ! = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
116663804 116668276 2007-03-21 00:50:34 0 days 00:20:06 351312 2 ground . - - [[ user : 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 | 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 ]] 00 : 30 , 21 march 2007 ( utc aged 18 ) i like chocolate ! = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at
3 - - [[ user : 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 | 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 ]] 00 : 30 , 21 march 2007 ( utc ) i like chocolate ! who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
129554675 129554933 2007-05-09 16:37:49 0 days 00:01:02 0|204.129.158.10 6 . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german utc ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] "
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 5 - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - and a [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - -
133070307 133071645 2007-05-24 01:14:15 0 days 00:07:09 441020 1 берли́нская стена́ }} ) & mdash ; known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " & mdash ; was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] ,
146120914 146124404 2007-07-21 13:58:28 0 days 00:27:25 1257062 0 : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} = = external links
150832838 150865465 2007-08-13 00:57:21 0 days 03:29:12 158051 4 hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc news | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 56 | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall 5 human sexual differentiation by p . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location =
63 author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm sex " categories : semi - protected | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin
68 across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer c ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite
69 = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer 3 ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year
70 wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} ( a bilingual photo tax - study tracing the line of the wall ) = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information
81 face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 53 news stories from wikinews learning resources from wikiversity francoeur , robert t . ( ed . ) , the international encyclopedia of sexuality [ full text ] janssen , d . f . , growing up sexually . volume i . world reference atlas [ full text ] raymond j . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , {{ fact | date = august 2003 , isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality
57 . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2003 , isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 26736 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from
58 , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2003 , isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en .
59 martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2003 , isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . org /
69 the gnu free documentation license . ( see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( c ) ( 3 ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today .
70 license . ( see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c writer ) ( 3 ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today .
71 ( see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( 3 ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today .
72 see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 writer ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today .
73 for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} ( a bilingual photo - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today .
74 . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity study tracing the line of the wall ) = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today .
79 humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent of this movement away from polar oppositions , anne fausto - sterling , recognized five sexes : male , female , merm ( male pseudohermaphrodite ) , ferm ( female pseudohermaphrodite ) and herm ( true hermaphrodite ) . although she was heavily criticized , her idea demonstrates the difficulty and imperfection of the current social responses to these variations . social and legal considerations main article : sociology of gender forms of legal or social distinction or discrimination based on sex include sex segregation and sexism . notably , some businesses , public institutions , and laws may provide privileges and services for one sex and not another , or they may require different sexes to be physically separated . recently , western societies have moved towards greater sexual equality . see also look up sex in wiktionary , the free dictionary . evolution of sex human sexuality list of gender names mammalian gestation sexual differentiation sexual dysfunction sex ratio sexual intercourse age of consent references ^ evolution with three sexes . university of british columbia . retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 03 . ^ g . e . julian , j . h . fewell , j . gadau , r . a . johnson , d . larrabee ( 2002 ) . " genetic determination of the queen caste in an ant hybrid zone " . proceedings of the national academy of sciences 99 ( 12 ) : 8157 - 8160 . ^
161213212 161222936 2007-09-30 01:00:18 0 days 01:04:28 0|24.183.55.166 0 difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten .
161222936 161422371 2007-09-30 23:55:11 0 days 22:54:53 12927 4 injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate with the use to 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten .
165005884 165222233 2007-10-17 17:39:09 0 days 22:58:30 0|67.132.117.2 9 = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became
165222233 165222438 2007-10-17 17:40:08 0 days 00:00:59 1285073 8 = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became
166354092 166355206 2007-10-22 20:06:01 0 days 00:05:05 716438 6 de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [ center for contemporary historical research ] ]] ( [ zzf ] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index .
7 ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [ center for contemporary historical research ] ( [ [[ zzf ] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php /
8 ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [ center for contemporary historical research ] ( [ zzf ] ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de /
167330269 167330987 2007-10-27 00:51:18 0 days 00:04:40 50001 12 guards often left escapers to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who . he was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be
173857018 173857115 2007-11-26 09:08:28 0 days 00:01:09 137113 2 world war ]] ' . the soviet union considered the new west germany to be largely a militaristic [[ puppet state ]] which had been properly [[ de - nazification | de - nazified denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere ,
181090273 181090361 2007-12-31 00:30:10 0 days 00:00:33 0|208.104.149.90 1 , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . < font size = 150 > < font color = green > caitlin wolfe 2009 vintage lane < br > rock hill sc 29730 < / font > < / font > = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb |
191453407 191583874 2008-02-15 04:57:35 0 days 11:31:28 0|71.41.210.146 0 fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation
1 years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement
2 # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the
201305220 201315450 2008-03-27 13:24:11 0 days 01:06:52 0|66.226.192.60 1 ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw -
201315450 201315598 2008-03-27 13:25:08 0 days 00:00:57 266416 0 ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw -
203261588 203261700 2008-04-04 10:59:02 0 days 00:01:01 0|87.33.62.141 2 formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 miles ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the
205709007 205856138 2008-04-15 19:38:21 0 days 16:21:25 3313221 0 . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was were the [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 9 forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration
236569880 236585633 2008-09-06 03:42:08 0 days 01:53:09 7794502 0 fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) # panzer tanks the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 36 those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and
44 , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) , and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by
238908764 239050940 2008-09-17 16:15:07 0 days 17:01:49 0|207.63.143.250 0 west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , lorry truck drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' '
239837716 239876423 2008-09-20 22:37:38 0 days 03:23:31 0|71.105.241.106 0 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) # panzer tanks # black ladies the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final
239876423 239876509 2008-09-20 22:38:12 0 days 00:00:34 0|71.105.241.106 0 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) # panzer tanks # black ladies moat the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final
239903193 239907895 2008-09-21 01:43:54 0 days 00:28:11 0|79.97.23.174 0 fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) # panzer tanks # moat the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 22 on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? videoid = 129336 & http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 22 on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? videoid = 129336 & http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash
248089272 248095035 2008-10-28 00:19:45 0 days 00:29:50 0|98.15.190.110 6 satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with
252747077 252776401 2008-11-19 13:48:33 0 days 04:52:56 3131841 0 modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters (
258459897 258459980 2008-12-16 23:36:49 0 days 00:00:25 0|66.143.116.78 0 . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 accessdat | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of
258459980 258476585 2008-12-17 01:05:35 0 days 01:28:46 352579 0 . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdat accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 13 wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html "
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 6 wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | s ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html "
265376259 265376312 2009-01-20 23:05:48 0 days 00:00:14 0|65.31.228.149 10 wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html "
265376312 265376378 2009-01-20 23:06:12 0 days 00:00:24 118722 3 wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | s ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html "
272476022 272476848 2009-02-22 11:47:09 0 days 00:04:40 0|93.132.133.36 1 {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden / kontra | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year =
276398047 276398128 2009-03-10 23:51:01 0 days 00:00:20 850418 0 killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . you know what ? fuck this , wikipedia is for nerds
282781427 282782058 2009-04-09 15:17:12 0 days 00:03:13 9418822 0 berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall wallstories - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall
289417269 289461792 2009-05-12 13:40:30 0 days 06:11:04 433328 5 the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german
6 german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn
289778757 289779282 2009-05-14 00:07:11 0 days 00:02:48 1233313 0 between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " ' ' passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements
1 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ' ' ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached
289779598 289779731 2009-05-14 00:10:13 0 days 00:00:53 1233313 2 the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of
303768953 303769048 2009-07-23 17:08:24 0 days 00:00:33 0|212.58.193.36 0 this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian access in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them
306540519 306559902 2009-08-07 07:54:37 0 days 03:03:33 6984319 1 the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . . chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the
308694705 308695076 2009-08-18 15:02:29 0 days 00:02:11 0|69.15.109.218 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 inkanana | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }}
308695076 308707893 2009-08-18 16:20:02 0 days 01:17:33 323132 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - inkanana indef }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }}
310318597 310327705 2009-08-27 08:31:53 0 days 01:30:30 6971250 0 chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german an and englisch ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http
312604952 312612312 2009-09-08 16:29:46 0 days 00:47:21 10069869 1 and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / cyber - city berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer
3 . org / database / cyber - city berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , mixed reality installation after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index /
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 145 berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' " [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit )
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 163 of the wall , which included the final movement of [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , ' ' an die freude ' ' ( " [[ ode to joy ]] " ) . this had the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' '
317824549 317979368 2009-10-05 04:18:29 0 days 16:16:48 1938651 7 to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . about face < / ref > on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 5 / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video berlin , cyber city fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index /
8 of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ?
15 / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * [ of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of
25 ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index /
29 . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories - personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~
31 / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 24 west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of
67 [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german
68 s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the
324762845 324762884 2009-11-09 02:09:39 0 days 00:00:15 4928500 5 to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . get drunk and watch meatspin ( www . meatspin . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} )
324817567 324817690 2009-11-09 10:26:15 0 days 00:01:26 6971250 0 = http : / / www . twinity . com / en / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 09 - 11 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009
324818143 324818231 2009-11-09 10:32:15 0 days 00:00:56 6971250 1 web | url = http : / / www . twinity . com / en / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 09 - 11 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc -
325185447 325190185 2009-11-11 05:02:52 0 days 00:42:42 0|210.3.39.29 8 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east ' ' berlin wall germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers
325328825 325342714 2009-11-11 23:57:38 0 days 01:18:43 0|86.137.191.36 0 west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , porn stars , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr
325342714 325342880 2009-11-11 23:58:36 0 days 00:00:58 2959053 0 west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , porn stars , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr
325363892 325364899 2009-11-12 02:24:44 0 days 00:07:00 0|202.158.12.194 3 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany tekken ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed
325364899 325364978 2009-11-12 02:25:22 0 days 00:00:38 10122993 3 ' ' nazi germany ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by roger jr republic ( gdr ) ( [[ tekken east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 13 helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with east german police watching from beside
14 s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with east german police watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the
17 > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between [[ checkpoint charlie
18 of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory
328441365 328471283 2009-11-28 23:21:34 0 days 02:50:18 0|24.150.97.216 0 performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ bon jovi ]] , [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] ,
329391143 329423612 2009-12-03 09:06:23 0 days 04:27:09 6971250 2 helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo for the allied forces ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could
336231595 336304502 2010-01-07 00:15:54 0 days 06:33:16 0|99.13.65.208 1 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} wall nocked down by josh farting sooo hard it just fell > . < ' ' ' ' ' ' {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on
336646937 336647165 2010-01-08 19:14:22 0 days 00:01:27 10519822 1 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } ciilllaaa wass here homeskillet 8 ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came
338591345 338591701 2010-01-18 18:25:53 0 days 00:02:10 10141256 2 ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] | - < nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 5 wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) that was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall ,
10 days of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] " the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 14 the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . ' ' chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out
23 places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . ' ' , london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6
347577719 347678343 2010-03-04 09:16:17 0 days 12:15:03 6971250 0 = " harrison99 " / > those caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn subway ]] train access still available to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p =
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 71 = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) . berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford
355153879 355187838 2010-04-10 19:01:08 0 days 03:28:21 0|91.135.41.61 0 august 1961 , an english - language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) | don ' t fence me in ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in
355978566 355986227 2010-04-14 15:53:35 0 days 00:42:53 0|207.165.159.10 0 and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 196jkkkk1 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' '
355986227 355986426 2010-04-14 15:54:41 0 days 00:01:06 9801177 0 and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 196jkkkk1 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' '
358424098 358477517 2010-04-26 19:50:25 0 days 04:11:50 0|190.12.39.253 1 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} def liga de quito campeon carajo = = = = headline text = = < ref > < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > < / ref > = = {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art
358477517 358479681 2010-04-26 20:00:49 0 days 00:10:24 262550 0 {st@rt} = = = = headline text = = = = {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin def liga de quito campeon carajo = = = = headline text = = < ref > < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > < / ref > = = defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art
358850281 358877348 2010-04-28 16:59:28 0 days 02:49:40 11496659 0 cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence weiners ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }}
1 offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence weiners ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 )
2 guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall weiners ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth
358877348 358879068 2010-04-28 17:11:00 0 days 00:11:32 10036538 0 cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire weiners fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire weiners ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete weiners ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }}
1 offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire weiners ( 1961 ) # improved wire weiners fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete weiners ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 )
2 guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire weiners ( 1961 ) # improved wire weiners ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete weiners wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth
367791832 367995322 2010-06-14 16:31:11 1 days 00:02:50 0|76.126.226.142 4 meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east
390478077 391228576 2010-10-17 12:46:44 4 days 01:24:36 9021902 0 elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue ,
1 ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis
2 global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0742555429 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization |
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 39 questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( 21 oct 21 , 2009 ) [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann
94 not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html "
96 from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( oct 21 , 2009 ) [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 13 1991 ) ' ' germany in the twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition . isbn 0 713467959 0713467959 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ' ' , [ http : / / openlibrary . org
399051464 399052561 2010-11-27 00:55:57 0 days 00:08:05 16710 4 = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * [[ childs ]] , david h , ]] ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman , [ http : / / www . pearsoned .
399625658 399637116 2010-11-30 02:28:33 0 days 01:09:45 7328338 0 [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn : 9780582315693 , isbn : 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983
400293690 400499840 2010-12-04 15:56:28 1 days 05:01:04 0|69.156.45.160 1 fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 2010 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989
400551710 400552075 2010-12-04 21:22:01 0 days 00:02:10 7007500 0 fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 2010 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 0 . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of
7 / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result
10 / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{
33 falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' ( published as ' ' trudy ' s promise ' ' in north america ) , 2008 - left behind in east berlin , the heroine waits for news of her husband after he makes his escape over the berlin wall [ http : / / www . marciapreston
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 19 - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical
47 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref
50 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 february 2009 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is
121 co . uk / tol / news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a
126 de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < /
437174317 438013582 2011-07-06 07:57:01 5 days 03:43:13 13102 0 on 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . colonel glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u .
445112728 445115677 2011-08-16 07:52:17 0 days 00:31:24 6971250 0 : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum gedenkstaette . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german
450027091 452185719 2011-09-24 12:32:59 12 days 03:34:17 10996774 1 / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 | title = forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989“ 1989 " : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > a
453915570 453939231 2011-10-04 17:59:12 0 days 02:26:59 7178666 0 german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the {{ convert | 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors , and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) that divided west and east
2 impassable to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors , and the {{ convert | 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) that divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that
4 [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was {{ convert | 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to
7 / east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered {{ convert | 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside trees next to the
457313507 458013591 2011-10-29 19:26:26 4 days 06:04:07 12634201 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ use dmy dates | date = june 2011 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small =
485297583 489424180 2012-04-27 04:49:49 23 days 21:13:49 14405583 8 police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border distance around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance between east and west berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance through residential areas in berlin : {{ convert | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[
10 cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall distance : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * anti - vehicle trenches distance : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * contact or signal fence distance : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * column track distance : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * number of watch towers : 302 * number of bunkers : 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = august 13 , 1961 | building _ type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]]
489424644 489425101 2012-04-27 05:00:22 0 days 00:05:29 14405583 0 signal fence distance : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | ft yd | abbr = on }} * column track distance : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * number of watch towers :
489512208 489512475 2012-04-27 18:55:43 0 days 00:01:56 6730078 0 fort gordon ' s berlin wall display . jpg | display of 2 sections of the wall and a " you are leaving " sign at [[ fort gordon ]] , in the u . s . state of [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost
490948661 492197810 2012-05-12 13:18:30 6 days 05:07:09 14216826 0 {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 247 }} < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{
1 {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | pages = 363 – 367 }} < / ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by [[ wolfgang engels ]] , a 19 - year -
2 {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = [[ file : reaganberlinwall . jpg |
5 [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn 9780582315693 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , isbn 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george
8 1991 ) ' ' germany in the twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition . isbn 0713467959 0 - 7134 - 6795 - 9 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 22 | title = germany marks 50th anniversary of berlin wall | publisher = uk telegraph | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 august 2011 | location = london }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . foxnews . com / world / 2011
41 accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description =
508885202 509937268 2012-08-30 13:52:02 6 days 08:34:46 15261832 0 . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / m . monika fleischmann & w . strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php
522515322 525466527 2012-11-29 01:24:45 17 days 06:25:07 5282662 1 location marked in yellow ]] [[ file : west and east berlin . svg | thumb | 350px | < center > west and east berlin borders with today road map as background {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _ and _ east _ berlin interactive map ] ) }} ]] the ' '
531002642 531845407 2013-01-07 21:22:28 4 days 21:20:30 16460235 0 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four - year old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to west germany on 24 august 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot -
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 0 ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that , which demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " that separated western europe and the [[ eastern
593520854 594610725 2014-02-09 02:56:42 7 days 00:56:29 14418888 1 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = emmpthv4b3k | publisher = youtube | title = princess x liza fox - free [ music video ] }} < / ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' '
602473473 602872991 2014-04-05 15:12:03 2 days 17:59:28 88026 2 passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy | o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western
14 passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin .
613835077 615294848 2014-07-02 13:43:53 10 days 19:48:20 7669583 6 stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | url = http : / / news | innocent eyes ]] atop the wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : /
631992977 631993537 2014-11-01 09:45:30 0 days 00:08:10 6730078 9 http : / / www . marciapreston . com / index . php ? option = com _ content & view = article & id = 3 & itemid = 2 | title = view the author ’ s website ] < / ref > * * [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | peter schneider ]] , ' ' the wall jumper ' '
632911058 632912474 2014-11-08 03:39:03 0 days 00:20:38 10340692 2 information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ] * {{ youtube | o2grqp7k0iy | escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin }} * [ http : / / www .
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 10 chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 a multimedia story comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin
37 . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ http : / / www . shapell . org / manuscript . aspx ? president - ronald - reagan - pictured - at - the - berlin - wall - during - tear - down - this - wall - speech ronald reagan at the berlin wall : tear down this wall ] shapell manuscript foundation * [ http : / / www . thefirstpost . co . uk / 55774 , in - pictures , news - in - pictures , in - pictures - photographs - the - berlin - wall - my - part - in - its - fall - by - roland - pietsch - germany fall of the wall : my school trip ] – slideshow by ' ' [[ the first post ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in time 1989 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and photos of the time of the fall of the berlin wall and the german reunification , mostly licenced under cc * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr
636736464 638716252 2014-12-19 00:55:57 13 days 14:59:40 1469567 1 berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | concrete segment of wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft 1 | abbr = on }} | concrete segment of wall length : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | wire mesh fencing : {{
650204928 650206237 2015-03-06 21:57:41 0 days 00:09:46 24044265 0 # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) < ref > {{ cite book | last1 = chaichian | first1 = mohammad | title = empires and walls : globalization , migration , and colonial control | date = 2014 | publisher = haymarket books | location = chicago , il | isbn = 978 - 1608464227 | pages = 129 - 139 | url = http : / / www . amazon . com / empires - walls - globalization - migration - domination / dp / 1608464229 / ref = asap _ bc ? ie = utf8 }} < / ref > the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 .
650210446 650219949 2015-03-06 23:43:55 0 days 01:14:21 84417 1 # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) < ref > {{ cite book | last1 = chaichian | first1 = mohammad | title = empires and walls : globalization , migration , and colonial control | date = 2014 | publisher = haymarket books | location = chicago , il | isbn = 978 - 1608464227 | pages = 129 - 139 | url = http : / / www . amazon . com / empires - walls - globalization - migration - domination / dp / 1608464229 / ref = asap _ bc ? ie = utf8 }} < / ref > the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 .
686641093 687309257 2015-10-24 18:45:55 4 days 07:49:34 7455639 0 and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }}
1 wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 20 . businessinsider . com . au / germany - thanks - david - bowie - for - helping - bring - down - berlin - wall - 2016 - 1 | publisher work = business insider australia | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > although other factors were probably more influential in the fall
21 . com . au / germany - thanks - david - bowie - for - helping - bring - down - berlin - wall - 2016 - 1 | publisher = [[ business insider | business insider australia | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of
40 = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = [[ die welt online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de :
41 soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt ]] online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de : 80
701388996 701431900 2016-01-24 15:14:55 0 days 07:46:54 23598744 0 wall ( using magnetised iron _ filings and particles from the berlin wall ) . jpg | sandpainting of the destruction of the wall by brian pike ( using magnetised iron _ filings and particles from the berlin wall ) . < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time , there was a
702892130 702892497 2016-02-02 06:58:20 0 days 00:04:04 13816079 1 clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) # * improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' (
2 through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # * improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 )
3 four versions : # wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # * ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known
703417729 703715928 2016-02-07 05:09:15 1 days 17:25:27 204692 0 november , when half a million people gathered to demand political change , at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( < ref > henslin , 07 ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] that day
1 a million people gathered to demand political change , at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) < / ref > the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] that day . honecker had predicted
727810801 729057394 2016-07-09 15:35:36 8 days 04:06:43 11795905 0 | isbn = 0 - 313 - 32814 - 5 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and | others = harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 |
733515231 734284492 2016-08-13 08:26:57 4 days 22:04:07 80913 1 - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in - berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / | title = wall goes up in berlin - events of 1961 - year in review | publisher = upi . com | date = 29 may 1998 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > = = = immediate effects
9 cite web | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | title = something to do with the wall ( 1991 ) - imdb | author = maxhauser | date = 3 april 1991 | work = imdb | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > * fictional films featuring the
12 > {{ cite web | url = https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = emmpthv4b3k | publisher = youtube | title = liza fox - free [ music video ] }} < / ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' {{
16 on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 - 1990 ) ] - [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] - a chronicle of the berlin wall
736676388 737235458 2016-09-01 14:39:08 3 days 11:02:58 7903804 1 books ? id = j - i99v70m0sc & pg = pt45 & lpg = pt45 & dq = visa + to + visit + west + germany + from + east & source = bl & ots = - cd9vypaag & sig = hgjwnita1hbl1dpcb _ n6jaatqu4 & hl = en & sa = x & ei = w7lavp3rd4ihntotgrao & ved = 0cdwq6aewba # v = onepage & q = visa % 20to % 20visit % 20west % 20germany % 20from % 20east & f = false | accessdate = 5 november 2014 |
750161040 750685196 2016-11-21 07:09:13 3 days 03:38:31 27446209 2 [[ allied occupation of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = : de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km |
772547948 773210166 2017-04-01 00:36:52 4 days 01:42:30 27823944 0 {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | archive - url = https : / / archive . is / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | dead - url = yes | archive - date = 25 june 2009 | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | first1 = sven felix | last1 = kellerhof | first2 = alan |
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 7 ]] in particular were considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac co . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 1 germany ' s two main news programs that night — at 7 : 17 pm on [[ zdf ]] ' s ' ' [[ heute ]] ' ' and at 8 pm p . m . on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . this , of course , meant that
795297023 796184545 2017-08-19 02:20:43 5 days 17:00:51 27823944 0 . com / news / 2011 / 08 / 11 / reflecting - on - the - berlin - wall - 50 - years - after - its - construction / | archive - url = https : / / archive . is / 20130125070351 / http : / / www . history . com / news / 2011 / 08 / 11 / reflecting - on - the - berlin - wall - 50 - years - after - its - construction / | dead - url = yes | archive - date = 25 january 2013 | title = reflecting on the berlin wall , 50 years after its construction | publisher = history . com | date = 11 august 2011 | accessdate = 13 august
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 18 of movement ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | title = berlin wall : five things you might not know | date = 12 august 2011 | publisher = ' ' [[ telegraph media group | the telegraph ]] ' ' | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / 8698446 /
808291388 809350827 2017-11-08 15:47:14 6 days 15:42:09 7136651 7 , land mansion bricks | - | style = " text - align : right " | 58 , 95 | wall - shaped front wall with a height of 3 , . 40 & nbsp ; m | - | style = " text - align : right " | 68 , 42 | expanded metal fence with a height of 2 .
809521520 809536560 2017-11-09 19:22:04 0 days 01:53:53 15367593 0 nbsp ; m | - | style = " text - align : right " | 68 . 42 | expanded metal fence with a height of 2 . 90 & quot nbsp ; m as a " front barrier " | - | style = " text - align : right " | 161 {{ 0 }} {{ 0 }} | light strip
810009717 810071958 2017-11-13 05:36:10 0 days 07:44:21 19339494 1 bl & ots = e1vx - kbsf4 & sig = vzusis2injtqnywsqt9wjcxjdf0 & hl = en & sa = x & ved = 0ahukewjsvstlxbnxahvtzgmkhuuiclyq6aeitdaj # v = onepage & q = berlin % 20wall % 20outside % 20maintenance + wall + outside + maintenance & f = false < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west
810071958 810072027 2017-11-13 05:36:43 0 days 00:00:33 19339494 8 283566 | title = where in the world is the berlin wall ? | date = 2014 - 11 - 11 | work = newsweek | access - date = 2017 - 11 - 01 | language = en }} < / ref > [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , still in its original spot
816798032 816798137 2017-12-23 19:40:28 0 days 00:00:52 11112747 0 through in the event of war . < ref > ' ' rise and fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it
822396886 822504643 2018-01-26 19:24:33 0 days 15:37:47 5841175 6 start / index / id / 593792 | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting
7 index / id / 593792 | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders (
824097430 824097451 2018-02-05 08:46:30 0 days 00:00:16 139004 0 = bruce springsteen , 1988 = = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played a live concert in east berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german ,
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 0 = bruce springsteen , 1988 = = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played a live concert in east berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german ,
825837597 825877017 2018-02-15 23:14:11 0 days 04:37:00 2003421 3 / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > < ref > [[ history of the berlin s - bahn ]] < / ref > . ) ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 92 through four versions : < ref > https : / / www . thoughtco . com / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history - 1779495 < / ref > * wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) * improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) * improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) * ' '
854069066 854070499 2018-08-08 19:24:22 0 days 00:12:58 3563616 0 chronik der mauer | accessdate = 26 january 2018 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( ' ' [[ schießbefehl ]] ) to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as " shoot to kill " orders . gdr officials denied issuing the
1 | accessdate = 26 january 2018 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]] ' ' ) to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as " shoot to kill " orders . gdr officials denied issuing the latter . in
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28792067 28792082 2005-11-20 01:04:30 0 days 00:00:18 159620 7 - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] , [[ [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , the [[ soviet ]] army duringof [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was , one for each , although berlin was on
34775887 34778137 2006-01-11 17:49:33 0 days 00:18:12 0|158.123.138.252 1 [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [ fuckfuckfuckv [ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as
40378504 40459448 2006-02-20 18:39:58 0 days 14:44:59 386031 0 part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany proper ' s border was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june
52332523 52346467 2006-05-09 18:05:13 0 days 01:31:21 0|216.56.92.44 0 october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] mark hayden built the berlin wall , after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the
52346467 52346669 2006-05-09 18:06:22 0 days 00:01:09 0|216.56.92.44 0 october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] mark hayden built the berlin wall , after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the
52351293 52351586 2006-05-09 18:38:16 0 days 00:02:08 0|168.212.165.131 0 october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] hey pat ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the
52351586 52351667 2006-05-09 18:38:52 0 days 00:00:36 88149 2 october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] hey pat ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the
74428307 74428565 2006-09-07 23:47:45 0 days 00:01:37 0|202.93.175.39 0 october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] ' ' ' ' ' big fat cock ' ' ' ' ' after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled
74428565 74429216 2006-09-07 23:51:55 0 days 00:04:10 0|202.93.175.39 0 october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] ' ' ' ' ' big fat cock ' ' ' ' ' after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled
93668867 93816464 2006-12-12 14:38:45 0 days 16:31:51 0|66.250.190.111 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] christian and amber are really , really ugly . they both smell like cow dung and have adams apples . they are lesbians and have chest hair . very nice , how much ? after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the
93816464 93816487 2006-12-12 14:38:51 0 days 00:00:06 1574574 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] christian and amber are really , really ugly . they both smell like cow dung and have adams apples . they are lesbians and have chest hair . very nice , how much ? after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the
93816487 93816799 2006-12-12 14:40:33 0 days 00:01:42 0|66.250.190.111 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] christian and amber are really , really ugly . they both smell like cow dung and have adams apples . they are lesbians and have chest hair . very nice , how much ? after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the
93816799 93817040 2006-12-12 14:42:03 0 days 00:01:30 0|66.250.190.111 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] christian and amber are really , really ugly . they both smell like cow dung and have adams apples . they are lesbians and have chest hair . very nice , how much ? after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the
108863312 108864819 2007-02-17 16:59:47 0 days 00:07:46 26468 0 the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr inner german border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949
110063581 110116122 2007-02-22 18:20:51 0 days 04:30:16 0|66.160.72.205 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] fuck the world ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]]
110118448 110119514 2007-02-22 18:35:51 0 days 00:04:32 911178 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] fuck the world ! world sucks monkey ass fuck mj ! fuck u all bitches hos im yaw moma britney spears looks like shit so many people died over this stupid cause fuck this world up everyones stupid asses after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]]
110119514 110122063 2007-02-22 18:46:47 0 days 00:10:56 0|66.160.72.205 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] historical fact : did you know the wall was made of dicks ? yea no shit ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]]
110122063 110122222 2007-02-22 18:47:33 0 days 00:00:46 2600463 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] historical fact : did you know the wall was made of dicks ? yea no shit ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]]
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 4 university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 4 university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 4 university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall
116369124 116446657 2007-03-20 03:59:02 0 days 05:54:23 0|24.192.21.79 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] )
116486220 116509549 2007-03-20 12:18:22 0 days 03:23:27 351312 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] )
116668276 117050359 2007-03-22 15:44:52 1 days 14:54:18 0|70.151.77.127 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] )
117050359 117050585 2007-03-22 15:45:59 0 days 00:01:07 0|70.151.77.127 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] )
117094380 117202244 2007-03-23 03:06:54 0 days 08:04:44 0|69.171.136.129 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after ter the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] )
117202244 117202313 2007-03-23 03:07:14 0 days 00:00:20 0|69.171.136.129 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] ter after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] )
123518934 123567982 2007-04-17 16:52:14 0 days 03:33:55 0|24.45.245.186 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after fter the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] )
123567982 123570932 2007-04-17 17:04:26 0 days 00:12:12 441020 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] fter after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] )
125554183 125576721 2007-04-24 17:56:22 0 days 01:22:54 0|205.124.85.3 0 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially steve nash . remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers :
125576721 125578217 2007-04-24 18:02:37 0 days 00:06:15 0|205.124.85.3 0 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] steve nash dirk nowistski . remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers
125579618 125580463 2007-04-24 18:12:04 0 days 00:03:23 0|205.124.85.3 0 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] dirk nowistski . jake , who is a stupid suns fan , remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers :
125580463 125580530 2007-04-24 18:12:21 0 days 00:00:17 238308 0 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] jake , who is a stupid suns fan , after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained a nazi germany and divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers :
131436693 131436845 2007-05-17 01:13:22 0 days 00:00:52 0|71.48.127.221 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] niggaz rule muthafuckas . . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]]
131437128 131437212 2007-05-17 01:15:13 0 days 00:00:29 302522 6 ]] . black power = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] niggaz rule muthafuckas . . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]]
131818104 131839852 2007-05-18 19:10:51 0 days 01:35:31 0|24.56.168.165 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] , , , , , ryan is gay , , , after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]]
131839852 131840168 2007-05-18 19:12:01 0 days 00:01:10 3516226 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] , , , , , ryan is gay , , , after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]]
133104135 133130564 2007-05-24 08:41:32 0 days 04:00:04 4066461 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] ryan built it after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
133130564 133130665 2007-05-24 08:42:31 0 days 00:00:59 4066461 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] ryan bob built it after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
133130665 133130717 2007-05-24 08:42:54 0 days 00:00:23 4066461 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] bob mr green built it after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
133130717 133131431 2007-05-24 08:49:33 0 days 00:06:39 303874 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] mr green built it after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
138877059 138877071 2007-06-18 00:47:35 0 days 00:00:04 2198658 1 {st@rt} germany . is full of nazis and i hate those bastards so fuck you nazis you fucking fag ass holes fuck germans those dick heads all the ladies have big cunts stupid whores fagsssss an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
157242126 157449035 2007-09-12 19:54:00 0 days 22:06:19 0|77.98.25.214 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] ello after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
157449035 157449148 2007-09-12 19:54:30 0 days 00:00:30 3150292 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] ello after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
158580268 158734899 2007-09-18 14:49:12 0 days 17:33:47 0|206.123.212.68 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] hi matt after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
158738290 158741292 2007-09-18 15:22:40 0 days 00:15:25 105919 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] hi matt after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
160020633 160035161 2007-09-24 15:39:58 0 days 01:08:45 0|65.117.145.250 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' the berlin wall is dead ! ! ! its a sexybeast ! ! ! 1 after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
160035161 160035322 2007-09-24 15:40:47 0 days 00:00:49 5173527 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' the berlin wall is dead ! ! ! its a sexybeast ! ! ! 1 after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
162087422 162088640 2007-10-03 20:23:18 0 days 00:05:58 0|142.25.180.23 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = fuck = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fdu ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the
163105476 163371605 2007-10-09 17:45:07 1 days 02:32:03 0|82.41.42.114 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after a = = fter the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement
1 | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided divi [[ ded into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers
163371605 163373226 2007-10-09 17:53:00 0 days 00:07:53 5451838 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] a = = fter after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divi [[ ded into four occupation zones ( per the [[
1 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] a = = fter the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divi [[ ded divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers
167283465 167283597 2007-10-26 20:11:01 0 days 00:00:45 0|205.202.92.219 1 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after adam don ' t use this sight trust me and tyafter the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement
167283597 167284000 2007-10-26 20:13:12 0 days 00:02:11 0|140.254.80.182 2 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] adam don ' t use this sight trust me and tyafter after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement
174334338 174705895 2007-11-29 23:01:08 1 days 13:23:48 0|64.91.146.48 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] clayton ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
174705895 174705991 2007-11-29 23:01:37 0 days 00:00:29 0|64.91.146.48 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] clayton ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
175289114 175551251 2007-12-03 19:54:29 1 days 02:51:56 0|24.207.26.4 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the sebastian adugalski [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
175551251 175552021 2007-12-03 19:57:45 0 days 00:03:16 0|24.207.26.4 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] sebastian adugalski nic beck and matthew baena [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
175552021 175559970 2007-12-03 20:31:20 0 days 00:33:35 2537811 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] nic beck and matthew baena after the [[ ended of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially emained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
177203799 177204049 2007-12-11 13:35:00 0 days 00:01:40 0|65.43.196.207 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as
177212791 177214350 2007-12-11 14:42:39 0 days 00:09:39 5779767 1 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as
180988262 181089181 2007-12-31 00:22:51 0 days 09:30:36 0|208.104.149.90 0 of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] < big > after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
181089717 181089981 2007-12-31 00:27:50 0 days 00:01:39 0|208.104.149.90 0 of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] < font color = silver > < big > after < / big > the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 0 of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] < font color = silver > < big > after < / big > the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones (
188151005 188151539 2008-01-31 14:21:36 0 days 00:03:35 0|65.43.198.14 0 of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the blah blah blah [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
188154176 188158128 2008-01-31 15:04:24 0 days 00:25:08 0|75.146.3.249 0 of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] blah blah blah no homo [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
188158128 188158165 2008-01-31 15:04:39 0 days 00:00:15 608951 0 of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] no homo blah blah blah [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
188164296 188164448 2008-01-31 15:40:51 0 days 00:00:49 241822 0 of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] blah blah blah after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
194473112 194653335 2008-02-28 13:58:51 0 days 18:42:24 0|24.184.14.60 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 250px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] llll after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
194969877 195355677 2008-03-02 17:34:07 1 days 20:52:38 0|208.64.242.114 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] llll after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
196063376 196351442 2008-03-06 19:41:30 1 days 02:59:30 0|198.203.102.1 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . bitch bitch bitch bitch = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
196351442 196351478 2008-03-06 19:41:36 0 days 00:00:06 1879647 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] bitch bitch bitch bitch after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 11 east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = thw west . on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 24 east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 3 april ]] , 1951 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[
199097835 199097858 2008-03-18 15:12:11 0 days 00:00:07 0|208.27.127.62 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] tgykrtljy ; tiljoyeipjp ; tyijryoirt ; yjiortjyiotr ; yeiet i love cheese cake . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep
202585021 202716037 2008-04-02 03:27:03 0 days 10:10:24 0|150.101.240.77 0 east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = lolololololololololololololololol on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
202719285 202719369 2008-04-02 03:48:22 0 days 00:00:35 0|75.22.78.148 0 east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = lolololololololololololololololol on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
210361516 210361752 2008-05-05 16:59:17 0 days 00:01:02 0|64.130.204.173 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] its all a lie ! ! ! ! ! ! it never happened after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
210361752 210361775 2008-05-05 16:59:22 0 days 00:00:05 4928500 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] its all a lie ! ! ! ! ! ! it never happened after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
210361775 210362433 2008-05-05 17:02:09 0 days 00:02:47 0|64.130.204.173 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] its all a lie it nver happend after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
210362433 210362448 2008-05-05 17:02:13 0 days 00:00:04 5947179 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] its all a lie it nver happend after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
210599324 210605226 2008-05-06 17:06:36 0 days 00:26:51 0|70.91.85.14 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] hi yaffe ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
210605226 210605542 2008-05-06 17:08:16 0 days 00:01:40 0|131.111.129.188 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] hi yaffe ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
225461510 226438015 2008-07-18 12:49:56 4 days 16:13:52 723881 1 formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[
2 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
234024060 234024129 2008-08-24 23:20:26 0 days 00:00:23 416594 1 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germany rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including as of february 21 , 1947 . the nazi army ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones (
234024267 234024308 2008-08-24 23:21:34 0 days 00:00:15 764407 1 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germany rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including as of february 21 , 1947 . the nazi army ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones (
234024639 234024667 2008-08-24 23:23:41 0 days 00:00:12 416594 1 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germany rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including as of february 21 , 1947 . the nazi army ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones (
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 6 . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 77 / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el muppet films }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]]
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 77 / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el muppet films }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]]
296788035 296824043 2009-06-16 20:29:38 0 days 03:25:16 8219500 1 . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii |
296836155 296857603 2009-06-16 23:48:30 0 days 02:12:01 6984319 3 . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united
4 berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom
313154666 313227016 2009-09-11 18:02:41 0 days 09:34:32 0|168.254.226.222 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the drew corcoran [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation
313227016 313255946 2009-09-11 21:02:36 0 days 02:59:55 3308922 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = drew corcoran after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation
324808994 324812165 2009-11-09 09:27:33 0 days 00:32:19 0|220.239.172.251 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after aftre the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four
324812241 324813463 2009-11-09 09:40:48 0 days 00:12:38 0|121.220.121.181 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = aftre after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remianed of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into fore
324813463 324815104 2009-11-09 09:59:16 0 days 00:18:28 4638533 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into fore
324827897 324833446 2009-11-09 13:09:56 0 days 00:52:45 0|71.206.91.10 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = ou hate me after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
324833446 324833874 2009-11-09 13:13:44 0 days 00:03:48 0|192.234.149.250 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = ou hate me after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of y of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was
324993878 324997406 2009-11-10 05:48:25 0 days 00:32:12 0|207.81.48.108 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . jews rule = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
324997406 324997478 2009-11-10 05:49:04 0 days 00:00:39 440983 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = jews rule after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
325134867 325135734 2009-11-10 22:49:04 0 days 00:05:01 0|122.107.135.244 0 the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = bum crap i like men after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
327684036 327723692 2009-11-24 20:15:13 0 days 04:03:55 0|81.103.195.234 0 the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after aftery the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four
327723692 327723781 2009-11-24 20:15:45 0 days 00:00:32 0|81.103.195.234 0 the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = aftery after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four
340477279 340644582 2010-01-29 02:22:34 0 days 21:03:52 0|91.187.103.2 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = berlin wall : berlin - beograd 23 km . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
340645259 340652663 2010-01-29 03:19:46 0 days 00:52:37 96897 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = berlin wall : berlin - beograd 23 km . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
340652663 340924884 2010-01-30 16:59:10 1 days 13:39:24 0|91.187.103.4 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = viva germany and usa . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
340924884 340925129 2010-01-30 17:00:36 0 days 00:01:26 0|91.187.103.4 0 ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = viva germany and usa and you . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided
340925129 340925242 2010-01-30 17:01:21 0 days 00:00:45 6660588 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = viva germany and usa and you . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
347166507 347166913 2010-03-01 21:25:43 0 days 00:02:03 0|71.28.105.141 0 the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . after the eruption = = = post - war germany = = = after the eruption after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
349038136 349066462 2010-03-10 20:18:05 0 days 02:18:03 0|97.64.173.60 0 , particularly after east german police shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of [[ murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > {{ cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by
349066462 349066774 2010-03-10 20:19:36 0 days 00:01:31 6660588 0 , particularly after east german police shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of [[ murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > {{ cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by
350105223 350105436 2010-03-15 23:52:09 0 days 00:01:19 0|98.17.93.7 0 for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = i love sex in nations in berlin wall . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
350105436 350105530 2010-03-15 23:52:50 0 days 00:00:41 1738583 0 for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = i love sex in nations in berlin wall . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
350161715 350205500 2010-03-16 14:18:20 0 days 06:52:30 0|66.99.36.132 0 for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = blahhhhahhh ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
350205500 350205643 2010-03-16 14:19:18 0 days 00:00:58 0|66.99.36.132 0 the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = blahhhhahhh ! hi joe after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
350205643 350205915 2010-03-16 14:21:01 0 days 00:01:43 211905 0 the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = hi joe = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
362122979 362143454 2010-05-14 19:20:05 0 days 02:09:18 0|78.43.105.45 1 background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the
410343760 411101144 2011-01-31 04:30:05 3 days 18:08:35 11086114 0 way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = geordie huband took down the berlin wall after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
411101144 411101265 2011-01-31 04:30:54 0 days 00:00:49 11987994 0 way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = geordie huband took down the berlin wall after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
632911058 632912474 2014-11-08 03:39:03 0 days 00:20:38 10340692 5 / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * {{ wayback | date = 20060219134229 | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html | title
825810710 825811905 2018-02-15 15:40:48 0 days 00:08:27 5946478 2 the reunified germany . < ref > {{ cite journal | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last url = goodman | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages
3 germany . < ref > {{ cite journal | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last = goodman https : / / scholarship . law . cornell . edu / cgi / viewcontent . cgi ? article = 1391 & context = cilj | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728
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732530 732537 2003-03-08 21:13:53 0 days 02:40:23 4388 3 ' berlin wall ' ' ' was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering [[ west - berlin and thereby west germany ]] . the wall physically divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was
9 and 1961 . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering [[ west germany ]] . the wall physically divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 13 berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . completely east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the
28 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the [[ reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years
29 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in
45 did not control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . it first consisted of barbed wire , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city into west berlin and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the
1282616 1282664 2003-08-13 04:46:25 6 days 13:51:34 7918 3 the west . it was clear from the beginning that this justification served as a cover for the fact that the citizens of east germany should be prevented from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . the wall was over 155 km long
3416164 3551635 2004-05-02 09:12:00 3 days 12:28:42 4388 10 berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes [[ escape ]] s ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed
3668416 3702165 2004-05-21 03:54:52 0 days 00:13:11 8780 1 gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful ' [[ escape ]] s ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed its
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 35 states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by [[ east germany ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ;
5637810 5637884 2004-09-03 21:35:33 0 days 00:03:51 49471 7 claimed that it was created to prevent the citizens of east germany , especially the professionally skilled workers , the majority of who were leaving , from entering west berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people
5787740 6045628 2004-09-10 18:39:33 0 days 00:01:03 76027 0 was exclusively on the western side . a september 2004 poll found that one quarter of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut of off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . reuters . com / newsarticle . jhtml ? type = worldnews & storyid = 6181106 ]
6145464 6145754 2004-09-25 15:56:37 0 days 00:11:16 39716 1 friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east - germany and the main part of west - germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden
7503798 7583874 2004-11-15 22:48:26 0 days 23:21:52 0|213.191.80.129 1 a wall which keeps ' ' out ' ' rather than ' ' in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge the [[ east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist wall of protection " rather than the western view that the wall was essentially meant to turn the
9268476 9300388 2005-01-10 23:50:02 0 days 03:03:49 151197 0 the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , as east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army
1 wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army |
2 was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east , as mentioned above , west berlin was an open border point out of east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva
9533310 9600309 2005-01-21 15:58:08 0 days 00:01:25 26468 0 complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ germany ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 27 crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east germany and the main part of border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo (
10084850 10084995 2005-02-09 02:13:18 0 days 00:02:21 0|152.163.100.198 34 union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially
36 three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 11 built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an [[ enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front
10087212 10087443 2005-02-09 03:43:17 0 days 01:23:14 0|152.163.100.198 0 , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s escapes into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 36 blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of west germany that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of
38 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( west berlin ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the cold war
54 the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on august 13 , [[ 1961 in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory
56 was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an [[ enclave in east germany . during the construction of the wall national people ' s army | nva and kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda soldiers stood in front of it with
57 later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall national people ' s army | nva and kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda soldiers stood in front of it with orders
70 , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out
10244127 10244153 2005-02-14 04:35:35 3 days 03:01:03 0|203.36.44.14 0 ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as mentioned above , west berlin was an open border point out of east germany , and from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to the rest of west germany . = = construction of the wall = = [[
10244153 10252863 2005-02-14 04:36:05 0 days 00:00:30 33103 0 ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as mentioned above , west berlin was an open border point out of east germany , and from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to the rest of west germany . = = construction of the wall = = [[
11639377 11639454 2005-03-29 06:09:12 13 days 03:55:26 0|24.42.224.161 0 majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as mentioned above , west berlin was an open border point out this drain of east germany , and from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to the rest of west germany . = = construction of the wall = =
1 for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as mentioned above , west berlin was an open border point out of labour threatened east germany , and from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to the rest of west germany . = = construction of the wall = = [[
13838657 13839534 2005-05-17 16:03:06 0 days 00:00:19 67107 0 impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and it completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in
14015916 14016061 2005-05-21 09:38:46 2 days 17:36:54 0|216.27.183.43 4 remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering via west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig
14125556 14140365 2005-05-23 20:14:41 1 days 10:42:33 54820 1 ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but
14140365 14260653 2005-05-24 02:16:18 0 days 06:01:37 6661 1 berliner mauer ' ' ) , was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but
15054564 15054752 2005-06-12 05:48:45 0 days 04:11:01 5016 13 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] and were completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]]
20 professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected ) . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the
19262021 19641332 2005-07-26 13:36:24 5 days 14:51:51 0|212.112.232.175 0 of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the capital seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however ,
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 11 mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection
48 the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded
51 the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the
52 states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 10 {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it
47 airlift by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an exclave of west germany , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin
49 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france west berlin , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave of west germany , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make bonn the seat of government
50 the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france west berlin , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an exclave ]] of west germany , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make bonn the seat of government of
51 three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france west berlin , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an exclave of [[ west germany , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make bonn the seat of government of west
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 27 by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france abel meeropol . abel meeropol wrote the classic anti - lynching anthem " strange fruit , " made famous by singer billie holiday . robert and michael co - wrote a book about the experience , we are your sons : the legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] ,
26918978 27042249 2005-11-01 04:48:07 1 days 06:15:08 0|18.240.6.193 0 the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the
27806621 27817179 2005-11-09 13:03:31 0 days 03:09:55 287142 0 german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with skepticism scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the
39793418 39818227 2006-02-16 01:44:54 0 days 03:14:56 0|68.18.147.5 0 german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ' ( ' ' ' anti - fascist protection wall ' ' ' ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ 9 november ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter
40378504 40459448 2006-02-20 18:39:58 0 days 14:44:59 386031 4 berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east berlin | east ]] and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around
40898814 40900018 2006-02-23 19:38:26 0 days 00:09:50 89179 10 article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west berlin . = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently
40909194 40915337 2006-02-23 21:35:30 0 days 00:42:13 0|145.254.88.42 0 east german citizens short of dispatching the army to use lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the gaurds guards and the east berlin government were simply not willing to use lethal force so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 53 - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[
40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 13 lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall
40949144 40965017 2006-02-24 03:55:40 0 days 02:12:42 89179 0 berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ division history _ of germany | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled
1 east ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ division of _ germany | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers
2 ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ division of germany _ since _ 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between
41675215 41710361 2006-03-01 05:34:43 0 days 05:27:08 0|68.77.149.177 2 gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and for financial betterment ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the
44770674 44770960 2006-03-21 05:05:36 0 days 00:02:39 0|202.72.148.102 0 , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days
46158765 46159568 2006-03-30 12:57:46 0 days 00:10:21 4388 0 ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( [[ illegal emigration ]] s ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall
46159568 46159959 2006-03-30 13:02:23 0 days 00:04:37 4388 1 permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( [[ illegal emigration ]] s ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com /
47329140 47397931 2006-04-07 12:40:12 0 days 12:40:23 484982 0 crossings and usage = = there used to be eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personal personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 25 cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com /
31 [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 23 for germans . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of illegal emigration some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com /
52367351 52419460 2006-05-10 02:13:47 0 days 05:54:41 0|71.235.38.203 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 5932 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting
52875779 52941290 2006-05-13 02:44:14 0 days 07:58:05 732708 0 german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the
53720035 53756081 2006-05-17 21:59:22 0 days 03:48:44 0|205.201.150.62 0 = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster your mom for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high -
53756081 53756513 2006-05-17 22:01:59 0 days 00:02:37 1008387 0 = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was your mom a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high -
54913899 54927268 2006-05-24 18:40:23 0 days 01:25:15 0|216.51.191.213 0 system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized
57484319 57663965 2006-06-09 06:58:07 1 days 01:49:03 0|203.51.41.247 9 german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border inn marielleborder , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in
57663965 57664095 2006-06-09 06:59:35 0 days 00:01:28 416594 8 german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inn marielleborder inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in
58475278 58695039 2006-06-15 02:39:51 1 days 03:58:10 0|71.111.140.81 0 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the berlin wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany rmany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[
58695039 58695143 2006-06-15 02:40:33 0 days 00:00:42 245294 0 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the berlin wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ rmany east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[
65633547 66079192 2006-07-27 02:02:21 2 days 04:22:24 0|202.89.36.170 10 germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from xxxxxxxxfrom entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that
66079192 66079583 2006-07-27 02:05:14 0 days 00:02:53 416594 8 germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east xxxxxxxxfrom germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that
67053691 67063468 2006-08-01 16:29:11 0 days 01:00:35 0|66.32.195.73 1 soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards that shit , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[
69463997 69483685 2006-08-14 00:26:30 0 days 02:09:12 0|139.80.123.40 1 divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased
69483685 69484267 2006-08-14 00:30:06 0 days 00:03:36 0|139.80.123.40 1 in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and to west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]]
70265945 70267189 2006-08-17 18:00:43 0 days 00:07:03 130684 0 berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit
73698506 73756827 2006-09-04 13:59:49 0 days 09:12:50 0|75.13.49.14 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 2006 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a
73756827 73800540 2006-09-04 18:49:29 0 days 04:49:40 302522 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 2006 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a
79283264 79360490 2006-10-04 00:26:58 0 days 06:52:26 0|69.110.32.177 2 in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | russians ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers they loved to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[
82835134 82879500 2006-10-21 21:17:43 0 days 04:29:04 2542109 3 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall
83835783 83837476 2006-10-26 13:23:30 0 days 00:13:08 686868 4 the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to germany and west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this
89164714 89217707 2006-11-21 12:10:19 0 days 07:41:07 617480 0 citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to down under germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration
89582444 89623581 2006-11-23 09:19:20 0 days 05:53:58 0|82.148.67.67 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards 1978 downwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[
89651816 89652535 2006-11-23 14:25:10 0 days 00:06:26 0|71.3.64.103 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1978 downwards 1948 onwards , west germany udeveloped onto a wild wild west capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and
91359911 91362108 2006-12-01 12:08:57 0 days 00:20:31 302522 15 . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of the socialist east germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengtehened , turning from a usual wall into the system of impassable technical hindrances of traps
93817040 93876815 2006-12-12 19:37:36 0 days 04:55:33 0|158.123.252.2 2 to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from keep th east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded
7 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans
97468702 97680129 2007-01-01 06:24:27 1 days 02:36:00 313006 0 ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim around 231 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history
100940597 100941637 2007-01-15 20:29:28 0 days 00:04:57 2181758 6 and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring neighboring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the
100946186 100948158 2007-01-15 20:59:57 0 days 00:09:11 302522 8 and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighboring neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the
102975056 103018378 2007-01-24 23:30:28 0 days 03:06:23 1789938 0 berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56
1 airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 /
105269225 105429213 2007-02-03 22:36:11 0 days 17:33:44 0|71.167.154.124 0 roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an a [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to
105429213 105532218 2007-02-04 08:28:36 0 days 09:52:25 302522 0 roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , a an [[ west german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to
108231602 108231997 2007-02-15 02:15:41 0 days 00:02:04 3563780 2 the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the holy spirit [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref >
108231997 108232467 2007-02-15 02:18:06 0 days 00:02:25 506179 2 [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold shrivelled penis ]] . conceived by the holy spirit [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref >
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 2 ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1931 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany due to wolves | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita
12 ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall ! " ) | dissident from west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the
13 gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west berlin , since 1992 }} {{ q | mr . gorbechev , tear down this wall ! tear it down ! reagan smash ! reagan smash ! | ronald reagan }} [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | the berlin wall circa 1961 . an east german soldier , dressed in full armor , is sneering at the west . ]] = = history = = the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was originally constructed in 230 [[ bce ]] by berlin citizens lead by [[ hadrian ]] whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of [[ stonehenge ]] and [[ hadrian ' s wall ]] . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those [[ chinese ]] that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kickass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese ' s wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germarmy was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east
43 stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 1 {st@rt} {{ q lang - de | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 2 ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany due to wolves | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita
12 ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall ! " ) | dissident from west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the
13 gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west berlin , since 1992 }} {{ q | mr . gorbechev , tear down this wall ! tear it down ! reagan smash ! reagan smash ! | ronald reagan }} [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | the berlin wall circa 1961 . an east german soldier , dressed in full armor , is sneering at the west . ]] = = history = = the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was originally constructed in 230 [[ bce ]] by berlin citizens lead by [[ hadrian ]] whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of [[ stonehenge ]] and [[ hadrian ' s wall ]] . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those [[ chinese ]] that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kickass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese ' s wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germarmy was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east
43 stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 1 {st@rt} {{ q lang - de | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 2 ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany due to wolves | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita
12 ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall ! " ) | dissident from west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the
13 gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west berlin , since 1992 }} {{ q | mr . gorbechev , tear down this wall ! tear it down ! reagan smash ! reagan smash ! | ronald reagan }} [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | the berlin wall circa 1961 . an east german soldier , dressed in full armor , is sneering at the west . ]] = = history = = the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was originally constructed in 230 [[ bce ]] by berlin citizens lead by [[ hadrian ]] whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of [[ stonehenge ]] and [[ hadrian ' s wall ]] . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those [[ chinese ]] that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kickass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese ' s wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germarmy was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east
43 stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 1 {st@rt} {{ q lang - de | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from
116509549 116565253 2007-03-20 17:15:05 0 days 04:56:43 0|63.172.4.6 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 1946 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a
116565409 116565581 2007-03-20 17:16:33 0 days 00:00:44 331742 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1946 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a
116565581 116611927 2007-03-20 20:35:11 0 days 03:18:38 0|208.96.79.152 0 august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the fukk [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east
116612198 116612926 2007-03-20 20:39:04 0 days 00:02:52 302522 1 august 2006 ]] the fucking ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the fukk [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east
117073720 117077906 2007-03-22 17:49:00 0 days 00:18:56 0|147.31.4.47 3 economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster i just screwed up for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high
117077906 117078008 2007-03-22 17:49:26 0 days 00:00:26 492858 4 | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny is a noob adn has nothin for the project but this which i just screwed up hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high
117508444 117516576 2007-03-24 13:39:46 0 days 00:58:39 302522 7 and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east german voters were convinced of the need for
118635394 118639947 2007-03-28 23:11:07 0 days 00:19:40 0|65.24.114.248 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 1917 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a
118654236 118657778 2007-03-29 00:33:26 0 days 00:17:42 911178 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1917 1948 onwards , west germany mutated into a western communist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a
118657778 119194198 2007-03-31 03:19:34 2 days 02:46:08 0|69.236.50.115 2 [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany las vegas , | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita
123239676 123290696 2007-04-16 17:02:47 0 days 03:41:47 0|206.82.21.217 0 dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism respect even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens
123290696 123314173 2007-04-16 18:40:46 0 days 01:37:59 911178 0 dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with respect skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens
123951114 124129045 2007-04-19 17:12:29 0 days 17:13:20 0|72.243.172.178 1 prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political
124287643 124348301 2007-04-20 13:09:14 0 days 07:51:17 4180587 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 1998 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a
124348704 124348759 2007-04-20 13:11:37 0 days 00:00:21 3184712 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1998 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a
125578217 125579618 2007-04-24 18:08:41 0 days 00:06:04 0|205.124.85.3 0 ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall lebron james came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second
125579618 125580463 2007-04-24 18:12:04 0 days 00:03:23 0|205.124.85.3 1 background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] dirk nowistski . remained of a nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[
125580463 125580530 2007-04-24 18:12:21 0 days 00:00:17 238308 1 deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] jake , who is a stupid suns fan , remained a of nazi germany and divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[
3 ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of lebron james the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second
127423904 127488333 2007-05-01 19:05:27 0 days 04:38:15 0|166.127.1.201 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the that dude was ugly [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref >
127488333 127488398 2007-05-01 19:05:44 0 days 00:00:17 241822 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . that dude was ugly conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref >
129555771 129555882 2007-05-09 16:41:30 0 days 00:00:24 0|204.129.158.10 2 being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability eat cheese . one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america
133070307 133071645 2007-05-24 01:14:15 0 days 00:07:09 441020 3 13 , 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 & mdash ; after several weeks of civil unrest & mdash ; , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere
134354264 134363864 2007-05-29 17:58:08 0 days 00:45:42 2148063 0 socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day on alexander platz [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new
150365735 150415593 2007-08-10 16:13:56 0 days 06:20:47 6661 1 | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]]
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 30 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at
40 advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[
46 [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with
50 colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around
66 wall . ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the
158482538 158483005 2007-09-17 12:39:37 0 days 00:03:02 0|86.148.90.145 1 . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and [[ east germany . i was not here : p . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[
162088831 162097147 2007-10-03 21:04:01 0 days 00:39:48 400903 4 , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ westberlin ]] }} ) and the rest of [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) including [[ east berlin ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war
5 берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ westberlin ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) including [[ east berlin ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold
163749827 163777834 2007-10-11 10:38:01 0 days 04:18:13 0|194.83.177.252 0 intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with skepticism scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing
163777834 163818437 2007-10-11 15:16:59 0 days 04:38:58 5451838 0 intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with scepticism skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing
165005884 165222233 2007-10-17 17:39:09 0 days 22:58:30 0|67.132.117.2 16 berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the
165222233 165222438 2007-10-17 17:40:08 0 days 00:00:59 1285073 15 berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the
167330987 167697778 2007-10-28 20:38:23 1 days 19:47:05 0|67.76.163.204 0 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 1949 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a
170206355 170288054 2007-11-09 08:37:34 0 days 09:01:15 0|213.221.119.178 2 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee the east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe
174708204 174741786 2007-11-30 02:18:00 0 days 03:04:44 5918353 2 powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of demcratic germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of
174741786 174746112 2007-11-30 02:42:18 0 days 00:24:18 28422 2 powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the demcratic federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of
176484115 176514246 2007-12-08 04:57:07 0 days 03:34:06 3966201 0 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee the from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm /
178067328 178433514 2007-12-17 03:19:52 1 days 14:31:48 0|69.155.140.15 0 discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of ofgermans are such cool pepole } ]] east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the
178433514 178433680 2007-12-17 03:21:02 0 days 00:01:10 1473716 0 discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory ofgermans are such cool pepole } ]] of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the
178433680 178872694 2007-12-19 03:34:38 2 days 00:13:36 0|67.188.74.176 23 the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach encockroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was
178873340 178873918 2007-12-19 03:42:19 0 days 00:03:39 2537811 23 the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encockroach encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbi - wire fence was
180988262 181089181 2007-12-31 00:22:51 0 days 09:30:36 0|208.104.149.90 2 " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while < big > east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms
181089181 181089350 2007-12-31 00:23:54 0 days 00:01:03 0|208.104.149.90 2 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from < i > east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 3 " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while < big > east germany < / big > became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier
190370753 190525831 2008-02-11 02:22:08 0 days 14:44:45 0|64.215.123.218 1 http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east berlin walll was really a stupid idea germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history
191709855 191873337 2008-02-16 16:30:04 0 days 20:21:25 0|209.162.56.146 0 kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that he got arrested and fought and also made it so entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere .
196946956 197071265 2008-03-09 20:31:11 0 days 14:27:18 0|98.17.134.249 1 style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led move to east germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http :
197073715 197075558 2008-03-09 20:51:04 0 days 00:08:24 0|98.17.134.249 12 a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from defecting east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency
18 chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 5 chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised
197732281 197732484 2008-03-12 15:23:12 0 days 00:01:09 3505251 0 viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since the border basically was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for citizens residents of west germany or west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html
1 skepticism even in east germany , even more so since the border basically was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for citizens of west germany or west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961
199068719 199068893 2008-03-18 12:27:44 0 days 00:01:14 0|65.43.198.254 0 > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and andnononononono west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image
199069215 199071782 2008-03-18 12:47:15 0 days 00:17:16 686868 0 > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east andnononononono and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image
199166041 199176300 2008-03-18 21:01:00 0 days 00:40:04 0|84.92.120.196 1 the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall brought = = east = = berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during
199200408 199351854 2008-03-19 14:59:00 0 days 16:26:29 0|65.43.197.150 0 [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying occupyingniggers die powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the
199351854 199351875 2008-03-19 14:59:07 0 days 00:00:07 1879647 0 [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupyingniggers die occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the
202827564 203047637 2008-04-03 14:22:40 0 days 22:05:23 0|208.108.155.10 0 found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west graciakspoopsy germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere
203047637 203047862 2008-04-03 14:23:55 0 days 00:01:15 203358 0 found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in graciakspoopsy west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere
203166960 203167170 2008-04-03 23:30:56 0 days 00:01:00 0|74.75.94.117 2 considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east he is so small and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between
211225942 211226287 2008-05-09 10:02:08 0 days 00:03:52 686868 0 ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for tourist visits of restricted to east berlin were issued in a simplified procedure at the same day . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany
7 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that gave west berliners the chance to apply for visa for travel to east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already applicable for west germans . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans
211252403 211252560 2008-05-09 13:29:34 0 days 00:00:54 686868 0 western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for tourist visits day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason .
214991201 215551281 2008-05-28 18:27:39 2 days 12:19:20 355538 5 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers
227057942 227630794 2008-07-24 14:11:59 2 days 18:22:51 6285568 2 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany
235999012 236298450 2008-09-04 19:33:44 1 days 09:25:11 0|89.180.225.158 0 the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from west to east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm
236298450 236302681 2008-09-04 19:55:48 0 days 00:22:04 5177550 1 the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from west to east berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg
237420572 237421084 2008-09-10 02:42:59 0 days 00:04:00 7823265 9 ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east people bouncing up and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s
10 the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east down and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 5 ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory
8 control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers originally intended to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal
9 council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to jointly govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic
12 germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while as west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however
20 . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to with west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to
21 the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been shut was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and
27 germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration emigrate to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners cut off from their jobs and from chances for
33 eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german by gdr citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans
39 ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four motorways usable by west germans [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[
50 berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s -
56 defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal
66 while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
70 for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 5 made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas for to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 29 and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the border between [[ east germany | east ]] and [[ west germany ]] . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28
30 rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the border between [[ east germany | east ]] and [[ west germany ]] . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day ,
32 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]]
240240944 240242156 2008-09-22 15:58:49 0 days 00:07:42 736477 5 territory = = out of citizen territory of [[ berlin ]] , the wall passed around the limits of 14 municipalities of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , bordering with [[ from west berlin ]] . here is reported the list of bordering municipalities , subdivided for district , starting from north and proceding to south . * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel
11 crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as entry into and , exit from east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied military traffic in such cases . for
12 , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as entry into and exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied military traffic in such cases . for this reason
241808916 241809073 2008-09-29 17:16:31 0 days 00:00:39 7966459 2 east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . your mom an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed
242557548 242755000 2008-10-03 14:42:47 0 days 19:46:38 7991946 8 ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 35 september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the bunny picnic ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ a muppet family christmas ]] ' ' ( 1987 ) : ' ' song of the cloud forest ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets at walt disney world ]] ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' the muppets celebrate jim henson ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' [[ mr . willowby ' s christmas tree ]] ' ' ( 1995 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ dylan also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 35 september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the bunny picnic ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ a muppet family christmas ]] ' ' ( 1987 ) : ' ' song of the cloud forest ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets at walt disney world ]] ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' the muppets celebrate jim henson ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' [[ mr . willowby ' s christmas tree ]] ' ' ( 1995 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ dylan also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to
252651691 252652021 2008-11-18 21:49:13 0 days 00:01:34 6892131 0 this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstartions demonstrations within east germany itself . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader
255210981 255259280 2008-12-01 19:38:59 0 days 04:33:01 0|137.118.202.208 0 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered
255707707 255794738 2008-12-04 06:17:39 0 days 09:10:08 0|24.150.100.199 0 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated separ - - [[ special : contributions / 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 | 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 ]] ( [[ user talk : 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 | talk ]] ) 06 : 17 , 4 december 2008 ( utc ) ated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was
255794738 255794996 2008-12-04 06:19:57 0 days 00:02:18 241887 0 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separ - - [[ special : contributions / 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 | 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 ]] ( [[ user talk : 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 | talk ]] ) 06 : 17 , 4 december 2008 ( utc ) ated separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 year < nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > -
258133599 258134007 2008-12-15 15:47:51 0 days 00:02:16 0|71.130.177.243 1 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated separatedfuccckkkkkkkkkkkk ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened
258134336 258135144 2008-12-15 15:53:35 0 days 00:04:11 0|62.3.105.253 0 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separatedfuccckkkkkkkkkkkk ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened
262762670 263247726 2009-01-10 21:42:09 2 days 06:10:03 5026668 0 steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of
264375116 264375403 2009-01-16 01:26:43 0 days 00:01:47 0|76.202.130.24 0 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated ! ! ! ! ! ! cailtin summer isabella cleboski was here ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened
264375403 264375430 2009-01-16 01:26:54 0 days 00:00:11 3136314 0 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated ! ! ! ! ! ! cailtin summer isabella cleboski was here ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened
267776477 267777243 2009-02-01 05:59:00 0 days 00:06:41 214542 5 . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the long - time longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker
269767784 269853148 2009-02-10 21:25:40 0 days 07:23:39 0|76.118.246.211 4 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9
272811961 272928280 2009-02-24 09:23:02 0 days 11:42:35 0|122.106.253.141 0 barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east longt and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately
272928280 272928638 2009-02-24 09:25:38 0 days 00:02:36 3190204 0 barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longt longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately
277226883 277227209 2009-03-14 18:24:10 0 days 00:02:02 6984319 0 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later calimign caliming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition ,
277228770 277229162 2009-03-14 18:35:02 0 days 00:02:16 6984319 0 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later caliming claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition ,
278131212 278138099 2009-03-18 16:52:35 0 days 00:35:23 6984319 1 | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern europeans moving westward in to west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref name =
278138099 278326099 2009-03-19 13:41:18 0 days 20:48:43 3505251 1 bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the emigrants number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref
278705102 278746206 2009-03-21 15:19:56 0 days 06:04:55 6984319 0 > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref
279058833 279124770 2009-03-23 10:55:07 0 days 09:35:13 3505251 0 > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref
279124770 279160858 2009-03-23 15:09:45 0 days 04:14:38 6984319 0 > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref
279160858 279162751 2009-03-23 15:21:43 0 days 00:11:58 3505251 0 > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref
282235707 282235824 2009-04-07 00:33:42 0 days 00:00:34 0|203.38.204.162 0 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated ellery is gay east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november
282235824 282235865 2009-04-07 00:33:54 0 days 00:00:12 3080493 0 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated ellery is gay east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november
283961086 284228283 2009-04-16 15:48:14 1 days 07:00:13 0|204.185.221.237 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = by by by west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[
284228388 284229554 2009-04-16 15:57:40 0 days 00:08:39 1099776 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . by by by = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[
284527500 284528364 2009-04-18 00:18:32 0 days 00:05:54 0|122.110.183.192 6 starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , scrotum incision east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[
284528364 284529573 2009-04-18 00:27:25 0 days 00:08:53 6984319 5 starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - scrotum incision german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' cock suckers ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned
285004676 285014736 2009-04-20 13:59:36 0 days 01:10:28 0|206.183.139.124 0 are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi nazani germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one
285014736 285016585 2009-04-20 14:12:04 0 days 00:12:28 3505251 0 are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazani nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one
289370073 289417269 2009-05-12 07:29:26 0 days 06:12:49 1143897 1 in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . {{ cn }} as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in
289417269 289461792 2009-05-12 13:40:30 0 days 06:11:04 433328 1 germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . {{ cn fact | date = may 2009 }} as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward
289860859 290338187 2009-05-16 16:23:54 2 days 04:51:35 67136 1 in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . {{ fact | date = may 2009 }} as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 6 as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended , including the soviets ' refusal to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal
7 of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany
13 intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( west . < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " / > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence
14 its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of
23 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into
37 be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or
41 starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[
43 year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 1 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east german ' s had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] , 1989 , the wall stopped most such emigration and separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 54 to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' ; transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' * ' ' ' road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha
323358471 323393153 2009-11-02 01:53:39 0 days 03:22:26 10834630 1 a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian access movement in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref
324422544 324469466 2009-11-07 15:15:06 0 days 07:49:57 0|173.78.68.123 4 bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape and escaped into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated
324735970 324762845 2009-11-09 02:09:24 0 days 02:37:38 10972407 3 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany get drunk and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next
324892029 324899185 2009-11-09 20:08:59 0 days 00:38:36 10909561 2 de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia ,
325038462 325038539 2009-11-10 13:09:01 0 days 00:00:42 10001091 0 berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist authorities , implying that the western countries were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background =
325101666 325109373 2009-11-10 20:21:24 0 days 00:40:22 0|173.78.68.123 2 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border between east and berlin into west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of
325152854 325158877 2009-11-11 01:05:56 0 days 00:38:14 0|72.204.68.174 0 protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were fascist . the fag west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = =
325158877 325158965 2009-11-11 01:06:32 0 days 00:00:36 10934116 0 protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were fascist . the fag west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = =
325185447 325190185 2009-11-11 05:02:52 0 days 00:42:42 0|210.3.39.29 12 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it , from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the
13 barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east it germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death
325364978 325366116 2009-11-12 02:34:13 0 days 00:08:51 0|202.158.12.194 0 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the
325445769 325472365 2009-11-12 18:02:47 0 days 02:47:09 505774 0 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included
328161039 328175183 2009-11-27 08:04:52 0 days 02:29:59 0|117.199.145.237 0 > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police
329391143 329423612 2009-12-03 09:06:23 0 days 04:27:09 6971250 1 : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of
331714109 331722183 2009-12-15 01:19:38 0 days 00:50:20 0|76.174.34.173 1 foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several other border crossings existed poped between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for
331722183 331722212 2009-12-15 01:19:49 0 days 00:00:11 10003852 0 foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several other border crossings poped existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for
339044413 339045107 2010-01-20 22:50:54 0 days 00:03:53 10593201 0 referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling neighboring [[ west berlin were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt
340953570 341040429 2010-01-31 05:50:54 0 days 09:51:06 1372173 0 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category :
342377279 342523707 2010-02-07 18:24:32 0 days 19:12:24 0|76.125.156.121 0 german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " " east germany " has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast
342987356 343216124 2010-02-10 20:39:19 1 days 01:22:07 0|90.196.219.218 0 = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate immigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a
343216124 343221538 2010-02-10 21:10:10 0 days 00:30:51 3308922 0 = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or immigrate emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 35 > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police
343773805 343774672 2010-02-13 17:52:53 0 days 00:04:12 5326371 1 . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees ' leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref
5 name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access still available to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 49 of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]]
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 1 [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes people successfully escaped to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most
347222818 347223391 2010-03-02 02:53:09 0 days 00:03:46 6123337 0 defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 . ]] during the years of the wall , around 5 , 000 people successfully escaped defected to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall , or as a result of the wall ' s existence , has been disputed .
348215111 348460083 2010-03-08 03:32:31 1 days 01:59:40 0|67.168.201.198 0 . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > on december 11 , 1957 east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees ' leaving eastern germany . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end
356959647 357048960 2010-04-19 19:23:06 0 days 08:34:34 0|131.122.46.127 0 built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , came down because michael porcelli was born on april 20 1989 including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip "
357048960 357049269 2010-04-19 19:24:45 0 days 00:01:39 0|131.122.45.212 0 german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , came down because michael porcelli was born on april 20 1989 including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip "
357189889 357297916 2010-04-20 22:55:47 0 days 10:34:21 0|75.164.161.4 0 barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , came down because ( including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip "
359539163 359840875 2010-05-03 13:21:31 1 days 13:24:39 0|165.155.208.82 0 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from ( grace ' s mom ! ) east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the
359840875 359841081 2010-05-03 13:22:51 0 days 00:01:20 0|165.155.208.82 0 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from ( grace ' s mom ! ) east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the
362026715 362031754 2010-05-14 04:36:58 0 days 00:41:39 0|65.100.196.54 1 ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ to prevent citizens from east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included
362031754 362031860 2010-05-14 04:38:14 0 days 00:01:16 0|65.100.196.54 0 concrete barrier built by the ussr , to prevent citizens from east germany escaping into west germany , that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it west germany from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as
362040150 362054246 2010-05-14 08:19:33 0 days 02:26:14 6971250 1 ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the ussr that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it west germany from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as
367781258 367791089 2010-06-13 16:22:48 0 days 01:16:15 0|75.110.208.179 0 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " penis wall " because of all of the man made glory holes in the wall ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{
367791089 367791832 2010-06-13 16:28:21 0 days 00:05:33 764027 0 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 14 restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could from where they travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west
35 there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto
395570081 395570204 2010-11-08 17:03:16 0 days 00:00:42 0|79.75.31.192 1 on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . [[ oxford university press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on december 11 , 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of
395608167 395663125 2010-11-09 02:17:48 0 days 05:35:22 0|77.98.156.194 0 was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighboring neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage . univie . ac .
397878708 398109369 2010-11-21 20:00:14 1 days 04:13:56 653042 1 orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and with west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could
398244809 398275575 2010-11-22 17:08:51 0 days 03:12:44 0|217.86.65.6 1 the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders ( wow that is a vey cool lamb . ) in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and
398275575 398275606 2010-11-22 17:09:04 0 days 00:00:13 13286072 2 the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone ( wow that is a vey cool lamb . ) borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and
403665286 404621084 2010-12-28 11:37:15 6 days 04:15:39 13689206 1 construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering fleeing to west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of
404621084 404623374 2010-12-28 12:03:13 0 days 00:25:58 6971250 0 of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . an east german [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of [[ republikflucht |
404839126 404839294 2010-12-29 17:09:46 0 days 00:01:19 0|24.73.214.82 0 = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war masturbation germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of
404839294 404839330 2010-12-29 17:09:55 0 days 00:00:09 13286072 0 = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - masturbation war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of
409807529 409894092 2011-01-25 02:57:27 0 days 07:58:13 0|99.254.100.33 1 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war fun land germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of
409894092 409905421 2011-01-25 04:13:27 0 days 01:16:00 5204750 1 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii on mars ]] , what remained of fun land pre - war germany west of the [[ b - 0 - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by
417972599 418362137 2011-03-11 22:01:37 2 days 06:12:12 14143658 3 gmbh }} }} < / ref > by 4 november , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via
435294058 435472529 2011-06-21 15:14:46 0 days 23:06:42 9771938 0 berlin defence }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view , from the west berlin side , of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side
439163215 439164131 2011-07-12 22:17:43 0 days 00:06:00 42558 4 of course meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " " east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast ,
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 0 constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east [[ germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : /
444482392 444513279 2011-08-12 21:53:37 0 days 03:06:39 314721 3 to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on 21 august , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 12 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = on august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and
484827186 485297583 2012-04-03 07:36:00 2 days 21:10:00 6971250 2 > an important reason the west berlin border was not closed earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . a new railway around bypassing west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , was started to be built 1951 and when finished in 1961 , it was more practical to close the border .
496565758 498211564 2012-06-18 17:43:49 10 days 09:10:45 131787 0 shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to freedom in west germany on 24 august 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . < ref >
505248510 505389397 2012-08-02 07:46:43 0 days 19:46:28 1473712 0 permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general generally visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued
570854872 573618667 2013-09-19 09:59:56 19 days 13:49:41 18663209 0 [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks in germany ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of in germany ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 32 , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . east berliners and east germans could at first not , travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these
43 to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train which that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] . ) the longtime
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 18 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the german democratic republic ( [[ east germany ]] ) was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but
31 ]] and a high point of the [[ new frontier ]] . it was a great morale boost for west berliners , who lived in an [[ exclave ]] deep inside [[ east germany ]] and feared a possible east german occupation . in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = "
39 government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . = = = 50th anniversary commemoration = = = on 13 august 2011 , germany marked the 50th anniversary of [[ east germany ]] beginning the erection of the berlin wall . chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with president [[ christian wulff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] at
601584324 602473473 2014-04-02 21:12:35 5 days 20:45:18 10794898 0 german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east [[ germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08
1 democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east [[ germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31
633074293 633082368 2014-11-09 12:29:03 0 days 02:03:34 21488686 0 " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 10 = de }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november , when half a million people gathered to demand political change , east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus
30 effective immediately , without delay " . < ref name = " revolution1989 " / > after further questions from journalists , he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards through the wall into west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( 21 october 2009 ) [ http : / / online . wsj .
36 to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] . ) the longtime leader
39 would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus
40 the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november , when half a million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and
642549215 644581471 2015-01-28 17:52:02 13 days 15:00:39 3856999 0 there to return to east germany . this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . only this time , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they uses a did so by train east germany . this was followed by [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations ]] within east germany itself . protest demonstrations spread throughout east germany in september
1 to east germany . this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . only this time , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they uses a train through east germany . this was followed by [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations ]] within east germany itself . protest demonstrations spread throughout east germany in september 1989
693602945 693603737 2015-12-03 17:14:15 0 days 00:05:37 23149456 0 west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the demarcation lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989
693603737 693607098 2015-12-03 17:40:53 0 days 00:26:38 23149456 1 | mi }} around the three western sectors , and the {{ convert | 43 | km | mi }} that divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later , it was built up into the wall proper
694124545 694466316 2015-12-09 12:48:38 2 days 05:54:29 9505858 0 communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period , until prevented . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " '
696790319 699008752 2016-01-09 17:51:08 14 days 18:40:46 6591525 0 traveled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons traveling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the
748208128 748537843 2016-11-08 18:55:46 1 days 18:26:11 274535 0 map en . svg | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ plainlist | * {{ flag | east germany }} < br > [[ file : flag of east berlin ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]]
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 8 ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries ( and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to [[ fascism | fascists ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall
810575212 810709126 2017-11-16 23:24:54 0 days 20:00:20 6554947 1 four other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into the west berlin . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the wall door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on
810990194 811107061 2017-11-19 15:29:48 0 days 18:45:36 6554947 0 democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from virtually all of surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until government officials opened it in november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 |
825804984 825807680 2018-02-15 15:11:19 0 days 00:20:57 5946478 1 general frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated battalions would rotate into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for
854069066 854070499 2018-08-08 19:24:22 0 days 00:12:58 3563616 3 shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four - year - old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal ]] to west germany on 24 august 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . < ref
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102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 6 the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . the wall ' ' ' was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering the american , british or french sectors
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 16 " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up to the fourth generation wall " , begun in 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of
27 opened access points and allowed them through . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was , the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing
1596460 1596496 2003-10-20 16:27:26 0 days 00:10:19 26248 2 considered the date when the wall fell . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the fall of the wall , was the first step to the [[ reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . < div style =
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 21 of people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven
4016799 4016817 2004-06-10 12:41:35 0 days 00:00:49 0|151.188.16.51 0 in [[ 1952 ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = led to azn pryde baby construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]]
4016827 4016839 2004-06-10 12:44:19 0 days 00:01:21 0|151.188.16.51 1 in [[ 1952 ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = led to azn pryde baby construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]]
4067832 4160094 2004-06-13 09:23:06 1 days 00:12:45 47506 6 right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > ]] not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer
4160094 4160113 2004-06-18 18:58:20 5 days 09:35:14 12028 0 [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | the fall of the berlin wall marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
4217580 4226911 2004-06-22 08:54:23 2 days 00:36:09 51336 0 ]] with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guest including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . the
5558538 5637404 2004-08-31 05:30:13 1 days 13:54:09 28107 0 border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls ( [[ ddr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a
5637810 5637884 2004-09-03 21:35:33 0 days 00:03:51 49471 1 surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that it was created to prevent the citizens of east germany , especially the professionally skilled workers , the majority
9 west berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to
5637884 5787721 2004-09-03 21:39:12 0 days 00:03:39 49471 3 after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned , and tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas
7264727 7264768 2004-11-09 17:56:20 0 days 00:13:20 0|217.9.29.249 1 a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where the they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day ,
9112336 9112364 2005-01-05 02:44:12 0 days 00:05:27 0|67.164.50.76 4 , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards
9112487 9156541 2005-01-05 02:49:50 0 days 00:04:52 615 1 berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] monkeys took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee on the wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december 25 ,
2 , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] monkeys took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee on the wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland major crossing points . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 10 on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east german officials claimed that
13 surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection the wall was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east
15 . east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s
21 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right |
22 , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge [[ east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist wall of protection barrier " rather than the western view that the wall was essentially meant to turn the east into a giant prison . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial .
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 12 known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 12 divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an [[ enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 58 it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an enclave in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva and kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . the construction
10478724 10524355 2005-02-21 00:56:44 0 days 02:48:43 114861 0 wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ;
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 9 the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction
15 dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany was widely seen as being closer to the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr
17 germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = { | align = " right " | - | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | - | [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] | } the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
19 restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstadt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered
26 [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb
27 of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 5 majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . = = construction of the wall = = whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . the idea for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for
6 of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . = = construction of the wall = = the idea [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction
12 dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany was widely seen as being closer to the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations . = = how
14 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations . = = how the wall worked = = { | align = " right " | - | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | - | [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] | } = = how the wall worked = = the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel
16 restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstadt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt ]] [[ autobahn ]] . a crossing
21 [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the creation of the wall had important implications for both the germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to
22 the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . = = the fall of the wall = = in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . = = the fall of the wall = = on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] ,
11891869 11896685 2005-04-04 23:02:50 0 days 02:59:21 90610 1 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or
11896685 11902442 2005-04-05 01:20:09 0 days 02:17:19 0|4.239.237.190 2 germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = { | align = " right " | - | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | - | [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] | } the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
3 of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
11902442 12289902 2005-04-05 04:33:38 0 days 03:13:29 28107 2 germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = { | align = " right " | - | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | - | [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] | } the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
3 of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
13526362 13526688 2005-05-10 21:14:05 1 days 04:12:08 0|12.18.80.13 0 the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied alliedddd military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement
13526688 13553729 2005-05-10 21:22:48 0 days 00:08:43 26468 0 the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although alliedddd allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement
14485555 14486009 2005-05-31 11:55:14 3 days 15:09:00 0|206.246.197.250 0 berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation
14486009 14506036 2005-05-31 12:16:48 0 days 00:21:34 26468 0 berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation
14541749 14541815 2005-06-01 19:19:18 0 days 20:46:26 0|66.30.82.215 1 the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east
2 because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 28 - mile barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at
3 germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
4 of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]]
14541815 14704826 2005-06-01 19:21:05 0 days 00:01:47 7891 1 the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - map . construction of the 28 - mile barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning ,
2 whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 28 - mile barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at
3 germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
4 of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]]
14830564 14834006 2005-06-07 04:56:11 0 days 06:28:40 0|81.180.132.3 1 and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
14834006 14943216 2005-06-07 06:53:53 0 days 01:57:42 8780 1 between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
15055113 15059402 2005-06-12 06:08:12 0 days 00:13:20 5016 7 , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 18 = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the
19641332 19932121 2005-07-30 18:00:26 4 days 04:24:02 0|84.166.136.157 0 communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image bild : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] the impetus for the creation of
21258944 21322221 2005-08-18 22:36:07 0 days 20:46:23 0|207.233.67.107 0 erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to
23670283 23800298 2005-09-23 02:17:16 1 days 14:31:34 0|129.15.210.172 1 gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “sometime every wall falls down some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex
23800298 23800360 2005-09-23 02:18:19 0 days 00:01:03 0|129.15.210.172 0 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls down some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin '
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 14 germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to
61 and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up
62 = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 13 separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit
60 had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 km 96 miles long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses
61 communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km 96 miles long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn
24618114 24828196 2005-10-05 18:04:22 2 days 13:19:55 0|24.51.178.10 1 whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for
2 germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up
3 : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200
5 of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
24828196 24828244 2005-10-05 18:05:02 0 days 00:00:40 94806 1 whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for
2 germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up
3 : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200
5 of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
24828279 24828564 2005-10-05 18:10:39 0 days 00:05:08 0|24.51.178.10 2 whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for
4 germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up
5 : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200
7 of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
24828564 24828569 2005-10-05 18:10:52 0 days 00:00:13 94806 2 whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for
4 whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up
5 : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200
7 of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
25233466 25265043 2005-10-11 09:09:45 0 days 09:58:48 223783 0 a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ der tunnel ]] , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley
27602033 27631342 2005-11-07 16:17:07 0 days 08:57:24 0|204.38.129.10 0 a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin & mdash ; by autobahn , to demonstrate allied rights . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship
27850846 27851902 2005-11-09 20:43:14 0 days 00:11:23 140548 1 ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison
27851902 27852065 2005-11-09 20:45:02 0 days 00:01:48 140548 0 portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 19 and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . the streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their
28792067 28792082 2005-11-20 01:04:30 0 days 00:00:18 159620 18 and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . the streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected
30122085 30233828 2005-12-05 16:40:11 1 days 00:11:43 276745 4 ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to
31977221 32072733 2005-12-20 06:48:52 0 days 14:47:13 28107 1 ] * [ http : / / http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin and the wall in the early 80 ' s ] 1980s [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures
32108451 32117880 2005-12-20 16:57:51 0 days 01:28:03 0|216.167.223.130 0 worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down stupid and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip "
32117880 32117997 2005-12-20 16:59:00 0 days 00:01:09 655783 1 border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . the wall was stupid over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and everyone who liked it was stupid = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[
2 east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . the wall was stupid and everyone who liked their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was stupid = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps
35373255 35495895 2006-01-17 03:54:16 0 days 20:31:45 0|208.180.17.49 0 [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on vin diesel ]] knocked down the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more
35495895 35495922 2006-01-17 03:54:31 0 days 00:00:15 130135 0 [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ vin diesel ]] knocked down image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall because he " didn ' t like the way it was looking at him " . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25
36157802 36216587 2006-01-22 13:39:02 0 days 12:07:40 480942 3 and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads the head " . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by
37796162 37796258 2006-02-02 04:38:08 0 days 00:00:46 21887 3 ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the antifaschistischer schutzwall ( anti - fascist protection wall ' ' ' ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the
38772044 38772210 2006-02-08 15:31:51 0 days 00:01:35 92511 1 ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the latest phase of the wall ´ s deveopment , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was
38772210 38772277 2006-02-08 15:32:35 0 days 00:00:44 92511 0 = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s deveopment development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was
40007654 40007809 2006-02-17 13:21:28 0 days 00:01:26 0|142.227.187.189 0 widely seen as being the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and brandon ' s a pig other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px |
40249035 40378504 2006-02-20 03:54:59 0 days 21:59:43 386031 0 : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200
40785084 40814212 2006-02-23 04:37:43 0 days 04:17:05 386031 3 is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = passage = but it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 33 the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded demanding entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued
45 . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing gardually knocked it , section by section . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in
62 " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further
40819190 40854169 2006-02-23 12:53:40 0 days 07:25:34 0|210.146.8.103 0 party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gardually gradually knocked it down . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990
40902989 40903227 2006-02-23 20:05:14 0 days 00:02:00 89179 0 one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = passage official crossing points and escape attempts = = during most the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the
40903298 40903474 2006-02-23 20:07:14 0 days 00:01:23 89179 3 was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = = = remains of the wall = = = = little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter section near [[ potsdamer platz ]]
40904306 40904452 2006-02-23 20:14:54 0 days 00:01:07 89179 0 is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = = official crossings and usage = = during most the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin .
40904452 40904768 2006-02-23 20:17:12 0 days 00:02:18 89179 2 just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = remains of the wall = = = = little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations
3 [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = = = remains of the wall = = = museum = = little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter section near [[ potsdamer
40904768 40905200 2006-02-23 20:20:49 0 days 00:03:37 89179 1 20wall & ct = ] however , its miles of concrete and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a focus of anti - communist reformers between the 1960s and 1990s . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of the [[
2 ct = ] however , its miles of concrete and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall became a focus key symbol of anti - communist reformers between the 1960s and 1990s . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of the [[ soviet union ]]
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 29 celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " eventually all walls fall " ]] on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[
31 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall remembered for those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] .
71 of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the
41710361 41742631 2006-03-01 12:26:13 0 days 06:51:30 0|212.219.250.36 0 is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = = = = official crossings and usage = = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie
41742909 41746791 2006-03-01 13:16:11 0 days 00:46:41 524922 0 is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = = = = official crossings and usage = = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]]
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 16 : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[
44770428 44770612 2006-03-21 05:02:30 0 days 00:01:49 0|68.154.38.227 5 , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier ! = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but
44770612 44770674 2006-03-21 05:02:57 0 days 00:00:27 410083 5 , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier ! = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but
46949495 46980459 2006-04-04 20:49:17 0 days 03:42:44 686868 0 a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were called " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . however , technically the wall remained guarded for some while , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and gradually knocked it down . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] ,
1 celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually knocked it down guards tolerated the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes more and more . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . =
47397931 47528615 2006-04-08 08:27:20 0 days 19:47:08 686868 0 wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were called " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . however the gdr announced to open new border crossings the following weekend , technically the wall remained guarded for some while , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , east german military even tried to repair some
51987616 51996698 2006-05-07 16:20:15 0 days 01:14:54 0|216.49.149.108 0 , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ nva ( national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who
51997271 51997348 2006-05-07 16:25:49 0 days 00:00:42 223113 0 , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , nva ( [[ national people ' s army ) and kda ( combat groups of the working class ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect
51997348 51998094 2006-05-07 16:31:49 0 days 00:06:00 0|216.49.149.108 1 # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall
51998094 51998163 2006-05-07 16:32:31 0 days 00:00:42 223113 0 # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete
53157399 53158185 2006-05-14 15:22:04 0 days 00:06:42 0|202.156.6.54 0 germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = hakki kazanci began the construction of the wall ! ! . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the
53158185 53168999 2006-05-14 16:51:13 0 days 01:29:09 215504 0 germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = hakki kazanci began the construction of the wall . ! ! construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the
53469237 53500500 2006-05-16 13:10:13 0 days 05:20:12 0|204.10.216.173 2 government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means super stupid yo ! it also messed up most of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both
53500500 53500522 2006-05-16 13:10:22 0 days 00:00:09 385115 1 fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . < font size = 36 > < center > basically this wall was super stupid yo ! it also messed up most an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of germay which is also stupid ! = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious
61913575 62970501 2006-07-10 01:30:19 6 days 03:58:22 0|144.134.226.244 0 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
62970664 62972351 2006-07-10 01:45:34 0 days 00:14:02 1008387 0 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
64681432 64682237 2006-07-19 16:07:06 0 days 00:04:50 157842 2 people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = portion of wall at westminster college = = a small portion of the wall can also bee be seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] . westminster college is know for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] (
65188164 65633170 2006-07-24 21:37:45 2 days 11:24:57 0|65.112.106.194 0 in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speach speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret thatcher ]] , amony others . the piece of the wall
70719276 70719583 2006-08-20 06:10:41 0 days 00:03:00 157842 0 came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[
79671529 79693278 2006-10-05 18:34:20 0 days 02:09:44 0|64.251.50.130 0 , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = immigration the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed
79757994 79788367 2006-10-06 04:25:13 0 days 03:33:32 21887 0 , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = immigration the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed
81768427 81865132 2006-10-16 21:32:20 0 days 09:55:34 2496238 4 jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : across the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links
5 / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story face of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{
82212056 82214449 2006-10-18 14:32:16 0 days 00:13:43 21887 0 many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports
82286839 82294966 2006-10-18 21:56:50 0 days 00:43:30 0|208.49.95.12 0 the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had hadd important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however
82294966 82295314 2006-10-18 21:58:40 0 days 00:01:50 0|208.49.95.12 0 the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall hadd had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however
82429985 82453547 2006-10-19 17:14:13 0 days 02:20:43 0|81.99.104.254 1 | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a < s > ' ' [[ clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of
85064024 85132084 2006-11-01 22:40:02 0 days 05:42:40 309674 1 [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( reinstate old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of
2 platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it
86125050 86126158 2006-11-06 21:09:35 0 days 00:04:58 350153 6 inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = =
87780800 87780827 2006-11-14 16:24:25 0 days 00:00:12 0|63.253.45.100 3 is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) .
87780827 87781196 2006-11-14 16:26:39 0 days 00:02:14 572610 0 is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the would cross on flying skateboards to get to freedom = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb |
1 the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the would cross on flying skateboards necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to get to freedom = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the
89219950 89358889 2006-11-22 02:08:27 0 days 13:36:15 0|72.146.48.170 1 nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin crap , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration (
89652535 89680810 2006-11-23 17:51:23 0 days 03:26:13 2829981 0 was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy trivia = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near
89680810 89730172 2006-11-23 23:26:40 0 days 05:35:17 99351 0 was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = trivia legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near
91359911 91362108 2006-12-01 12:08:57 0 days 00:20:31 302522 4 wall : to hinder the people of the socialist east germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengtehened , turning from a usual wall into the a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signalisation , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and perfidious shooting automata , which killed
11 became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only with the impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at the back . the wall meant : that the system , that the communists had built , attracted no - one . it pushed away . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory '
12 human beings can be kept in a communist society only with the impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at the back . the wall meant : system , that which the communists had built , attracted no - one . it pushed away . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter
94446525 94713870 2006-12-16 15:50:39 1 days 11:16:16 984181 0 [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] [[ image : berlinwall madness . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | griffati on the wall ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven |
97680129 97683569 2007-01-01 06:59:32 0 days 00:35:05 386031 0 [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] [[ image : berlinwall madness . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | graffiti on the wall ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven |
98199588 98226397 2007-01-03 18:47:23 0 days 02:19:08 873891 0 right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city altered road and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was
98226397 98227262 2007-01-03 18:51:51 0 days 00:04:28 873891 12 authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . also at a turn in the wall a woman named frau bailey worked was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft )
20 br > [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the
98453918 98470052 2007-01-04 19:21:16 0 days 01:21:18 873891 16 [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[
100252017 100252090 2007-01-12 17:15:38 0 days 00:00:21 0|207.195.51.191 0 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall , and mandy enjoys skateing ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]]
100252090 100259657 2007-01-12 17:54:56 0 days 00:39:18 74123 0 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall , and mandy enjoys skateing ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]]
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 23 is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . jones soda co . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 23 is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . jones soda co . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
104156137 104347998 2007-01-30 16:01:13 0 days 19:49:57 3399845 0 permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over juggernaut from the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]]
104347998 104367345 2007-01-30 17:39:18 0 days 01:38:05 2077184 0 permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by juggernaut from a euphoric public over the x - men , as he rammed through the wall with his head . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb
104454782 104530997 2007-01-31 07:15:15 0 days 07:06:02 0|67.85.38.29 0 ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall and was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter (
104591095 104658046 2007-01-31 20:12:43 0 days 04:51:01 441020 1 ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall and that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections
109201627 109202413 2007-02-19 01:53:52 0 days 00:04:12 0|68.41.174.194 0 both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was proved a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 11 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or
18 challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin , who were already starving to death in a pool of their own [[ feces ]] , but for american - controlled west berlin it was a bit of a downer . america attempted to solve the problem by shouting , swearing and blowing stuff up , but found their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation
19 mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august
29 clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant . it was later identified as the section that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' '
30 became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = =
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 22 what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( ]] " the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall
27 prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant wall dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin , who were already starving to death in a pool of their own [[ feces ]] , but for american - controlled west berlin it was a bit of a downer . america attempted to solve the problem by shouting , swearing and blowing stuff up , but found their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry ' s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to
39 = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section meant that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about
65 was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 11 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or
18 challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin , who were already starving to death in a pool of their own [[ feces ]] , but for american - controlled west berlin it was a bit of a downer . america attempted to solve the problem by shouting , swearing and blowing stuff up , but found their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation
19 mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august
29 clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant . it was later identified as the section that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' '
30 became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = =
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 22 what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( ]] " the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall
27 prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant wall dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin , who were already starving to death in a pool of their own [[ feces ]] , but for american - controlled west berlin it was a bit of a downer . america attempted to solve the problem by shouting , swearing and blowing stuff up , but found their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry ' s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to
39 = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section meant that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about
65 was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 11 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or
18 challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin , who were already starving to death in a pool of their own [[ feces ]] , but for american - controlled west berlin it was a bit of a downer . america attempted to solve the problem by shouting , swearing and blowing stuff up , but found their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation
19 mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august
29 clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant . it was later identified as the section that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' '
30 became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = =
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 22 cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( ]] " the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall
27 prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant wall dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin , who were already starving to death in a pool of their own [[ feces ]] , but for american - controlled west berlin it was a bit of a downer . america attempted to solve the problem by shouting , swearing and blowing stuff up , but found their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry ' s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to
39 = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section meant that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about
56 was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic
113088445 113088743 2007-03-06 16:40:46 0 days 00:02:26 0|206.123.204.226 2 of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 you suck | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last
113088743 113094185 2007-03-06 17:09:02 0 days 00:28:16 441020 3 of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 you suck | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last
113385689 113462887 2007-03-08 01:21:56 0 days 05:35:39 0|134.161.77.27 5 october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if . followed shortly by the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989
114231078 114232094 2007-03-11 04:46:14 0 days 00:06:38 0|192.176.11.14 6 berlin wall . late in the night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first blow of preston ' s sledgehammer or power struck the wall . followed shortly by would stand for a " hundred more years " if the continuous blows between funke and preston ' s hammers , the wall came down and germany was reunited . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px |
114232094 114799754 2007-03-13 14:22:26 2 days 09:36:12 0|199.185.84.10 0 wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[
115708771 115802630 2007-03-17 15:36:20 0 days 12:35:58 0|91.64.129.222 0 would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed chipped away at by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3
115803261 115804646 2007-03-17 15:49:40 0 days 00:09:19 54809 0 would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at destroyed by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for
115804646 115804866 2007-03-17 15:50:50 0 days 00:01:10 54809 0 would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed chipped away at by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3
117050585 117050800 2007-03-22 15:47:00 0 days 00:01:01 0|70.151.77.127 0 erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed
117050800 117051528 2007-03-22 15:50:23 0 days 00:03:23 302522 0 erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed
117078008 117092475 2007-03-22 18:53:59 0 days 01:04:33 0|168.9.22.104 0 erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = after the war hitler hidin my house the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions
117092475 117094380 2007-03-22 19:02:10 0 days 00:08:11 1038313 0 erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = after the war hitler hidin my house the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions
117508444 117516576 2007-03-24 13:39:46 0 days 00:58:39 302522 1 border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was were chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared
10 permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for
121815930 121816065 2007-04-10 23:58:38 0 days 00:00:38 1587622 3 right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : juan stupid . . belin wall sucks . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]]
128043670 128043972 2007-05-03 20:31:17 0 days 00:01:01 0|69.125.136.170 1 october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day feel on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated
128044131 128044281 2007-05-03 20:32:24 0 days 00:00:32 0|69.125.136.170 3 - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . stipud idoits = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
129132550 129200391 2007-05-08 09:53:55 0 days 07:19:12 0|74.104.211.66 0 east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall h were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared the way for
129200391 129201765 2007-05-08 10:05:21 0 days 00:11:26 506179 0 east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall h were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared the way for
129554566 129554675 2007-05-09 16:36:47 0 days 00:00:27 0|204.129.158.10 1 : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . here = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
129631895 129687968 2007-05-10 00:29:29 0 days 03:29:06 0|87.196.210.146 0 position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means mean of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both
129687968 129771459 2007-05-10 08:06:57 0 days 07:37:28 302522 0 position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a mean means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both
130458885 130564003 2007-05-13 16:31:28 0 days 13:32:50 0|12.217.208.120 0 west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration making people eat breakfast and lunch . ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 .
130580466 130631022 2007-05-13 22:03:26 0 days 04:04:04 0|24.15.11.254 0 west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at making people eat breakfast and lunch . decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 .
131539503 131601711 2007-05-17 19:08:06 0 days 05:01:05 0|67.80.211.47 0 the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image cacacacacacacacacacacacacacacimage of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 "
131601711 131603145 2007-05-17 19:14:03 0 days 00:05:57 416811 0 the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( cacacacacacacacacacacacacacacimage 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 "
131840168 131841026 2007-05-18 19:16:02 0 days 00:04:01 0|24.56.168.165 0 erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = . . . ryan tentis has a small penis . . . the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions
131841026 131841083 2007-05-18 19:16:22 0 days 00:00:20 224287 0 erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = . . . ryan tentis has a small penis . . . the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 29 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters
133073625 133074114 2007-05-24 01:27:50 0 days 00:02:33 715870 6 ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used in this context . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961
133074927 133075428 2007-05-24 01:35:04 0 days 00:03:00 715870 0 inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = =
1 this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was
146681751 146909614 2007-07-25 03:10:31 0 days 23:47:33 0|204.52.215.107 0 bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall ' ' en situ ' ' , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer
146909614 146909803 2007-07-25 03:11:36 0 days 00:01:05 0|204.52.215.107 0 bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall ' ' en situ ' ' at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 68 gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and
153394593 153504805 2007-08-25 06:15:36 0 days 12:00:47 621721 1 conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the fall of the wall in 1989 ]] --> protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus !
153595819 153780641 2007-08-26 17:53:06 0 days 22:54:33 0|70.246.156.12 4 torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . everyone thought it was a piece of shit . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups
153783102 153784826 2007-08-26 18:19:24 0 days 00:10:45 1718065 6 the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the wall . everyone thought it was a piece of shit . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups
157861460 157861519 2007-09-14 15:23:47 0 days 00:00:17 0|216.174.135.206 0 and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . [[ link title ]] = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
157863537 157865984 2007-09-14 15:48:40 0 days 00:13:50 302522 3 and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . [[ link title ]] = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
160249046 160281991 2007-09-25 16:59:42 0 days 03:03:10 0|150.135.169.11 3 [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the infamous " shank strip " between josh and bear was horrible bloody and deadthly . [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 47 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht searching wikipedia ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]]
57 ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ c . sizonenko new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title
162838184 162853255 2007-10-07 12:35:47 0 days 02:20:42 0|81.101.130.198 0 | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ lauren west berlin ]] from [[ tony ]] and the rest of [[ tony ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east
163840161 163840479 2007-10-11 17:09:40 0 days 00:01:36 0|65.43.199.13 0 left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original origiinal site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a
163840479 163881129 2007-10-11 20:22:05 0 days 03:12:25 400903 0 left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its origiinal original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 11 the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled in the heads " . but during the november of 1989 , almost everyone was overwhelmed by happiness - a national and emotional exception . the 9th of november was a thursday in 1989 , and i was still at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]]
29 " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned
166163043 166165378 2007-10-21 23:47:46 0 days 00:12:04 605084 14 resulting in widespread chaos . later - much later - normality took hold again . later , the bickering started , and later , there was talk of a " wall in the heads " . but during the november of 1989 , almost everyone was overwhelmed by happiness - a national and emotional exception . the 9th of november was a thursday in 1989 , and i was still being dismantled at school . but on friday , i managed to get a seat on a flight to berlin , and i stayed there for the weekend . i didn ' t
166497056 166497071 2007-10-23 12:34:08 0 days 00:00:06 0|208.108.159.217 0 and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . loserssssss = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
166499429 166499521 2007-10-23 12:51:14 0 days 00:00:38 0|195.110.70.55 0 and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . loserssssss = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
167330269 167330987 2007-10-27 00:51:18 0 days 00:04:40 50001 5 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the wall . | tear down this wall ]] " ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german
167928156 167930832 2007-10-29 21:17:19 0 days 00:11:04 0|156.108.140.131 0 tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military , bill cosby , began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter
167972708 167973779 2007-10-30 00:26:05 0 days 00:04:35 4906799 0 tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by , bill cosby , the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter
168310153 168657217 2007-11-02 03:20:22 1 days 12:20:34 1262389 0 and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . oddly enough , people on the west side of the wall did not toss empty beer bottles and such similar trash over the wall to try to set off boobytraps in the dead mans zone as pranks and games . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
172487319 172497386 2007-11-19 15:37:56 0 days 01:09:20 0|65.87.105.7 0 and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . oddly enough , people on the west side of the wall did not toss empty beer bottles and such similar trash over the wall to try to set off boobytraps in the dead mans zone as pranks and games . {{ fact }} = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
173333858 173353310 2007-11-23 21:37:46 0 days 01:57:04 137113 0 stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[
173361813 173363844 2007-11-23 22:40:54 0 days 00:12:24 137113 0 erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions
173976252 174038726 2007-11-27 01:38:24 0 days 04:25:19 0|68.99.109.136 3 the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important ' ' implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in
174038726 174056095 2007-11-27 03:11:09 0 days 01:32:45 2004568 5 three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the ' ' creation of the wall had important ' ' implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in
175077307 175287228 2007-12-02 16:51:05 1 days 00:13:19 0|99.252.83.148 0 erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = haha on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
175287228 175289114 2007-12-02 17:02:33 0 days 00:11:28 137113 0 erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = haha on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
179441714 179812877 2007-12-23 18:12:04 1 days 22:51:24 0|190.70.124.194 0 the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage problems caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist
180667940 180750297 2007-12-29 05:30:00 0 days 09:05:10 0|71.219.233.192 0 general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik
184758308 184758682 2008-01-16 16:34:31 0 days 00:01:38 0|74.94.86.57 0 / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = funny bones , on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
184758682 184759898 2008-01-16 16:39:18 0 days 00:04:47 4088067 0 / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = funny bones , on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
186825343 186825645 2008-01-25 15:38:27 0 days 00:01:39 6283973 1 charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] ] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2
186825645 186825748 2008-01-25 15:39:05 0 days 00:00:38 6283973 1 charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ [ tear down this wall ]] ] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist |
186825748 186825868 2008-01-25 15:39:42 0 days 00:00:37 6283973 1 checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [ tear down this wall ] ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2
188405306 188405481 2008-02-01 16:55:05 0 days 00:00:50 134937 1 strip " ]] sdsddthe ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating chicken [[ west berlin ]] from [[ beef ] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder
188831750 189293337 2008-02-05 17:22:49 2 days 00:13:36 0|190.40.211.238 22 the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east
190525831 190526102 2008-02-11 02:23:39 0 days 00:01:31 0|24.91.51.85 0 a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ whats up cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the berlin walll was really a stupid idea germany ) )
196612887 196838468 2008-03-08 19:57:53 0 days 22:53:39 6483803 0 international notoriety , 1962 . ]] early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved was fortified . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west
197073715 197075558 2008-03-09 20:51:04 0 days 00:08:24 0|98.17.134.249 22 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 17 in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged the east germans to " tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or
197716228 197723011 2008-03-12 14:33:43 0 days 00:38:28 3505251 0 germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = proposed barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin '
197723532 197732281 2008-03-12 15:22:03 0 days 00:45:35 3505251 6 position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . however , to describe the wall as simply
197765151 197766061 2008-03-12 18:07:59 0 days 00:04:21 0|65.87.105.7 1 , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht ]] , stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall
198984976 198994478 2008-03-18 01:49:15 0 days 01:49:34 0|63.174.41.113 0 ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall more then 400 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000 germans crossed , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was
199087135 199097590 2008-03-18 15:10:52 0 days 00:51:54 3505251 0 ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall more then germans crossed , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was
214991201 215551281 2008-05-28 18:27:39 2 days 12:19:20 355538 9 were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided proper , the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working
221970072 223245034 2008-07-03 06:09:59 6 days 07:29:21 3622922 2 ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border
3 to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at physically torn apart in the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[
228709022 229166509 2008-08-01 04:21:54 2 days 04:18:13 89777 1 in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops .
238394911 238395802 2008-09-14 17:25:20 0 days 00:05:05 0|75.81.195.4 2 döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , your mom and i snuck out the do the dirty , the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin
238395802 238395861 2008-09-14 17:25:38 0 days 00:00:18 5549726 2 döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , your mom and i snuck out the do the dirty , the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 67 döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 34 , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]]
240240944 240242156 2008-09-22 15:58:49 0 days 00:07:42 736477 3 the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = territory = = out of citizen territory of [[ berlin ]] , the wall passed around the limits of also separated 14 municipalities of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , bordering with [[ west berlin ]] . here is reported the list of bordering municipalities , subdivided for district
241809073 241809182 2008-09-29 17:16:58 0 days 00:00:27 5549726 2 , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref the berlin wall is a wall that kept me the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from your mom an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 63 , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . if . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and
106 , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 63 , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . if . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and
106 , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall
248618478 248619037 2008-10-30 14:29:35 0 days 00:03:40 0|217.42.107.75 2 away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the great wall of china paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 34 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945
256070488 256154730 2008-12-06 01:40:12 0 days 08:28:17 0|68.164.228.214 1 [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over more than 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further
27 it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went evolved through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # '
28 - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases versions : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 '
256154730 256157274 2008-12-06 02:00:28 0 days 00:20:16 911178 0 karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 kilometers ( 96 miles ) long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some 91 meters ( 100 yards ) farther in east german territory was
257291690 257299643 2008-12-11 16:51:58 0 days 00:45:33 352579 14 - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 15 , 000 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into ' ' ' west berlin ' ' ' , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 20 , 000 people were killed trying to flee
262136422 262136515 2009-01-05 18:46:36 0 days 00:00:33 1064243 2 {st@rt} the berlin wall was the biggest wall ever built . it stretched from hamas to south china jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , then to italy but it stopped in ireland for some alcoholic beverages . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than
264171111 264173997 2009-01-15 02:17:34 0 days 00:17:04 0|67.184.63.75 0 [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] . " . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
266478122 266480479 2009-01-26 07:26:56 0 days 00:20:28 119438 2 " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof ]] in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[
267068810 267088797 2009-01-29 00:28:28 0 days 01:43:51 0|67.177.48.176 0 mega - concert celebrating the event , at which [[ roger waters ]] of [[ pink floyd ]] performed selections from the album , " [[ the wall ]] " . * it is rumored that stunt cyclist [[ evel knievel ]] proposed a stunt cycle jump over the berlin wall , but changed his mind when it was suggested that he would be shot down in midair by soldiers . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octopussy ]] . * television talk show
267773611 267775034 2009-02-01 05:39:44 0 days 00:12:12 214542 4 . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' '
267777243 267777804 2009-02-01 06:03:25 0 days 00:04:25 214542 1 of a mega - concert celebrating the event , at which [[ roger waters ]] of [[ pink floyd ]] performed selections from the album , " [[ the wall ]] " ' ' . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octopussy ]] . * television talk
269234850 269655083 2009-02-09 23:54:08 1 days 22:58:44 0|72.144.60.91 1 ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist very big protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe
269767784 269853148 2009-02-10 21:25:40 0 days 07:23:39 0|76.118.246.211 0 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin the republic of dave ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the
269853148 269853251 2009-02-10 21:26:08 0 days 00:00:28 0|76.118.246.211 0 yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ the republic of dave ]] from the russian communist headquarters ( in berlin ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner
269853251 269858109 2009-02-10 21:45:42 0 days 00:19:34 5047767 0 yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating the republic of dave [[ west berlin ]] from the russian communist headquarters ( in berlin ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the
279717613 279717789 2009-03-26 01:54:23 0 days 00:01:16 6984319 0 | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} an seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the
281352956 281436189 2009-04-03 03:59:52 0 days 08:04:14 0|71.163.159.52 0 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} an seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the
282254554 282598973 2009-04-08 18:13:01 1 days 15:44:39 0|72.141.255.158 0 the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} an a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th
289779382 289779432 2009-05-14 00:08:09 0 days 00:00:22 1233313 1 be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg
289779598 289779731 2009-05-14 00:10:13 0 days 00:00:53 1233313 3 , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost )
5 the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly
7 ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by
290338187 290358741 2009-05-16 18:33:13 0 days 02:09:19 6984319 0 shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the [[ berlin wall ]] in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on
298845873 298939014 2009-06-27 14:00:54 0 days 14:17:19 1439530 1 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the
299164112 299165691 2009-06-28 19:04:01 0 days 00:10:50 0|75.2.134.42 3 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows
5 in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed
300057708 300312703 2009-07-04 23:02:58 1 days 08:14:41 0|86.163.75.210 3 caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' '
300312703 300317419 2009-07-04 23:35:29 0 days 00:32:31 911178 3 caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' '
304771896 304807664 2009-07-29 03:46:57 0 days 04:27:09 6984319 0 in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between
304813680 305113230 2009-07-30 17:36:15 1 days 13:06:13 0|155.188.247.7 1 wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] david hasselhoff ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier
305113230 305113464 2009-07-30 17:37:36 0 days 00:01:21 6803532 1 wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was david hasselhoff [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , hasselhoff challenged soviet premier
305130153 305728347 2009-08-03 00:58:10 3 days 05:42:38 0|67.163.100.198 1 | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan harry truman ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet
305728482 305747833 2009-08-03 03:24:25 0 days 02:25:00 0|71.60.203.1 0 | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ harry s . truman ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , truman challenged soviet
306953410 306954476 2009-08-09 10:28:44 0 days 00:09:41 72905 0 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later to be known as the " death strip containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people
311192075 311278175 2009-09-01 14:03:37 0 days 12:33:20 6971250 2 / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous iron curtain speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of were ground up as the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university
3 of the famous iron curtain speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece
313129853 313154666 2009-09-11 08:28:09 0 days 04:25:20 6971250 0 wall was fortified . to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their its windows boarded up ( the authorities would later brick up windows ) . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to
313610213 313669540 2009-09-13 22:22:26 0 days 04:23:37 0|65.188.151.195 1 / ref > }} = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 1988 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria ,
3 caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' '
313669540 313670259 2009-09-13 22:26:13 0 days 00:03:47 142444 1 / ref > }} = = the fall , 1988 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1988 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , 1988 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria ,
3 caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' '
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 143 celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including which included the final movement of [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' '
169 festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center centre and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto "
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 2 {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , which included the final movement of including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , ' ' an die freude ' ' ( "
21 festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city centre center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto "
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 30 ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 3 http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments
324105954 324119733 2009-11-05 18:01:53 0 days 01:22:11 0|12.165.250.13 0 by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while
10 [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev
324158162 324158226 2009-11-05 21:48:34 0 days 00:00:19 1675595 1 {st@rt} stuppid wall full of shit graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders
324361293 324361439 2009-11-06 22:47:14 0 days 00:00:58 0|38.107.109.130 0 = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = owqstzgkbiy ] how the wall worked . ] 3d virtual realization * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ]
324838927 324838954 2009-11-09 13:55:51 0 days 00:00:14 0|213.64.19.23 1 mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html deutsche welle , the berlin wall in detail , animeted animated video ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on
324843477 324844080 2009-11-09 14:36:35 0 days 00:05:26 6971250 0 which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the
324851832 324852165 2009-11-09 15:31:23 0 days 00:02:15 6971250 2 ref > the european music awards , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed on at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining
324962097 324962711 2009-11-10 01:50:50 0 days 00:03:42 1723027 3 german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign is was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and students at over 20 universities will participate in " freedom without walls " events
4 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise " – journey of the wall takes took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks are being sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where
5 , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise " – journey of the wall takes place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks are being were sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in
325048424 325048650 2009-11-10 14:22:47 0 days 00:01:33 3308922 1 west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s big erection over the female wall ha ha , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into
325218548 325218944 2009-11-11 09:54:29 0 days 00:05:02 6971250 6 corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others
8 german production , 2006 , link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off
330704150 330959486 2009-12-10 22:37:11 1 days 03:59:53 0|142.29.101.33 0 plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall after i raped it with my footcock at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of
330959486 330959637 2009-12-10 22:37:49 0 days 00:00:38 7821268 0 plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall after i raped it with my footcock at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of
338404595 338517464 2010-01-18 07:45:03 0 days 12:54:09 6971250 0 nationale volksarmee ]] on april 1963 . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . she he was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards , but a west german policeman returned fire and rescued him from the vehicle , which became entangled in the barbed wire
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 5 and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters parts of the wall ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 39 ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 2 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall , or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum
3 around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence , has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder ,
13 line , but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied , and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border
343784334 343784856 2010-02-13 18:48:35 0 days 00:03:09 5326371 0 / 2193355 / story . html < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students
5 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise " – journey of the wall ) took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks were sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where
7 tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . [[ palestinians in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , west bank pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] , in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of
8 hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . palestinians ]] in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , west bank pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] , in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of the
343784856 343787074 2010-02-13 18:58:31 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 6 of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service
10 = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated , however that only about a tenth of the population was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences
11 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated however , that only about a tenth of the population was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are
346183823 346309252 2010-02-25 15:48:21 0 days 16:39:59 150129 1 identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people
2 checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . starting that evening , and . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks
346309531 346312588 2010-02-25 16:08:16 0 days 00:18:19 6971250 0 the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers or otherwise hammers and chisels to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers )
347222818 347223391 2010-03-02 02:53:09 0 days 00:03:46 6123337 3 - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they westerners could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in
353501999 353624591 2010-04-02 22:18:41 0 days 15:54:29 0|99.140.180.150 0 the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , steps , and floors . which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]]
353624591 353630554 2010-04-02 23:02:46 0 days 00:44:05 262550 0 the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , steps , and floors . which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]]
361169935 361170062 2010-05-09 23:35:33 0 days 00:01:00 0|91.46.248.24 0 | raffia wall remembering to berlin wall at a snack bar on stuttgart spring festival 2010 ]] a snack bar on stuttgart spring festival 2010 used as fence a wall of raria raffia , remembering to berlin wall . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse
363922912 364011539 2010-05-24 22:54:04 0 days 09:03:26 591174 8 . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped prevented almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday ,
366083032 366099790 2010-06-04 23:09:49 0 days 01:59:54 0|93.220.100.2 1 elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed circumscized a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and
3 west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments who later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on
366099790 366102397 2010-06-04 23:28:49 0 days 00:19:00 262550 1 [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from two area codes . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscized circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and
3 wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , the who chipped away parts of the wall ; the who governments later used industrial guitars to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on
375939454 376102866 2010-07-29 15:22:43 0 days 22:13:10 12757693 0 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds
379192505 379212179 2010-08-16 12:59:13 0 days 02:54:24 0|80.254.147.156 1 built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later it was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] (
386987387 387039407 2010-09-26 01:09:06 0 days 05:47:45 2991287 1 tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * * " the boy and the wall " ' ' spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . com ] <
3 * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 - dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by r . s . [[ roland suso richter * some novels specifically about the berlin wall : * * [[ john le carré ]] , ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ]] '
389131965 389132726 2010-10-06 17:04:20 0 days 00:04:42 0|204.81.225.153 2 a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with
389132750 389329152 2010-10-07 14:59:01 0 days 21:54:30 0|141.43.69.1 1 [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall was demolished in 1990 - 1991 , many remnants and traces can be found all around west berlin . the border wall facing towards west - berlin is preserved in three locations : at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of
2 checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site [ bernauer straße ]] north of the city centre , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost
8 of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 14 near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > although most of the wall was demolished in 1990 - 1991 , many remnants and traces can be found all around west berlin . the border wall facing towards west - berlin is preserved in three locations : at [ bernauer straße ]] north of the city centre , in the context of a designed landscape of memory being created since 2009 ; an 80 - metre ( 263
17 [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; and a third section in liesenstraße . a long stretch of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin
398353025 398385508 2010-11-23 04:49:31 0 days 03:36:19 0|188.220.233.153 0 their work and expression was destroyed , the two men did not care . in fact they were over joyed to see the fall of the hideous , boring wall . {{ citation needed }} = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by
399053190 399263461 2010-11-28 03:49:19 1 days 02:48:10 0|65.10.168.8 0 by theirry noir ) the paints they used would eat away at the wall . the men also screwed in a basin , urinal , and shoes into the wall . of of these things they did to the wall proved that the wall was destructible and could not remain for ever . = = = influence = = = [ http :
400152873 400183850 2010-12-02 20:01:38 0 days 02:55:53 0|207.177.214.199 2 to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall back up ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this
400183850 400217192 2010-12-02 23:10:07 0 days 03:08:29 3308922 2 person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . kuzmanov , put the wall back up ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this
400552075 400658430 2010-12-05 12:28:18 0 days 15:06:17 11119670 0 complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http
401679143 401702145 2010-12-11 00:44:02 0 days 02:56:40 0|75.3.1.224 2 to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! back up - sn0w " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall
401702145 401710678 2010-12-11 01:55:35 0 days 01:11:33 5177550 2 person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . kuzmanov , put the wall back up - sn0w ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall
411812580 411997999 2011-02-04 16:42:23 0 days 23:14:31 0|70.60.134.66 0 [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = * * ' ' a new muli - player map in [ call of duty : black ops ] is named and made after the berlin wall * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special
411997999 411998374 2011-02-04 16:45:00 0 days 00:02:37 732608 0 [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = * * ' ' a new muli - player map in [ call of duty : black ops ] is named and made after the berlin wall * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special
411998374 411998401 2011-02-04 16:45:09 0 days 00:00:09 0|70.60.134.66 0 [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = * a new muli - player map in ' ' [[ call of duty : black ops ]] ' ' is named and made after the berlin wall * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special
411998401 411998597 2011-02-04 16:46:19 0 days 00:01:10 1798612 0 [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = * a new muli - player map in ' ' [[ call of duty : black ops ]] ' ' is named and made after the berlin wall * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special
423139570 423927215 2011-04-13 21:33:51 4 days 14:30:42 257873 0 to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall
423927215 423927349 2011-04-13 21:34:39 0 days 00:00:48 257873 0 to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 20 charlie stand - off | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = * some films specifically
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 151 * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube ]] * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 14 immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall and at the six checkpoints between east and west , demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their
446494769 446625722 2011-08-25 09:16:56 0 days 18:38:38 156106 0 on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a 50 or 100 more years < ref > {{ cite web | title = sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa
446625722 448621897 2011-09-05 18:48:00 11 days 09:31:04 723354 0 elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall also served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii
452185719 453915570 2011-10-04 15:32:13 10 days 02:59:14 9135213 0 from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice , the wall also served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii
463351419 463995141 2011-12-04 09:44:14 3 days 13:23:45 6331042 2 . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald
465859664 466218868 2011-12-16 21:24:32 2 days 02:49:22 8436524 0 }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; days before they began to tear it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at the [[
466218868 466656797 2011-12-19 08:25:36 2 days 11:01:04 6971250 0 foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , in the days before they began to tear it down . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]]
2 / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , days before they began to tear it down . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[
477490937 477491005 2012-02-18 06:09:38 0 days 00:00:41 11922695 0 / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . the chinese government quickly shut down access to the twitter wall it after masses of chinese users began using it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . rsf . org
503485036 504102528 2012-07-25 12:13:15 3 days 15:45:07 2300502 0 of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall ]] . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and
505558329 506362125 2012-08-08 08:38:19 4 days 22:07:23 9013713 0 = = [[ file : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : " [[ tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] {{ listen . ogv | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at
514816402 515867543 2012-10-03 22:20:21 6 days 06:52:08 609725 4 mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall distance length : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi | abbr
529724987 531002642 2013-01-03 00:01:58 8 days 08:25:09 38455 1 * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special
549885004 551472710 2013-04-21 15:51:53 9 days 21:23:52 1108424 0 . jpg | caption = view from the west berlin side of [[ berlin wall graffiti art | graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the [[ luisenstadt canal ]] ( filled in 1932 ) . | image
568939424 569120812 2013-08-18 19:36:42 1 days 04:36:40 59005 0 unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was marked the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file
1 [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first critical step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin
575021955 575031930 2013-09-29 18:28:06 0 days 01:27:14 1108424 1 of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] and a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area . photo by george garrigues ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 26 pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no nor [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak
580930170 580957593 2013-11-09 22:18:25 0 days 03:47:52 400707 0 publisher = german world | date = 13 august 2011 | accessdate = 13 august 2011 }} < / ref > = = media relating to the wall = = * some documentary films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film
590964946 593520854 2014-02-02 02:00:13 16 days 12:22:38 14347385 1 germans and the soviets had only divided berlin without taking any action against west berlin ' s access to the west . however he denounced the berlin wall , whose erection worsend worsened the relations between the united states and the soviet union . < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " > {{ cite web | title = berlin crisis after dividing berlin ,
610979419 613835077 2014-06-21 17:55:33 20 days 21:06:01 15420856 2 weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the physical wall itself was primarily destroyed in 1990 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . =
613835077 615294848 2014-07-02 13:43:53 10 days 19:48:20 7669583 7 " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] atop the wall . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / uk _ news / magazine / 3465301 . stm | title = did david hasselhoff really help end the cold war ? | work = bbc news | date = 2004 - 02 - 06 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de /
631869000 631992977 2014-11-01 09:37:20 0 days 23:37:50 18865486 1 weeks , euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the physical wall was primarily destroyed itself began in 1990 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background =
631993537 632215818 2014-11-03 00:37:18 1 days 14:51:48 18865486 0 ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed between 1961 and 1990 < constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin
3 souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the destruction of the wall itself began in [[ 1989 . summer 1990 ]] and lasted until 1992 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary
632625944 632819951 2014-11-07 12:27:32 1 days 12:22:45 687585 0 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers or otherwise hammers and chisels various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers )
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 7 / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] website for the state capital of berlin ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall – official homepage * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index .
30 / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 5 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with woodpeckers ) using various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall
7 various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / topics
17 brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old ancient roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new
19 cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the wall officially remained guarded for some time after 9 november , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the
22 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on 13 june 1990 , the
32 , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new
35 evening of 9 november and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after 9 november , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually
633183384 633189879 2014-11-10 04:55:00 0 days 01:15:20 1833 6 area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended , completing the job in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west
635851215 636736384 2014-12-05 09:55:06 6 days 06:44:14 18865486 0 ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed divided berlin from 1961 through 1989 , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com /
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 32 open . " < ref name = revolution1989 / > < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall and , at the six checkpoints between east and west , demanding that border guards immediately open the gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed
650206237 650207536 2015-03-06 22:07:12 0 days 00:09:31 24044265 0 ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . in his book ' ' ' ' ' empires and walls ' ' ' ' ' , chaichian ( 2014 : chapters 4 - 5 ) provides a comprehensive historical background to the events that led to the walls ' construction , as well as a detailed account of its architecture and design . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall (
650210446 650219949 2015-03-06 23:43:55 0 days 01:14:21 84417 0 ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . in his book ' ' ' ' ' empires and walls ' ' ' ' ' , chaichian ( 2014 : chapters 4 - 5 ) provides a comprehensive historical background to the events that led to the walls ' construction , as well as a detailed account of its architecture and design . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall (
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 25 . jpg | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 file : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall . file : destruction of the wall ( using magnetised iron _ filings and particles from the berlin wall ) . jpg | sandpainting of the destruction of the wall by brian
660351082 661693734 2015-05-10 13:03:06 8 days 11:12:57 12634201 0 publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall - bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert
664678445 665650877 2015-06-05 18:14:52 6 days 10:44:50 2901026 4 for west berliners , who lived in an [[ exclave ]] deep inside east germany and feared a possible east german occupation . in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news
699406529 699409408 2016-01-12 03:57:00 0 days 00:27:33 111277 1 | publisher = german foreign office | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall – bruce springsteen visit , 1988 = = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played a live concert in
699437997 699450456 2016-01-12 11:34:51 0 days 02:17:59 111277 0 earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin , played a concert close to the wall . this was attended by thousands of eastern concertgoers across the wall , < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . vox . com / 2016 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | website = vox | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 11 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last = fisher | first = max }} < / ref > followed by violent rioting in east berlin . according to tobias ruther , these protests in east berlin were the first in the sequence of riots that led to those of
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 1 - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = [[ chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic
14 | url = http : / / www . vox . com / 2016 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | work = [[ vox ( website = vox | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of
18 | url = http : / / www . theweek . co . uk / 25027 / did - bowie - bring - down - berlin - wall | publisher = [[ the week | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 15 december 2008 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | title = germany : thank
702892130 702892497 2016-02-02 06:58:20 0 days 00:04:04 13816079 4 berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so as to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall ]] . [[ history ( u . s .
733515231 734284492 2016-08-13 08:26:57 4 days 22:04:07 80913 14 / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] - a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the
752045266 760657011 2017-01-18 08:28:16 50 days 03:00:30 29937011 1 interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | german ]] , berlin mauer ) was a barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : /
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 7 [[ sharemap : public / west and east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( in [[ separation barrier | german ]] , berlin mauer ) was a barrier that divided [[ east germany | germany ]] and separated [[ east berlin ]] < nowiki / > from [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 5 in a wooded area to the north of east berlin . there {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . {{ fact }} at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august , the border with west berlin
774997638 774997751 2017-04-12 00:08:06 0 days 00:01:12 204692 0 . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . in late november 1989 . file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | a crane removes a section of the wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21
774997751 774997908 2017-04-12 00:09:36 0 days 00:01:30 204692 1 21 / entertainment / ca - 413 _ 1 _ berlin - wall | title = crosby , stills and nash sound a positive note at berlin wall | work = la los angeles times | date = 1989 - 11 - 21 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]]
774997908 774999975 2017-04-12 00:29:40 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 4 wooded area to the north of east berlin . there {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august , the border with west
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 22 reagan presidential foundation | deadurl = no | df = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = hungary effectively disabled in june 1989 the hungarian government began dismantling the barbed - wire fence along its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref
781720399 781994310 2017-05-24 10:32:44 1 days 13:37:04 4082870 0 , and [[ bernauer straße ]] . crowds gathered on both sides of the historic crossings waiting for hours to cheer the bulldozers that tore down portions of the wall to reinstate ancient reconnect the divided roads . while the wall officially remained guarded at a decreasing intensity , new border crossings continued for some time , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . initially
783600048 783600846 2017-06-03 11:56:09 0 days 00:08:12 31190988 0 ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . about 45 . 1 kilometres of the wall are at the centre strips of berlin , and 112 . 7 kilometres crossing through the berlin outer circle . 63 . 8 km of the frontier were in built , 32 km in wooded and 22 . 65 km in open terrain and 37 . 95 km of the boundary lay in or on rivers , lakes and canals . most of them were dismantled beginning with the wall peckers as souvenirs from 11 november 1989 , then dismantling the metal mesh fence along the death strip all the way until 22 december 1989 . observation towers began to be dismantled all the way till april 1990 . dismantling of the wall is shown at the below mentioned section ( [[ berlin wall # demolition | demolition ]] . some of them were sold for scrap including the anti - tank wall , normal walls were sent to storage area in the southern part of germany till it was auctioned and collected ( [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] ) . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} * wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) *
791152467 791624973 2017-07-21 12:53:48 2 days 23:28:39 38496 0 = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = concerts by western artists and growing anti - wall sentiment = = < center > {{ cquote | text = ' ' every stone bears witness to the moral bankruptcy of the society it encloses ' ' }} < small > — margaret thatcher commenting about the wall , west berlin , 1982 < ref > [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / 1982 / 10 / 30 / world / mrs - thatcher - visits - the - berlin - wall . html mrs . thatcher visits the berlin wall ] , ' ' [[ the new york times ]] ' ' , october 30 , 1982 < / ref > < / small > < / center > = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 14 nail / mauer . htm | first = norbert | last = nail | title = meine mauer – deutsche bilder aus der vergangenheit | trans - title = my wall - german pictures from the past | language = de | publisher = [[ university of marburg ]] }} {{ berlin wall }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }}
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 3 ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the [[ eastern bloc ]] claimed that the wall was erected to protect as protecting its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice ,
803403568 806256977 2017-10-20 19:49:09 18 days 10:02:36 26248 0 flash video | video ]] ) | work = multimedia }} * [ https : / / www . openstreetmap . org / relation / 6651797 berlin wall on openstreetmap ] ( zoomable and scrollable ) * other resources : * * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany /
809974101 809997471 2017-11-12 20:33:02 0 days 02:43:53 6554947 3 border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and sidewalks not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > https :
810072027 810126141 2017-11-13 13:53:41 0 days 08:16:58 6554947 0 ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > as was the case with the inner german border , a strip of gdr territory was left outside the wall , but . unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders
3 meters wide . the strip was used by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it .
4 wide . the strip was used by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall . again , in contrast to the inner german border , little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . <
810127095 810174887 2017-11-13 19:23:40 0 days 05:21:42 6554947 3 was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . again , in contrast to the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets
810222160 810225119 2017-11-14 01:14:33 0 days 00:20:34 6554947 1 german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall and was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / /
810311833 810314862 2017-11-14 14:34:29 0 days 00:28:01 6554947 0 generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and was later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer edge of the strip . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com
810314862 810320431 2017-11-14 15:18:54 0 days 00:44:25 6554947 2 publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > the strip was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall the intra - german border 1961 - 89 | first = gordon l and was accessed from east germany by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books .
4 workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed from east germany by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg = pt61 & dq = berlin + wall + outside + maintenance & source = bl & ots = e1vx - kbsf4 & sig = vzusis2injtqnywsqt9wjcxjdf0 & hl = en & sa = x & ved = 0ahukewjsvstlxbnxahvtzgmkhuuiclyq6aeitdaj # v = onepage & q = berlin + wall + outside + maintenance & f = false | title = the berlin wall and the intra - german border 1961 - 89 | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was
810320431 810341648 2017-11-14 17:57:15 0 days 02:38:21 6554947 1 s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into west berlin . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the wall door into the death strip , and was later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer edge of the strip . < ref > https : / / www . upi
2 generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and was later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer edge of the strip . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com
810990194 811107061 2017-11-19 15:29:48 0 days 18:45:36 6554947 1 subscription = yes }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until government officials opened it in november 1989 .
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 9 in a wooded area to the north of east berlin . there {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august , the border with west berlin
825833265 825837217 2018-02-15 18:34:55 0 days 00:25:53 5946478 0 | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ' ' ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) . " it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . {{ citation
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 56 allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = " sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 -
63 from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 & nbsp ; km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . various military units dismantled the berlin
837089893 837372486 2018-04-20 12:27:41 1 days 19:19:05 27577674 0 ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . about 45 . 1 kilometres of the wall are at the centre strips of berlin , and 112 . 7 kilometres crossing through the berlin outer circle . 63 . 8 & nbsp ; km of the frontier were in built , 32 & nbsp ; km in wooded and 22 . 65 & nbsp ; km in open terrain and 37 . 95 & nbsp ; km of the boundary lay in or on rivers , lakes and canals . most of them were dismantled beginning with the wall peckers as souvenirs from 11 november 1989 , then dismantling the metal mesh fence along the death strip all the way until 22 december 1989 . observation towers began to be dismantled all the way till april 1990 . dismantling of the wall is shown at the below mentioned section ( [[ berlin wall # demolition | demolition ]] . some of them were sold for scrap including the anti - tank wall , normal walls were sent to storage area in the southern part of germany till it was auctioned and collected ( [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] ) . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : < ref name = " thoughtco . com " > https : / / www . thoughtco . com
843144692 843537822 2018-05-29 19:55:32 2 days 14:29:27 30675059 0 of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > {{ citation | last = levine | first = marilyn | title = something to do with the wall | http : / / rossmcelwee . com / somethingtodowiththewall . html | title = something to do with the wall | date = 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title
845242425 845346007 2018-06-11 05:24:11 0 days 16:38:45 508734 7 2057 - 0 }} . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = = how khrushchev – kennedy relations affected the construction of the wall = = = < p > in april 1961 , khrushchev gained an impression that kennedy ' ' is not very smart ' ' when he saw washington supporting the failed invasion of cuba by anti -
848432637 848888136 2018-07-05 01:44:51 3 days 04:12:56 32396418 0 2057 - 0 }} . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = = how khrushchev – kennedy relations affected the construction of the wall = = = {{ confusing }} in april 1961 , khrushchev gained an impression that kennedy ' ' is not very smart ' ' when he saw washington supporting the failed invasion of cuba by anti -
854964841 854965000 2018-08-15 00:20:32 0 days 00:01:47 5839510 0 {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) . " it was the first time the colloquial term {{ lang | de | mauer }} ( wall ) had been used in this context " . < ref > {{ cite
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102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 4 , treptow , and weissensee . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted , ; the border between east and west germany was closed in 1952 and the attractiveness of the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 .
732530 732537 2003-03-08 21:13:53 0 days 02:40:23 4388 13 towers , and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners , at friedrichstrasse ; the western powers opened two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the country border and dreilinden in berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) . during the wall '
774894 794829 2003-03-25 12:08:24 0 days 15:45:48 0|62.253.64.7 3 , at friedrichstrasse ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at helmstedt on the border between east - germany and the main part of west - germany and dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and [[ checkpoint charlie | charlie ]] (
2661588 2729115 2004-03-07 04:57:41 12 days 12:44:58 49486 1 into an island in the eastern territories . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . it was clear from the beginning that this justification served as a cover for the fact that created to prevent the citizens of east germany had to be prevented from entering west berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest
5203633 5222965 2004-08-14 16:36:40 0 days 02:41:31 12741 1 and [[ 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard conrad schumann ]] leaps to the west over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] ,
7053303 7075809 2004-11-02 10:04:22 0 days 14:07:00 0|62.214.27.246 4 orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px | left | the
7369764 7466688 2004-11-12 05:56:03 2 days 07:30:17 6661 0 berlin . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps to the into [[ west over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]]
7466728 7503798 2004-11-14 23:26:34 0 days 00:00:41 0|69.47.128.99 0 connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for a new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] not much is
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 27 . east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen
9614078 9649252 2005-01-24 13:17:26 0 days 03:28:40 55217 1 later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island [[ enclave ]] in the eastern territories . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 10 was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an [[ enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood
22 the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = < table align = right > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin wall
10941618 11082921 2005-03-09 00:51:33 2 days 12:58:15 137113 0 fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to avoid dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall ,
11181817 11639377 2005-03-16 02:13:46 0 days 01:47:10 124371 1 impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an [[ enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 14 s creation was due partly to political expediency but largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . a few months after the barbed wire went up , the us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 11 implicit acceptance of the wall ' s creation was largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . a few months after the barbed wire went up , the us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed
11751790 11755198 2005-04-01 06:49:00 0 days 02:23:56 137616 0 ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that one quarter 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www
12585093 12587037 2005-04-20 22:44:28 1 days 22:40:22 0|208.38.64.76 0 german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding ding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the
12587037 12671729 2005-04-20 23:29:42 0 days 00:45:14 8780 0 german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the ding surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the
13195082 13195297 2005-05-03 22:51:59 3 days 05:20:56 0|129.67.43.240 1 fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on
13207767 13207835 2005-05-04 04:55:42 0 days 01:03:36 0|129.67.43.240 6 went up , the us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . but it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell , after all the efforts of the [[ berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . so it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 - 9 ) and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at templehof airport on the afternoon of saturday 19 august . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers containing 1500 men , divided into 5 march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to helmstadt on the west german / east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was 100 miles long , and covered 110 miles from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday 21 august , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin - by autobahn , to demonstrate allied rights . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with
15054564 15054752 2005-06-12 05:48:45 0 days 04:11:01 5016 16 [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . around 2 . 5 million east
15055113 15059402 2005-06-12 06:08:12 0 days 00:13:20 5016 0 on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced
4 germans were lifted somewhat by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live shown on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where they
11 guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers crowd of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 42 in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image
43 june [[ 2003 ]] ]] little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[
18341759 18388981 2005-07-08 10:31:44 0 days 16:15:16 53921 4 [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 100 miles long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along
24470268 24504807 2005-10-01 20:20:04 0 days 10:30:53 0|62.30.35.51 0 over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east - west connections . little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 40 east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 s . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled
27841727 27841755 2005-11-09 18:39:37 0 days 00:00:13 0|209.18.49.15 1 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called a ; lskflkfjas ; lkfjasdklfjsadlkvmxv , mz . x , vmwtipejgdflnkxfcghr ' eoflmegvc xokl4trgfvcopkj ; lmtrdfcxvpjikml ; , etrgdbfjpikml ; y , 5egrdfl ; mk , rgfdbv c [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts
27841755 27841848 2005-11-09 18:40:38 0 days 00:01:01 94147 1 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called a ; lskflkfjas ; lkfjasdklfjsadlkvmxv , mz . x , vmwtipejgdflnkxfcghr ' eoflmegvc xokl4trgfvcopkj ; lmtrdfcxvpjikml ; , etrgdbfjpikml ; y , 5egrdfl ; mk , rgfdbv c [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts
35317181 35317828 2006-01-15 21:57:08 0 days 00:04:56 25568 0 bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses ]] [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the
36650338 36652600 2006-01-25 15:46:06 0 days 00:20:05 0|194.232.85.82 5 ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) penis around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning ,
38580965 38581150 2006-02-07 06:17:30 0 days 00:02:33 58229 0 west - east connections . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called
40378504 40459448 2006-02-20 18:39:58 0 days 14:44:59 386031 2 barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open in [[ berlin ]] . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 2 able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; . the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and
52 ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) =
58 except for three locations : one section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts
59 ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of
67 mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released & mdash ; for a price & mdash ; at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . one of the locations where
72 wall to rescue their brother . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik ( gst - an [[ east german ]] youth military training organisation ) at [[ raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east
96 line previously severed by the wall . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]]
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 35 air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte
47 the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[
41103735 41103875 2006-02-25 01:47:14 0 days 00:01:03 756170 0 the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third
41617772 41618920 2006-02-28 15:38:27 0 days 00:08:17 0|65.241.105.4 0 part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive erection = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated ejaculated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the
41619461 41619542 2006-02-28 15:44:33 0 days 00:00:53 800894 1 part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive erection = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers ejaculated migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the
41675215 41710361 2006-03-01 05:34:43 0 days 05:27:08 0|68.77.149.177 0 - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split , . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west
42336641 42377886 2006-03-05 19:53:32 0 days 06:47:09 0|63.243.163.194 0 , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , providen they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to used use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was
48935289 49049354 2006-04-18 20:13:20 0 days 18:06:16 6661 5 more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some while after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax
49049354 49049560 2006-04-18 20:15:02 0 days 00:01:42 6661 1 economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most
51987616 51996698 2006-05-07 16:20:15 0 days 01:14:54 0|216.49.149.108 9 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was
51997271 51997348 2006-05-07 16:25:49 0 days 00:00:42 223113 9 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 12 were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 ,
31 barricade at checkpoint charlie . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german youth military training organization , at gatow airport . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete
52419460 52431775 2006-05-10 03:47:28 0 days 01:33:41 145855 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 5932 1948 onwards , north eastern germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth
52530486 52583154 2006-05-11 00:37:26 0 days 05:48:31 0|24.128.239.222 0 , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of hell by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the
52588372 52588401 2006-05-11 01:16:01 0 days 00:00:13 145855 0 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of hell by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the
53898145 54024343 2006-05-19 12:55:51 0 days 18:20:02 0|131.109.15.2 0 prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . conceived cnceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the
54024343 54024401 2006-05-19 12:56:22 0 days 00:00:31 0|131.109.15.2 0 prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . cnceived conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the
55092631 55133900 2006-05-25 20:55:19 0 days 04:05:56 207712 0 military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inner inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] )
57040826 57243206 2006-06-06 21:05:19 1 days 02:00:04 300188 6 and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there used to be were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits
58406027 58424207 2006-06-13 17:38:35 0 days 02:00:38 59264 4 , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii
61222332 61268904 2006-06-29 21:36:02 0 days 04:46:15 158241 0 . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways useable usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the
65633170 65633547 2006-07-24 21:39:57 0 days 00:02:12 0|65.112.106.194 1 idea of placing a piece of the wall at the westminster college campus . with the support of westminster college , sandys and her husband , richard kaplan , met with of officials in [[ east berlin ]] in february 1990 . upon arrival in berlin , the couple realized their plans to secure large portions of the wall would be costly ,
65633547 66079192 2006-07-27 02:02:21 2 days 04:22:24 0|202.89.36.170 3 border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in ixxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxn the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non -
8 directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood stxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier
66079192 66079583 2006-07-27 02:05:14 0 days 00:02:53 416594 2 border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country ixxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxn in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non -
7 directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxood stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier
71084944 71157100 2006-08-22 12:32:56 0 days 10:37:45 416054 0 ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for
71312889 71494775 2006-08-24 00:29:38 0 days 20:29:43 0|24.192.17.34 0 the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier (
75549141 75891347 2006-09-15 15:07:31 1 days 20:43:11 0|66.4.85.2 0 u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade
75891347 76033450 2006-09-16 11:30:16 0 days 20:22:45 302522 0 u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade
83835783 83837476 2006-10-26 13:23:30 0 days 00:13:08 686868 1 of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of
2 that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the new krenz government decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing
3 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the new krenz government decided to allow refugees exit directly through crossing points between east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ;
86125050 86126158 2006-11-06 21:09:35 0 days 00:04:58 350153 2 ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that the united states could only really hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length
89218590 89218869 2006-11-21 12:21:30 0 days 00:02:25 617480 0 in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified that proposal to include private travels .
91705950 91759195 2006-12-03 09:19:05 0 days 06:55:28 2915417 0 fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections in of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august
91852808 92184997 2006-12-05 08:29:50 1 days 11:28:15 0|80.208.142.253 0 no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . i hump turtles ! construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning
92185548 92186033 2006-12-05 08:40:28 0 days 00:04:39 302522 1 no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . i hump turtles ! construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning
93817040 93876815 2006-12-12 19:37:36 0 days 04:55:33 0|158.123.252.2 4 / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on because the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr
94196691 94201247 2006-12-14 02:48:46 0 days 00:25:10 0|198.166.35.145 0 conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet unionpenisdibnshdgband economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers poo from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] .
94201247 94257285 2006-12-14 10:16:18 0 days 07:27:32 302522 1 conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet unionpenisdibnshdgband economic output associated with the daily migration of huge poo numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] .
95349461 95481558 2006-12-20 08:21:44 0 days 13:51:07 0|84.64.31.22 1 mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]]
98226397 98227262 2007-01-03 18:51:51 0 days 00:04:28 873891 3 wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section
23 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s '
98453918 98470052 2007-01-04 19:21:16 0 days 01:21:18 873891 2 economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million
5 particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed relax border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted
8 border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 6 no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . jesus . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning
9 the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . jesus . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwand " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression
36 wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . dell . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 6 no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . jesus . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning
9 the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . jesus . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwand " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression
36 wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . dell . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz
100940597 100941637 2007-01-15 20:29:28 0 days 00:04:57 2181758 7 some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[
100946186 100948158 2007-01-15 20:59:57 0 days 00:09:11 302522 9 some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[
104915381 104916475 2007-02-01 20:26:17 0 days 00:05:07 911178 0 wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz
108633355 108863312 2007-02-17 16:52:01 1 days 00:05:47 26468 0 , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr inner german border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 22 " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 2 {st@rt} {{ q | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 22 " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 2 {st@rt} {{ q | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 22 " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 2 {st@rt} {{ q | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin
111501017 111501811 2007-02-28 04:01:21 0 days 00:04:18 0|24.15.5.210 0 crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west fuck germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the
111501811 111502458 2007-02-28 04:04:47 0 days 00:03:26 911178 0 crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west fuck germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the
111885825 112425768 2007-03-03 22:40:12 2 days 03:34:32 0|24.85.243.4 0 economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly more prosperous west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner
112425768 112425941 2007-03-03 22:41:00 0 days 00:00:48 0|24.85.243.4 0 | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly more prosperous wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner
114062117 114069880 2007-03-10 15:09:53 0 days 00:56:10 3748830 3 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | hinomaru ! ]] ] < / ref > . according to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million stop east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german
197073715 197075558 2008-03-09 20:51:04 0 days 00:08:24 0|98.17.134.249 0 km ( 27 mi . ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built very well by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin
19 denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well - financed federal republic . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany |
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 13 a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming defecting the exodus of people from east germans , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency
21 ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . basic , initial fortifications the west germans deported him to east germany . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were
24 km ( 27 mi . ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built very well by east german construction workers . it was built right outside west berlin . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles ,
197723532 197732281 2008-03-12 15:22:03 0 days 00:45:35 3505251 9 the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , a [[ separation barrier ]] was needed to curtail western [[ espionage ]] and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw pact ]] nations . the wall also marked the frontier in the cold war which would likely play a major role in hostilities or the start of a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the gdr and ussr considered the new west germany to be largely a militarized [[ puppet state ]] which had not been properly [[ denazification | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well - financed federal republic . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed
197733354 197765151 2008-03-12 18:03:38 0 days 02:35:47 0|65.87.105.7 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall '
197799039 197872871 2008-03-13 02:03:44 0 days 05:41:57 3554446 1 . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . and some east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 23 planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany and escape the bad conditions , or to continue their jobs on thw west . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed
198994478 198994578 2008-03-18 01:49:42 0 days 00:00:27 0|63.174.41.113 0 [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall more then 400 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000 germans crossed , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin .
198994578 199037463 2008-03-18 07:10:15 0 days 05:20:33 0|123.2.89.10 1 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in = = headline text = = 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall
202525275 202536820 2008-04-01 13:23:40 0 days 01:09:16 0|208.182.113.239 1 = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split five chicken , eight rihnos , four hippos , one and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against
5 from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners cat and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the
203261930 204483075 2008-04-09 16:39:02 5 days 05:37:54 137113 0 the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the ddr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name =
205859140 209942770 2008-05-03 18:05:52 17 days 22:14:05 3136084 2 topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors orders which gdr officials have denied exist . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news .
210716210 210716844 2008-05-07 02:17:19 0 days 00:03:50 911178 3 government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had not expected to be killed and then the bodies sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move
210975287 211222812 2008-05-09 09:24:57 1 days 03:28:16 686868 7 ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . ' ' ' could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ;
211225942 211226287 2008-05-09 10:02:08 0 days 00:03:52 686868 4 in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that gave west berliners the chance to apply for visa visas for travel to east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already applicable for west germans . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' '
214991201 215551281 2008-05-28 18:27:39 2 days 12:19:20 355538 3 had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km
4 [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 29 = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and , while east berliners cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall
32 surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner - german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage =
49 - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn |
51 east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at
54 first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965
65 republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = =
71 portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 6 , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas for east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel
239163147 239319359 2008-09-18 16:33:40 0 days 14:49:37 736477 0 elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the military liaison missions accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 28 from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the border between [[ east germany | east ]] and [[ west germany ]] . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated the two german
239564841 239565752 2008-09-19 14:02:18 0 days 00:03:46 0|209.174.67.217 6 trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee nana from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg /
239565752 239565807 2008-09-19 14:02:30 0 days 00:00:12 1395162 6 trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to nana flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg /
239832687 239837716 2008-09-20 19:14:07 0 days 00:29:33 2519868 1 . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . there are 2 , 000 walls that seperated separated the east from the west because they liked there private space the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on
240240944 240242156 2008-09-22 15:58:49 0 days 00:07:42 736477 16 brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , bordering with [[ west berlin ]] . here is reported the list of bordering municipalities , subdivided for district , starting from north and proceding to south . * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke
240572171 240734559 2008-09-24 19:49:47 0 days 19:24:02 0|67.191.11.141 2 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 1948 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the
240734559 240735201 2008-09-24 19:53:18 0 days 00:03:31 911178 2 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1946 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1948 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the
241070670 241767736 2008-09-29 13:45:21 3 days 07:40:47 0|66.147.49.74 1 economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german iman border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet -
241767736 241768925 2008-09-29 13:52:49 0 days 00:07:28 1489190 1 economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the iman inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet -
241809073 241809182 2008-09-29 17:16:58 0 days 00:00:27 5549726 3 ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref the berlin wall is a wall that kept me from your mom the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed
242557548 242755000 2008-10-03 14:42:47 0 days 19:46:38 7991946 7 barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe
243043238 244846230 2008-10-12 21:06:42 7 days 23:06:51 82982 0 | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between
248089272 248095035 2008-10-28 00:19:45 0 days 00:29:50 0|98.15.190.110 2 known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . tehehehehhe = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg
248612893 248617031 2008-10-30 14:17:25 0 days 00:25:35 0|209.174.67.217 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 19864 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang -
248617031 248618478 2008-10-30 14:25:55 0 days 00:08:30 1271891 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 19864 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " happy strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang -
248619037 248638203 2008-10-30 16:20:12 0 days 01:50:37 352579 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " happy strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang -
250828512 252650442 2008-11-18 21:41:19 8 days 13:56:15 6892131 0 top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations
252652689 252747077 2008-11-19 08:55:37 0 days 11:02:54 3131841 2 top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the
252776451 253365461 2008-11-22 10:00:59 2 days 20:12:06 6892131 0 top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations
255510724 255707690 2008-12-03 21:07:26 0 days 22:36:05 0|164.116.126.140 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 it ! though most of them die from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb
256070488 256154730 2008-12-06 01:40:12 0 days 08:28:17 0|68.164.228.214 7 over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into farther in east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers
256154730 256157274 2008-12-06 02:00:28 0 days 00:20:16 911178 3 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than 140 kilometers ( 96 miles ) long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some 91 meters ( 100 yards ) | m | yd }} farther in east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land ]]
4 berlin wall was more than 140 kilometers ( 96 miles ) long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some 91 meters ( 100 yards ) farther in into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land ]] that later
257284183 257291690 2008-12-11 16:06:25 0 days 00:50:25 0|71.130.177.243 13 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 1955 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the
257291690 257299643 2008-12-11 16:51:58 0 days 00:45:33 352579 10 , 1991 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1955 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the
257299643 258133599 2008-12-15 15:45:35 3 days 22:53:37 0|71.130.177.243 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 everyone fucked the berlin wall from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb
258133599 258134007 2008-12-15 15:47:51 0 days 00:02:16 0|71.130.177.243 8 economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner inigggggggggerrrrrrrrrrnner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a
10 democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually ' ' ' improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border =
258135144 258137090 2008-12-15 16:03:25 0 days 00:09:50 1430004 4 growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic ]] miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inigggggggggerrrrrrrrrrnner inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian governmnigger ! !
12 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ent with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually ' ' ' improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . ]] = = = erection of the inner - german border
258174101 258203997 2008-12-15 21:27:47 0 days 02:21:00 0|76.217.13.119 1 [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain shit ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than
258206239 258209070 2008-12-15 21:49:42 0 days 00:12:46 5177550 2 [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron shit curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the shit that was laid by east germans separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany
263247726 263617505 2009-01-12 17:24:52 1 days 19:42:43 0|86.91.116.102 1 erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the poop border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and
263617505 263617744 2009-01-12 17:26:10 0 days 00:01:18 911178 1 erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the poop border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and
266386611 266392994 2009-01-25 21:46:14 0 days 00:33:28 240413 2 the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg
267775871 267776359 2009-02-01 05:51:18 0 days 00:04:09 214542 1 germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit on visiting western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel '
271135545 271232481 2009-02-17 00:15:38 0 days 08:10:12 0|134.53.244.52 0 to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july
271265000 271489755 2009-02-18 02:49:35 0 days 23:33:42 0|98.217.163.171 3 memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | a large piece of the berlin wall at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long
274322212 274328124 2009-03-02 03:04:29 0 days 00:26:42 0|64.92.142.206 5 1990 . kkk = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 2008 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the
274344223 274348982 2009-03-02 04:57:55 0 days 00:27:39 96897 4 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 2001 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 2008 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the
274521235 274696419 2009-03-03 15:08:15 0 days 18:11:26 0|200.156.17.1 1 . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s
276397704 276398047 2009-03-10 23:50:41 0 days 00:01:38 0|68.81.17.165 1 just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet wikipedia is for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet
277908940 277909503 2009-03-17 17:47:21 0 days 00:02:21 6984319 0 border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and the [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the western [[ allies of wwii ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany
278889365 279055999 2009-03-23 01:01:44 0 days 19:26:50 0|24.211.61.230 0 , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split
279055999 279056685 2009-03-23 01:06:16 0 days 00:04:32 0|24.211.61.230 0 , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to ass holes in the war closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split
283120128 283243378 2009-04-11 21:03:54 0 days 16:01:05 7992897 1 {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
283243474 283243810 2009-04-11 21:06:20 0 days 00:01:52 4156654 2 {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
289417269 289461792 2009-05-12 13:40:30 0 days 06:11:04 433328 3 and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly
4 make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not
296786653 296786942 2009-06-16 16:57:50 0 days 00:01:45 9600753 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separating separated east pakistan from west stefanvile for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[
298471958 298471974 2009-06-25 01:02:50 0 days 00:00:10 64463 2 was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > kill the bushpigs st . george illawara dragon fuck melbourne storm jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " ( bed of nails ) under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg
303768537 303768713 2009-07-23 17:06:35 0 days 00:00:51 0|212.58.193.36 0 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting
303769141 303769382 2009-07-23 17:10:33 0 days 00:01:39 0|212.58.193.36 0 name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 29 economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the * {{ harvard reference | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government
30 starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a
40 economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 10 schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which
308484644 308602478 2009-08-18 02:36:12 0 days 12:03:29 6984319 0 defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government [[ november 9th in german history | announced on 9 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens
308602478 308630655 2009-08-18 06:07:14 0 days 03:31:02 0|76.102.223.241 0 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > and prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which
310535257 310542124 2009-08-28 13:41:55 0 days 00:58:35 0|150.199.203.189 0 west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided brandy is very lazyided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence
310542124 310542185 2009-08-28 13:42:23 0 days 00:00:28 7746361 0 west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west brandy is very lazyided germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence
312587321 312588680 2009-09-08 13:57:31 0 days 00:10:56 0|194.202.122.223 2 crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further at least dm 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to
7 , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east
312588680 312604952 2009-09-08 15:42:25 0 days 01:44:54 6971250 3 city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . it was was forbidden to export east german currency out of the east but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had
313044179 313129853 2009-09-11 04:02:49 0 days 09:42:44 43300 2 brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[
313610213 313669540 2009-09-13 22:22:26 0 days 04:23:37 0|65.188.151.195 5 removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 1988 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer
313669540 313670259 2009-09-13 22:26:13 0 days 00:03:47 142444 5 removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1988 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 115 removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , [[ 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[
153 year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of the political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 169 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > , often initiated by former members of the political opposition in east germany < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518
318091580 318274763 2009-10-06 16:40:43 0 days 22:27:51 1476858 0 networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa
10 ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied
18 elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]]
321098233 321105192 2009-10-21 00:32:13 0 days 00:45:23 0|121.216.117.21 0 wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 95 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east and west should be separated again by a " wall " . < ref > {{ cite web
321105192 321105598 2009-10-21 00:35:09 0 days 00:02:56 5519174 0 wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 95 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east and west should be separated again by a " wall " . < ref > {{ cite web
322959932 323262651 2009-11-01 11:50:25 1 days 17:53:01 0|89.240.74.46 1 . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' {{ lang | de | ich bin ein berliner }} ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} '
323262651 323263727 2009-11-01 12:02:04 0 days 00:11:39 5812172 0 . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' {{ lang | de | ich bin ein berliner }} ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} '
323401873 323432547 2009-11-02 07:13:32 0 days 04:22:39 8694237 0 gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner - german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the
323432547 323501406 2009-11-02 17:20:49 0 days 10:07:17 1051513 0 gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner - german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western
323760074 323771791 2009-11-03 21:37:36 0 days 01:01:38 6340927 0 , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a member of spokesperson for the east german politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . < ref
324203689 324244003 2009-11-06 08:52:13 0 days 06:20:34 6971250 0 ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % percent of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east and west should be separated again by a " wall " . < ref > {{ cite web |
324251250 324280095 2009-11-06 14:30:34 0 days 04:23:51 492987 3 divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . the berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) , expressing their view that the western countries were fascist . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed
324510511 324609028 2009-11-08 07:55:36 0 days 11:57:27 0|139.168.50.53 0 through a tunnel * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom
324812165 324812241 2009-11-09 09:28:10 0 days 00:00:37 0|76.179.160.225 0 portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa
2 | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " >
324817690 324817873 2009-11-09 10:28:16 0 days 00:02:01 0|68.62.159.89 0 vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated divided the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]]
324817873 324817912 2009-11-09 10:28:47 0 days 00:00:31 6971250 0 vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) divided demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]]
324825497 324827069 2009-11-09 12:08:34 0 days 00:14:59 0|86.134.221.35 0 several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by minge west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir
324827399 324827563 2009-11-09 12:13:30 0 days 00:01:29 0|81.110.92.189 0 several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by minge west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir
324902901 324906773 2009-11-09 20:48:34 0 days 00:19:35 0|128.237.250.231 1 - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length
324968388 324972093 2009-11-10 02:50:04 0 days 00:22:49 67136 1 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just
325363892 325364899 2009-11-12 02:24:44 0 days 00:07:00 0|202.158.12.194 5 later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is that while the character is called armor king the taurents in the [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between
325364899 325364978 2009-11-12 02:25:22 0 days 00:00:38 10122993 4 " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is that while the character is called armor king the taurents in the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between
325364978 325366116 2009-11-12 02:34:13 0 days 00:08:51 0|202.158.12.194 2 , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over roger jr the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its
6 to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall western countries controlling west berlin were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 5 , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over roger jr the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its
9 [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that theroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall western countries controlling west berlin were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by
325493685 325525469 2009-11-12 23:17:32 0 days 02:59:55 0|193.198.179.247 0 the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | right | west germans curiously peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved
330019766 330331803 2009-12-07 22:49:51 1 days 15:59:29 0|71.50.18.192 4 divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . p an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed
330331803 330332083 2009-12-07 22:51:06 0 days 00:01:15 17447 6 a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . and , i love you . i hope you know that . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! : p an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany
338786950 339044413 2010-01-20 22:47:01 1 days 05:12:50 10593201 2 the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of the political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin
4 erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 4 make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors , divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point
11 cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = with of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split ,
29 ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with . east german police watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before
44 wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point
48 don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split ,
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 17 soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . he was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards , . but a west german policeman returned fire and rescued him from the vehicle , which had become entangled in the barbed wire . < ref > hertle , hans - hermann
26 ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line , but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15
343781933 343782709 2010-02-13 18:35:30 0 days 00:04:59 5326371 1 the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes " ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 <
343784856 343787074 2010-02-13 18:58:31 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 2 [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] ,
9 = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , there still was talk in germany of talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' '
346490813 346769100 2010-02-27 23:01:03 1 days 09:04:54 0|68.57.126.209 1 the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided tried to dance [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin .
346769100 346776955 2010-02-27 23:47:20 0 days 00:46:17 3308922 1 the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s recreation , 3 . 5 million east germans had tried to dance avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the fbi , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin .
347118696 347133221 2010-03-01 18:21:46 0 days 01:20:59 0|65.204.21.235 0 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . this stinks the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historicly significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
347133221 347136856 2010-03-01 18:40:55 0 days 00:19:09 5177550 9 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . this stinks the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historicly significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
356774242 356873882 2010-04-18 22:59:22 0 days 10:36:32 0|68.98.156.176 0 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . penis the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
356873882 356874702 2010-04-18 23:04:35 0 days 00:05:13 134937 0 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . penis the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
357055327 357189867 2010-04-20 12:21:14 0 days 16:23:35 0|98.140.186.218 0 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . this is where the plastic spoon was used and invented to take the wall down by galileo . this . . . is . . . sparta ! ! ! ! ! ! the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
357189867 357189889 2010-04-20 12:21:26 0 days 00:00:12 4928500 0 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . this is where the plastic spoon was used and invented to take the wall down by galileo . this . . . is . . . sparta ! ! ! ! ! ! the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
357496729 357497351 2010-04-21 22:36:29 0 days 00:03:11 0|71.111.55.161 0 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the berlin wall was sad for people to think adout . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
357497351 357513678 2010-04-22 00:03:45 0 days 01:27:16 0|69.114.95.116 1 in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the berlin wall was sad for people to think adout about . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[
358499716 358561588 2010-04-27 02:56:21 0 days 05:24:16 67403 0 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the berlin wall was often found to be sad for people to think about . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
359062196 359062397 2010-04-29 14:20:09 0 days 00:01:08 0|66.109.249.254 0 into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = kate weav and todd baily {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on
359268235 359268680 2010-04-30 15:25:56 0 days 00:02:37 0|169.204.164.80 0 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german erection for naivn ' s border fuck you = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement ,
359268680 359268782 2010-04-30 15:26:35 0 days 00:00:39 11386456 2 of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = the inner german erection for naivn ' s border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[
363922912 364011539 2010-05-24 22:54:04 0 days 09:03:26 591174 5 the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin .
365177188 365278437 2010-05-31 19:57:13 0 days 11:45:06 0|204.40.1.129 0 the world . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the [[ the pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]]
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 9 vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) along with demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc
12 longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] nations . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had circumvented [[ eastern bloc
27 the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] nations . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin
389132750 389329152 2010-10-07 14:59:01 0 days 21:54:30 0|141.43.69.1 9 checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed known as the [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 6 and a third section in liesenstraße . a long stretch of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] . a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 70 the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border ; and by sunday morning , august 13 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles ,
397878109 397878286 2010-11-20 15:43:36 0 days 00:01:07 0|79.74.81.116 1 border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles and
397878708 398109369 2010-11-21 20:00:14 1 days 04:13:56 653042 0 in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german east germany ' s western border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority
399052561 399053190 2010-11-27 01:01:09 0 days 00:05:12 16710 0 " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | upright | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high
405915858 405917459 2011-01-04 17:13:40 0 days 00:08:19 0|72.10.120.200 0 both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before my erection , 3 . 5 weed smokers million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin
405917459 405917577 2011-01-04 17:14:21 0 days 00:00:41 260144 1 both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before my erection , 3 . 5 weed smokers million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin
406120287 406120386 2011-01-05 18:08:02 0 days 00:00:35 7609840 1 on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the line of the long close closed [[ luisenstädtischer canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of
407086637 407087862 2011-01-10 16:04:26 0 days 00:08:20 0|74.93.241.241 0 for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 ( over 9000 ! ) east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep
407087862 407087919 2011-01-10 16:04:54 0 days 00:00:28 6239596 0 for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 ( over 9000 ! ) east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep
409986742 409988007 2011-01-25 16:13:41 0 days 00:07:17 8542716 0 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . one of them was the german artist [[ horst walter ]] who later founded the first mauerspecht - museum in berlin . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
409990269 409992456 2011-01-25 16:40:55 0 days 00:13:44 6971250 0 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . one of them was the german artist [[ horst walter ]] who later founded the first mauerspecht - museum in berlin . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
417384558 417599598 2011-03-07 13:39:04 1 days 07:43:33 0|27.33.232.92 0 < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line , but these ended as the wall was fortified retarded . east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied , and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on
417599598 417600357 2011-03-07 13:46:24 0 days 00:07:20 3308922 0 < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line , but these ended as the wall was retarded fortified . east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied , and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on
418752147 419497837 2011-03-18 18:18:18 4 days 09:24:38 9109115 1 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 1 to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 & nbsp ; million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin
7 border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 & nbsp ; million east germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = =
9 , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 & nbsp ; billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses
443414712 443416955 2011-08-06 22:32:57 0 days 00:17:32 16710 2 german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . = = = demolition = = = [[ file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | upright | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] [[ file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 4 accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as " shoot to kill " orders . gdr officials denied issuing the latter . in
10 | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = "
444513435 444513653 2011-08-12 21:55:51 0 days 00:01:07 314721 0 de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = {{ unreferenced | section | date = august 2011 }} west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance
446394338 446494769 2011-08-24 14:38:18 0 days 16:16:15 506179 0 the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans make similar distinctions between [[ northern germany | north and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date =
446625722 448621897 2011-09-05 18:48:00 11 days 09:31:04 723354 1 later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a
448750565 448751555 2011-09-06 14:09:31 0 days 00:08:17 723354 8 declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} <
448751555 448907770 2011-09-07 08:59:45 0 days 18:50:14 6971250 1 miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually steadily improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and
484827186 485297583 2012-04-03 07:36:00 2 days 21:10:00 6971250 0 million east germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > an important reason that the west berlin border was not closed earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . a new railway around west berlin ,
499242068 499662251 2012-06-27 21:31:47 2 days 15:13:16 24902 0 country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} {{ eastern bloc sidebar }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] headed a union of nations on his western
1 = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see further | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting emigration , was emulated by most
2 in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see further | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb
3 commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , it was more practical to close the border . = = = brain drain = = = {{ see further | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in east germany
504102528 505248510 2012-08-01 12:00:15 6 days 23:47:00 17222084 14 : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims of the wall , with graffiti , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along
505248510 505389397 2012-08-02 07:46:43 0 days 19:46:28 1473712 3 {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa ]] at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing
505389806 505558329 2012-08-03 10:30:56 1 days 02:39:43 339081 0 = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} west germans and citizens of other western countries could generally visit east germany , often after applying for a [[ visa ( document ) | visa ]] at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border
506362125 506391596 2012-08-08 13:37:36 0 days 04:59:17 1749498 0 on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed terminated [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . | image _ map = berlin - wall - map . png | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall ,
506391596 506391748 2012-08-08 13:38:55 0 days 00:01:19 1749498 0 on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long - terminated [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . | image _ map = berlin - wall - map . png | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall
514816402 515867543 2012-10-03 22:20:21 6 days 06:52:08 609725 0 latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * length of border distance around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{
515867543 518733755 2012-10-19 17:13:15 15 days 18:52:54 2705932 1 ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long - terminated [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . | image _ map = berlin - wall - map . png | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall ,
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 30 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | upright | west germans curiously peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that
545455691 545505302 2013-03-19 20:14:52 0 days 04:03:53 15130 0 it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | right | 480 | berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that
560696523 560697108 2013-06-20 02:48:53 0 days 00:07:08 5681311 4 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
560703430 560704004 2013-06-20 04:18:37 0 days 00:07:34 5681311 4 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 22 . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard , so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > " rise and fall of the berlin wall " .
28 of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , other west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that
600160165 601584324 2014-03-28 00:27:17 9 days 10:05:54 18779361 6 august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s . ]] west germans and citizens of other western countries could generally visit east germany , often after applying for a [[ visa ( document ) | visa ]] at an east
8 berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | | memorial to the victims of the wall , with [[ graffiti ]] , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a [[ night crossing | hot air
618841270 619750670 2014-08-04 01:20:28 6 days 08:25:14 14405583 0 | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border length between west berlin and east germany : {{
632389254 632625944 2014-11-06 00:04:47 1 days 16:32:07 67616 0 in the 1980s ]] west germans and citizens of other western countries could generally visit east germany , often after applying for a [[ visa ( document ) | visa ]] < ref name = willis > {{ cite book | last1 = willis | first1 = jim | title = daily life behind the iron curtain | date = march 19 , 1946 | publisher = abc - clio | location = santa barbara , california | isbn = 9780313397639 | url = http : / / books . google . com / books ? id = j - i99v70m0sc & pg = pt45 & lpg = pt45 & dq = visa + to + visit + west + germany + from + east & source = bl & ots = - cd9vypaag & sig = hgjwnita1hbl1dpcb _ n6jaatqu4 & hl = en & sa = x & ei = w7lavp3rd4ihntotgrao & ved = 0cdwq6aewba # v = onepage & q = visa % 20to % 20visit % 20west % 20germany % 20from % 20east & f = false | accessdate = 5 november 2014 | ref = willis }} < / ref > at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 20 the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after 9 november , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , new border crossings continued for some time , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . initially the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax ,
36 , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after 9 november , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax
633183384 633189879 2014-11-10 04:55:00 0 days 01:15:20 1833 10 spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 3 east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion time , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 8 august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s . ]] west germans and citizens of other western countries could generally visit east germany , often after applying for a [[ visa ( document ) | visa ]] < ref name
11 berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | | memorial to the victims of the wall , with [[ graffiti ]] , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a [[ night crossing | hot air
19 . [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard . ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions
678905413 681654466 2015-09-18 16:10:47 17 days 05:51:57 204692 0 responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return to east germany . this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . only this time , however , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by train through east germany . this was followed by [[ monday demonstrations in east germany
699308679 699406529 2016-01-12 03:29:27 0 days 11:43:07 111277 4 1987 = = having earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was accompanied with attended by thousands of eastern concertgoers across the wall , followed by violent rioting in east berlin . according to tobias ruther , these protests in east berlin were the first in the sequence of riots that led to those of november 1989
702890848 702890979 2016-02-02 06:41:00 0 days 00:01:37 13816079 1 democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref >
702891453 702891834 2016-02-02 06:51:07 0 days 00:04:31 13816079 1 march units — left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / - east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was {{ convert | 160 | km | mi }} long , and covered {{ convert | 177
733423677 733487340 2016-08-08 04:39:46 0 days 10:04:30 264323 1 its standard of living steadily improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main article | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after the soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in
733515231 734284492 2016-08-13 08:26:57 4 days 22:04:07 80913 8 = http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html | title = palestinians break israel ' s wall - middle east | publisher = al jazeera english | date = 9 november 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]]
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 1 | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( in [[ separation barrier | german ]] , berlin mauer ) was a barrier ]] that divided [[ east germany | germany ]] and separated [[ east berlin ]] < nowiki / > from [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of the
762042542 762133796 2017-01-26 21:32:20 0 days 13:17:01 8852898 0 declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets penetrated permeated east german administrative , military and secret police structures and had full control . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p =
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 13 eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . {{ fact }} = = = crossing = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go
14 possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . {{ fact }} west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all – all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in
16 to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . {{ fact }} east berliners and east germans could not , at first , travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of
22 of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin to help alleviate this situation . {{ fact }} citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 18 ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ nearby eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[
34 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the
37 deadurl = no | df = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{
781715128 781720399 2017-05-22 20:55:40 0 days 00:38:03 8719036 2 = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = in june 1989 the hungarian government began dismantling the barbed - wire electrified fence along its border with austria ( with western tv crews present ) , and then , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary
787409030 787409131 2017-06-25 06:56:40 0 days 00:01:25 31190988 3 german states . * the former management station [[ bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in a already reforested area of ​​the the border strip . the [[ german forest jungle | german forestry youth ]] . * the only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( bt - 11 ) in the
4 * the former management station [[ bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in a already reforested area of ​​the border strip . and is used together with surrounding terrain as a nature protection tower by the [[ german forest jungle | german forestry youth ]] . * the only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( bt - 11 ) in the erna - berger
793675442 795297023 2017-08-13 09:19:52 10 days 01:27:47 26598670 2 the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = berlin emigration loophole = = = with the closing of the inner
810072027 810126141 2017-11-13 13:53:41 0 days 08:16:58 6554947 5 to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com /
810126141 810127095 2017-11-13 14:01:58 0 days 00:08:17 6554947 3 of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . again , in contrast to the inner german border , little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web |
810127095 810174887 2017-11-13 19:23:40 0 days 05:21:42 6554947 1 was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran
4 to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . again , in contrast to the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran
810187128 810222160 2017-11-14 00:53:59 0 days 04:11:16 6554947 1 the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact de jure border appears to have been undemarcated . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off
810227691 810229030 2017-11-14 01:44:18 0 days 00:10:08 6554947 0 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 – ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > as was the case with the inner german border , a an unfortified strip of east german territory was left outside the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was never more than about four meters wide ,
812527422 812547586 2017-11-28 13:23:01 0 days 03:35:56 917354 10 at the centre strips of berlin , and 112 . 7 kilometres crossing through the berlin outer circle . 63 . 8 km of the frontier were in built , 32 & nbsp ; km in wooded and 22 . 65 km in open terrain and 37 . 95 km of the boundary lay in or on rivers , lakes and canals . most of
11 and 112 . 7 kilometres crossing through the berlin outer circle . 63 . 8 km of the frontier were in built , 32 km in wooded and 22 . 65 & nbsp ; km in open terrain and 37 . 95 km of the boundary lay in or on rivers , lakes and canals . most of them were dismantled beginning with the wall
12 berlin outer circle . 63 . 8 km of the frontier were in built , 32 km in wooded and 22 . 65 km in open terrain and 37 . 95 & nbsp ; km of the boundary lay in or on rivers , lakes and canals . most of them were dismantled beginning with the wall peckers as souvenirs from 11 november 1989 ,
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 6 ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > = = = eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} [[ file : sfp 186 - brandenburger tor . ogv
825816472 825816787 2018-02-15 16:14:01 0 days 00:02:04 5946478 0 eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / history . howstuffworks . com / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > = = = crossing = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go
825816787 825818178 2018-02-15 16:22:29 0 days 00:08:28 5946478 0 to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > east berliners and east germans could not , at first , travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of
825818178 825819094 2018-02-15 16:28:37 0 days 00:06:08 5946478 0 possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all – all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in
2 of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin to help alleviate this situation . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied
825819301 825820281 2018-02-15 16:36:38 0 days 00:06:43 5946478 3 gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that
825837217 825837597 2018-02-15 18:37:11 0 days 00:02:16 5946478 0 mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context " . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the berlin wall and the intra - germa german border 1961 - 1989 | last = rottman | first = gordon | publisher = osprey publishing | year = 2008 | location = oxford uk | pages = 29 |
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 62 berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 & nbsp ; km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . various
64 berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 & nbsp ; km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall ,
845242425 845346007 2018-06-11 05:24:11 0 days 16:38:45 508734 6 that - divided - east - and - west - 9847347 . html < / ref > = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main article | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after the soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in
848901284 849362847 2018-07-08 13:15:35 3 days 09:30:23 32436778 0 / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs / 9799537166800 / < / ref > noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] has reported having often been perused pursued there by east german soldiers . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / gallery / 2014 / apr / 03 / thierry -
854069066 854070499 2018-08-08 19:24:22 0 days 00:12:58 3563616 2 be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four - year - old tailor . he attempted to swim across the [[ spree canal to west germany on 24 august 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping .
854965000 855994232 2018-08-22 05:55:57 7 days 05:35:25 817684 1 [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . this meant that the news was broadcast to [[ tal der ahnungslosen | nearly all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman [[ hanns joachim friedrichs ]] proclaimed
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19641332 19932121 2005-07-30 18:00:26 4 days 04:24:02 0|84.166.136.157 2 because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px jpg | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]]
82833738 82835134 2006-10-21 16:48:39 0 days 00:09:25 443684 2 [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif png | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had
114062117 114069880 2007-03-10 15:09:53 0 days 00:56:10 3748830 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg svg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg
114069880 114078012 2007-03-10 16:07:11 0 days 00:57:18 3322661 1 {st@rt} [[ image : flag of japan . svg jpg | thumb | 300px | right | hinomaru ! ]] * [ http : /
57 * [[ bear in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 56 ]] * [[ bear in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = ebay * [ http : /
57 * [[ bear in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www
245418082 245491777 2008-10-15 18:28:25 0 days 07:42:49 0|216.82.180.21 0 berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http :
1 / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info
276265321 276265514 2009-03-10 13:29:47 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.74.69.103 11 began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the
278326464 278326603 2009-03-19 13:45:28 0 days 00:01:08 3505251 0 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayrisches bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit , familie und soziales , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref
281090935 281109932 2009-04-01 17:12:18 0 days 01:48:07 9358984 0 en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html ] / freedom without walls : german mission in the united states * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de
308887262 309060395 2009-08-20 13:05:07 0 days 22:19:29 6971250 1 start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < /
3 start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin
310125952 310318597 2009-08-27 07:01:23 0 days 22:10:20 0|79.220.97.128 1 chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en /
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 10 . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos
14 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr .
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 2 > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale .
6 ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the
22 > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1
320975384 320978520 2009-10-20 10:32:07 0 days 00:34:15 3058538 3 en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html / freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / /
321121389 321122011 2009-10-21 02:36:40 0 days 00:05:16 835543 1 towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] < / ref > [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 34 < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang | de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it
324762845 324762884 2009-11-09 02:09:39 0 days 00:00:15 4928500 4 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . get drunk and watch meatspin ( www . meatspin stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals — engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 mi ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 mi ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com )
324838628 324838831 2009-11-09 13:54:45 0 days 00:01:28 0|213.64.19.23 1 . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html ] deutsche welle , the berlin wall in detail , animeted video * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 -
324838927 324838954 2009-11-09 13:55:51 0 days 00:00:14 0|213.64.19.23 0 popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html deutsche welle , the inrastrucure of the berlin wall in detail , animeted video ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years -
324839056 324839194 2009-11-09 13:57:56 0 days 00:01:08 0|213.64.19.23 0 . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html deutsche welle , explore the " infrastrucure " and technique of the berlin wall in detail , animated video ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin
324932966 324937840 2009-11-09 23:32:03 0 days 00:24:17 16710 1 century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time ] < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with
4 most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv "
7 http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm berlin wall ] < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft
10 states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe
13 watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version
20 young people to tackle the 「wall」 phenomenon . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm | title = the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut ] < / ref > to
325218548 325218944 2009-11-11 09:54:29 0 days 00:05:02 6971250 7 link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 8 [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang de | icon }} neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by
29 「wall」 phenomenon . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm | title = the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of
64 cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 -
68 「wall」 phenomenon . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm | title = the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in virtual berlin . < ref
374862385 375059882 2010-07-23 16:43:29 1 days 01:43:12 0|156.56.137.240 3 < ref > [ http : / / www . alliiertenmuseum . de / en / 4 _ 3 . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 | title = american commemorative stamps presented to the museum | accessdate = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[
376102866 376154207 2010-07-29 21:06:22 0 days 05:43:39 9540157 6 org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt = hot _ author worldcat . org ] * {{ cite book | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn =
43 org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt = hot _ author worldcat . org ] * {{ citation | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year
398787758 398858085 2010-11-25 20:48:26 0 days 10:28:08 12323565 1 http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | archiveurl = | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > it was
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 3 nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf < / ref > ] the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{
4 ref > {{ cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = the berlin wall : november history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} {{ dead link
15 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ' ' , [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s ] east germany to the 1990s ( open library ) ] < / ref > the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , 9780850582451 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q =
18 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [ http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / commons / 6 / 6f / map - germany - 1945 . svg map - germany - 1945 ] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin
399051464 399052561 2010-11-27 00:55:57 0 days 00:08:05 16710 10 resist glasnost ? ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s ( open library ) ] < / ref > the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , 9780850582451 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q =
428575817 428576147 2011-05-11 12:54:42 0 days 00:02:47 10714345 2 > lars von törne in berlin newspaper [ http : / / www . tagesspiegel . de / berlin / die - mauer - als - muse / 821970 . html " die mauer als muse " ] der tagespiegel on 13 march 2007 ( in german ) , starting with " die mauer fiel am 18 . juni 1982 " ( the wall fell on june 18th 1982
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 9 . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > '
32 , 1999 [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html nyt review ] - an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' ( published as ' '
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 14 / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | archivedate = 13 september 2006 - 09 - 13 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 |
17 / web . archive . org / web / 20071012011801 / http : / / die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archivedate = 12 october 2007 - 10 - 12 | title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date =
32 / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 22 june 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < /
68 | url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 6 november 2006 - 11 - 06 }} < / ref > a recent poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than half of all russians do not know
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 1 < ref > [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html {{ cite web | url = record of the conversation ] < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative western reaction . what
9 web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < ref > {{ cite web | url = goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe .
12 < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ de icon }} < ref > {{ cite web | url = neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it .
31 west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography ] < / ref > = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em
43 < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ] < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of
443412986 443413503 2011-08-06 22:05:52 0 days 00:04:09 16710 1 web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm | archivedate = 2008 - 04 - 09 | title = goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 2008 - 04 -
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 8 . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm | archivedate = 9 april 2008 - 04 - 09 | title = goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 10 ' , 1999 [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html nyt review ] < ref > http : / / www . nytimes . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' ( published as '
18 / ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away | url = http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = - ummj _ jnway ' ' , < / ref > a song by tom fedora , as performed by [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album
577726713 578192175 2013-10-22 00:51:09 3 days 08:58:25 13799985 1 and east berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _ and _ east _ berlin | interactive map ] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the
3 file : west and east berlin . svg | thumb | < center > west and east berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _ and _ east _ berlin interactive map ] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner
582077499 582290546 2013-11-19 00:00:39 1 days 06:02:40 88026 0 > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571
1 cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20071012011801 / http : / / die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archivedate
2 = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 8 url = http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = 19 june 19 , 2013 }} < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend ,
602473473 602872991 2014-04-05 15:12:03 2 days 17:59:28 88026 13 }} [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western
21 . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at youtube * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of
632340179 632389254 2014-11-04 07:32:40 0 days 09:03:37 14508071 4 contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until summer 1990 and was not completed until 1992 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary / ct - myths - berlin - wall - fall - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = " chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > . the fall of the berlin
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 8 ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html berlin wall memorial ] official homepage * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147
31 ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] official website berlin . de * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [
41 ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html
633066096 633074293 2014-11-09 10:25:29 0 days 01:56:33 115938 2 = http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html | title = record transcript of the conversation | language = de | publisher = welt . de | date = 30 may 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > however
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 32 / 6519769 / east - germans - may - have - arrived - in - west - berlin - hours - before - previously - thought . html | newspaper = [[ the telegraph | date = 7 november 2009 | accessdate = 7 november 2014 }} < / ref > this may explain reports of east berliners appearing in west berlin earlier
62 the lenné triangle < ref > http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html # lenne < / ref > that is now much of the [[ potsdamer platz ]] development . later , the initial barrier was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large
706975021 707177225 2016-02-27 07:39:45 0 days 22:24:26 16283967 10 [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]]
15 > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ] {{ dead link | date = august 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls "
714997403 722498372 2016-05-28 14:48:32 45 days 12:07:39 27823944 6 . org / web / 20110920132624 / http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | archivedate = 20 september 2011 medic }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined
9 = http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html | date = 20111130150904 may 2016 | df = y }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " ,
734284492 734407317 2016-08-14 03:25:55 0 days 18:58:58 4977632 8 - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / | title = chronicle of the wall ] – a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall .
28 berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall ( 1962 – 1990 ) ] * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold
738865701 738877220 2016-09-11 16:07:47 0 days 01:20:46 27015025 0 > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571
2 cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20071012011801 / http : / / die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archivedate
4 = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate
738877220 747090507 2016-10-31 11:11:18 49 days 19:03:31 27015025 2 " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . first place winner of the [[ freedom without walls speaking contest ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 09 _ _ press _ _ infocus _ _ interviews / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 09 _ _ press _ _ infocus _ _ interviews / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html | title = german missions in the united states – home | publisher = | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > robert cannon received a free trip
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 13 > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = 22 may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it
781715128 781720399 2017-05-22 20:55:40 0 days 00:38:03 8719036 0 . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / 8698446 / berlin - wall - five - things - you - might - not - know . html | accrssdate accessdate = 22 may 2017 }} < / ref > along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) , which demarcated the border between east
825801993 825804625 2018-02-15 14:47:39 0 days 00:20:47 5946478 2 : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the barrier was built inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . generally , the wall was only
825811905 825814813 2018-02-15 16:00:22 0 days 00:19:34 5946478 4 = micah | date = 1996 | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | url = https : / / scholarship vol . law . cornell . edu / cgi / viewcontent . cgi ? article = 1391 & context = cilj | journal = | volume = 29 | issue = 3
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 3 : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < < ref name = " cnn . com " / > people attempted to escape and over 5 , 000 people succeeded in escaping over the wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik
16 / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref name = " cnn . com " / > it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 .
81 : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958
95 / index . html < / ref > < ref > https : / / history . howstuffworks . com / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected
851852657 851989261 2018-07-25 21:40:39 0 days 20:27:10 27823944 0 / somethingtodowiththewall . html | title = something to do with the wall | last = mcelwee | first = ross | date = | website = rossmcelwee . com | archive - url = | archive - date = | dead - url = | access - date = 2018 - 05 - 29 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film
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5185067 5185087 2004-08-13 16:19:44 0 days 00:00:47 56563 0 the ' ' ' [[ berlin ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ barrier ]] sealing [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989
5185087 5185152 2004-08-13 16:21:24 0 days 00:01:40 56563 0 the ' ' ' [[ berlin ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier sealing [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]]
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 5 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 4 {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall
42535304 42688356 2006-03-07 20:01:34 0 days 22:53:47 0|66.252.130.177 0 of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long short [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for
42688356 42688981 2006-03-07 20:05:43 0 days 00:04:09 292494 0 of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a short long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for
100540454 100620191 2007-01-14 07:58:48 0 days 08:30:58 717294 0 / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east
101350909 101358812 2007-01-17 16:56:42 0 days 00:38:15 0|207.106.216.11 0 div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ separation separdfgp ' idfg ; n barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin |
101358927 101360999 2007-01-17 17:07:46 0 days 00:10:26 416594 0 div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ separdfgp ' idfg ; n separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin |
108230331 108230538 2007-02-15 02:08:09 0 days 00:01:16 3563780 0 > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a giant penis [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east
108230972 108231602 2007-02-15 02:13:37 0 days 00:03:16 506179 1 div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' oooorshhhhfssseargshhh ' ' ) was a giant penis [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east
108231602 108231997 2007-02-15 02:15:41 0 days 00:02:04 3563780 0 > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a giant vaginal [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east
108231997 108232467 2007-02-15 02:18:06 0 days 00:02:25 506179 1 > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a giant vaginal [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east
113475444 113475667 2007-03-08 02:25:16 0 days 00:01:08 0|68.18.0.87 1 west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed poopsed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
113475754 113475882 2007-03-08 02:26:18 0 days 00:00:35 902207 4 west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = poopsed proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
113475882 113476082 2007-03-08 02:27:18 0 days 00:01:00 0|68.18.0.87 0 west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed pooped barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
113476082 113476232 2007-03-08 02:28:02 0 days 00:00:44 2198470 0 west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = pooped proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
117051528 117073720 2007-03-22 17:30:04 0 days 01:39:41 0|147.31.4.47 0 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was kenny your a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]]
153229321 153248597 2007-08-23 23:46:44 0 days 01:52:32 1054259 0 rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a mythical [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin
197716228 197723011 2008-03-12 14:33:43 0 days 00:38:28 3505251 2 the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin
198120276 198121023 2008-03-14 03:55:26 0 days 00:05:14 0|203.19.252.190 0 east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . yatzi is a fun game ! ! ! ! ! = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
198121023 198121037 2008-03-14 03:55:31 0 days 00:00:05 4928500 1 east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . yatzi is a fun game ! ! ! ! ! = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
198121037 198121293 2008-03-14 03:57:58 0 days 00:02:27 0|203.19.252.190 0 east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . lilko was here 08 = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
198121293 198121387 2008-03-14 03:58:43 0 days 00:00:45 690391 0 east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . lilko was here 08 = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
201146819 201207548 2008-03-27 01:13:30 0 days 04:15:21 0|41.233.103.133 0 to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
201207652 201208461 2008-03-27 01:17:50 0 days 00:03:50 3622922 0 to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
201315598 201457792 2008-03-28 00:18:49 0 days 10:53:41 0|76.244.31.154 0 east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . most of the moons atmosphere is surrounded by people in hot costumes . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
201457792 201457969 2008-03-28 00:19:41 0 days 00:00:52 0|76.244.31.154 0 germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . most of the moons atmosphere is surrounded by people in hot costumes . also , a young historian called yuri was the most dominant of his time . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
201457969 201458661 2008-03-28 00:22:56 0 days 00:03:15 0|76.244.31.154 0 east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . most of the moons atmosphere is surrounded by people in hot costumes . also , a young historian called yuri was the most dominant of his time . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
203050714 203051174 2008-04-03 14:41:51 0 days 00:02:38 0|76.181.66.248 0 on the wall ' s infamous " bananas " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a big fat [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' '
203051174 203051200 2008-04-03 14:41:57 0 days 00:00:06 6388591 1 on the wall ' s infamous " bananas " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a big fat [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' '
227636388 228703750 2008-07-29 23:28:06 5 days 08:40:26 7362628 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . nazi = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin
228703750 228709022 2008-07-30 00:03:41 0 days 00:35:35 5177550 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . nazi = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin
234024667 234342320 2008-08-26 12:58:37 1 days 13:34:56 0|88.89.69.40 0 germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . fu = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on 1 april , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ;
234342320 234342442 2008-08-26 12:59:19 0 days 00:00:42 0|88.89.69.40 0 germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . fu = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on 1 april , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ;
236916475 236982267 2008-09-08 01:47:17 0 days 06:11:13 0|60.234.117.23 0 germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . and also there once was a man who ran down the road because he had no toilet paper = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ;
236982267 236982290 2008-09-08 01:47:22 0 days 00:00:05 2372780 0 germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . and also there once was a man who ran down the road because he had no toilet paper = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ;
236982290 236982477 2008-09-08 01:48:24 0 days 00:01:02 0|60.234.117.23 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ;
236982477 236982486 2008-09-08 01:48:28 0 days 00:00:04 2372780 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ;
237637573 237717024 2008-09-11 14:31:11 0 days 11:23:16 0|208.108.156.160 0 germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . ' ' ' lalalalalalalallala ! bored la ! ' ' ' = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ;
237717789 237718671 2008-09-11 14:40:48 0 days 00:04:48 0|195.137.194.64 0 germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . ' ' ' lalalalalalalallala ! bored la ! ' ' ' = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ;
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 0 the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' '
11 [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . inner - german border = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ;
240527995 240571674 2008-09-24 00:23:26 0 days 03:27:09 0|67.191.11.141 0 the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical hello kitty [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]]
240571674 240572171 2008-09-24 00:25:45 0 days 00:02:19 911178 0 the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a hello kitty physical [[ separation barrier | barr * * * * * * shalalala * * * * * * * ier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic
257065090 257165827 2008-12-11 00:05:45 0 days 08:37:29 0|67.8.35.37 1 with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical diva ima ima diva [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]]
257165827 257165857 2008-12-11 00:05:55 0 days 00:00:10 1395162 0 the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was for a diva ima ima diva physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]]
268042073 268073835 2009-02-02 18:25:08 0 days 03:18:56 0|219.89.250.213 0 with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical phashizzle manizzle [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]]
268073835 268074198 2009-02-02 18:26:51 0 days 00:01:43 911178 0 with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a phashizzle manizzle physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]]
268961174 269234820 2009-02-08 00:55:12 1 days 06:33:13 0|68.94.13.35 0 ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier aid | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer
284342000 284454003 2009-04-17 17:07:08 0 days 14:29:03 0|69.70.181.106 0 the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation penis erection that took over the world ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the
284454003 284454026 2009-04-17 17:07:16 0 days 00:00:08 5026668 0 the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical penis erection that took over the world ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the
320965013 320970960 2009-10-20 09:05:52 0 days 01:12:19 0|220.244.220.2 0 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical physsical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from
320970960 320971298 2009-10-20 09:09:39 0 days 00:03:47 8918196 0 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physsical physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from
322275480 322559477 2009-10-28 16:28:57 1 days 13:04:50 0|173.9.15.5 0 the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical part of game called call of duty world at war [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from
322559477 322559727 2009-10-28 16:30:25 0 days 00:01:28 0|173.9.15.5 0 } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was part of game called call of duty world at war ( this game owns halo 3 ) [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from
641744226 642368255 2015-01-13 22:11:05 4 days 06:12:32 12404882 0 east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided berlin from 1961 to 1989 , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : /
752045266 760657011 2017-01-18 08:28:16 50 days 03:00:30 29937011 0 map {{ nowrap | ( [[ sharemap : public / west and east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a in [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 0 map {{ nowrap | ( [[ sharemap : public / west and east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( in {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | german ]] , berlin mauer ) was a barrier that divided [[ east germany | germany ]] and separated [[ east berlin ]] < nowiki / >
771798170 772547948 2017-03-27 22:54:22 4 days 07:02:04 25744646 0 and east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a guarded concrete [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url
group 87
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110144912 110985984 2007-02-26 03:01:15 3 days 06:29:01 0|193.242.104.9 0 incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite
127423687 127423836 2007-05-01 14:26:55 0 days 00:00:46 0|74.62.85.206 0 [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] what ? ? ? ? ? ? = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite
127423836 127423904 2007-05-01 14:27:12 0 days 00:00:17 4131122 0 [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] what ? ? ? ? ? ? = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite
130121166 130122735 2007-05-11 16:44:50 0 days 00:06:52 0|209.184.226.15 0 [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] boooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo texas = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite
130122735 130122861 2007-05-11 16:45:26 0 days 00:00:36 2073927 0 [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] boooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo texas = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite
155853769 156050532 2007-09-06 13:50:20 0 days 22:20:57 0|69.246.212.189 0 [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] the berlin wall was = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last
173866475 173866573 2007-11-26 10:46:20 0 days 00:00:55 137113 0 ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last
173976252 174038726 2007-11-27 01:38:24 0 days 04:25:19 0|68.99.109.136 4 [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] epublisher = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last
174038726 174056095 2007-11-27 03:11:09 0 days 01:32:45 2004568 1 william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last
6 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] astern bloc ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last
188831750 189293337 2008-02-05 17:22:49 2 days 00:13:36 0|190.40.211.238 20 schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last
253365461 253836110 2008-11-24 18:53:03 2 days 08:52:04 5823453 0 [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last
262390357 262557442 2009-01-07 17:16:31 0 days 19:21:16 8627252 0 waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last
279835940 280035881 2009-03-27 16:45:12 0 days 23:02:09 0|62.172.227.2 0 waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ neil adlam thinks it was built in ' 69 ]] , = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation
280035881 280036083 2009-03-27 16:46:18 0 days 00:01:06 911178 0 waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ neil adlam thinks it was built in ' 69 ]] , = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation
284935878 284964859 2009-04-20 06:53:35 0 days 04:00:42 0|122.108.181.87 0 waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . . . . . . . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation
284964859 285004676 2009-04-20 12:49:08 0 days 05:55:33 1304569 0 waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . . . . . . . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation
299569196 299792508 2009-07-02 00:04:58 1 days 03:56:40 10013224 0 waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , [[ 1991 ]] * [[ paradigm shift ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation
325158965 325184727 2009-11-11 04:14:33 0 days 03:08:01 0|74.185.149.36 0 the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ paradigm shift ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation
325184727 325185245 2009-11-11 04:18:45 0 days 00:04:12 4916882 0 the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ paradigm shift ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation
365688710 365700329 2010-06-02 20:18:32 0 days 01:13:37 0|76.112.3.161 0 stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] it never happened = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = < references / > * {{ citation | last = böcker | first =
365700486 365700612 2010-06-02 20:20:02 0 days 00:00:40 1306352 1 stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] it never happened * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = < references / > * {{ citation | last = böcker | first =
406373425 406433716 2011-01-07 05:26:52 0 days 06:17:13 1655427 0 ' , 1984 ( german : ' ' der mauerspringer ' ' , 1982 ) - the wall plays a central role in this novel set in berlin of the 1980s * music related to the berlin wall * * " [[ holidays in the sun ]] " , a song by the english [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the berlin wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last =
417326916 417379200 2011-03-06 05:07:01 0 days 06:34:03 14132516 0 [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last =
417379200 417379742 2011-03-06 05:11:45 0 days 00:04:44 103044 0 [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last =
417379742 417381511 2011-03-06 05:26:57 0 days 00:15:12 14132516 0 [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last =
417381511 417382702 2011-03-06 05:37:17 0 days 00:10:20 2483182 0 [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last =
417382702 417383047 2011-03-06 05:40:38 0 days 00:03:21 14132516 0 [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last =
417383047 417383763 2011-03-06 05:47:32 0 days 00:06:54 103044 0 [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last =
417383763 417384031 2011-03-06 05:50:17 0 days 00:02:45 14132516 0 [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last =
417384031 417384558 2011-03-06 05:55:31 0 days 00:05:14 10808929 0 [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last =
422046953 422449918 2011-04-05 04:30:06 2 days 06:10:27 14132516 0 [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last =
422449918 422503582 2011-04-05 12:49:24 0 days 08:19:18 6971250 0 [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * references in tv * * in 1969 on the news of the future section of rowan and martin ' s laugh in , it was predicted that the berlin wall would come down in 1989 . = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last =
428589131 429104564 2011-05-14 16:54:41 3 days 02:15:46 2544934 0 [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * * ' ' over de muur ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band [[ klein orkest ]] , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html klein orkest biography ] < / ref > = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last =
453939231 454528682 2011-10-08 11:06:51 3 days 17:07:39 10714345 0 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist [[ stephan elsner | elsner ]] created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " border injuries " . on one of his actions he even tore down a large part of the wall , < ref name = mauerfall > {{ cite web | title = die mauer als muse | url = http : / / www . tagesspiegel . de / berlin / die - mauer - als - muse / 821970 . html | work = the wall fell on july 18th 1982 | publisher = lars von törne in der tagesspiegel | accessdate = 13 march 2007 }} < / ref > installed a prepared foil of 3x2m in it and finished the painting there before the border soldiers on patrol could detect him . this performance was even recorded on video . < ref name = elsnerworks > {{ cite web | title = elsner ' s border injuries | url = http : / / www . galerie - son . com / artists / elsner / elsner _ works . html | work = artworks & video documentation | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > his actions are well - documented both in newspapers from that time and in recent scientific publications . < ref name = elsnerpress > {{ cite web | title = elsner | url = http : / / www . galerie - son . com / artists / elsner / elsner _ press . html | work = press archive | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker |
816797571 816797805 2017-12-23 19:37:49 0 days 00:02:02 11112747 0 reunification of jerusalem ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) {{ div col end }} = = notes ' ' ' notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita |
5 ]] * [[ reunification of jerusalem ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) {{ div col end }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita |
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19641332 19932121 2005-07-30 18:00:26 4 days 04:24:02 0|84.166.136.157 1 and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - map karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east
27932542 27961254 2005-11-10 21:55:35 0 days 05:43:07 0|67.38.154.248 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' '
27961463 27961518 2005-11-10 21:58:24 0 days 00:00:36 0|67.38.154.248 0 {st@rt} [[ image : clown mountain dew . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall
27961518 27961562 2005-11-10 21:58:43 0 days 00:00:19 0|67.38.154.248 0 {st@rt} [[ image : mountain dew mountaindew . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall
27961562 27961617 2005-11-10 21:59:11 0 days 00:00:28 0|67.38.154.248 0 {st@rt} [[ image : mountaindew clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall
27961617 27964176 2005-11-10 22:22:28 0 days 00:23:17 246113 0 {st@rt} [[ image : clown berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall
28613740 28625733 2005-11-17 22:55:55 0 days 03:04:31 587675 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 other . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' '
51292245 51426490 2006-05-03 21:35:36 0 days 20:18:45 0|24.17.214.125 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall big boy . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave
51426490 51435137 2006-05-03 22:33:50 0 days 00:58:14 294180 0 {st@rt} [[ image : big boy berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave
64682848 64683314 2006-07-19 16:13:35 0 days 00:02:48 157842 0 . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : reaganwall churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] delivering a speech during the presentation of the " breakthrough " monuement at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster
82833738 82835134 2006-10-21 16:48:39 0 days 00:09:25 443684 0 the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of
1 first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text 1945 1946 . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945
98151344 98168334 2007-01-03 13:13:54 0 days 02:24:35 2113027 0 ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military
111086584 111137285 2007-02-26 19:31:02 0 days 03:58:19 157842 0 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave
111355342 111374935 2007-02-27 18:15:45 0 days 01:31:27 0|168.11.47.3 0 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : my nigga homie . reconizlle berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall
111374935 111378516 2007-02-27 18:32:08 0 days 00:16:23 0|168.11.47.3 0 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : my nigga homie . reconizlle berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall
114062117 114069880 2007-03-10 15:09:53 0 days 00:56:10 3748830 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 flag of japan . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer
114069880 114078012 2007-03-10 16:07:11 0 days 00:57:18 3322661 0 {st@rt} [[ image : flag of japan berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . svg | thumb | 300px | right | hinomaru ! ]] ] < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / /
194820568 194823668 2008-02-29 03:51:36 0 days 00:18:15 3622922 11 , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px |
194823948 194824075 2008-02-29 03:53:54 0 days 00:00:42 3622922 0 director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 150px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] early successful
196608741 196612887 2008-03-07 21:04:14 0 days 00:18:19 0|79.0.146.173 1 ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 3 wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 1984 . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http :
4 berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least 133 143 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world
8 subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 1948 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin
17 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat staitsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has
18 before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht elbe ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a
20 unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht elsich , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' '
23 ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee dillnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin ,
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 3 wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 27 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 11 ]] [[ 1963 ]] until it was dismantled in 1984 1989 . during this period at least 143 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http :
4 berlin ]] for 27 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 11 ]] [[ 1963 ]] until it was dismantled in 1984 . during this period at least 143 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world
8 subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1948 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin
15 1963 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staitsrat staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter elbe ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niende hat die elsich , neine mauer ich iterich ! " ( no one has
16 before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staitsrat ]] chairman [[ walter elbe ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niende hat die elsich , neine mauer ich iterich ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a
18 unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staitsrat ]] chairman [[ walter elbe ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niende hat die elsich absicht , neine mauer ich iterich ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' '
21 ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ dillnsee döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin ,
199352175 199352310 2008-03-19 15:01:19 0 days 00:00:41 0|65.43.197.150 0 east germans wanted to move to west germany . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans [ cack ] from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[
199352310 199352643 2008-03-19 15:03:08 0 days 00:01:49 2372780 1 east germans wanted to move to west germany . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans [ cack ] from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[
200567003 200626917 2008-03-24 20:41:25 0 days 04:15:07 0|69.249.55.70 0 ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one
205709007 205856138 2008-04-15 19:38:21 0 days 16:21:25 3313221 1 restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] subway ( u - bahn ) station and ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany
205856138 205859140 2008-04-15 19:51:47 0 days 00:13:26 911178 2 according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous were the [[ friedrichstraße ]] subway ( u - bahn ) station and ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which were restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany
219331289 221468000 2008-06-24 17:05:45 9 days 22:22:33 950512 0 you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escaper escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 48 the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire
51 via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s
73 kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his
86 it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the
87 begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in
115 december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]]
155 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title
159 * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title
161 year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos
162 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) |
231229792 231306460 2008-08-11 20:55:47 0 days 06:58:00 0|67.71.86.16 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 133 134 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world
231306460 231330152 2008-08-11 23:02:46 0 days 02:06:59 911178 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 134 125 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world
231331197 231331673 2008-08-11 23:12:06 0 days 00:03:03 911178 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 125 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world
232899157 232899836 2008-08-19 13:21:34 0 days 00:02:46 4630363 1 ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , british ]] , french and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into
235938341 235999012 2008-09-03 10:08:33 0 days 08:46:05 0|124.189.34.199 0 berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 155 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into
237718671 237718950 2008-09-11 14:42:15 0 days 00:01:27 0|65.43.198.120 0 attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[
237723180 237727651 2008-09-11 15:28:32 0 days 00:22:43 0|97.96.27.131 0 attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 14 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has
43 west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] and [[ marienborn ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway (
46 [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at [[ dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 22 connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of [[ helmstedt ]] and [[ marienborn ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west
23 berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of [[ helmstedt ]] and [[ marienborn ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was
24 west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of [[ helmstedt ]] and [[ marienborn ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible
25 , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of [[ helmstedt ]] and [[ marienborn ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 25 german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling
26 engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or
38 s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting the sum of 100 dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this
242504717 242549390 2008-10-02 18:18:54 0 days 03:32:39 0|205.174.114.144 0 both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 97 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 102 available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( 1979 )
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 102 available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( 1979 )
245491946 245504609 2008-10-15 19:33:55 0 days 01:04:43 0|65.173.65.22 0 deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy blah blah blahhhh grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = =
245504609 245504761 2008-10-15 19:34:39 0 days 00:00:44 1398 0 deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy blah blah blahhhh grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = =
255064232 255192882 2008-12-01 12:37:17 0 days 15:07:28 0|195.192.242.6 0 introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr ddr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between
255192882 255210778 2008-12-01 15:04:41 0 days 02:27:24 0|70.91.241.121 5 symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for 28 years and 1 2 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the
255210778 255210981 2008-12-01 15:05:58 0 days 00:01:17 3290566 3 . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water separated eastital from westitaly for 40 28 years and 2 day , from the day construction began on august 16 , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime
4 came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water separated eastital from westitaly for 40 years and 2 1 day , from the day construction began on august 16 , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the
258133599 258134007 2008-12-15 15:47:51 0 days 00:02:16 0|71.130.177.243 4 two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western [[ capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government .
7 ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic ]] miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche
258135144 258137090 2008-12-15 16:03:25 0 days 00:09:50 1430004 9 = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( ' ' ' federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western [[ capitalist country with asshole bitchmarket economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' # redirect [[ in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government
11 [[ in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic ]] miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inigggggggggerrrrrrrrrrnner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche
258476585 258713332 2008-12-18 03:11:39 1 days 02:06:04 0|65.34.164.186 0 ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : /
258713483 258713491 2008-12-18 03:12:34 0 days 00:00:07 0|24.215.119.11 0 introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the ddr gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between
258720479 258721141 2008-12-18 04:03:40 0 days 00:05:01 0|65.34.164.186 0 ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at
1 ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight ,
258721141 258721821 2008-12-18 04:08:41 0 days 00:05:01 352579 0 ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight
1 wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight ,
262762670 263247726 2009-01-10 21:42:09 2 days 06:10:03 5026668 3 rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up
7 berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november
12 an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke
13 meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[
14 barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to
15 = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the
264375430 264816330 2009-01-18 05:46:05 2 days 04:19:11 430807 0 at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the berlin wall located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa ]] ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an
1 jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the berlin wall located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california , usa ]] ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft
266356606 266377425 2009-01-25 20:25:05 0 days 01:48:15 0|70.111.64.105 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 765 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
266377425 266386611 2009-01-25 21:12:46 0 days 00:47:41 911178 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 765 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
266478122 266480479 2009-01-26 07:26:56 0 days 00:20:28 119438 1 plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]]
267773340 267773611 2009-02-01 05:27:32 0 days 00:02:04 214542 0 the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government
267777243 267777804 2009-02-01 06:03:25 0 days 00:04:25 214542 5 letterman ]] logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode of the 1980s revival of [[ mission : impossible ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a
272467225 272476022 2009-02-22 11:42:29 0 days 01:00:09 0|93.132.133.36 0 . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album
273674256 273674565 2009-02-27 15:58:19 0 days 00:01:44 9091630 2 formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . it was built by oliver smith , who resided in hampshire , uk . in the 1950 ' s it was used by [ retards ] who used to headbutt it . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany
3 on october 3 , 1990 . it was built by oliver smith , who resided in hampshire , uk . in the 1950 ' s it was used by [ retards ] who used to headbutt it . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of
274919769 274964752 2009-03-04 17:35:23 0 days 04:23:28 0|66.220.117.199 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 135 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
274964752 274979258 2009-03-04 18:46:02 0 days 01:10:39 3505251 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 135 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
274979258 274981620 2009-03-04 18:57:41 0 days 00:11:39 3505251 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
276192508 276263944 2009-03-10 13:19:55 0 days 09:26:58 0|76.74.69.103 1 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 6 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
276263944 276264216 2009-03-10 13:21:29 0 days 00:01:34 1298255 1 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 6 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
276264216 276264493 2009-03-10 13:23:14 0 days 00:01:45 0|76.74.69.103 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 69 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
276264493 276264581 2009-03-10 13:23:50 0 days 00:00:36 1298255 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 69 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 3 ,
276588032 276588904 2009-03-11 20:35:55 0 days 00:04:01 0|68.81.17.165 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 198 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
276588904 276589440 2009-03-11 20:38:26 0 days 00:02:31 1298255 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 198 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
277225789 277226111 2009-03-14 18:17:29 0 days 00:01:54 6984319 2 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " / > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher |
3 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " / > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001
6 " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totalled totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin
278705102 278746206 2009-03-21 15:19:56 0 days 06:04:55 6984319 7 in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 339 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für
278854882 278889365 2009-03-22 05:34:54 0 days 03:58:53 0|98.210.160.132 0 including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandry quandary for some eastern bloc stated that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural - - especially between where no
279058833 279124770 2009-03-23 10:55:07 0 days 09:35:13 3505251 7 germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 331 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für
279124770 279160858 2009-03-23 15:09:45 0 days 04:14:38 6984319 7 in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 339 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für
279160858 279162751 2009-03-23 15:21:43 0 days 00:11:58 3505251 7 germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 331 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für
280576244 280625910 2009-03-30 11:26:09 0 days 07:02:28 0|87.38.134.112 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 5million people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
280625910 280626722 2009-03-30 11:32:07 0 days 00:05:58 3505251 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 5million 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin and over , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than
281274792 281321501 2009-04-02 17:04:49 0 days 05:18:00 0|91.45.99.171 0 ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known
283525851 283525990 2009-04-13 08:36:55 0 days 00:01:27 0|194.144.117.217 4 thousends of [[ gdr | east germans ]] started to cross the austro - hungarian border to emigrate to [[ west germany ]] . that event caused popular demonstration and a unreversible irreversible political crisis in the government of [[ gdr ]] . when the east german government announced on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that
283525990 283526349 2009-04-13 08:41:16 0 days 00:04:21 0|194.144.117.217 1 e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall started in hungary , where a reformist government started to dismantle the [[ iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austrian - hungarian governmental meeting ( [[
2 ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall started in hungary , where a reformist government started to dismantle the iron curtain ]] , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austrian - hungarian governmental meeting ( [[ august 23
283682015 283682122 2009-04-14 00:19:14 0 days 00:00:40 1099776 0 - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system preceded the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girmann girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the
284229554 284272784 2009-04-16 20:08:28 0 days 04:10:48 0|194.144.117.217 3 s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall started in hungary ]] , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic
284527500 284528364 2009-04-18 00:18:32 0 days 00:05:54 0|122.110.183.192 1 the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying cock suckers [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]]
284528364 284529573 2009-04-18 00:27:25 0 days 00:08:53 6984319 8 the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four tities zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying cock suckers [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]]
289227657 289234167 2009-05-11 11:21:40 0 days 01:02:52 0|189.13.118.213 0 the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbachev gorbacheves , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald
289234383 289234676 2009-05-11 11:27:00 0 days 00:03:10 1099776 0 the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbacheves gorbachev , tear down this walleroul ? " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald
289355710 289364057 2009-05-12 00:38:50 0 days 00:47:25 0|98.225.29.84 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the adggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation
289364057 289364265 2009-05-12 00:40:05 0 days 00:01:15 1148898 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the adggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation
296568780 296636215 2009-06-15 22:23:42 0 days 05:53:37 0|74.75.170.166 0 travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave enslave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for
296636337 296640805 2009-06-15 22:50:58 0 days 00:26:32 6984319 0 travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enslave enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for
296826843 296827382 2009-06-16 20:47:53 0 days 00:02:48 8219500 0 world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . and his opposing force the russians , ruled by dymitry dmitriy kotov . each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[
299532247 299536269 2009-06-30 17:00:50 0 days 00:23:45 3308922 3 th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] bức tường [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin wall was built in the 60 ' s and knocked down inthe
303808186 304663759 2009-07-28 11:59:39 4 days 15:12:50 1301909 0 wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged
1 tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier
306539582 306540083 2009-08-07 04:46:29 0 days 00:04:37 6984319 2 truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers travelers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for
8 to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb
9 some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization ,
10 through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow
306540083 306540519 2009-08-07 04:51:04 0 days 00:04:35 6984319 0 record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at
1 the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight ,
306559902 306561115 2009-08-07 08:07:14 0 days 00:12:37 6984319 1 / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present -
309060395 309060752 2009-08-20 13:07:43 0 days 00:02:36 6971250 0 ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de
311933846 311938724 2009-09-05 01:38:14 0 days 00:34:56 6984319 0 {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | - | [[ file : berlin - wall
315256133 315256267 2009-09-21 08:20:13 0 days 00:01:25 204692 1 mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " ( bed of nails ) under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 111 the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs ,
112 and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy
122 the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 22 / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang
321159821 321240166 2009-10-21 18:41:22 0 days 09:53:36 0|204.9.147.124 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . ktjg = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and
321240166 321246464 2009-10-21 19:17:49 0 days 00:36:27 8918196 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . ktjg = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 65 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and [[ france ]] ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19
66 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and [[ france ]] ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the
323263727 323358471 2009-11-01 22:31:13 0 days 10:29:09 0|24.130.32.235 1 name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction
323772254 323786711 2009-11-03 23:02:23 0 days 01:22:16 0|24.196.134.2 0 ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 98 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after
323839905 323840518 2009-11-04 05:01:42 0 days 00:04:34 10519822 5 the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , separating it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . during a [[ revolutions of
324105954 324119733 2009-11-05 18:01:53 0 days 01:22:11 0|12.165.250.13 1 }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the [[ brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the
324827614 324827738 2009-11-09 12:15:29 0 days 00:01:25 0|92.27.168.55 0 [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . archive . org / download / fallofberlinwall / heikoonfallofberlinwall . mp3 ] a unique documentary radio show ] on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans modrow * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter
324845496 324845643 2009-11-09 14:48:08 0 days 00:01:02 1467447 0 / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight
324851832 324852165 2009-11-09 15:31:23 0 days 00:02:15 6971250 1 = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the european music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed on the brandenburg gate , and
324852165 324854673 2009-11-09 15:48:05 0 days 00:16:42 0|115.187.16.3 0 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . roshan dhakal during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of
324854673 324855461 2009-11-09 15:53:16 0 days 00:05:11 6971250 0 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . roshan dhakal during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of
324866697 324867570 2009-11-09 17:10:05 0 days 00:06:11 0|139.91.185.41 0 < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by
1 ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole | loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961
324899230 324902376 2009-11-09 20:26:10 0 days 00:16:57 0|68.211.97.75 4 ] < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 200 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after
5 / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 300 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks
324902376 324902901 2009-11-09 20:28:59 0 days 00:02:49 118722 4 ] < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 200 100 and 300 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after
5 / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 200 and 300 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks
324940062 324941032 2009-11-09 23:48:24 0 days 00:04:42 16710 0 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial
324942089 324949378 2009-11-10 00:33:49 0 days 00:39:52 0|71.112.226.115 2 attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour fervor , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the
324951791 324951813 2009-11-10 00:48:35 0 days 00:00:07 8214624 4 up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration protested the construction of the wall at length via the usual channels , but without fervor fervour , despite being a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of
325109635 325109943 2009-11-10 20:24:36 0 days 00:01:50 0|173.78.68.123 0 the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by
325110541 325134416 2009-11-10 22:41:29 0 days 02:13:40 0|68.187.237.50 0 metre ( 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between [[ checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[
1 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side
325134416 325134523 2009-11-10 22:42:03 0 days 00:00:34 0|68.187.237.50 0 barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee
1 . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the
325134523 325134867 2009-11-10 22:44:03 0 days 00:02:00 0|68.187.237.50 1 boat using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie ]] . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u -
3 , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * checkpoint charlie ]] ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the western allies accredited to their respective
4 to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to [[ checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = =
5 from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie ]] . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image
326099578 326127754 2009-11-16 08:11:30 0 days 04:37:23 6971250 2 the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall segments | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see
329016614 329269841 2009-12-02 17:04:32 1 days 04:54:39 0|60.48.217.81 0 the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the [[ brandenburg gate . a high point was when over 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 8 feet tall , that were stacked along the former route of the
1 anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the brandenburg gate ]] . a high point was when over 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 8 feet tall , that were stacked along the former route of the wall in
333120077 333200585 2009-12-22 05:32:46 0 days 08:46:35 0|64.41.2.99 0 betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [ junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [
333200951 333201260 2009-12-22 05:38:54 0 days 00:02:59 0|64.41.2.99 0 what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [[ junkers junker ]] , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [
336036763 336116479 2010-01-06 01:24:41 0 days 07:15:22 0|72.240.215.207 0 miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets viets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets
336116479 336116760 2010-01-06 01:26:24 0 days 00:01:43 9600753 0 miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the viets soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets
338203675 338404513 2010-01-17 18:50:17 1 days 01:45:58 0|174.118.160.52 0 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . jarrod breau during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of
338404513 338404595 2010-01-17 18:50:54 0 days 00:00:37 0|174.118.160.52 0 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . jarrod breau during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of
343773805 343774672 2010-02-13 17:52:53 0 days 00:04:12 5326371 4 < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway ]] train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} <
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 3 ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border ; and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory
36 a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors , later treated as acts of [[ murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en .
37 whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors , later treated as acts of murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 6 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start
7 ( in german ) ] < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam ]] has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start /
346312588 346406413 2010-02-26 00:47:21 0 days 08:39:05 0|203.167.218.218 0 the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 1965 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc .
349037490 349037712 2010-03-10 17:57:53 0 days 00:01:10 0|204.39.61.253 0 berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all balllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllsssss such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov .
349037712 349038136 2010-03-10 18:00:02 0 days 00:02:09 3308922 0 berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all balllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllsssss such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov .
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 0 berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin
19 > [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated
31 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had [[ u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall
32 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 ]] and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall "
33 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 and [[ tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " .
34 year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel ]] perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . [[ palestinians
52 | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john
53 harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy
54 first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe démographie | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ citation | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of
67 by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > " conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes " ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape was
353439052 353501899 2010-04-02 06:23:08 0 days 07:34:21 12056309 1 outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under
356954794 356955360 2010-04-19 10:07:14 0 days 00:05:19 0|86.52.84.163 0 topography of terror ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over a thousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who suck cock died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a
356955360 356955672 2010-04-19 10:10:04 0 days 00:02:50 6971250 0 topography of terror ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over a thousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who suck cock died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a
357513678 357565538 2010-04-22 05:45:43 0 days 05:41:58 0|60.50.122.175 0 time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist [[ riccardo ehrman , the berlin correspondent of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording
360333645 360334342 2010-05-05 18:00:52 0 days 00:03:30 0|199.197.101.239 0 {st@rt} jonathan is really cool wiggie weege and i built the wall haha this is cooldefence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb |
362093204 362093344 2010-05-14 13:55:43 0 days 00:00:54 0|208.108.154.247 2 " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 2011 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil
362093344 362094029 2010-05-14 14:00:38 0 days 00:04:55 334792 3 " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 2011 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil
362094029 362122734 2010-05-14 17:09:13 0 days 03:08:35 0|209.181.40.252 0 east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public tonto and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the
362122734 362122979 2010-05-14 17:10:47 0 days 00:01:34 0|209.181.40.252 0 east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public tonto and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the
365278437 365278672 2010-05-31 19:58:36 0 days 00:01:23 0|204.40.1.129 0 . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] *
366962573 367011049 2010-06-09 16:36:07 0 days 06:20:21 12536139 1 anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students . students at over 20 30 universities participated in " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info
367791832 367995322 2010-06-14 16:31:11 1 days 00:02:50 0|76.126.226.142 0 | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences defenses with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 19 the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization ]] of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby
373492661 374861638 2010-07-22 14:54:33 7 days 19:35:53 0|76.248.68.144 1 / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > the international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a trabant car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . rides were raffled every half
2 . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > the international spy museum in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . rides were raffled every half hour and a trabant crashed
3 net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > the international spy museum in washington dc hosted a trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . rides were raffled every half hour and a trabant crashed through
375060179 375362871 2010-07-25 12:39:13 1 days 19:53:47 13978 0 a trabant crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse . the [[ allied museum in the [[ dahlem ( berlin ) | dahlem ]] district of berlin hosted a number of events to mark the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the berlin
1 crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse . the allied museum ]] in the [[ dahlem ( berlin ) | dahlem ]] district of berlin hosted a number of events to mark the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall .
387772513 387831168 2010-09-30 01:12:25 0 days 06:30:27 0|71.231.56.253 0 ]] on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman waka flocka [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }}
387831168 387833321 2010-09-30 01:28:23 0 days 00:15:58 911178 0 ]] on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman waka flocka [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }}
389408893 389817938 2010-10-10 03:28:43 2 days 05:08:29 0|72.64.191.249 0 known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . the death strip was covered with raked sand or gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice , easing the detection of trespasser trespassers and also enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly ,
391495052 391570615 2010-10-19 02:52:26 0 days 07:37:51 0|98.233.138.27 1 page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by wolfgang engels ]] , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 5 " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans who had left by 1961 totaled totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern
16 " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors favours a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and
23 writers , etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for
54 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november 9 is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , and the date of the 1918
55 ]] , and the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , 9 november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of the nazis
56 pogrom ]] s of the nazis in 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] criticized the first euphoria , noting that " they forgot that 9 nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title
69 ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border ; and by sunday morning , august 13 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border
100 right | west germans curiously peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange
105 the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers "
113 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , november 9 is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , and the date of the 1918 abdication of
115 , and the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of the nazis in 1938
116 s of the nazis in 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] criticized the first euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york
392382924 392383335 2010-10-23 10:45:05 0 days 00:03:40 0|79.75.3.228 0 attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervor fervour . the wall violated postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . a
399052561 399053190 2010-11-27 01:01:09 0 days 00:05:12 16710 3 < / ref > [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | upright | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press
400152873 400183850 2010-12-02 20:01:38 0 days 02:55:53 0|207.177.214.199 0 / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev kuzmanov , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 :
401679143 401702145 2010-12-11 00:44:02 0 days 02:56:40 0|75.3.1.224 0 / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev kuzmanov , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 :
406194201 406278034 2011-01-06 13:48:31 0 days 12:30:53 7609840 0 wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ luisenstädtischer luisenstadt canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin
407561958 408378962 2011-01-17 11:51:49 4 days 12:12:05 0|82.194.213.82 0 = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the penis soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting
408378962 408381263 2011-01-17 12:15:19 0 days 00:23:30 6971250 0 = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the penis soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting
409807529 409894092 2011-01-25 02:57:27 0 days 07:58:13 0|99.254.100.33 3 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four hundered occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet
409894092 409905421 2011-01-25 04:13:27 0 days 01:16:00 5204750 5 [[ b - 0 - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four hundered occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ cast
422046294 422046414 2011-04-02 22:15:20 0 days 00:00:56 1426328 0 . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy , 26 june 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein
427752945 427753574 2011-05-06 14:38:50 0 days 00:04:15 13543148 0 in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz kremnz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " {{ citation _ needed |
427753745 428575817 2011-05-11 12:51:55 4 days 22:11:59 10714345 0 in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon kremnz krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a 50 or 100 more years < ref > {{ cite
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 78 german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection |
83 zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[
89 german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb
91 in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of [[ murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en
92 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of [[ murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg
114 dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall !
435751856 435754285 2011-06-23 04:17:02 0 days 00:23:42 736651 1 opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that she wanted the soviet leader to do
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 2 ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on 17 november 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 7 ]] * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off | ]] stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]]
11 }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " >
17 of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ paradigm shift ]] * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 6 merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom and a minute of silence speeches honored those who died trying to flee to the west . " it is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations
446394338 446494769 2011-08-24 14:38:18 0 days 16:16:15 506179 1 unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans make similar distinctions between north ]] and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = 5
448907770 449034599 2011-09-08 00:59:47 0 days 16:00:02 10996774 1 replied , " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last name = sebetsyen | first name = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | year = 2009
449034599 449778448 2011-09-11 09:15:56 3 days 08:16:09 1119028 0 travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated enclave [[ exclave ]] in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) willy brandt , who
499054497 499130826 2012-06-24 13:05:40 0 days 14:00:21 1708682 1 via canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u -
505248510 505389397 2012-08-02 07:46:43 0 days 19:46:28 1473712 2 = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a [[ visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 4 a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] [[ file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | upright | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] the date on which the wall fell is considered to have
545505652 545756761 2013-03-20 19:26:16 0 days 23:09:44 13884762 1 publisher = bbc | date = 12 august 2007 | accessdate = 12 august 2007 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime ]] gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} <
553106649 553801374 2013-05-06 16:29:15 4 days 18:39:32 3106684 3 isbn = 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters — by most accounts , [[ nbc ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw ]] — asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be
560696523 560697108 2013-06-20 02:48:53 0 days 00:07:08 5681311 5 sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled mislabeled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 ,
560698146 560703430 2013-06-20 04:11:03 0 days 01:09:43 1108424 5 sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 ,
560703430 560704004 2013-06-20 04:18:37 0 days 00:07:34 5681311 5 sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled mislabeled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 ,
568314024 568939424 2013-08-17 15:00:02 4 days 09:38:27 5979365 1 , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon ]] , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic ,
574067499 574620114 2013-09-26 15:58:31 3 days 22:46:22 678051 0 visit = = 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert , which was attended by 300 , 0000 000 in person , and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , " i ' m not here for or against any government ,
574665859 574666082 2013-09-26 22:32:27 0 days 00:01:50 16715243 0 this warning reached not u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the [[ kennedy home [[ hyannis port ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he was relieved that the east germans and the soviets had only divided
580857229 580930170 2013-11-09 18:30:33 0 days 12:13:30 4783993 1 passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , u . s . president ]] [[ john f . kennedy visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of 450 , 000 he declared
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 33 = 9 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to
34 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria .
41 , " entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom , proclaimed president wulff . " < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe
618841270 619750670 2014-08-04 01:20:28 6 days 08:25:14 14405583 12 abbr = on }} * column track length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * number of watch towers : 302 * | number of bunkers : 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building
631993537 632215818 2014-11-03 00:37:18 1 days 14:51:48 18865486 8 away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the destruction of the wall itself began in [[ summer 1990 ]] and lasted until 1992 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary / ct -
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 23 ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards [[ german reunification , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution of east germany and the official reunification of the german state along the
633132744 633141598 2014-11-09 21:12:28 0 days 01:01:40 13734125 1 when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of defection , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ]] ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and windscreen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they
633141598 633168677 2014-11-10 01:12:55 0 days 04:00:27 10340692 0 wall ( " berlin wall " ) = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[
633183384 633189879 2014-11-10 04:55:00 0 days 01:15:20 1833 12 around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border
659612103 660351082 2015-05-02 01:50:09 3 days 22:10:38 11963162 1 e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on 9 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s ]] plan to close the intra - berlin border between east and west berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the
664678445 665650877 2015-06-05 18:14:52 6 days 10:44:50 2901026 1 to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = defection attempts = =
2 west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further
5 the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . a high point was when over 1 , 000 colourfully designed foam domino tiles , each over {{ convert | 8 | ft | m }} tall
6 of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . a high point was when over 1 , 000 colourfully designed foam domino tiles , each over {{ convert | 8 | ft | m }} tall , that were
7 | - long }} piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , halfway between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] ,
8 }} piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , halfway between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east
9 the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none
10 ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents
11 = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they temporarily erected more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to
12 museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they temporarily erected more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the
13 east germany beginning the erection of the berlin wall . chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with president [[ christian wulff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] at the [[ bernauer straße ]] memorial park to remember lives and liberty . speeches extolled freedom and a minute of silence at noon honored those who died trying to flee to the west
14 the erection of the berlin wall . chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with president [[ christian wulff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] at the [[ bernauer straße ]] memorial park to remember lives and liberty . speeches extolled freedom and a minute of silence at noon honored those who died trying to flee to the west . " it
688485144 688492814 2015-11-01 08:32:20 0 days 01:49:12 9048060 1 = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 11 september 2009 | work = michael binyon | work = times ]] | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we
4 united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = helen nugent | work = times ]] | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations =
693973160 693973403 2015-12-06 06:17:52 0 days 00:02:45 30225 2 % of the world ' s oil radioactive for decades . the title character of the movie has a team break into a missile silo in [[ smith center , kansas [[ ]] to obtain independent launch capability . , then he and an israeli security agent drive an automobile from west germany ' ' over the berlin wall into east germany ' '
694466316 695438983 2015-12-16 02:07:04 6 days 13:18:26 14376642 0 = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall – bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person , and broadcast delayed
1 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall – bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person , and broadcast delayed on television
699459845 699459916 2016-01-12 13:18:35 0 days 00:00:51 19338611 1 the local - germany ' s news in english | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its fdj ]] youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped that by letting springsteen in , they could improve their sentiment among east germans . however , this
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 23 n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 – usatoday . com | accessdate = 19 february 2008 | work = [[ usa today | date = 12 june 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ u . s . president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[
36 der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix | last1 = kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056
38 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan | last2 = posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 / http :
51 east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | publisher = [[ the globe and mail | date = 26 october 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | location = toronto }} < / ref > < ref > [ http :
67 article6828556 . ece | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = [[ the times ]] | location = london | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = =
68 | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = [[ the times ]] | location = london | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations =
708557629 710470018 2016-03-17 03:45:27 10 days 20:34:11 25794403 1 or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | 300px 220px | [[ universal newsreel ]] of the 1st anniversary of the berlin wall ]] the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency that was aware that east
710470018 712353861 2016-03-28 16:31:53 11 days 12:46:26 11324670 1 = on june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin , played a concert close to the wall ]] . this was attended by thousands of eastern concertgoers across the wall , < ref name = " fisher " > {{ cite web | url = http : / /
722498372 724165325 2016-06-07 14:47:00 9 days 23:58:28 5288432 0 - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route . * * ' ' [[ the soldier ( 1982 film ) | the soldier ]] ' ' , 1982 - a renegade kgb team put nuclear weapons in saudi arabia to force america to make the israelis pull out of
780019390 781687181 2017-05-22 17:34:23 10 days 04:39:20 8719036 1 " ) = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 16 ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . revolutions of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) , which demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]]
38 no | df = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite news
781715128 781720399 2017-05-22 20:55:40 0 days 00:38:03 8719036 3 = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = in june 1989 the hungarian government began dismantling the barbed - wire fence along its border with austria ]] ( with western tv crews present ) , and then , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref >
787409030 787409131 2017-06-25 06:56:40 0 days 00:01:25 31190988 1 brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration . * the former management office [[ nieder neuendorf # bauwerke | nieder neuendorf ]] , in the district of [ hennigsdorf ] ]] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states . * the former management station [[ bergfelde ]]
787409131 787409166 2017-06-25 06:57:14 0 days 00:00:34 31190988 2 . the memorial site , which is run by the initiative of his brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration . * the former management office [[ nieder neuendorf ]] , in the district of [[ hennigsdorf ]] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states .
3 ]] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states . * the former management station [[ bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in an already reforested area of the border strip and is used together with surrounding terrain as
800698581 802359764 2017-09-25 17:45:53 10 days 13:54:34 30928445 0 ( as per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states , the united kingdom , france and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] ,
810126141 810127095 2017-11-13 14:01:58 0 days 00:08:17 6554947 0 border , however , this strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the de jure border appears to have been unmarked undemarcated . the strip was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in
810187128 810222160 2017-11-14 00:53:59 0 days 04:11:16 6554947 2 border , however , this strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the de jure border appears to have been undemarcated unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west
810231237 810234613 2017-11-14 02:24:09 0 days 00:25:23 6554947 4 faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch , who was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and later convicted of unlawfully illegally crossing the de jure border . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news -
810308903 810309981 2017-11-14 13:50:38 0 days 00:08:41 6554947 0 the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure border . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs /
810347455 810347639 2017-11-14 18:41:08 0 days 00:01:22 6554947 0 generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been chased , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir reports having been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / gallery / 2014 /
1 - faire attitude toward the strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been chased , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist thierry noir ]] reports having been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / gallery / 2014 / apr /
810347639 810351013 2017-11-14 19:06:27 0 days 00:25:19 6554947 3 google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been chased persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports having been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref > https
810365760 810394251 2017-11-15 00:08:21 0 days 03:27:26 6554947 0 location of the actual border appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping foreigners outsiders off the outer strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books .
813824036 814525068 2017-12-09 09:23:38 3 days 21:00:13 9236845 0 - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the [[ eastern bloc ]] portrayed the wall as protecting its population from [[ fascism | fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice , the wall served
1 vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the [[ eastern bloc ]] portrayed the wall as protecting its population from fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice , the wall served to
822507011 823238815 2018-01-31 01:46:26 4 days 06:04:21 32940610 0 beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december 1990 . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 13 beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december 1990 . according to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1 . 7 million tonnes of building rubble was produced . unofficially , the demolition of the bornholmer
826083240 826247392 2018-02-18 02:11:01 0 days 23:16:36 32940610 0 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in [[ bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december . various
1 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in bernauer straße ]] and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december . various military units
2 beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december 1990 . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that
838879438 838895196 2018-04-29 23:54:28 0 days 02:14:24 19082616 2 - 6 }} < / ref > = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | 220px | [[ universal newsreel ]] of the 1st anniversary of the berlin wall ]] the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency that was aware that east
854070499 854078225 2018-08-08 20:29:20 0 days 01:04:58 3563616 6 registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on it by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen , such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d -
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18341759 18388981 2005-07-08 10:31:44 0 days 16:15:16 53921 5 helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 100 miles long , and covered 110 miles mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the
10 barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre metres long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by
20450326 20486751 2005-08-07 18:01:17 0 days 14:42:46 133515 0 barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metres metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 63 berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further in ,
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 64 particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km 96 miles ) long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their
27820034 27831852 2005-11-09 16:41:48 0 days 02:52:45 0|68.78.185.254 2 city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections . little is left
37710041 37796162 2006-02-02 04:37:22 0 days 09:53:21 21887 0 allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of 45 km ( 28 mi . miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east
1 to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 mi miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from
2 border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 mi miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along .
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 69 changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train ]] systemaround 1 . 6 km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed
150879717 150880869 2007-08-13 02:41:42 0 days 00:07:57 400934 0 berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east
1 thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in
197872871 197873819 2008-03-13 02:08:59 0 days 00:05:15 3554446 0 ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 mi . miles ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and
256070488 256154730 2008-12-06 01:40:12 0 days 08:28:17 0|68.164.228.214 2 mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 16 begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; km kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was
17 up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; km ( 97 miles mi ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside
18 , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; km kilometres ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach
19 install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; km ( 27 miles mi ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin
40 next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km kilometres ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos (
41 ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police )
42 u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km kilometres ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]]
43 personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 8 up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 mi miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 mi ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside
9 install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 mi ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 mi miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin
636736464 638716252 2014-12-19 00:55:57 13 days 14:59:40 1469567 0 | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | border length between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi 1 | abbr = on }} | border length through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | concrete segment
2 of wall length : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi 1 | abbr = on }} | anti - vehicle trenches length : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | contact / signal
3 {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | contact / signal fence length : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi 1 | abbr = on }} | column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | yd | abbr = on }} | column track length : {{ convert |
4 column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | yd | abbr = on }} | column track length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi 1 | abbr = on }} | number of watch towers : 302 | number of bunkers : 20 }} | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi |
5 | mi | abbr = on }} | number of watch towers : 302 | number of bunkers : 20 }} | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi 1 | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = wall }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg
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3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 1 on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the [[ soviet union , the usa , the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and
25 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , october 3 was chosen instead . the fall
7274428 7274470 2004-11-09 22:05:43 0 days 00:01:56 0|84.57.81.84 2 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , [[ october 3 ]]
7274640 7274734 2004-11-09 22:10:20 0 days 00:01:27 0|84.57.81.84 1 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , as well as the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their
9338110 9340902 2005-01-13 15:39:41 1 days 13:58:21 0|198.20.32.180 4 [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the
9340902 9400082 2005-01-13 19:37:16 0 days 03:57:35 28107 4 ii , berlin , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union , the united states , the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest
10084850 10084995 2005-02-09 02:13:18 0 days 00:02:21 0|152.163.100.198 2 [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the
10087212 10087443 2005-02-09 03:43:17 0 days 01:23:14 0|152.163.100.198 21 rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . the creation of the wall had important implications for both the germanies . by stemming the
10087443 10091995 2005-02-09 03:51:22 0 days 00:08:05 0|152.163.100.198 8 september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor ,
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 4 ii , berlin , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union , the united states , the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest
31 eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( west
111 september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic , erich honecker , resigned on october 18 , 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 7 . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = =
11763678 11767213 2005-04-01 16:17:51 0 days 06:38:20 0|168.9.35.14 0 - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for the sexy russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs ,
11767213 11865420 2005-04-01 18:19:35 0 days 02:01:44 44020 0 - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for the sexy russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs ,
12869629 12869650 2005-04-27 04:17:18 0 days 12:41:29 0|210.11.188.18 2 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany link below www . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under
3 , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control hl2 - cheats . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin -
13195297 13205916 2005-05-03 22:57:43 0 days 00:05:44 0|129.67.43.240 0 [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . the creation of the wall had important implications for both the germanies . by
13207767 13207835 2005-05-04 04:55:42 0 days 01:03:36 0|129.67.43.240 5 that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . a few months after the barbed wire went up , the us government informed would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 25 [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one
29 city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control .
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 24 , 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet army during the closing months of world war ii . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each ,
28 city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union , the united states , the united kingdom , and [[ france each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly
42 as the early phases of the cold war unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a currency reform in 1948 prompted the berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after 1949 , the three sectors
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 4 . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by born on may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors
9 area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by americans did not share information or seek assistance from the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a
19 all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] russian program ? recent scholarship has suggested that greenglass and the rosenbergs actually knew very little about the workings of the atomic weapons aside from basic concepts that the russians had already acquired through other espionage sources anyway ( or would have likely figured out fairly quickly on their own once their atomic bomb project was put into full production ) , and compared to the information given by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]]
47 . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control .
26918322 26918978 2005-10-30 22:32:59 0 days 00:07:33 67107 9 world war ii , the ussr and the usa were allies in war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions . as such , the americans did not share information or seek assistance from city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet union for the manhattan project . the soviets were aware of the project as a result of espionage penetration of the us government , however , and had made
10 allies in war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions . as such , the americans did not share information or seek assistance from the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union for the manhattan project . the soviets were aware of the project as a result of espionage penetration of the us government , however , and had made a
47 ( or would have likely figured out fairly quickly on their own once their atomic bomb project was put into full production ) , and compared to the information given by fuchs and theodore hall , it is unlikely that the rosenberg / greenglass data would have significantly aided the soviet project . even the detailed information given by fuchs and hall seems to have only marginally sped up the soviet project , as it was heavily distrusted by project
48 information given by fuchs and theodore hall , it is unlikely that the rosenberg / greenglass data would have significantly aided the soviet project . even the detailed information given by fuchs and hall seems to have only marginally sped up the soviet project , as it was heavily distrusted by project leader lavrenty beria . this , of course , is a question not necessarily related to their guilt or sentencing
27042249 27080524 2005-11-01 16:01:19 0 days 11:13:12 0|64.9.53.34 2 article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the hump it expect it was a asshole instead of a clit so he licked his brothers asshole [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors ,
27080524 27085773 2005-11-01 17:19:14 0 days 01:17:55 0|24.165.111.223 2 background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ clit ]] , was deep within the area which the penis was planning to hump it expect it was a asshole instead of a clit so he licked his brothers asshole [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors ,
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 10 demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors
28792067 28792082 2005-11-20 01:04:30 0 days 00:00:18 159620 8 wall ) ' ' . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army duringof [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was , one for each , although berlin was on all sides by
31042058 31084094 2005-12-12 19:26:03 0 days 06:57:07 549849 4 the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . thus the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their
36484473 36496005 2006-01-24 13:11:47 0 days 02:45:35 0|68.88.99.4 0 = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by dont touch my willie ! the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " ,
36496005 36500191 2006-01-24 14:03:59 0 days 00:52:12 0|129.104.247.2 0 = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by dont touch my willie ! the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " ,
36650338 36652600 2006-01-25 15:46:06 0 days 00:20:05 0|194.232.85.82 0 the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . after he got done masturbating khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air
40378504 40459448 2006-02-20 18:39:58 0 days 14:44:59 386031 23 prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc ]] and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was
24 lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the [[ soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all
26 because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland and the soviet union . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px |
27 east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to poland ]] and the soviet union . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position
40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 2 germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1949 onwards , the federal
44113664 44126829 2006-03-16 23:24:43 0 days 01:31:01 0|152.163.100.73 0 divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ [ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the
44178144 44190650 2006-03-17 09:49:27 0 days 02:45:19 1097544 0 divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [ [[ democracy | democratic ] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " across the border , the german democratic republic
44190650 44191484 2006-03-17 09:59:44 0 days 00:10:17 1097544 0 brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewhise likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ;
44251332 44255513 2006-03-17 20:05:59 0 days 00:33:10 97 0 could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland , czechoslovakia , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west
1 be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries poland ]] , czechoslovakia , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin
2 used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries poland , [[ czechoslovakia , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste
46947936 46949495 2006-04-04 17:06:33 0 days 00:11:44 97676 0 was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany , which permanently closed the border between
2 tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of the [[ soviet union ]] , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that
51928692 51987616 2006-05-07 15:05:21 0 days 11:26:57 0|80.134.172.176 0 ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 5 could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings
6 used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened
7 transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 4 could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland , czechoslovakia , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west
5 be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries poland ]] , czechoslovakia , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin
6 used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries poland , [[ czechoslovakia , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste
52187835 52187983 2006-05-08 19:25:32 0 days 00:00:52 0|156.63.113.54 0 until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward eating bologna [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall .
52187983 52196151 2006-05-08 20:15:27 0 days 00:49:55 0|147.4.184.14 0 until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward eating bologna [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall .
52230634 52245238 2006-05-09 01:36:36 0 days 01:48:21 389512 0 ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of
57040826 57243206 2006-06-06 21:05:19 1 days 02:00:04 300188 3 collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . =
57484319 57663965 2006-06-09 06:58:07 1 days 01:49:03 0|203.51.41.247 7 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding mareille the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year .
57663965 57664095 2006-06-09 06:59:35 0 days 00:01:28 416594 6 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones mareille to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year .
64681432 64682237 2006-07-19 16:07:06 0 days 00:04:50 157842 18 in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former [[ president ]] ronald reagan , [[ senator ]] [[ john ashcroft ]] and [[ german ]] [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . fourty - four years after her grandfather warned of an
65633547 66079192 2006-07-27 02:02:21 2 days 04:22:24 0|202.89.36.170 1 what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline declinxxxxxxxxxxxxxxe of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement
66079192 66079583 2006-07-27 02:05:14 0 days 00:02:53 416594 0 what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the declinxxxxxxxxxxxxxxe decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement
67053691 67063468 2006-08-01 16:29:11 0 days 01:00:35 0|66.32.195.73 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence and , after all of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
82835134 82879500 2006-10-21 21:17:43 0 days 04:29:04 2542109 4 however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the
82879500 82879607 2006-10-21 21:18:28 0 days 00:00:45 2179786 4 however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the
84628126 84628356 2006-10-30 15:08:34 0 days 00:01:17 0|216.79.72.2 1 output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union .
84630440 84632700 2006-10-30 15:33:12 0 days 00:13:01 1008387 2 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union .
86125050 86126158 2006-11-06 21:09:35 0 days 00:04:58 350153 3 states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the
88527357 88544994 2006-11-18 02:06:45 0 days 01:51:34 0|82.2.80.207 0 < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former formerz [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and
88544994 88545100 2006-11-18 02:07:24 0 days 00:00:39 0|82.2.80.207 0 < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the formerz former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and
89218090 89218590 2006-11-21 12:19:05 0 days 00:05:01 617480 0 jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass
94444270 94444428 2006-12-15 04:19:37 0 days 00:01:07 0|71.251.242.195 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = = = = = = divergence of german states from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " '
95268385 95268482 2006-12-19 07:38:35 0 days 00:00:55 125534 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = = = divergence of german states = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
99165555 99378492 2007-01-08 19:24:41 0 days 22:43:14 29695 1 div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and was
100940597 100941637 2007-01-15 20:29:28 0 days 00:04:57 2181758 1 collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised subsidized by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union
100946186 100948158 2007-01-15 20:59:57 0 days 00:09:11 302522 3 collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union
105035085 105154435 2007-02-02 19:13:09 0 days 12:40:40 3436457 4 flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]]
109201627 109202413 2007-02-19 01:53:52 0 days 00:04:12 0|68.41.174.194 5 stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would
7 control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 6 drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc oscar wilde }} {{ q | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 .
40 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = {{ german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before
52 | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 6 drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc oscar wilde }} {{ q | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 .
40 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = {{ german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before
52 | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 6 drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc oscar wilde }} {{ q | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 .
40 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = {{ german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before
52 | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east
113384513 113385689 2007-03-07 19:46:17 0 days 00:05:21 3511275 1 known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[
115431184 115431288 2007-03-15 23:17:11 0 days 00:00:28 3849022 0 powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of lolerskates the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] ,
115431288 115431424 2007-03-15 23:17:47 0 days 00:00:36 911178 0 powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of lolerskates the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] ,
115708771 115802630 2007-03-17 15:36:20 0 days 12:35:58 0|91.64.129.222 5 were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946
115803261 115804646 2007-03-17 15:49:40 0 days 00:09:19 54809 2 away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east german voters were convinced of the need for first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946
115804646 115804866 2007-03-17 15:50:50 0 days 00:01:10 54809 5 were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946
118657778 119194198 2007-03-31 03:19:34 2 days 02:46:08 0|69.236.50.115 14 , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ryan ross ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly
17 remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of
121573836 121815930 2007-04-10 23:58:00 0 days 22:34:01 0|71.251.78.138 7 wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]]
129554675 129554933 2007-05-09 16:37:49 0 days 00:01:02 0|204.129.158.10 7 from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a - - [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' '
8 , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder
131729416 131817337 2007-05-18 17:31:59 0 days 09:55:25 0|68.188.181.146 0 _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what phillip isaac smith territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers
131817337 131817727 2007-05-18 17:33:44 0 days 00:01:45 0|68.188.181.146 0 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what phillip isaac smith territorially terpooooooooopritorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers :
131817727 131817837 2007-05-18 17:34:15 0 days 00:00:31 0|68.188.181.146 0 _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what phillip isaac smith adam terpooooooooopritorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers
131817837 131818104 2007-05-18 17:35:20 0 days 00:01:05 302522 0 _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what adam terpooooooooopritorially territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers :
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 32 were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies , which gained ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _
133269284 133325186 2007-05-25 02:50:26 0 days 05:03:52 0|75.86.171.178 0 _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially territrially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers :
133345721 133347493 2007-05-25 04:59:29 0 days 00:12:33 715870 0 _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territrially territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers :
148832356 148832459 2007-08-03 00:22:10 0 days 00:00:40 4436820 0 ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[
150365735 150415593 2007-08-10 16:13:56 0 days 06:20:47 6661 2 mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany .
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 2 - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[
38 powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany
42 , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = =
44 west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany
69 of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly
165410058 165410165 2007-10-18 14:23:17 0 days 00:00:37 0|89.240.178.51 1 one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided
165598417 165643339 2007-10-19 15:25:00 0 days 05:20:28 2073927 2 controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 0 sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ the 9th of november , 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to
23 gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria .
173256912 173333858 2007-11-23 19:40:42 0 days 09:28:53 0|72.90.88.128 1 acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged western powers used it as a symbol of [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall '
4 the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[
173333858 173353310 2007-11-23 21:37:46 0 days 01:57:04 137113 3 the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall '
173360419 173360555 2007-11-23 22:21:06 0 days 00:00:48 137113 0 entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 spelled out the official line to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr
173360784 173361439 2007-11-23 22:26:15 0 days 00:03:47 137113 1 citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . an east german propaganda booklet published in [[ 1955 ]] spelled out the official line seriousness of [[ republikfluckt | ' fleeing the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the
174746112 174834859 2007-11-30 14:39:05 0 days 11:56:47 137113 0 ]] power of the capitalist sphere , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well - financed federal republic . an east german propaganda booklet published in [[ 1955 ]] outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist
175551251 175552021 2007-12-03 19:57:45 0 days 00:03:16 0|24.207.26.4 2 deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] sebastian adugalski [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained emained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies
175552021 175559970 2007-12-03 20:31:20 0 days 00:33:35 2537811 2 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] nic beck and matthew baena [[ ended of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially emained remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies
175957057 175993501 2007-12-05 20:16:36 0 days 02:49:49 0|147.133.205.61 1 was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the idiotic soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a
175993501 176001287 2007-12-05 20:51:38 0 days 00:35:02 2537811 1 a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , retarded east german leaders met the idiotic soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a
181089181 181089350 2007-12-31 00:23:54 0 days 00:01:03 0|208.104.149.90 4 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by < font color = red > soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 15 impetus for the creation of the berlin wall < / b > came from < i > east german leader < / i > [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by < font color = red > soviet leader < / font > [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction
182408420 182439802 2008-01-06 02:14:09 0 days 02:36:33 1131347 0 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established a tyrannical authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of
186163693 186265094 2008-01-23 02:51:18 0 days 08:06:59 0|71.98.41.151 0 [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] , [[ africa ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into
186280526 186281600 2008-01-23 04:36:51 0 days 00:07:43 0|209.202.16.80 0 [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] , [[ africa ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into
199352072 199352175 2008-03-19 15:00:38 0 days 00:00:34 0|65.43.197.150 0 french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed [ cack ] the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[
199352310 199352643 2008-03-19 15:03:08 0 days 00:01:49 2372780 0 french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed [ cack ] the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[
201855946 202125951 2008-03-30 19:58:57 1 days 01:48:56 0|76.104.54.6 3 germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met share with the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce
204493107 204725508 2008-04-10 16:47:10 0 days 23:17:59 137113 0 not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the ddr gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about
1 soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a ddr gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unneccessary move if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility
210686797 210716210 2008-05-07 02:13:29 0 days 02:42:09 0|76.246.244.54 0 government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had not expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long
210975287 211222812 2008-05-09 09:24:57 1 days 03:28:16 686868 2 : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , lorry drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of ' ' other east european countries ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a
9 [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 25 occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into
85 germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria .
231117861 231118376 2008-08-10 23:37:03 0 days 00:02:48 0|75.72.179.139 0 in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column
1 a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was
232402597 232464684 2008-08-17 09:31:07 0 days 09:15:29 0|144.138.73.137 1 public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for < < thats a true story . . btu little did any one knw [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg |
232464684 232470905 2008-08-17 10:38:36 0 days 01:07:29 0|92.226.201.206 1 almost all of the rest of it . but did little did any one know that this stuff is boring 1 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for < < thats a true story . . btu little did any one knw [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg |
232501695 232899157 2008-08-19 13:18:48 1 days 22:15:36 7593190 0 ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , french and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly
237420572 237421084 2008-09-10 02:42:59 0 days 00:04:00 7823265 12 svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , french and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland '
237533048 237592228 2008-09-10 22:31:33 0 days 05:13:54 0|76.101.200.188 0 = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west retarded gay weenies called german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin
237592228 237592256 2008-09-10 22:31:42 0 days 00:00:09 1395162 0 = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west retarded gay weenies called german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 62 administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 6 ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with
239907895 240013658 2008-09-21 15:30:01 0 days 13:46:07 6660588 0 one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ french and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four
1 of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors
240013658 240013759 2008-09-21 15:30:32 0 days 00:00:31 6660588 1 the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ french ]] ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors
240013759 240014029 2008-09-21 15:32:09 0 days 00:01:37 6660588 0 , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the '
246474803 246619818 2008-10-21 00:19:35 0 days 13:12:14 736477 2 : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : '
3 - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' '
257231828 257283627 2008-12-11 15:12:00 0 days 08:02:47 0|168.184.255.133 0 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the single bitches and hoes bouncing on german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east
257283627 257283841 2008-12-11 15:13:34 0 days 00:01:34 7873346 1 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the single bitches and hoes bouncing on german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ eas ' s t berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the
258212113 258364412 2008-12-16 15:00:50 0 days 16:57:59 836916 0 = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ [ joseph [ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits
258364412 258364484 2008-12-16 15:01:19 0 days 00:00:29 836916 0 = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [ [[ joseph [ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes
262762670 263247726 2009-01-10 21:42:09 2 days 06:10:03 5026668 6 in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided
10 ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989
264168087 264168961 2009-01-15 01:48:54 0 days 00:04:47 0|72.70.166.111 0 [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' suck my nuts town ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german
264168961 264171111 2009-01-15 02:00:30 0 days 00:11:36 352579 0 [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german
269853148 269853251 2009-02-10 21:26:08 0 days 00:00:28 0|76.118.246.211 1 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ the republic of dave ]] from the russian communist headquarters ( in berlin ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the
272689603 272715063 2009-02-23 13:40:22 0 days 03:46:07 0|65.111.197.38 0 , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of hitler homie of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand
272732729 272750101 2009-02-23 17:00:36 0 days 01:30:33 96897 0 , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of hitler homie of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand
274328124 274331717 2009-03-02 03:21:55 0 days 00:17:26 0|98.114.196.225 0 wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the big balls soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system
274331717 274331907 2009-03-02 03:22:50 0 days 00:00:55 0|98.114.196.225 0 wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the big balls soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system
274696419 274698765 2009-03-03 15:20:19 0 days 00:12:04 2372780 0 . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german testicle = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s
277679396 277800121 2009-03-17 04:26:35 0 days 11:03:29 0|72.12.135.231 0 . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] ( and it ' s allies ) and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13
277800121 277801434 2009-03-17 04:37:08 0 days 00:10:33 0|72.12.135.231 1 the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] ( and it ' s allies ) of wwii ] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13
277801434 277873616 2009-03-17 15:02:57 0 days 10:25:49 0|203.186.188.171 0 borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ allies of wwii ] ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13
277902757 277903755 2009-03-17 17:22:39 0 days 00:04:22 3505251 1 west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ allies of wwii ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day
277907821 277908340 2009-03-17 17:42:14 0 days 00:02:00 3505251 1 to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ allies of wwii ]] and the [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 ,
2 symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ allies of wwii ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until
277908340 277908940 2009-03-17 17:45:00 0 days 00:02:46 6984319 2 borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ usa ]] and [[ the [[ soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 ,
3 came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ usa ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until
277908940 277909503 2009-03-17 17:47:21 0 days 00:02:21 6984319 2 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the western european [[ allies of wwii ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day
280764248 280886430 2009-03-31 16:22:09 0 days 15:34:58 9349949 1 and well educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent august 28 , 1958 ,
282782058 282826152 2009-04-09 19:19:39 0 days 04:02:27 9418822 1 : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index
289234263 289234383 2009-05-11 11:23:50 0 days 00:01:08 0|189.13.118.213 1 make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity prosperitydade for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate .
289234383 289234676 2009-05-11 11:27:00 0 days 00:03:10 1099776 2 would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general de dimizione secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperitydade prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate .
289279765 289306528 2009-05-11 19:12:08 0 days 02:32:05 0|70.91.110.14 0 that event caused popular demonstration and a irreversible political crisis in the government of [[ gdr ]] . when the east german government announced on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb
289306528 289308987 2009-05-11 19:25:55 0 days 00:13:47 1099776 0 that event caused popular demonstration and a irreversible political crisis in the government of [[ gdr ]] . when the east german government announced on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 1 allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the
17 of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as
21 berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany )
36 the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin
304813680 305113230 2009-07-30 17:36:15 1 days 13:06:13 0|155.188.247.7 2 [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan hasselhoff challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together
305113230 305113464 2009-07-30 17:37:36 0 days 00:01:21 6803532 2 wall was david hasselhoff ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , hasselhoff reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together
305130153 305728347 2009-08-03 00:58:10 3 days 05:42:38 0|67.163.100.198 2 [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan truman challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together
305747907 305749049 2009-08-03 03:34:07 0 days 00:09:09 118722 1 [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , truman reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together
308260646 308268690 2009-08-16 08:48:10 0 days 01:33:41 0|219.90.152.79 0 ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france francejack rocks your sock in 2009 , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www .
308268690 308269713 2009-08-16 09:00:19 0 days 00:12:09 4916882 0 ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , francejack rocks your sock in 2009 france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www .
315251624 315252773 2009-09-21 07:40:18 0 days 00:13:20 204692 0 " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " / > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref >
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 177 november ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 15 november ]] is also the date of the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] in 1918 , the date of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht
318091580 318274763 2009-10-06 16:40:43 0 days 22:27:51 1476858 16 allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area
319547768 319594440 2009-10-13 09:35:29 0 days 07:09:46 0|60.50.80.80 0 ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged commanded soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together
319594440 319596946 2009-10-13 10:03:35 0 days 00:28:06 6971250 0 ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan commanded challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together
319914673 320139365 2009-10-16 02:25:06 1 days 02:44:15 10688538 0 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the [[ german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] .
320139365 320144857 2009-10-16 03:10:47 0 days 00:45:41 506179 1 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]]
323786711 323839905 2009-11-04 04:57:08 0 days 05:54:45 0|210.3.39.29 2 polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]]
323948489 323949018 2009-11-04 20:09:02 0 days 00:03:13 0|90.212.100.1 0 < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader the pedo [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and
323949018 323949431 2009-11-04 20:11:21 0 days 00:02:19 10519822 0 < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , the pedo soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and
324105954 324119733 2009-11-05 18:01:53 0 days 01:22:11 0|12.165.250.13 7 wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the [[ communist party of the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human
324382889 324397109 2009-11-07 03:15:39 0 days 02:01:42 0|64.231.186.162 0 area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by craig robertson for sucking cock the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]]
324397109 324397140 2009-11-07 03:15:53 0 days 00:00:14 1469567 0 area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by craig robertson for sucking cock the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]]
324808994 324812165 2009-11-09 09:27:33 0 days 00:32:19 0|220.239.172.251 1 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained remianed of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one
324812241 324813463 2009-11-09 09:40:48 0 days 00:12:38 0|121.220.121.181 1 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = aftre the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remianed remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into fore occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one
324813463 324815104 2009-11-09 09:59:16 0 days 00:18:28 4638533 1 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into fore occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one
324827897 324833446 2009-11-09 13:09:56 0 days 00:52:45 0|71.206.91.10 1 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of y of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one
324833446 324833874 2009-11-09 13:13:44 0 days 00:03:48 0|192.234.149.250 1 = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = ou hate me after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of y of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one
324923860 324923936 2009-11-09 22:20:37 0 days 00:00:26 6774658 1 lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the country city of [[ yugoslavia ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ north dakota ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large styrofoam walls , which circumscribed a
325185447 325190185 2009-11-11 05:02:52 0 days 00:42:42 0|210.3.39.29 4 soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including
5 . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german was built into a brick democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east
325190185 325190637 2009-11-11 05:07:12 0 days 00:04:20 10857892 9 caused mass depression in germany . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east
325364978 325366116 2009-11-12 02:34:13 0 days 00:08:51 0|202.158.12.194 13 soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling rulroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin walling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own .
15 in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang |
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 2 soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the rulroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin walling ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own .
12 miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and theroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]]
15 in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang |
325566075 325566396 2009-11-13 04:30:57 0 days 00:03:13 0|150.101.251.68 1 plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader penis [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 2 the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = james davis has no penis . {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet penis leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled penises on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary
342118264 342118535 2010-02-05 16:25:39 0 days 00:01:34 0|207.35.35.12 2 zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german quebecers democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin
342119150 342120204 2010-02-05 16:35:38 0 days 00:06:25 3505251 2 zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berline walle ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a wood barrier built by the quebecers german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 2 of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and
15 response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of
346182156 346183678 2010-02-24 23:07:35 0 days 00:08:59 0|202.134.38.186 0 marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , the hot and sexy horny soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland
346183678 346183823 2010-02-24 23:08:22 0 days 00:00:47 262550 1 marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , the hot and sexy horny soviet leader [[ keeley hazell ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland
347939480 348149387 2010-03-06 19:00:07 1 days 01:15:05 0|92.21.148.209 0 the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , i soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland
348149387 348149601 2010-03-06 19:01:27 0 days 00:01:20 7181920 0 the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war i ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland
350436271 350486746 2010-03-17 22:19:33 0 days 04:37:00 0|74.69.108.53 0 . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german ( nazi ! ) democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin
350486746 350487874 2010-03-17 22:25:23 0 days 00:05:50 11628032 0 . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german ( nazi ! ) democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin
362884229 362884424 2010-05-18 21:04:16 0 days 00:01:09 0|74.177.76.63 1 . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) nigga are soooooooo awsome because we are black " by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including
363608452 363705343 2010-05-23 11:12:36 0 days 14:31:37 0|121.236.152.86 0 bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain
363705343 363705709 2010-05-23 11:15:24 0 days 00:02:48 7007500 0 bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain
366804645 366959970 2010-06-09 09:44:43 0 days 18:24:23 0|122.106.230.43 0 area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the thhhhe german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from
366959970 366962573 2010-06-09 10:15:46 0 days 00:31:03 262550 0 area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by thhhhe the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from
368895969 369026140 2010-06-19 17:09:59 0 days 16:54:30 75287 0 alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 76 of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice ,
88 by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the
435751856 435754285 2011-06-23 04:17:02 0 days 00:23:42 736651 2 capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that she wanted the soviet leader to do what he could to stop it .
3 time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that she wanted the soviet leader to do what he could to stop it . < ref name
441085492 441951679 2011-07-28 22:57:23 4 days 23:08:48 85872 0 emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not
448750565 448751555 2011-09-06 14:09:31 0 days 00:08:17 723354 7 within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the
457259952 457313507 2011-10-25 13:22:19 0 days 09:42:19 11498870 0 , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' '
474175714 474175877 2012-01-31 07:55:10 0 days 00:02:21 6971250 0 emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany
545505652 545756761 2013-03-20 19:26:16 0 days 23:09:44 13884762 0 stm | publisher = bbc | date = 12 august 2007 | accessdate = 12 august 2007 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the [[ communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found
546489570 546994321 2013-03-26 00:13:50 2 days 16:58:12 1469567 7 < br > [[ file : flag of east berlin ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ history of berlin # the divided city | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display
578192175 580038585 2013-11-03 18:43:22 12 days 17:52:13 6976187 0 emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 25 could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , denmark ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to
632912474 633021579 2014-11-08 23:28:00 0 days 19:48:57 22901879 0 union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location , which was fully within the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref >
699450456 699459845 2016-01-12 13:17:44 0 days 01:42:53 19338611 0 2016 - 1 | publisher = business insider australia | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > on his death , the [[ foreign office ( germany ) | german foreign office tweeted " good - bye , david bowie . you are now among # heroes . thank you for helping to bring down the # wall . "
768011115 768242314 2017-03-02 17:22:33 1 days 10:25:12 17012175 0 name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers ' parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on 28 august 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia
809997471 810009717 2017-11-12 21:51:49 0 days 01:18:47 96897 0 referred to the berlin wall as the ' ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) , by implication ranking equating the [[ nato ]] countries ( and [[ west germany ]] in particular ) equal to [[ fascism | fascists ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it
822396886 822504643 2018-01-26 19:24:33 0 days 15:37:47 5841175 3 = http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in todesopfer an der berliner mauer | language = german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed .
834027685 836226216 2018-04-13 13:11:08 9 days 21:47:36 29980587 1 }} * [[ file : flag of east berlin ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ allied occupation of berlin # west and east germany ( 1945 – 1991 ) | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | coordinates = {{ coord | 52 . 516111 | 13 . 376944 | region : de | display = inline
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22800912 23087892 2005-09-12 07:03:09 4 days 08:34:02 156674 0 former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] {{ list fa | de }} [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin
43981878 44017927 2006-03-16 07:30:34 0 days 05:25:41 271058 0 ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ he : חומת
61388563 61679517 2006-07-02 12:25:06 1 days 20:39:13 271058 0 [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de
70888588 71084944 2006-08-22 01:55:11 0 days 22:41:00 389639 0 ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] {{ link fa | el }} [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo horma ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin
355152907 355153123 2010-04-10 15:27:52 0 days 00:01:35 0|89.129.52.24 0 later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = k guay k el lucas es axo = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of
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40945287 40946332 2006-02-24 01:18:54 0 days 00:07:29 304316 0 > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ web reference | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | publishyear = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin
40946332 40946642 2006-02-24 01:21:12 0 days 00:02:18 304316 0 that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ web reference | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | publishyear = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming "
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 26 were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes
69973916 70133083 2006-08-17 00:49:53 0 days 16:42:24 617080 0 ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall "
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 24 known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ 1 ] ^ [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] ^ nikolaos a . patsopoulos , et al . ( aug 2007 ) . " claims of sex differences : an empirical assessment in genetic associations " . j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west
169684876 169684921 2007-11-06 21:22:10 0 days 00:00:11 4928500 2 | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapers ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this
204485312 204485514 2008-04-09 16:50:31 0 days 00:00:57 137113 3 , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 97 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] <
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 97 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] <
274982026 274982274 2009-03-04 19:00:58 0 days 00:01:16 3505251 2 , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > ref http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical
276379329 276395905 2009-03-10 23:41:05 0 days 01:19:49 0|68.81.17.165 0 a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ . [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of
321121389 321122011 2009-10-21 02:36:40 0 days 00:05:16 835543 0 " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( oct 21 , 2009 ) [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] < /
324932966 324937840 2009-11-09 23:32:03 0 days 00:24:17 16710 0 from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time
6 of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > [ {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm
9 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]]
279835916 279835940 2009-03-26 17:43:03 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 2 berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} an seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet block nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} [[ tear down this wall | the speech ]] is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . < ref > http : / / www . reaganlibrary . com / reagan / speeches / wall . asp < / ref > indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] ,
281153208 281274792 2009-04-02 11:46:49 0 days 14:45:34 0|195.127.17.245 0 asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] * [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de
282662590 282781427 2009-04-09 15:13:59 0 days 15:06:29 9418822 1 / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de
282781427 282782058 2009-04-09 15:17:12 0 days 00:03:13 9418822 2 . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de
301720848 301746617 2009-07-12 20:30:53 0 days 03:02:58 7669163 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the '
311905684 311933749 2009-09-05 01:02:20 0 days 03:22:02 6877720 1 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite
2 " death strip " ]] [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the '
319488273 319547768 2009-10-13 02:25:43 0 days 06:01:16 3058538 0 / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / {{ it icon }} borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw [[ black - and - white | b & w ]] photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www .
325135734 325136551 2009-11-10 22:53:34 0 days 00:04:30 0|122.107.135.244 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = bum crap i like men after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals — engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20th . , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1st . , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , august 12th . , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13th . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15th . . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was
325136551 325136586 2009-11-10 22:53:45 0 days 00:00:11 4928500 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals — engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20th . , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1st . , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , august 12th . , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13th . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15th . . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was
327857129 328159601 2009-11-27 05:22:19 1 days 16:07:01 11108349 0 . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / boondilexicon . blogspot . com / 2009 / 11 / berlin - wall - dr - ruwan - m - jayatunge . html / an essay on the berlin wall ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display
328159601 328159849 2009-11-27 05:24:28 0 days 00:02:09 1623918 0 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / boondilexicon . blogspot . com / 2009 / 11 / berlin - wall - dr - ruwan - m - jayatunge . html / an essay on the berlin wall ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display
334210024 335311417 2010-01-01 17:48:40 5 days 12:24:02 11334648 0 to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : berlin _ fallofwall _ emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]]
346183823 346309252 2010-02-25 15:48:21 0 days 16:39:59 150129 4 [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of november 9 , and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november
365688428 365688576 2010-06-02 19:04:03 0 days 00:00:55 0|198.237.49.215 1 = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) willy brandt , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the
365688576 365688710 2010-06-02 19:04:55 0 days 00:00:52 4459901 0 defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . amoz hickmen is a gay fagit = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting
1 walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . amoz hickmen is a gay fagit . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) willy brandt , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the
367011049 367156561 2010-06-10 07:15:07 0 days 14:39:00 962462 5 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous "
367156561 367161807 2010-06-10 08:07:06 0 days 00:51:59 6971250 5 {st@rt} {{ infobox building | name = berlin wall | native _ name = {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | native _ name _ lang = | former _ names = | alternate _ names = | image = berlinermauer . jpg | image _ alt = | caption = view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous
383513705 383560948 2010-09-08 01:26:37 0 days 05:12:57 12816601 0 on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 99 though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | right | west germans
424745141 424745844 2011-04-18 20:47:36 0 days 00:04:33 14063214 0 . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . in 1961 , secretary of state dean rusk proclaimed , " the wall certainly ought not to be a permanent feature of the european landscape . i see no reason why the soviet union should think it is - - it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " [ http : / / www . upi . com / audio / year _ in _ review / events - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in - berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / ] [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the
427753745 428575817 2011-05-11 12:51:55 4 days 22:11:59 10714345 1 little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . = = = demolition = = = " the wall fell in 1982 " : the german artist [[ stephan elsner ]] tore down a huge part of the berlin wall in the year 1982 , installed one of his artworks in the gap and finished it there before the border soldiers could detect him . this artwork was part of his famous work - series called " border injuries " ( german : " grenzverletzung " ) . < ref > lars von törne in berlin newspaper [ http : / / www . tagesspiegel . de / berlin / die - mauer - als - muse / 821970 . html " die mauer als muse " ] der tagespiegel on 13 march 2007 ( in german ) , starting with " die mauer fiel am 18 . juni 1982 " ( the wall fell on june 18th 1982 ) < / ref > [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november
428576147 428589131 2011-05-11 14:38:55 0 days 01:44:13 6971250 0 little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . = = = demolition = = = " the wall fell in 1982 " : the german artist [[ stephan elsner ]] tore down a huge part of the berlin wall in the year 1982 , installed one of his artworks in the gap and finished it there before the border soldiers could detect him . this artwork was part of his famous work - series called " border injuries " ( german : " grenzverletzung " ) . < ref > " die mauer als muse " by lars von törne in berlin newspaper [ http : / / www . tagesspiegel . de / berlin / die - mauer - als - muse / 821970 . html der tagespiegel on 13 march 2007 ] ( in german ) , starting with " die mauer fiel am 18 . juni 1982 " ( the wall fell on june 18th 1982 ) < / ref > [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november
444513279 444513435 2011-08-12 21:54:44 0 days 00:01:07 314721 0 on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced | section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | upright | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall .
444513653 444591376 2011-08-13 07:47:29 0 days 09:51:38 7627982 0 < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | east german [[ combat groups of the working class ]] close the border on 13 august 1961 in perparation of the berlin wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 ]] on 15 june
454720816 455256380 2011-10-12 19:41:34 3 days 04:05:00 13791031 0 wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] ]] |
1 | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] ]] | - | [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | }
485297583 489424180 2012-04-27 04:49:49 23 days 21:13:49 14405583 12 . ]] [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] ]] [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the '
515867543 518733755 2012-10-19 17:13:15 15 days 18:52:54 2705932 0 the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long - terminated [[ luisenstadt canal ]] ( filled in 1932 ) . | image _ map = berlin - wall - map . png | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 4 seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] [[ file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | upright | a crane < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | upright | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late
575032069 575047845 2013-09-29 20:48:17 0 days 02:18:48 1108424 0 such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel springer ag‬ ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death _ strip , _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip "
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 33 cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard ]]
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 31 the " wall peckers " ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . {{ fact }} [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | a berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard
37 found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . {{ fact }} [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , still in its original spot , 2016 ]] = = = 50th anniversary commemoration
820361257 820363656 2018-01-14 08:40:17 0 days 00:14:39 11104969 4 1a . jpg | juggling on the wall on 16 november 1989 . file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) . file : berlin 1989 , fall der mauer , chute du mur 18 . jpg | the fall of the wall ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > another border
825819094 825819301 2018-02-15 16:29:55 0 days 00:01:18 5946478 0 / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > = = = crossing = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s . ]] west
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238414 238415 2001-09-16 15:09:28 129 days 22:13:31 35 0 {st@rt} built in [[ berlin ]] on [[ august 13 ]] , 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . it came down on november 9 , 1989 . see [[ berlin ]] .
1 {st@rt} built in 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on november 9 , 1989 . see [[ berlin ]] .
102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 3 , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted , the border between east and west germany was closed in 1952 and the attractiveness of the western sectors of
13 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . there was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing
16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . there was also mesh fencing , signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners at friedrichstrasse , the western powers opened two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the country border and
17 signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners , at friedrichstrasse , the western powers opened two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the country border and dreilinden in berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) ,
18 and anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners at friedrichstrasse , ; the western powers opened two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the country border and dreilinden in berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden
102790 206317 2002-06-22 18:16:41 0 days 00:00:38 59 0 berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany begun in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned
732530 732537 2003-03-08 21:13:53 0 days 02:40:23 4388 6 , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners , at friedrichstrasse ; the western powers opened two further checkpoints , at helmstedt on the country border and dreilinden in berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse )
732537 732538 2003-03-08 21:16:43 0 days 00:02:50 4388 0 by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee . from [[ [ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , england and france ( [[ west - berlin ]] ) formed a part of [[ west germany ]] that was
774894 794829 2003-03-25 12:08:24 0 days 15:45:48 0|62.253.64.7 5 ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' prevented the citizens of east germany from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic between west - berlin and the rest of west - germany ) . it first consisted of barbed wire , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the
6 prevented the citizens of east germany from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic between west - berlin and the rest of west - germany ) . it first consisted of barbed wire , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city into west berlin and [[ east
794829 794836 2003-04-01 13:39:02 7 days 01:30:38 0|204.218.227.5 1 ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . alexandrea elenora clinea was here . elenora , elenora , elenora ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! you ' ll be in the history books alex . . . . . . . yeah i know someone famous ! hey ron , jon , pete , chris i ' m talking to the newspaper guy and told him to write this isn ' t this cool ! ! ! the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and
794836 794852 2003-04-01 13:43:16 0 days 00:04:14 7361 1 ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . alexandrea elenora clinea was here . elenora , elenora , elenora ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! you ' ll be in the history books alex . . . . . . . yeah i know someone famous ! hey ron , jon , pete , chris i ' m talking to the newspaper guy and told him to write this isn ' t this cool ! ! ! the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 26 government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and many people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was
34 finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting declaration of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = http :
46 place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = http : / / www . wall
1282616 1282664 2003-08-13 04:46:25 6 days 13:51:34 7918 1 ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in 1975 , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000
2 the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east
2440574 2497657 2004-02-19 04:27:57 4 days 17:12:26 35188 8 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] and of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] , ; thus giving a good profile of the good and evil in german history . instead , october 3 was chosen . the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in
9 ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] , thus giving a good profile of the good and evil in german history . instead , october 3 was chosen instead . the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations
11 the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] and of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] , thus giving a good profile of the good and evil in german history . instead , october 3 was chosen . the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system
2661588 2729115 2004-03-07 04:57:41 12 days 12:44:58 49486 0 western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that it was clear from the beginning that this justification served as a cover for the fact that the citizens of east germany had to be prevented from entering west berlin and
2729115 2729186 2004-03-12 04:12:38 4 days 23:14:57 50926 0 german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers , making the berlin wall on completetion reach 96 miles . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at [[ helmstedt ]] on
1 marks . the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . 27 of this went through berlin , 23 went through residential zones at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the
2729186 2953568 2004-03-12 04:22:04 0 days 00:09:26 50926 1 , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers , making the berlin wall on completetion reach 96 miles . 27 of this went through berlin , 23 went through residential zones at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the
3156940 3355675 2004-04-12 05:26:04 7 days 15:02:05 32383 0 . some believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] . however , but also of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] ; thus october 3 was chosen instead . the fall of the
2 november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] , but also the anniversary of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] ; thus october 3 was chosen instead . the fall of the wall considerably changed
3416164 3551635 2004-05-02 09:12:00 3 days 12:28:42 4388 8 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at [[ helmstedt ]] on
9 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east - germany and the main part of west - germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin
3668312 3668416 2004-05-21 03:41:41 8 days 09:46:46 8780 1 [[ 1948 ]] , the " [[ berlin blockade ]] " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states . from [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent , were in effect a part of [[ west
3668416 3702165 2004-05-21 03:54:52 0 days 00:13:11 8780 0 - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful ' [[ escape ]] s ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 24 with guest including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 would have made a good german
27 of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , october 3 was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over
4242660 4242842 2004-06-23 19:18:02 0 days 22:13:06 0|80.45.179.46 0 soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in 1975 , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high
1 stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km long . . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in 1975 , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and
2 attempted to defect . = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating what became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' between the two barriers after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in 1975 , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed
5 s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on augist 17 [[ 1962 ]] . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb
4728651 4728678 2004-07-19 16:15:07 1 days 07:41:50 0|66.176.198.81 0 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard conrad schumann leaps to freedom capitalist oppresion over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ,
4728678 4744244 2004-07-19 16:17:10 0 days 00:02:03 0|66.176.198.81 0 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard conrad schumann leaps to capitalist oppresion the west over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ,
4780030 5169711 2004-07-22 08:08:47 0 days 00:02:51 0|217.169.121.37 0 people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . also the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls ( [[ ddr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved .
5169711 5169825 2004-08-12 20:37:47 21 days 12:29:00 12741 0 potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guest including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . ( in fact , the wall ' s imagery is of a wall which keeps ' ' out ' ' rather than ' ' in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge the [[ ddr ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist wall of protection " rather than the western view . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial . ) the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]]
5174899 5178672 2004-08-13 02:09:23 0 days 05:23:15 37284 0 on the border between east - germany and the main part of west - germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and [[ checkpoint charlie | charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall
5185184 5185219 2004-08-13 16:25:13 0 days 00:01:18 56563 0 changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was deconstructed demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[
5637404 5637725 2004-09-03 21:15:48 3 days 15:45:35 0|217.231.7.192 0 locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left no longer
5637725 5637810 2004-09-03 21:31:42 0 days 00:15:54 49471 1 [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] ( as well as the rest of germany ) , was divided into four sectors . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states | usa ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had
3 in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors . however , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in [[ 1952 ]] . around 2 . 5
6 effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in [[ 1952 ]] . around 2 . 5 million east
5637810 5637884 2004-09-03 21:35:33 0 days 00:03:51 49471 0 1961 ]] , in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city ; and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall
5637884 5787721 2004-09-03 21:39:12 0 days 00:03:39 49471 0 ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short
2 new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned , and . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the
6103099 6145320 2004-09-23 18:24:05 1 days 03:33:32 0|67.93.158.42 0 chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] . [[ image : berlin
7264727 7264768 2004-11-09 17:56:20 0 days 00:13:20 0|217.9.29.249 0 shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when
7274103 7274236 2004-11-09 21:58:06 0 days 00:00:40 0|83.109.145.235 0 = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american poststamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall marked the symbolic end of the cold war . american poststamp commemorating the event . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]]
7274341 7274428 2004-11-09 22:03:47 0 days 00:02:17 0|84.57.81.84 0 with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge the [[ east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist wall of protection " rather than the western view that the wall was essentially meant to turn the east into a giant prison . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial . ) the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[
7275003 7275347 2004-11-09 22:18:09 0 days 00:03:28 0|84.57.81.84 1 it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating a [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 .
8127109 8160484 2004-12-04 22:28:22 0 days 14:35:32 0|62.74.165.139 0 allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied souvereignity sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all
9220520 9263540 2005-01-09 04:58:30 2 days 07:45:20 0|63.231.146.138 1 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august
9268476 9300388 2005-01-10 23:50:02 0 days 03:03:49 151197 5 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan
6 to careful checks both entering and leaving . a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released - - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ francis gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down
9400082 9483884 2005-01-16 03:23:36 2 days 07:46:20 0|63.231.146.138 0 escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 2 jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which
3 | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was
6 1961 ]] construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed - wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western
7 ]] construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] fence was erected , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into
17 people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . was widely seen as being closer to the truth . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with
19 the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . the creation of the wall had important implications for both the germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down
20 , particularly during the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . = = the fall of the wall
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 6 over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' '
22 the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had
10406521 10406619 2005-02-18 23:23:57 1 days 03:05:12 0|68.175.86.193 0 and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . berlin wall : first constructed by paul smith , 1989 . his father harry had induced sexual ramming on his asshole as a young child . that is what caused jake paul smith to become a homosexual at a later age . he loved doing men in the ass and making their tight sphinkter bleed like there is no tomorrow . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty ,
10406619 10465172 2005-02-18 23:27:51 0 days 00:03:54 191556 0 and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . berlin wall : first constructed by paul smith , 1989 . his father harry had induced sexual ramming on his asshole as a young child . that is what caused jake paul smith to become a homosexual at a later age . he loved doing men in the ass and making their tight sphinkter bleed like there is no tomorrow . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty ,
11639454 11652451 2005-03-29 06:12:33 0 days 00:03:21 0|24.42.224.161 0 people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the construction of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 0 on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the idea for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction
1 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one section of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on
6 between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was
8 on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[
10 east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the
22 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by
23 low sports car underneath a barricade . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on
31 wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 3 between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . = = construction of the wall = = the idea for the creation of the berlin wall came from east
4 almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for = = construction of the wall = = the idea for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval
7 east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on
19 , one by a family ) . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall
11865420 11885036 2005-04-04 06:48:52 2 days 12:29:17 0|139.168.103.36 1 offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . ( right so im so hot and sexy and see you later baby ) over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall
11885036 11891869 2005-04-04 20:03:29 0 days 13:14:37 28107 1 totally no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . ( right so im so hot and sexy and see you later baby ) over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall
11896685 11902442 2005-04-05 01:20:09 0 days 02:17:19 0|4.239.237.190 4 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer
11902442 12289902 2005-04-05 04:33:38 0 days 03:13:29 28107 4 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer
12310883 12498340 2005-04-14 19:41:28 0 days 11:53:58 137616 1 west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this
12869629 12869650 2005-04-27 04:17:18 0 days 12:41:29 0|210.11.188.18 4 soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] and were completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected ) . this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . tk = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the
12910967 13036963 2005-04-28 01:57:47 0 days 03:20:14 0|192.211.25.9 0 potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . ( in fact , the wall ' s imagery is of a wall which keeps ' ' out ' ' rather than ' ' in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge [[ east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist protection barrier " rather than the western view that the wall was essentially meant to turn the east into a giant prison . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial . ) the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]]
13205916 13207767 2005-05-04 03:52:06 0 days 04:54:23 255801 0 two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was
13207767 13207835 2005-05-04 04:55:42 0 days 01:03:36 0|129.67.43.240 0 . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 28 - mile barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been
13221226 13226026 2005-05-04 14:53:42 0 days 00:01:27 0|207.89.209.102 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] ,
13226026 13261937 2005-05-04 17:09:57 0 days 02:16:15 26468 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] ,
14016219 14054477 2005-05-21 09:53:43 0 days 00:01:58 0|216.27.183.43 1 locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999
14269368 14269487 2005-05-26 16:36:03 0 days 04:31:25 0|164.68.120.3 1 raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapers ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly penis , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961
14269487 14269638 2005-05-26 16:38:51 0 days 00:02:48 0|164.68.120.3 3 escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners ,
14269815 14329087 2005-05-26 16:46:05 0 days 00:04:01 157530 1 raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapers ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most penis importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961
7 escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously torched . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the germans then tared and feathered them these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug
15054564 15054752 2005-06-12 05:48:45 0 days 04:11:01 5016 2 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided by the allies into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the
3 entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , one for each , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]]
5 = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[
11 , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty
15055113 15059402 2005-06-12 06:08:12 0 days 00:13:20 5016 3 for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to
19 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone
24 hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing
15066593 15077566 2005-06-12 13:50:16 0 days 04:48:31 156968 1 col glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers containing 1500 men , divided into 5 five march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to helmstadt on the west german / east german border , us
15268709 15268719 2005-06-16 03:27:29 3 days 07:41:28 0|66.159.212.9 0 the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , i ' m crazy about the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany .
15268719 15499413 2005-06-16 03:27:41 0 days 00:00:12 33103 0 the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , i ' m crazy about the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany .
15843218 15843238 2005-06-26 03:27:18 5 days 11:55:40 0|60.231.206.11 0 on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep with poo within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital
15843238 15881315 2005-06-26 03:27:58 0 days 00:00:40 33103 0 on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep with poo within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 17 streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday 21 august , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into
22 of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m high and 1 . 5m 5 & nbsp ; m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult
35 jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along
38 undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released - - for a price - - & mdash ; at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]]
41 of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 three metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east
18248155 18341661 2005-07-07 18:15:00 1 days 09:05:21 5717 0 began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas
1 fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin on
18341759 18388981 2005-07-08 10:31:44 0 days 16:15:16 53921 1 if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 28 - mile mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had
2 , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles long , and covered 110 miles from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to
7 over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers
18389045 18535564 2005-07-10 16:08:48 2 days 05:35:33 0|69.232.233.228 0 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . besides , america had been caught off - balance , it being a sunday morning . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ july 25
19067568 19111126 2005-07-18 22:42:07 0 days 14:30:41 0|12.36.31.246 0 [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures
19111126 19261911 2005-07-20 22:42:15 2 days 00:00:08 0|195.4.0.21 6 ]] . due to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv that all travel restrictions had been abandoned . and at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when this would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just said " today " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised
20652186 20668374 2005-08-10 03:32:17 0 days 04:36:14 0|70.30.191.58 9 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] ,
20668374 20669087 2005-08-10 03:48:06 0 days 00:15:49 21397 4 , [[ 1989 ]] , after which the ruthless western capitalist blood - sucking world order finally capitulated to the glories of communism . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow west berliners to apply for visas to travel to east berlin . however , the bdr minister of propaganda
21195696 21210662 2005-08-17 11:33:46 0 days 06:34:46 272200 0 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliment in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and
21210662 21210896 2005-08-17 11:40:37 0 days 00:06:51 272200 0 exclusively on the western side . [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliment parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially '
21742465 21743717 2005-08-24 18:44:35 0 days 00:20:22 0|81.76.91.63 0 tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin there . . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to reassert
21743717 21766368 2005-08-25 00:30:07 0 days 05:45:32 28107 0 tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin there . . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to reassert
22000754 22002423 2005-08-28 03:03:42 0 days 00:33:40 0|65.78.102.117 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . hell = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
22002423 22002656 2005-08-28 03:08:43 0 days 00:05:01 21397 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . hell = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
22154405 22164068 2005-08-30 09:13:25 0 days 03:52:46 92511 0 soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and contained the traditional city center , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , and the eastern districts of berlin & mdash ; [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold
24086554 24088697 2005-09-26 16:47:20 0 days 00:31:05 90467 0 potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhof ]] performed his song ' ' looking for freedom ' ' , which was very popular in germany at that time , stand on the berlin wall . david hasselhof has later ( perhaps jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]]
24143292 24150723 2005-09-27 11:35:46 0 days 02:38:27 0|212.219.59.226 1 ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified camply decorated over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = '
24150980 24151055 2005-09-27 11:41:54 0 days 00:01:14 7580 1 ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1066 ]] and camply decorated fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . years later , a crack team
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 50 controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn
72 offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 & ndash ; 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 21 germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on november 9 , 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the soviet army during the closing months of world war
62 bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down
67 soviet government . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km 96 miles long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty no man ' s land was created between the two barriers
71 offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 & ndash ; 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in
24470268 24504807 2005-10-01 20:20:04 0 days 10:30:53 0|62.30.35.51 1 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp
24618114 24828196 2005-10-05 18:04:22 2 days 13:19:55 0|24.51.178.10 8 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and
24828196 24828244 2005-10-05 18:05:02 0 days 00:00:40 94806 8 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and
24828279 24828564 2005-10-05 18:10:39 0 days 00:05:08 0|24.51.178.10 10 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and
24828564 24828569 2005-10-05 18:10:52 0 days 00:00:13 94806 10 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and
25804571 26041695 2005-10-20 21:39:48 2 days 16:02:29 0|68.158.10.85 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin
26041695 26041960 2005-10-20 21:42:56 0 days 00:03:08 43680 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 43 the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( see copyrights for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do
48 the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948
26918322 26918978 2005-10-30 22:32:59 0 days 00:07:33 67107 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . ethel and julius rosenberg from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia . jump to : navigation , search the rosenbergsethel greenglass rosenberg ( september 28 , 1915 – june 19 , 1953 ) and julius rosenberg ( may 12 , 1918 – june 19 , 1953 ) were american communists who were thrust into the world spotlight when they were tried , convicted , and executed for spying for the soviet union . the accuracy of these charges remains controversial , though decades later , soviet communications decrypted by the venona project became publicly available and appeared to indicate that at least julius rosenberg was actively involved in espionage ( although they provided no new evidence that he performed the specific acts of espionage for which he was convicted ) . specifically , the couple were charged with conspiracy to commit espionage and were accused of passing nuclear weapons secrets to russian agents . contents [ hide ] 1 background 2 trial and conviction 3 execution 4 posthumous revelations 5 controversy 6 the rosenbergs = = ' children 7 in fiction 8 see also 9 external links [ edit ] background julius rosenberg was born on may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from
6 at a shipping company . she became involved in labor disputes and joined the young communist league , where she first met julius . the rosenbergs had two sons . during the closing months of [[ world war ii , the ussr and the usa were allies in war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions . as such , the
19 nazi germany . in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their espionage in the context of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian program ? recent scholarship has suggested
20 germany . in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their espionage in the context of the early phases of the [[ cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian program ? recent scholarship has suggested that
46 may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from the city college of new york with a degree in electrical engineering in 1939 and in 1940 joined the army signal corps where he worked on radar equipment . he became a leader in the young communist league , where in 1936 he met ethel , whom he married three years later . ethel rosenberg was born on september 28 , 1915 in new york . she was an aspiring actress and singer , but eventually took a secretary job at a shipping company . she became involved in labor disputes and joined the young communist league , where she first met julius . the rosenbergs had two sons . during world war ii , the ussr and the usa were allies in war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions . as such ,
49 legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book in 2004 , an execution in the family : one son ' s journey . in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are left - wing activists involved in court cases . [ edit ]
27631342 27636925 2005-11-07 17:51:57 0 days 01:34:50 0|71.14.47.35 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . cinderella married swiss cheese . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
27641530 27696666 2005-11-08 06:17:27 0 days 11:09:07 28107 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . cinderella married swiss cheese . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
27817381 27817703 2005-11-09 13:11:50 0 days 00:05:11 0|204.186.233.202 0 soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . chris fusco likes little boys . he has also tends to wipe his ass with his own fingers and licks them . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold
27817703 27818117 2005-11-09 13:18:04 0 days 00:06:14 0|165.21.154.9 0 soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . chris fusco likes little boys . he has also tends to wipe his ass with his own fingers and licks them . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold
27852065 27861475 2005-11-09 22:30:11 0 days 01:45:09 246113 2 hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross
8 crucial point of the conference he was asked when this would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effictive immedeatly , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the
27861475 27861622 2005-11-09 22:31:45 0 days 00:01:34 246113 0 properly instructed first . the note was therefore was not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski nor was the information on the note itself . when at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be
28136750 28225109 2005-11-13 18:22:26 0 days 22:48:44 0|24.43.196.74 0 ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete ,
28612782 28612923 2005-11-17 19:39:40 0 days 00:02:01 0|84.92.121.217 2 [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , the people ' s favourite [[ robin hughes ]] ' s rival . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 6 ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main
11 , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]]
13 . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[
14 ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[
17 ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices
28792067 28792082 2005-11-20 01:04:30 0 days 00:00:18 159620 10 berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] , [[ berlin ]] , the [[ soviet ]] army duringof [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the
12 . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city the [[ cold war ]] a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the
13 soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift
16 ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg |
30617126 30712796 2005-12-09 14:17:35 0 days 19:37:57 0|162.127.13.4 0 soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . an astonishing fact with the wall includes a man and the color pink . pink floyd invented a sound remniscent of the cries and sadness that accomponied many residents of berlin . they compiled this stature in a musical album named " the wall " . ay ! arriba y arriba ! the allies gained control of berlin in four sectors . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold
30712796 30712967 2005-12-09 14:19:52 0 days 00:02:17 270941 0 soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . an astonishing fact with the wall includes a man and the color pink . pink floyd invented a sound remniscent of the cries and sadness that accomponied many residents of berlin . they compiled this stature in a musical album named " the wall " . ay ! arriba y arriba ! the allies gained control of berlin in four sectors . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold
30712967 30713122 2005-12-09 14:21:45 0 days 00:01:53 0|162.127.13.4 0 the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially metallica ! governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded ,
1 the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the electric sausages , a . k . a ' united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]]
30713122 30713435 2005-12-09 14:26:15 0 days 00:04:30 0|69.69.208.24 0 the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially metallica ! governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded ,
30713435 30713769 2005-12-09 14:31:31 0 days 00:05:16 0|162.127.13.4 0 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , tomhas mcflarty masturbated intensly to a picture of marilon monroe . at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets .
1 ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , he ejaculated on the floor by the door . when his barefoot mother walked in to wake him in the morning , she felt something slightly sticky and felt scared that tomhas would do such a thing . also occuring at midnight that morning , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was
30713769 30713813 2005-12-09 14:32:26 0 days 00:00:55 253590 0 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , tomhas mcflarty masturbated intensly to a picture of marilon monroe . at midnight , he ejaculated on the floor by the door . when his barefoot mother walked in to wake him in the morning , she felt something slightly sticky and
1 began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , tomhas mcflarty masturbated intensly to a picture of marilon monroe . at midnight , he ejaculated on the floor by the door . when his barefoot mother walked in to wake him in the morning , she felt something slightly sticky and felt scared that tomhas would do such a thing . also occuring at midnight that morning , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was
30713813 30713899 2005-12-09 14:33:52 0 days 00:01:26 253590 0 the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the electric sausages , a . k . a ' united states ' , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave
31042058 31084094 2005-12-12 19:26:03 0 days 06:57:07 549849 5 sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the
6 of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the country and the capital city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early
31292308 31377198 2005-12-14 21:31:01 0 days 16:16:15 0|130.88.163.211 0 united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the country and the capital city under their control . the city penis was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]]
31377198 31379015 2005-12-14 21:43:34 0 days 00:12:33 0|12.7.2.77 0 united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the country and the capital city under their control . the penis city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]]
31751925 31893565 2005-12-18 22:19:25 1 days 03:59:55 34819 0 . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) , was demolished just months after its official opening in
32117997 32118097 2005-12-20 16:59:58 0 days 00:00:58 0|216.167.223.130 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . also kelly vogel is the coolest girl i know , and melissa likes to annoy her , but kelly can beat her up and brittany wenzel is cooler then brittany loosbrock = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
32118097 32118174 2005-12-20 17:00:46 0 days 00:00:48 383700 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . also kelly vogel is the coolest girl i know , and melissa likes to annoy her , but kelly can beat her up and brittany wenzel is cooler then brittany loosbrock = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
32118174 32118664 2005-12-20 17:05:29 0 days 00:04:43 0|216.167.223.130 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . also kelly vogel is the coolest girl i know , and melissa likes to annoy her , but kelly can beat her up and brittany loosbrock is way cooler then brittany wenzel = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
32118664 32136740 2005-12-20 19:41:34 0 days 02:36:05 21397 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . also kelly vogel is the coolest girl i know , and melissa likes to annoy her , but kelly can beat her up and brittany loosbrock is way cooler then brittany wenzel = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
32136740 32304770 2005-12-22 00:56:46 1 days 05:15:12 0|71.0.46.91 0 barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . hi ! ! ! construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin .
32304770 32304897 2005-12-22 00:57:54 0 days 00:01:08 86765 0 barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . hi ! ! ! construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin .
33736122 33943074 2006-01-05 06:28:36 1 days 14:14:12 0|68.40.48.206 0 simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take
2 to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would
35365337 35365390 2006-01-16 05:51:11 0 days 00:00:34 0|24.166.17.11 0 was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof airport ]] airport on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " ,
1 sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof ]] airport on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , which then
35886672 35891937 2006-01-20 01:30:02 0 days 00:43:16 190603 0 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | former us president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on june 26th , 1963 ]] but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ 25 july
36424070 36443285 2006-01-24 02:01:24 0 days 02:34:07 0|64.217.50.105 0 [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . the blockade was terrible and was bad and stuff . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four -
36443285 36443385 2006-01-24 02:02:18 0 days 00:00:54 327150 0 [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . the blockade was terrible and was bad and stuff . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four -
36500191 36641861 2006-01-25 14:02:24 0 days 23:58:25 0|194.232.85.82 1 " ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and , was fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = =
36646630 36649007 2006-01-25 15:13:54 0 days 00:23:19 0|194.232.85.82 0 after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding the west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners
1 happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in marshall plan rebuilding the west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin
37108530 37108558 2006-01-28 19:11:20 0 days 00:00:16 340905 1 [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' my them are huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to poland and the soviet union . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin
37419687 37559437 2006-01-31 19:54:33 0 days 21:24:59 488078 0 * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures
38565790 38580629 2006-02-07 06:10:30 0 days 02:26:59 58229 0 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s
38581150 38618929 2006-02-07 14:55:48 0 days 08:38:18 69265 4 via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state
38619888 38769484 2006-02-08 15:06:48 1 days 00:02:04 0|84.64.190.165 0 | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ gdr border system ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through
38772277 38779795 2006-02-08 16:33:43 0 days 01:01:08 0|84.64.190.165 0 barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik ( gst - an [[ east german ]] youth military training organisation ) at [[ raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airman such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . a plastic model kit of ddr - woh is available from the german toga model company . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august
39793418 39818227 2006-02-16 01:44:54 0 days 03:14:56 0|68.18.147.5 2 of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied powers . as the capital , berlin was also divided by the allies into four sectors , although berlin itself was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . thus the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the country and the capital city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets discontinued the blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[
40378504 40459448 2006-02-20 18:39:58 0 days 14:44:59 386031 28 | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ gdr border system ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 0 . it was finally reopened in [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently destroyed . from [[ 1949 ]] - [[ 1961 ]] 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . = = reason for the wall
3 ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ] and completed about [[ 1980 ]] [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 15 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men wires , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when
26 instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . he decided to read the note out loud at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he did not really know so he just assumed it would be the
42 mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points checkpoints and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a
68 . de / en / fakten . html ] . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners
69 ] . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by
70 . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie
73 ]] airman such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . a plastic model kit of ddr - woh is available from the german toga model company . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august
74 began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to
80 had not been fully updated on all the protesting or this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference ,
82 cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at
87 on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] ,
40898814 40900018 2006-02-23 19:38:26 0 days 00:09:50 89179 2 ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany ' s border was closed in [[ 1952
9 . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall became a focus of anti - communist reformers between the 1960s and 1990s . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of the [[ soviet union ]] , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on november 9 , 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers
40900018 40900572 2006-02-23 19:43:11 0 days 00:04:45 89179 2 the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = why it was built = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1949 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding
40903298 40903474 2006-02-23 20:07:14 0 days 00:01:23 89179 4 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . = = = = cultural differences = = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s
5 . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = = = museum = = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not
40904220 40904306 2006-02-23 20:13:47 0 days 00:00:33 89179 0 the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = later celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " eventually all walls fall ” ]] on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig
40904452 40904768 2006-02-23 20:17:12 0 days 00:02:18 89179 7 . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = = = museum = = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 8 . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men , divided into five march units , and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u .
11 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four
13 were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . ; all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it
16 was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik ( an [[ east german ]] youth military training organisation ) , at [[ raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on
20 however , nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . he decided to read the note out loud at the end of the conference and ; when he was asked when the regulations would come into effect he just assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note , so replied "
23 of the note , so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and went to flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors but it became clear that there
37 to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests , at length , via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[
38 berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests , at length , via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]]
44 commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men , divided into five march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german /
52 the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn
59 to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to use lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were simply not willing to use lethal force so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded
66 . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall remembered those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train ]] systemaround
67 000 crosses and a segment of the wall remembered those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train ]] systemaround 1 . 6 km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length ,
70 , and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train ]] systemaround 1 . 6 km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall .
72 left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße
40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 7 towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade
8 scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] s , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty
14 out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] s , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger ,
23 of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight ]] s , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed
41076983 41103735 2006-02-25 01:46:11 0 days 03:24:03 756170 0 east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . he predicted that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda ,
41672639 41672647 2006-02-28 23:51:07 0 days 00:00:05 0|69.15.111.135 0 , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually knocked it down . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
41672647 41672682 2006-02-28 23:51:23 0 days 00:00:16 800894 0 , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually knocked it down . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
41672682 41672877 2006-02-28 23:52:46 0 days 00:01:23 0|69.15.111.135 0 [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . he predicted that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ;
41672877 41672907 2006-02-28 23:52:59 0 days 00:00:13 800894 0 [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . he predicted that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ;
41675018 41675119 2006-03-01 00:06:51 0 days 00:00:40 0|72.15.91.239 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = = official crossings and usage = = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin accessible to westerners was the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organisation , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]]
41675119 41675140 2006-03-01 00:07:06 0 days 00:00:15 60449 3 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = = official crossings and usage = = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin accessible to westerners was the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organisation , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]]
41675215 41710361 2006-03-01 05:34:43 0 days 05:27:08 0|68.77.149.177 1 see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic from chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[
41710361 41742631 2006-03-01 12:26:13 0 days 06:51:30 0|212.219.250.36 1 image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . ]] ! ! ! ! stop ! ! ! they would shout , meaning you had to stop b4 u crossed like catcha l84 during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the
41742834 41742909 2006-03-01 12:29:30 0 days 00:00:50 0|212.219.250.36 0 image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . ]] ! ! ! ! stop ! ! ! they would shout , meaning you had to stop b4 u crossed like catcha l84 during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 12 reading = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis
40 speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www
41791823 42049979 2006-03-03 13:23:00 1 days 17:23:32 93757 0 , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brüche 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of
1 . = = official crossings and usage = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the
2 . = = official crossings and usage = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of
42050092 42210957 2006-03-04 16:41:31 1 days 03:17:07 0|67.191.78.161 1 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc block as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors .
42210957 42261570 2006-03-04 23:44:23 0 days 07:02:52 583756 0 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist block bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors .
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 0 became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s 1980s , associated with the decline of the [[ soviet union ]] , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 12 became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of the [[ soviet union ]] , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east
43550317 43550620 2006-03-13 06:02:37 0 days 00:02:47 635781 3 wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and because it is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also
43751003 43826427 2006-03-15 02:16:19 0 days 09:11:59 0|152.163.100.73 0 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the administration bitches of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[
43826427 43826553 2006-03-15 02:17:18 0 days 00:00:59 732608 0 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the bitches administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader cocksucker , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]]
44369012 44386223 2006-03-18 18:34:30 0 days 02:26:05 0|84.141.20.24 0 the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ the scorpions ( english band ) | the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song "
44770428 44770612 2006-03-21 05:02:30 0 days 00:01:49 0|68.154.38.227 4 the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration ? = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall
44770612 44770674 2006-03-21 05:02:57 0 days 00:00:27 410083 4 the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration ? = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall
45807050 45851032 2006-03-28 13:04:10 0 days 08:56:46 177152 0 the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity are a staple on [[ ebay ]] as well of german souvenier shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . = = = museum
46056161 46158765 2006-03-30 12:47:25 0 days 16:36:33 4388 0 ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to
46949495 46980459 2006-04-04 20:49:17 0 days 03:42:44 686868 2 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually knocked it down . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted west german currency , all border controls ceased . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification of [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
47397931 47528615 2006-04-08 08:27:20 0 days 19:47:08 686868 3 in the first months , east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards tolerated became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes more and more . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall
47528615 47569595 2006-04-08 16:43:58 0 days 08:16:38 686868 4 until [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . they could visit the gdr , but only at the conditions prevalent before , which included application for a visa several days or weeks in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their journey , which hindered spontaneous visits . in the weeks between november 9 and december 23
6 at the conditions prevalent before , which included application for a visa several days in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their journey , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westernes . technically the wall remained guarded
7 , which included application for a visa several days in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their journey , which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westernes . technically the wall remained guarded for some while afer november
47569595 47569698 2006-04-08 16:44:51 0 days 00:00:53 686868 0 1989 ]] . until then they could visit the gdr , but only at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in andvance advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9
47796295 47796504 2006-04-10 13:10:38 0 days 00:01:47 686868 1 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit the gdr , but only at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of
48935289 49049354 2006-04-18 20:13:20 0 days 18:06:16 6661 7 by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inner - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification of [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a
49652318 50456210 2006-04-27 18:18:03 4 days 20:53:53 735354 0 berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
51140372 51140690 2006-05-02 01:36:45 0 days 00:02:55 767514 0 : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = =
51987616 51996698 2006-05-07 16:20:15 0 days 01:14:54 0|216.49.149.108 2 scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kda ( combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of
3 city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed
51997271 51997348 2006-05-07 16:25:49 0 days 00:00:42 223113 2 - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , nva ( national people ' s army ) and kda ( [[ combat groups of the working class ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border
3 city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , nva ( national people ' s army ) and kda ( combat groups of the working class ) | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed
51997348 51998094 2006-05-07 16:31:49 0 days 00:06:00 0|216.49.149.108 3 stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref >
5 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft
12 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence
51998094 51998163 2006-05-07 16:32:31 0 days 00:00:42 223113 2 ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155
4 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german
5 the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german mark . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe ,
8 of the wall . begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german mark . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult
15 make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification watchtowers , and twenty bunkers . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around
19 escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower fortification watchtowers , and twenty bunkers [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 28 or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed
34 who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force
36 . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 28 or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at checkpoint charlie . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin
34 thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by royal air force airmen
36 airport . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the
51999602 52000258 2006-05-07 16:49:40 0 days 00:04:52 0|216.49.149.108 1 , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased ,
2 east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inner - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
52000258 52000362 2006-05-07 16:50:25 0 days 00:00:45 819974 1 , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . =
52229759 52230634 2006-05-08 23:48:15 0 days 00:05:30 1402196 0 ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , by brittany " gaz " freytag was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ east
1 berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , by brittany freytag was arguably the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ east germany |
52230634 52245238 2006-05-09 01:36:36 0 days 01:48:21 389512 2 ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , by brittany " gaz " freytag was arguably the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ east germany |
53249668 53305379 2006-05-15 12:37:07 0 days 09:58:36 0|67.98.120.83 0 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 poop . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web |
53305379 53306315 2006-05-15 12:44:45 0 days 00:07:38 767514 0 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in poop [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web |
53307729 53314632 2006-05-15 13:54:17 0 days 00:57:52 0|166.113.34.70 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the tha [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of
53314632 53314730 2006-05-15 13:54:54 0 days 00:00:37 0|166.113.34.70 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after tha the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of
53714889 53718756 2006-05-17 18:02:04 0 days 00:24:14 0|204.14.12.53 0 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc block as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors .
53718756 53720035 2006-05-17 18:10:38 0 days 00:08:34 1008387 0 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist block bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors .
53756513 53777489 2006-05-18 00:22:55 0 days 02:20:56 0|66.156.76.150 0 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]]
53777489 53777555 2006-05-18 00:23:29 0 days 00:00:34 404042 0 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]]
54269525 54436286 2006-05-21 23:52:07 0 days 23:58:48 1480398 0 had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused
54465100 54465933 2006-05-22 03:27:28 0 days 00:06:52 0|71.108.119.39 0 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1962 august 13 , 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an
55951899 55957357 2006-05-30 16:54:02 0 days 00:33:29 0|208.11.222.136 0 prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . hi ghair conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
55957357 55957411 2006-05-30 16:54:19 0 days 00:00:17 1270766 0 prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . hi ghair conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
56501936 56634891 2006-06-03 08:19:57 0 days 17:37:54 0|207.176.159.90 1 ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda
56634891 56635024 2006-06-03 08:21:42 0 days 00:01:45 0|207.176.159.90 1 ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he was wrong by 99 . 94 years . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of
56891744 57039870 2006-06-05 18:59:19 0 days 21:09:43 0|70.90.104.37 0 offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . max likes boys over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall
57039870 57040826 2006-06-05 19:05:15 0 days 00:05:56 44020 0 offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . max likes boys over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall
57484319 57663965 2006-06-09 06:58:07 1 days 01:49:03 0|203.51.41.247 2 and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol marielle of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter
57663965 57664095 2006-06-09 06:59:35 0 days 00:01:28 416594 1 and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic marielle symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter
58088350 58219539 2006-06-12 15:33:38 0 days 18:51:02 0|24.60.99.51 0 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . one main economic problem was that the wall was constructed right on the corner of fulcherubher and kivetlana , where the berlin prostitutes stood . they were relocated to munich , and berlin ' s economy fell . berlin was dependant on the money the prostitues brought in . munich flourished while berlin fell . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the
58219714 58219835 2006-06-12 15:36:40 0 days 00:01:14 0|24.60.99.51 1 brought in . munich flourished while berlin fell . whore riots broke out at the berlin wall , which was one of the reasons it fell . topless woman and teenagers were rioting atht they wanted their corner back so they could get more meat in the gooch rioted . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in
58219835 58221342 2006-06-12 15:47:55 0 days 00:11:15 157842 0 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . one main economic problem was that the wall was constructed right on the corner of fulcherubher and kivetlana , where the berlin prostitutes stood . they were relocated to munich , and berlin ' s economy fell . berlin was dependant on the money the prostitutes brought in . munich flourished while berlin fell . whore riots broke out at the berlin wall , which was one of the reasons it fell . topless women and teenagers rioted . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the
58406027 58424207 2006-06-13 17:38:35 0 days 02:00:38 59264 3 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 0 became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government
63858464 64266637 2006-07-17 10:56:13 2 days 12:48:25 0|212.135.1.53 0 ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern togovern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and
64266637 64266709 2006-07-17 10:57:06 0 days 00:00:53 292494 0 ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers togovern to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and
64558890 64560450 2006-07-18 23:25:13 0 days 00:10:19 0|24.80.177.202 4 following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference ; and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as
64681432 64682237 2006-07-19 16:07:06 0 days 00:04:50 157842 0 well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = a small portion of the wall can also bee seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[
1 and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : reaganwall . jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] delivering a speech during the presentation of the " breakthrough " monuement at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . ]] a small portion of the wall can also bee seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] . westminster college is know for drawing important
5 george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret thatcher ]] , amony many . the piece of the wall became part of the [[ winston churchill ]] memorial library . < ref > [ one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys ]] , granddaughter of winston churchill , proposed the idea of placing a piece of the wall
64682237 64682848 2006-07-19 16:10:47 0 days 00:03:41 157842 0 [[ image : reaganwall . jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] delivering a speech during the presentation of the " breakthrough " monuement at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster
1 the " breakthrough " monuement at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain
64683405 64693659 2006-07-19 17:17:47 0 days 01:03:33 1621917 0 = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided
67063468 67063496 2006-08-01 16:29:21 0 days 00:00:10 1022601 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . and , after all = = = divergence of that shit , the table , having wanted to for some time , was , finally raped . but that isn ' t all . y ' know , that
67168760 67480936 2006-08-03 18:11:51 1 days 15:09:38 0|71.68.90.113 0 former president ronald reagan , senator [[ john ashcroft ]] and german [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . fourty forty - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom
71268025 71312889 2006-08-23 03:59:55 0 days 04:44:09 0|69.120.239.106 0 had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . he would be wrong by more than 99 years . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda ,
73800540 74099078 2006-09-06 08:47:27 1 days 13:57:58 169140 0 germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | russians ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although
1 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold
2 had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused
74099098 74099174 2006-09-06 08:48:36 0 days 00:00:47 169140 2 of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]]
77951130 77998390 2006-09-26 23:04:29 0 days 04:20:56 0|200.118.200.53 0 the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests
79066912 79140455 2006-10-02 23:17:09 0 days 06:11:21 0|69.209.67.170 0 were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built
81768427 81865132 2006-10-16 21:32:20 0 days 09:55:34 2496238 1 resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter [[ rory maclean | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]]
8 book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] harpercollins | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall
81865132 81898831 2006-10-17 00:35:15 0 days 03:02:55 0|207.68.83.81 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . hi mom ! ! conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
81898831 81898931 2006-10-17 00:35:48 0 days 00:00:33 163732 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . hi mom ! ! conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
82309514 82428098 2006-10-19 14:42:22 0 days 15:29:44 0|131.122.190.124 0 german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled by stephen colbert in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part
82428098 82429985 2006-10-19 14:53:30 0 days 00:11:08 2156719 0 german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled by stephen colbert in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part
82597586 82692252 2006-10-20 20:45:47 0 days 10:47:58 1063177 4 back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners
5 guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the
82835134 82879500 2006-10-21 21:17:43 0 days 04:29:04 2542109 5 of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[
82879500 82879607 2006-10-21 21:18:28 0 days 00:00:45 2179786 5 of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[
83835783 83837476 2006-10-26 13:23:30 0 days 00:13:08 686868 0 had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda ,
84720496 84732254 2006-10-31 00:13:44 0 days 01:03:00 2617879 0 communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to during this time berlin was at its greatest , love , peace , and yum yum struck the land . . . . . . the fairies and kings stuffed themselfs silly with halloween candy and they wicked witch died of prettiness . 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 <
84732254 84732374 2006-10-31 00:14:20 0 days 00:00:36 416594 0 communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to during this time berlin was at its greatest , love , peace , and yum yum struck the land . . . . . . the fairies and kings stuffed themselfs silly with halloween candy and they wicked witch died of prettiness . 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 <
84993117 85059984 2006-11-01 16:36:18 0 days 09:39:55 0|204.13.204.162 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . you are cool . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
85062608 85063021 2006-11-01 16:52:15 0 days 00:02:11 0|204.13.204.162 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . part of monty python and the holy grail was made on this wall . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
85211127 85254171 2006-11-02 14:16:15 0 days 07:09:28 0|204.13.204.162 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . part of monty python and the holy grail was made on the berlin wall . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
85254386 85254741 2006-11-02 14:20:51 0 days 00:02:45 0|204.13.204.162 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . part of monty python and the holy grail was made on the berlin wall . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
85256076 85309462 2006-11-02 19:28:26 0 days 04:58:43 0|193.164.126.15 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . the leader of the country in this era was named joseph stallin , a man of kind and who fought for gay rights . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
85309462 85309538 2006-11-02 19:28:47 0 days 00:00:21 183791 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . the leader of the country in this era was named joseph stallin , a man of kind and who fought for gay rights . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
85493361 85506823 2006-11-03 17:45:12 0 days 01:14:30 0|84.177.194.94 1 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified that proposal to include private travels . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way to for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . a portion of the berlin wall can be seen in the lower left . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . w . bush ]] , and [[ margaret thatcher ]] , among others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] < / ref > one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys ]] , granddaughter of winston churchill , proposed the idea of placing a piece of the wall at the westminster college campus . with the support of westminster college , sandys and her husband , richard kaplan , met with officials in [[ east berlin ]] in february 1990 . upon arrival in berlin , the couple realized their plans to secure large portions of the wall would be costly , as 4 - foot - wide sections were selling at a cost of $ 60 , 000 to $ 200 , 000 . this obstacle , however , was solved when officials , impressed by the idea of a berlin wall monument being erected near the site of churchill ' s 1946 " iron curtain " speech , allowed sandys to choose eight sections as a gift to the college . sandys chose her sections from an area near the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , frequented by artists , because of the dramatic color of the graffiti . the repeated use of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " untrue " , also appealed to her . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former president ronald reagan , senator [[ john ashcroft ]] and german [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . forty - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink =
86124572 86124851 2006-11-06 21:03:39 0 days 00:01:10 350153 0 ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently
86124851 86125050 2006-11-06 21:04:37 0 days 00:00:58 350153 1 german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans
86189806 86190303 2006-11-07 02:38:26 0 days 00:02:54 0|69.171.51.116 0 including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = molly hogan doesn ' t know any of this stuff . johnny spiggle knows too much of it . from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
86297216 86407353 2006-11-08 02:03:58 0 days 09:16:19 0|64.20.106.35 0 that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way to for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and
86591385 86613152 2006-11-09 00:53:23 0 days 01:56:37 0|158.35.225.228 0 germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( yalta conference ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france |
86754002 86754320 2006-11-09 17:49:59 0 days 00:01:40 0|70.244.100.3 0 conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire puppies ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the berlin wall was also
86755510 86755902 2006-11-09 17:58:10 0 days 00:01:58 2697466 0 conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ puppies barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the berlin wall was also
86760196 86761110 2006-11-09 18:26:16 0 days 00:04:44 0|206.158.3.70 0 = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} = = = museum = = = fifteen hundred years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in
86761963 86762343 2006-11-09 18:32:46 0 days 00:01:53 441020 3 = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} = = = museum = = = fifteen hundred years after the fall of the berlin wall ( haha that rhymes ) , a private museum rebuilt a 20000000 metre ( 65648735 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie
86859769 86949737 2006-11-10 15:32:30 0 days 12:43:04 0|89.51.186.116 1 thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke ' ' ) 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise
87075455 87372959 2006-11-12 18:35:07 1 days 15:14:49 0|195.93.21.72 0 clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the
87781220 87781329 2006-11-14 16:27:23 0 days 00:00:34 0|63.253.45.100 2 french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic
3 east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern
87781329 87781447 2006-11-14 16:28:02 0 days 00:00:39 1792859 1 its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . then a leprachaun shot itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with an oozie = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]]
2 fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . then a leprachaun shot itself with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an oozie = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended
87781447 87788432 2006-11-14 17:08:24 0 days 00:40:22 0|66.203.18.32 0 - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . bridgett is a whore and wants a good time , please call 937 - 426 - 0567 it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the
87788432 87789653 2006-11-14 17:15:27 0 days 00:07:03 2716848 0 - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . bridgett is a whore and wants a good time , please call 937 - 426 - 0567 it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the
88440358 88527357 2006-11-18 00:15:11 0 days 08:12:01 0|12.179.213.10 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . we should bring it back . . keep the east and west seperated all the way conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] <
88545100 88582143 2006-11-18 07:02:14 0 days 04:54:50 0|220.255.106.95 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . we should bring it back . . keep the east and west seperated all the way conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] <
88809786 88973047 2006-11-20 08:00:26 0 days 17:27:14 1737646 3 raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on
89150881 89163919 2006-11-21 04:23:44 0 days 01:23:24 0|67.81.36.17 1 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , is an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november
89163919 89164714 2006-11-21 04:29:12 0 days 00:05:28 441020 2 ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the berlin wall , or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , is an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november
90933935 90997156 2006-11-29 21:38:15 0 days 04:30:07 0|86.17.150.245 0 border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' &
91362108 91363226 2006-12-01 12:19:23 0 days 00:10:26 579524 2 development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting them in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built appealed to no - one . it repelled them . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] |
92647828 92779124 2006-12-07 21:11:24 0 days 14:27:04 0|82.10.207.212 1 be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 august 2006 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{
93510408 93602012 2006-12-11 16:45:29 0 days 13:14:19 0|148.81.137.2 3 . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport
93817040 93876815 2006-12-12 19:37:36 0 days 04:55:33 0|158.123.252.2 8 , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutschmark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins /
93876815 93876848 2006-12-12 19:37:43 0 days 00:00:07 1574574 4 of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted to keep th east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of the west . this is because the east had worse economical situations and hated jews . [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[
95089251 95090637 2006-12-18 14:01:12 0 days 00:10:54 0|84.64.31.22 1 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie
95349461 95481558 2006-12-20 08:21:44 0 days 13:51:07 0|84.64.31.22 0 clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross
98028942 98077156 2007-01-03 02:01:46 0 days 03:53:02 2113027 0 months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer
98226397 98227262 2007-01-03 18:51:51 0 days 00:04:28 873891 8 ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously souvenir seekers , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the
22 souvenir shops . also at a turn in the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they
98453918 98470052 2007-01-04 19:21:16 0 days 01:21:18 873891 1 [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]]
99152844 99165239 2007-01-07 20:39:55 0 days 00:57:15 0|71.243.47.173 0 border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] age 18 who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to
99165555 99378492 2007-01-08 19:24:41 0 days 22:43:14 29695 2 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and was dismantled in the weeks following [[
6 ref > the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the
99757249 99968989 2007-01-11 11:06:31 0 days 21:30:22 3190289 1 . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] age 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to
100620191 100676150 2007-01-14 16:30:06 0 days 08:31:18 0|87.187.74.127 0 jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . it was supposed to be temorary but stands till today ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 .
1 remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 15 . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . muhammad . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its
16 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . amun - ra . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the
18 offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . your mom . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall
25 transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . jesus . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german
30 come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . confucius . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german
32 triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . san disk . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western
34 had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . sony . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
35 , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . microsoft . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 15 . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . muhammad . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its
16 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . amun - ra . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the
18 offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . your mom . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) zeus . # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) jupiter
25 transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . jesus . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german
30 come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . confucius . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german
32 triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . san disk . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western
34 had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . sony . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
35 , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . microsoft . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised
101629964 101649298 2007-01-18 21:59:50 0 days 01:30:59 0|71.219.14.167 2 | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . it was supposed to be temorary but stands till today ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1
103399344 103509663 2007-01-27 01:11:09 0 days 08:55:47 488078 0 had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
105723144 105723229 2007-02-05 03:53:08 0 days 00:00:26 0|150.101.251.66 0 it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = hey wat up homie little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[
105723229 105723513 2007-02-05 03:54:37 0 days 00:01:29 140089 0 it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = hey wat up homie little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[
107139149 107277131 2007-02-11 08:21:44 0 days 12:37:43 0|24.240.209.178 1 the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december
107277131 107313668 2007-02-11 13:29:51 0 days 05:08:07 2013997 0 berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august
107313668 107341843 2007-02-11 16:40:32 0 days 03:10:41 0|207.69.140.35 0 it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = : ) little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[
107341843 107344179 2007-02-11 16:53:47 0 days 00:13:15 0|207.69.140.35 0 it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = : ) little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[
108633355 108863312 2007-02-17 16:52:01 1 days 00:05:47 26468 1 it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by
108863312 108864819 2007-02-17 16:59:47 0 days 00:07:46 26468 1 for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to
109200457 109201261 2007-02-19 01:47:51 0 days 00:04:14 0|68.41.174.194 1 besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the
109201627 109202413 2007-02-19 01:53:52 0 days 00:04:12 0|68.41.174.194 1 government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated
4 . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which
6 to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder
8 propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous
110029529 110051010 2007-02-22 12:13:32 0 days 03:17:02 0|160.45.192.59 0 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states
110116122 110116611 2007-02-22 18:23:05 0 days 00:02:14 0|66.160.72.205 0 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] fuck the world ! world sucks monkey ass ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]]
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 24 concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but = = the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in
56 position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 33 . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = < br > but the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall .
41 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built attracted no - one . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and
64 was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 24 concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but = = the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in
56 position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 33 . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = < br > but the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall .
41 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built attracted no - one . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and
64 was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 24 concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but = = the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in
56 position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 33 . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = < br > but the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall .
41 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built attracted no - one . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and
55 was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to
112644296 112710897 2007-03-05 02:12:46 0 days 05:11:37 0|68.3.108.161 0 skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall cock was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000
112710897 112711235 2007-03-05 02:15:30 0 days 00:02:44 2777284 0 skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . cock the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000
112936932 113009009 2007-03-06 06:45:43 0 days 06:44:54 621997 2 , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two
113574577 113697127 2007-03-08 23:25:13 0 days 09:05:01 0|71.105.72.89 0 , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the fat pplsuffocated from heart attack [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each
113697127 113700927 2007-03-08 23:43:40 0 days 00:18:27 0|64.252.8.154 0 , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the fat pplsuffocated from heart attack [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each
114987991 115016505 2007-03-14 09:34:46 0 days 04:16:30 0|220.101.111.166 1 , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men fatty boobaladahs . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights .
115016505 115016570 2007-03-14 09:35:16 0 days 00:00:30 2608485 1 , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 fatty boobaladahs officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american poo slinger patrol was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied
115589605 115708717 2007-03-17 02:59:59 0 days 10:08:11 0|192.228.185.208 4 had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
6 in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004
115708717 115708771 2007-03-17 03:00:22 0 days 00:00:23 979770 3 had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
5 in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004
115708771 115802630 2007-03-17 15:36:20 0 days 12:35:58 0|91.64.129.222 1 of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990
2 crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background =
3 wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its so called " fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[
6 wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , inspite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the
12 , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " we are staying here this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not demand the wall be removed . they wanted to reform east germany and did not want german unification at this time . the east german government decided to open the wall even though protestors had not demanded this , to take the initative away from the street protests which threatened their authority , privilieges and power . the move opened not only the wall but opened the way for west german capitalism to take over all of east germany , it ' s property , law and administration . this anschluss , annexaton led to widespread discontent in the following years which remains today . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised
115803261 115804646 2007-03-17 15:49:40 0 days 00:09:19 54809 8 germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east
9 were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes
10 celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders
11 wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , inspite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the
115804646 115804866 2007-03-17 15:50:50 0 days 00:01:10 54809 1 of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990
2 crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background =
3 wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its so called " fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[
6 wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , inspite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the
117073720 117077906 2007-03-22 17:49:00 0 days 00:18:56 0|147.31.4.47 4 wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial hahahahahaindustrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming
117077906 117078008 2007-03-22 17:49:26 0 days 00:00:26 492858 5 wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next hahahahahaindustrial several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming
117508444 117516576 2007-03-24 13:39:46 0 days 00:58:39 302522 2 approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency
6 euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies , which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east german voters were convinced of
8 it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally
117647947 117752932 2007-03-25 14:15:09 0 days 13:13:26 1585412 0 had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , inspite in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall
117829832 117902618 2007-03-26 02:40:22 0 days 05:58:05 1804716 0 decided to open the wall even though protestors had not demanded this , to take the initative away from the street protests which threatened their authority , privilieges and power . the move opened not only the wall but opened the way for west german capitalism to take over all of east germany , it ' s property , law and administration . this anschluss , annexaton led to widespread discontent in the following years which remains today . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
117902707 117903581 2007-03-26 02:45:29 0 days 00:04:39 1804716 1 start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 4 , 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but
118635394 118639947 2007-03-28 23:11:07 0 days 00:19:40 0|65.24.114.248 8 one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . it was around this time that adolf hitler took one for the team and killed all the niggers and jews in the world . hitler be praised ! down with the niggers ! the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin
118654236 118657778 2007-03-29 00:33:26 0 days 00:17:42 911178 13 one of the richest , most powerful countries in the southern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) the flight of growing numbers of northwestern germans to non - democratic countries via northern berlin led to germany destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin
119194198 119196685 2007-03-31 03:37:08 0 days 00:17:34 196242 17 allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the
120184971 120189519 2007-04-04 09:08:53 0 days 00:39:14 1476858 0 union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british
123239534 123239676 2007-04-16 13:21:00 0 days 00:00:43 238308 1 need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . the berlin wall was made of pie and potatoes . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]]
123239676 123290696 2007-04-16 17:02:47 0 days 03:41:47 0|206.82.21.217 1 vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected hated by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets ,
123290696 123314173 2007-04-16 18:40:46 0 days 01:37:59 911178 1 vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply hated respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets ,
123515047 123515343 2007-04-17 12:58:56 0 days 00:01:33 0|24.73.99.18 3 style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked pooked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany
123515343 123515484 2007-04-17 12:59:37 0 days 00:00:41 3647339 3 style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east potatoes became one of the richest , most advanced potatoes in the eastern blocky , many of its citizens still pooked looked to the significantly wealthier west potatoes for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to
123623472 123829798 2007-04-18 15:39:51 0 days 19:14:18 0|209.66.200.83 0 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti 3840823501934 ` 59134059819034581 - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall
123951114 124129045 2007-04-19 17:12:29 0 days 17:13:20 0|72.243.172.178 5 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german
6 capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became
7 ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the
124875869 124876106 2007-04-22 15:18:00 0 days 00:01:07 0|68.41.84.92 1 be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor ass . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with
124876106 124876232 2007-04-22 15:18:37 0 days 00:00:37 4113076 1 be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th ass armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with
126704053 126710167 2007-04-28 21:19:43 0 days 00:29:41 0|75.71.77.107 0 ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . omg i knew it u can put anything on wikipedia . so everything they are telling you is wrong . don ' t listen to them ! he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they
126710167 126710288 2007-04-28 21:20:12 0 days 00:00:29 4113076 0 ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . omg i knew it u can put anything on wikipedia . so everything they are telling you is wrong . don ' t listen to them ! he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they
127537240 127605519 2007-05-02 04:22:14 0 days 05:52:39 0|69.111.245.16 0 - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled gay through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[
127605519 127626659 2007-05-02 06:58:22 0 days 02:36:08 302522 0 - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled gay through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[
128043670 128043972 2007-05-03 20:31:17 0 days 00:01:01 0|69.125.136.170 4 last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan
128044131 128044281 2007-05-03 20:32:24 0 days 00:00:32 0|69.125.136.170 1 go to the bath room = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed sarge about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from
128044362 128044374 2007-05-03 20:32:44 0 days 00:00:03 1614547 2 = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of the war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the germans decided to go make some brownies that they thoguht would be interesting to do = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west
128044482 128044498 2007-05-03 20:33:12 0 days 00:00:04 0|69.125.136.170 2 the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands
128044498 128044636 2007-05-03 20:33:41 0 days 00:00:29 1614547 1 cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = in the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it snowed = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br /
128203778 128208648 2007-05-04 14:05:23 0 days 00:24:53 764861 1 the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on the [[ june 15 | 15th of june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting
129366546 129408596 2007-05-09 01:55:47 0 days 03:29:08 0|68.96.76.118 0 come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed " [[ tear down this wall ]] " speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he essentially called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the wall . ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 19 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) = = alex is really dumb = = - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 :
129954619 130104891 2007-05-11 15:20:36 0 days 16:40:06 0|164.58.29.130 1 the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus most unreliable site for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed .
2 inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for information on the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht
130104891 130104907 2007-05-11 15:20:41 0 days 00:00:05 2198658 1 west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . wikipedia is the most unreliable site impetus for information on the web = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall
3 germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . wikipedia is the most unreliable site for information on the web = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[
131079532 131079741 2007-05-15 17:42:45 0 days 00:00:57 0|69.74.130.15 0 became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . balls . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin
131079886 131080240 2007-05-15 17:44:41 0 days 00:01:22 1999318 2 became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity balls . . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin
131436650 131436693 2007-05-17 01:12:30 0 days 00:00:14 0|71.48.127.221 2 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western
3 no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets .
131537931 131538175 2007-05-17 13:59:30 0 days 00:01:27 0|203.109.89.18 0 the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . though some people argue that the above is true others take this as thrash . preetham the best archeologist and surveyer cinsiders this false . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
132298025 132298254 2007-05-20 21:18:24 0 days 00:01:13 0|70.143.50.176 4 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans fgkl ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels ,
132501419 132545593 2007-05-21 22:33:35 0 days 03:16:30 0|75.8.78.130 0 reagan ]] delivers his famed " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ]] " speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he essentially called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the wall . ]] another airborne
132545593 132623467 2007-05-22 06:33:14 0 days 07:59:39 715870 8 to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had
9 " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution " of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly
12 what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , ]] [[ 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for
17 orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating growing crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on
18 use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the
20 west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " (
132862693 132890457 2007-05-23 09:02:39 0 days 04:06:54 0|211.27.234.229 0 by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . all in all , the allies won , [[ lol ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
132890457 132910594 2007-05-23 11:52:00 0 days 02:49:21 441020 0 by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . all in all , the allies won , [[ lol ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 6 berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in 1989 . when the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an
31 by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies , which gained ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant
133705235 133939781 2007-05-27 21:57:21 1 days 01:38:52 0|216.208.52.171 3 deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , blah , blah what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied
133939781 133939978 2007-05-27 21:58:27 0 days 00:01:06 0|216.208.52.171 2 [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the the stupidest war ever in history , blah , blah what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied
133939978 133975864 2007-05-28 01:15:43 0 days 03:17:16 0|65.43.37.60 0 entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . the cheese was amazing at that time . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest
133975864 133979794 2007-05-28 01:37:14 0 days 00:21:31 1718065 0 entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . the cheese was amazing at that time . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest
133979980 134353680 2007-05-29 17:09:46 1 days 15:31:26 4479652 0 | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 by members of the ussr . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted ,
140266187 140281124 2007-06-24 10:43:15 0 days 02:20:57 67403 0 ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn {{ when }} of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by
140346811 140489919 2007-06-25 10:12:07 0 days 15:57:11 686868 0 , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn {{ when }} of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]]
141857927 142202722 2007-07-03 08:35:32 1 days 12:53:04 4564493 0 by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . actor david hasselhoff also participated in the destruction of the wall . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
142202722 142211169 2007-07-03 09:47:54 0 days 01:12:22 686868 0 by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . actor david hasselhoff also participated in the destruction of the wall . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
142504621 142514453 2007-07-04 19:20:38 0 days 00:50:04 715870 3 in this context . the night of august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13
147039937 147359013 2007-07-27 01:41:42 1 days 07:31:43 4909351 1 , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . using only a spoon and a dull butter knife , schroeder opened the wall freeing all of his fellow tourists . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[
147359013 147393203 2007-07-27 05:53:19 0 days 04:11:37 302522 1 border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria led by william francis schroeder the iv . using only a spoon and a dull butter knife , schroeder opened the wall freeing all of his fellow tourists . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[
148039010 148074488 2007-07-30 16:29:32 0 days 04:14:49 0|209.7.38.1 0 east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | the zaa will pervale in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would -
150060455 150230613 2007-08-09 18:55:29 0 days 20:58:46 0|71.139.42.198 0 wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however ,
150230613 150326138 2007-08-10 04:12:43 0 days 09:17:14 715870 0 , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket black market was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used
1 was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol
150832838 150865465 2007-08-13 00:57:21 0 days 03:29:12 158051 10 firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " it said . source : http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2734598 , 00 . html = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
150865545 150868047 2007-08-13 01:16:06 0 days 00:18:08 608951 0 and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this peroid period around 1000 people were killed trying to escape to the west . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of
152314634 152803494 2007-08-21 23:56:54 2 days 03:11:07 0|121.73.19.64 0 the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down oranges and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " .
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 4 , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] .
8 leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans
11 willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united
14 a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st
17 infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the
22 monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate
36 | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together
56 s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd
58 s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in
61 at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]]
64 german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was now largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it
75 first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of
153595819 153780641 2007-08-26 17:53:06 0 days 22:54:33 0|70.246.156.12 1 | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw
153783102 153784826 2007-08-26 18:19:24 0 days 00:10:45 1718065 3 ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 4 , 000 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw -
157857703 157861460 2007-09-14 15:23:30 0 days 00:21:52 0|216.174.135.206 0 image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , i did james mom and i thurly enjoyed every fucking moment of it what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four
157861519 157861705 2007-09-14 15:24:53 0 days 00:01:06 0|216.174.135.206 0 image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , i did james mom and i thurly enjoyed every fucking moment of it what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying
157863537 157865984 2007-09-14 15:48:40 0 days 00:13:50 302522 1 image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying
158484460 158505369 2007-09-17 15:05:27 0 days 02:16:00 0|216.174.135.206 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the great night of sex i had with kaylons mom i decided that she was worth the money and the cum so i gladly paid my bitch 5 $ for the greatest day of my life ! [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
158505901 158506910 2007-09-17 15:13:17 0 days 00:05:04 5173527 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the great night of sex i had with kaylons mom i decided that she was worth the money and the cum so i gladly paid my bitch 5 $ for the greatest day of my life ! [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
158506910 158579473 2007-09-17 21:11:38 0 days 05:58:21 0|70.231.151.212 0 hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . you suck . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]]
158579473 158580268 2007-09-17 21:15:25 0 days 00:03:47 2073927 0 hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . you suck . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]]
159701939 160013834 2007-09-24 13:59:12 1 days 13:42:50 0|81.107.164.107 0 thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot shotbot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall
160019557 160020132 2007-09-24 14:28:55 0 days 00:02:30 236591 0 thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shotbot shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 19 ; and that people should follow roles determined by their gender . instead , some people have sought to define their sexuality and sexual identity in non - polar terms , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the belief that the simple division of all humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent of this movement away
81 sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and media from commons news stories from wikinews learning resources from wikiversity francoeur , robert t . ( ed . ) , the international encyclopedia of sexuality [ full text ] janssen , d . f . , growing up sexually . volume i . world reference atlas [ full text ] raymond
160589462 160590401 2007-09-27 00:24:01 0 days 00:04:20 0|70.119.146.173 1 [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four
161222936 161422371 2007-09-30 23:55:11 0 days 22:54:53 12927 5 told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate with the use of a firearm , your use of a firearm , including when the border breakouts involve women and children , which the traitors have already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . < ref
6 authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate with the use of a firearm , including when the border not even firearm , including when the border breakouts involve women and children , which the traitors have already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . < ref name = "
15 injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate with the use of a firearm , including when the border breakouts involve women and children , which the traitors have already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . < ref name = "
161777207 162004162 2007-10-03 13:00:29 1 days 00:11:00 0|216.20.64.1 0 ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of my ass , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall .
162004162 162004219 2007-10-03 13:00:50 0 days 00:00:21 4131122 0 ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of my ass , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall .
162085177 162086343 2007-10-03 20:11:50 0 days 00:06:10 0|142.25.180.23 0 , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 2961 hello katie = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , '
162088730 162088831 2007-10-03 20:24:13 0 days 00:00:30 4131122 2 [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west fgg = = construction begins , 2961 hello katie and emma 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before president bush died construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference
162097147 162236037 2007-10-04 13:31:03 0 days 16:27:02 0|209.174.242.3 8 the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was
9 [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft )
162236037 162236073 2007-10-04 13:31:19 0 days 00:00:16 301395 1 hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the rise of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
5 the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft
6 east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft )
163101280 163101617 2007-10-08 14:54:35 0 days 00:01:35 0|216.237.254.146 0 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after christina had gay sex sixteen times the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement
163102843 163105476 2007-10-08 15:13:04 0 days 00:12:54 5173527 2 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after billy had gay sex sixteen times the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement
165005884 165222233 2007-10-17 17:39:09 0 days 22:58:30 0|67.132.117.2 1 ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ gdr border system | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]]
3 german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a
22 death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
165222233 165222438 2007-10-17 17:40:08 0 days 00:00:59 1285073 0 ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ gdr border system | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]]
1 hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that
2 only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a
21 death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
165643339 165900742 2007-10-20 19:36:19 1 days 04:11:19 558022 0 [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . featured here is an image of [[ leonid brezhnev ]] and [[ erich honecker ]] [[ making out ]] . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 5 . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more exceptions than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in
22 application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , with credits and all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely "
25 germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to
31 for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall
166163043 166165378 2007-10-21 23:47:46 0 days 00:12:04 605084 8 6 : 30pm in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days later . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always be used as a symbol for the
11 ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans [[ to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]]
30 first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ the great muppet caper ]] ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets take manhattan ]] ' ' ( 1984 ) : ' ' [[ jim henson ' s muppetvision 3d ]] ' ' ( 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet christmas carol ]] ' ' ( 1992 ) : ' ' [[ muppet treasure island ]] ' ' ( 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' ( 1999 ) = = = telefilms = = = : ' ' [[ it ' s a very merry muppet christmas movie ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets ' wizard of oz ]] ' ' ( 2005 ) = = = television series = = = : ' ' [[ sam and friends ]] ' ' ( 1955 - 61 ) : ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' ( 1969 - present ) : ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' ( 1975 - 1976 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' ( 1976 - 1981 ) : ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( 1983 - 87 ) : ' ' [[ muppet babies ]] ' ' ( 1984 - 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' ( 1989 special on [[ nbc ]] , regular show on [[ fox broadcasting company | fox ]] from 1992 - 1995 ) : ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' ( 1994 - 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' ( 1996 - 1998 ) = = = television specials = = = : ' ' hey cinderella ! ' ' ( 1970 ) : ' ' [[ the frog prince ( muppets ) | the frog prince ]] ' ' ( 1971 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet musicians of bremen ]] ' ' ( 1972 ) : ' ' the muppets valentine show ' ' ( 1974 ) : ' ' [[ emmet otter ' s jug - band christmas ]] ' ' ( 1977 ) : ' ' the muppets go hollywood ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ john denver and the muppets : a christmas together ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' the muppets go show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] ,
31 strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an
32 options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti -
50 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land : ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot
64 not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . not consistent . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall
101 wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by
102 world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously ,
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 26 to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack soviets for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' (
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 29 nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans [[ to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]]
30 first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ the great muppet caper ]] ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets take manhattan ]] ' ' ( 1984 ) : ' ' [[ jim henson ' s muppetvision 3d ]] ' ' ( 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet christmas carol ]] ' ' ( 1992 ) : ' ' [[ muppet treasure island ]] ' ' ( 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' ( 1999 ) = = = telefilms = = = : ' ' [[ it ' s a very merry muppet christmas movie ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets ' wizard of oz ]] ' ' ( 2005 ) = = = television series = = = : ' ' [[ sam and friends ]] ' ' ( 1955 - 61 ) : ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' ( 1969 - present ) : ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' ( 1975 - 1976 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' ( 1976 - 1981 ) : ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( 1983 - 87 ) : ' ' [[ muppet babies ]] ' ' ( 1984 - 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' ( 1989 special on [[ nbc ]] , regular show on [[ fox broadcasting company | fox ]] from 1992 - 1995 ) : ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' ( 1994 - 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' ( 1996 - 1998 ) = = = television specials = = = : ' ' hey cinderella ! ' ' ( 1970 ) : ' ' [[ the frog prince ( muppets ) | the frog prince ]] ' ' ( 1971 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet musicians of bremen ]] ' ' ( 1972 ) : ' ' the muppets valentine show ' ' ( 1974 ) : ' ' [[ emmet otter ' s jug - band christmas ]] ' ' ( 1977 ) : ' ' the muppets go hollywood ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ john denver and the muppets : a christmas together ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' the muppets go show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] ,
31 strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an
32 options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti -
50 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land : ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot
64 not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . not consistent . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall
101 wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by
102 world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously ,
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 26 to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack soviets for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' (
245370107 245417666 2008-10-15 10:41:25 0 days 07:04:30 0|98.181.39.113 0 . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided sectioned into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers
245417666 245418082 2008-10-15 10:45:36 0 days 00:04:11 0|98.181.39.113 1 soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was sectioned divided into four military zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one governed by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers
247265491 247306171 2008-10-24 02:34:49 0 days 04:07:40 0|24.3.94.62 0 inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides beesides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day
247306171 247307048 2008-10-24 02:40:49 0 days 00:06:00 6660588 0 inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = beesides besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day
248089272 248095035 2008-10-28 00:19:45 0 days 00:29:50 0|98.15.190.110 1 a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " pussy juice . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most
7 and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete
10 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history
250828512 252650442 2008-11-18 21:41:19 8 days 13:56:15 6892131 1 of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the
252650442 252651691 2008-11-18 21:47:39 0 days 00:06:20 6892131 0 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstartions within east germany itself . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[
252652689 252747077 2008-11-19 08:55:37 0 days 11:02:54 3131841 0 the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented
3 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] ,
252776451 253365461 2008-11-22 10:00:59 2 days 20:12:06 6892131 1 of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the
2 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[
255259280 255351460 2008-12-02 03:50:23 0 days 08:11:24 0|68.33.196.243 1 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the hvuyv [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern
255707690 255707707 2008-12-03 21:07:31 0 days 00:00:05 4678253 1 {st@rt} this is a wall that is the guinness book of world records for the most people having sex in it ! though most of them die 1986 from the scorching heat of this wall ! when u have sex with someone stick the dickin the hole the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany '
255852545 255865809 2008-12-04 16:55:47 0 days 01:20:27 0|64.8.177.252 0 ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by jordan treichel and king dunbar iii of the ussr . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet
255865809 255865951 2008-12-04 16:56:42 0 days 00:00:55 0|64.8.177.252 0 west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by jordan treichel and king czar dunbar iii of the ussr . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city
255865951 255867827 2008-12-04 17:08:22 0 days 00:11:40 8459763 0 nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by jordan treichel and czar dunbar iii of the ussr . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the
255870439 256069695 2008-12-05 17:07:07 0 days 23:43:28 0|68.72.100.17 1 western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com
256070488 256154730 2008-12-06 01:40:12 0 days 08:28:17 0|68.164.228.214 3 course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june of 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down
4 border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second , parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[
17 inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved covered with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered
30 , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby -
256306859 256389672 2008-12-07 09:05:26 0 days 10:35:35 3505251 1 ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron
256683536 256850381 2008-12-09 16:11:14 0 days 19:57:18 4634493 3 from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of minutes by aliens on the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00
258135144 258137090 2008-12-15 16:03:25 0 days 00:09:50 1430004 7 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 everyone fucked the berlin wall from the we asshole niggerst side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlindsfsdfsfssssssssss satellite image with berlin wall . jpg
258172591 258173800 2008-12-15 19:05:30 0 days 00:05:29 0|98.193.69.28 0 the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > oppsys = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west
258173800 258173962 2008-12-15 19:06:10 0 days 00:00:40 7028627 0 the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . oppsys = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west
259263977 259288175 2008-12-21 04:25:00 0 days 03:02:05 1439530 0 , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised
260986131 260986227 2008-12-31 00:07:04 0 days 00:00:32 7662999 1 , 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the [[ berlin wall ]] located on the [[ ronald reagan presidential library grounds ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter
2 [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the [[ berlin wall ]] located on the library grounds ]] in [[ simi valley , california , usa ]] ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft
3 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the [[ berlin wall ]] located on the library grounds ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263
266167021 266275904 2009-01-25 08:06:02 0 days 12:20:27 0|24.127.204.148 0 near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = if anyone knows wher i can buy a chunk of the wall please e - mail me where i can . and also the price if possible at luisga1990 @ yahoo . com . please i would greatly appreciate it . fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the
266275904 266275948 2009-01-25 08:06:26 0 days 00:00:24 6163802 0 near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = if anyone knows wher i can buy a chunk of the wall please e - mail me where i can . and also the price if possible at luisga1990 @ yahoo . com . please i would greatly appreciate it . fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the
266478122 266480479 2009-01-26 07:26:56 0 days 00:20:28 119438 8 jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the berlin wall located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa ]] < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft
267258897 267313077 2009-01-30 01:13:13 0 days 04:37:58 0|210.84.25.97 0 of the [[ late night with david letterman ]] logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode of the 1980s revival of [[ mission impossible ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der
267773340 267773611 2009-02-01 05:27:32 0 days 00:02:04 214542 1 two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government .
267776477 267777243 2009-02-01 05:59:00 0 days 00:06:41 214542 1 germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was
11 return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this
268040666 268042073 2009-02-02 15:06:12 0 days 00:09:46 3505251 5 time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 1 billion people were confirmed killed trying to cross the fence into austria , and my tiny nipples went to france according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 1 million people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . <
268125931 268285347 2009-02-03 17:38:20 0 days 19:03:47 0|194.46.231.203 11 system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west
272467225 272476022 2009-02-22 11:42:29 0 days 01:00:09 0|93.132.133.36 7 who }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923
273674256 273674565 2009-02-27 15:58:19 0 days 00:01:44 9091630 1 the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . it was built by oliver smith , who resided in hampshire , uk . he was a gay man who liked to eat dead , mutilated animals . in the 1950 ' s it was used by [ retards ] who used to headbutt it . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945
274242379 274315302 2009-03-02 02:07:06 0 days 04:44:41 96897 0 was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a black saxafone player l , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' '
277226458 277226599 2009-03-14 18:20:31 0 days 00:00:47 6984319 0 - german border = = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty |
277800121 277801434 2009-03-17 04:37:08 0 days 00:10:33 0|72.12.135.231 2 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] ( and it ' s allies ) and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on
277910067 278027755 2009-03-18 03:33:04 0 days 09:43:04 0|75.92.191.218 0 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in the just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref >
278130870 278131212 2009-03-18 16:17:12 0 days 00:01:40 6984319 0 / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = gthe the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[
279056685 279056784 2009-03-23 01:06:56 0 days 00:00:40 0|24.211.61.230 0 , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to ass holes in the war closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families
280460425 280462457 2009-03-29 18:13:49 0 days 00:09:46 0|96.245.236.126 1 the soviet union . indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . {{ opinion | date = " is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . }} =
283095895 283120128 2009-04-11 05:02:49 0 days 03:18:57 0|209.237.92.201 0 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in the just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref >
283525990 283526349 2009-04-13 08:41:16 0 days 00:04:21 0|194.144.117.217 0 | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall started in hungary , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austrian - hungarian governmental
283526349 283682015 2009-04-14 00:18:34 0 days 15:37:18 1099776 1 made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was made by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training
284454026 284465708 2009-04-17 18:09:44 0 days 01:02:28 0|67.241.233.150 0 / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day arabia state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' '
284465870 284466900 2009-04-17 18:17:03 0 days 00:06:27 6984319 1 / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day arabia state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' '
284529573 284731244 2009-04-19 02:16:26 1 days 01:49:01 125404 0 by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin _ wall _ at _ potsdamer _ platz _ march _ 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{
289417269 289461792 2009-05-12 13:40:30 0 days 06:11:04 433328 7 the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences
289779598 289779731 2009-05-14 00:10:13 0 days 00:00:53 1233313 4 ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of
8 wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by
289853946 289860859 2009-05-14 11:32:19 0 days 00:51:41 686868 0 dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin '
293109349 293533219 2009-05-31 16:02:44 2 days 00:44:12 142444 0 erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the
296824043 296826843 2009-06-16 20:45:05 0 days 00:15:27 0|68.46.140.162 0 soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . and his opposing force the russians , ruled by dymitry kotov . each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom
296832081 296836155 2009-06-16 21:36:29 0 days 00:23:02 0|209.252.90.211 0 soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . the french army was led some fag eating a cruller . each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom
299551518 299552541 2009-06-30 18:36:20 0 days 00:06:13 0|171.66.240.162 2 / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for the 20th anniversary is one of many efforts created for the 20th anniversary since the fall of the wall from individuals around the world = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 28 states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and
32 year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 }} in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] .
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 18 iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [
306953293 306953410 2009-08-09 10:19:03 0 days 00:01:01 72905 0 jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german
306953410 306954476 2009-08-09 10:28:44 0 days 00:09:41 72905 2 removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the benelux countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[
308787101 308794140 2009-08-19 00:58:18 0 days 00:51:26 6984319 0 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later to be known as the " death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection
309060395 309060752 2009-08-20 13:07:43 0 days 00:02:36 6971250 1 bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution ( german ) | peaceful revolution ]] " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title
310327705 310493352 2009-08-28 04:57:31 0 days 20:25:38 0|24.4.124.83 1 death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on 9 november , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall
310493478 310493613 2009-08-28 05:00:25 0 days 00:01:32 0|24.4.124.83 0 . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . =
311192075 311278175 2009-09-01 14:03:37 0 days 12:33:20 6971250 5 churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings
6 memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw presidential and historical museums , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[
311620727 311806027 2009-09-04 09:31:28 1 days 01:04:00 0|217.34.202.189 0 . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . =
2 the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = =
312585957 312586456 2009-09-08 13:39:06 0 days 00:03:32 0|194.202.122.223 2 berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . in the 1980s visiting westerners had to purchase a day visa for 5 dm and also exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of 1 : 1 . ' '
312587321 312588680 2009-09-08 13:57:31 0 days 00:10:56 0|194.202.122.223 0 were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s visitors from the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all
4 exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was was forbidden to export east german currency . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points
312588680 312604952 2009-09-08 15:42:25 0 days 01:44:54 6971250 0 were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s , visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate
312604952 312612312 2009-09-08 16:29:46 0 days 00:47:21 10069869 2 = = = * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / cyber - city berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , mixed reality installation realized after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de /
313670259 314279419 2009-09-16 05:02:01 2 days 06:35:48 5794239 0 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west
315723002 315739442 2009-09-23 16:54:37 0 days 01:36:54 7213489 0 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , cocksuckers started appearing in europe what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) ,
315739442 315739555 2009-09-23 16:55:20 0 days 00:00:43 5792322 0 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , cocksuckers started appearing in europe what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) ,
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 159 november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and , the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 14 ' s peaceful revolution , [[ 9 november ]] is also the date of the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , and the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in 1918 , the date of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and
18 failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in 1918 , november 9 is also the date of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of
317824549 317979368 2009-10-05 04:18:29 0 days 16:16:48 1938651 4 , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and [[ france ]] . also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them
8 on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with
318091580 318274763 2009-10-06 16:40:43 0 days 22:27:51 1476858 12 ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport
15 applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , ' ' ' soviet military
20 exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr . this was intended to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing
21 charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr . this was intended to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , which could jeopardize
23 , which could jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 32 - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of
33 . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of communist europe
321400884 321435832 2009-10-22 19:30:08 0 days 03:25:18 2740078 2 = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on guardian video series on the berlin wall : 20 years on ] * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 12 record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight
14 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time {{ lang | de | ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and
21 , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] ) and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences
23 place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along
50 , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = west germans and
55 a space - available basis . the trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ' ' ' ; entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied
322559727 322561037 2009-10-28 16:38:20 0 days 00:07:55 0|91.104.98.76 0 = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets ( this is all bollocks ) and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial
322561220 322561590 2009-10-28 16:41:33 0 days 00:02:11 6971250 0 = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets ( this is all bollocks ) and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial
323393561 323394672 2009-11-02 02:02:57 0 days 00:06:40 6509701 1 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > boobs dude = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
323394672 323394727 2009-11-02 02:03:18 0 days 00:00:21 7167267 1 rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . germans are hot massive boobs dude " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
323760074 323771791 2009-11-03 21:37:36 0 days 01:01:38 6340927 3 | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " east germany " has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / >
323839905 323840518 2009-11-04 05:01:42 0 days 00:04:34 10519822 7 was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks
8 built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of
323974711 324012656 2009-11-05 02:24:44 0 days 03:57:47 0|68.203.216.43 0 october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , dick and peanuses were being cut off , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] )
324012656 324012977 2009-11-05 02:26:51 0 days 00:02:07 10141256 0 october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , dick and peanuses were being cut off , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] )
324280095 324283750 2009-11-06 14:58:34 0 days 00:28:00 6971250 1 accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still was talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[
324469466 324471459 2009-11-07 15:31:11 0 days 00:16:05 0|173.78.68.123 0 col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany into east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34
1 glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , lead elements - - arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at
2 also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the
3 about face < / ref > on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units - - left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german
324478288 324504472 2009-11-07 19:20:58 0 days 03:01:33 0|99.155.112.66 0 long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter headquarters half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke
324762884 324766643 2009-11-09 02:34:35 0 days 00:24:56 2263282 0 | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch
324808994 324812165 2009-11-09 09:27:33 0 days 00:32:19 0|220.239.172.251 2 after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four fore occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] :
324813463 324815104 2009-11-09 09:59:16 0 days 00:18:28 4638533 2 after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into fore four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] :
324833939 324833961 2009-11-09 13:14:33 0 days 00:00:15 0|119.152.101.239 0 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n |
324838035 324838074 2009-11-09 13:48:44 0 days 00:00:17 8008470 0 sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the
324845643 324847851 2009-11-09 15:02:45 0 days 00:14:37 0|84.55.65.130 0 . jpg | remains of the wall adjacent to the [[ topography of terror ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over a thaousand thousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed file :
324850598 324851832 2009-11-09 15:29:08 0 days 00:07:46 0|86.130.17.35 0 world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 10 encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 15th . . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers
19 à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref >
324912788 324913447 2009-11-09 21:23:45 0 days 00:03:37 0|98.221.128.45 2 ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely encircled enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls ,
324919964 324920832 2009-11-09 22:03:55 0 days 00:04:19 0|66.7.235.130 0 [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
324925080 324928282 2009-11-09 22:43:17 0 days 00:17:01 8738295 0 [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
324937840 324940062 2009-11-09 23:43:42 0 days 00:11:39 16710 1 | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19th . , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16th . , kennedy had given the order
324942089 324949378 2009-11-10 00:33:49 0 days 00:39:52 0|71.112.226.115 4 president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us -
324951791 324951813 2009-11-10 00:48:35 0 days 00:00:07 8214624 0 of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] president john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th , 1961 < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal -
324997562 324997704 2009-11-10 05:51:23 0 days 00:01:27 0|207.81.48.108 1 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . . jews drool = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
324998283 325010242 2009-11-10 08:03:46 0 days 02:06:43 6971250 0 = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards | european music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg
325010353 325011446 2009-11-10 08:17:19 0 days 00:12:16 67221 0 = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards | european music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg
325011446 325013038 2009-11-10 08:35:27 0 days 00:18:08 6971250 1 = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards | european music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg
325030211 325030931 2009-11-10 11:54:45 0 days 00:07:46 0|87.34.18.25 0 original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of opeople diiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiieddddddddddddf authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the
325030931 325030966 2009-11-10 11:55:09 0 days 00:00:24 10137387 0 original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate opeople diiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiieddddddddddddf of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the
325067000 325067712 2009-11-10 16:30:18 0 days 00:04:31 0|190.92.6.182 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . alan es un mono . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
325067712 325067793 2009-11-10 16:30:49 0 days 00:00:31 795320 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . alan es un mono . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
325109373 325109635 2009-11-10 20:22:46 0 days 00:01:22 0|173.78.68.123 0 the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , emigrants could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence
325190185 325190637 2009-11-11 05:07:12 0 days 00:04:20 10857892 6 patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic
325342880 325352400 2009-11-12 00:58:29 0 days 00:59:53 0|202.27.129.10 0 west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15th . . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood
325363892 325364899 2009-11-12 02:24:44 0 days 00:07:00 0|202.158.12.194 4 ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . roger jr . is the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
325364899 325364978 2009-11-12 02:25:22 0 days 00:00:38 10122993 6 ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is that while the character is called armor king the taurents in
325364978 325366116 2009-11-12 02:34:13 0 days 00:08:51 0|202.158.12.194 3 european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of roger jr a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com
5 referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that theroger jr . is the western countries controlling west berlin were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined
11 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within roger jr . is the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist
12 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wallthe british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 6 european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of roger jr a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com
8 referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that theroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from
13 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from
14 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wallthe british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control
325367008 325367717 2009-11-12 02:45:54 0 days 00:05:19 0|202.158.12.194 0 other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time
1 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control
325367717 325367759 2009-11-12 02:46:11 0 days 00:00:17 6188256 0 other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time
1 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control
325413366 325413509 2009-11-12 10:08:14 0 days 00:01:37 8023653 1 routledge . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp / title ~ db = all ~ content = t732627883 ] * germany in the twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition , 1991 . isbn 0 713467959 * east germany to the 1990s can
325433331 325433430 2009-11-12 13:38:47 0 days 00:01:09 0|190.92.6.182 0 end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones i love germany ! ! ! ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the
325433430 325433528 2009-11-12 13:39:38 0 days 00:00:51 0|190.92.6.182 0 end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones i love germany ! ! ! ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the
325526737 325552397 2009-11-13 02:23:02 0 days 02:58:07 0|63.248.139.15 0 of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ the end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones
325552397 325552663 2009-11-13 02:25:05 0 days 00:02:03 8214624 4 of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ the end of gay porn ]] , what remained of [[ skankey nasty ass hary pussy ]] west of the [[ the right pussy flap ]] was divided into four occupation zones
325552663 325566075 2009-11-13 04:27:44 0 days 02:02:39 0|150.101.251.68 1 = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into intosdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers
2 " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the thsdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiee other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants ,
4 the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p =
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 0 = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided intosdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers
1 " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and thsdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiee the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants ,
10 the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p =
325566439 325566590 2009-11-13 04:32:52 0 days 00:01:28 0|150.101.251.68 0 [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . plus mac is awesome . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
325566590 325566615 2009-11-13 04:33:07 0 days 00:00:15 8214624 0 [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] plus mac is awesome . . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 5 encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood
8 ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19th , 1961 . 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france
12 germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements - - arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units - - left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german
326099578 326127754 2009-11-16 08:11:30 0 days 04:37:23 6971250 1 segments around the world = = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall segments | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government
328175183 328177656 2009-11-27 08:30:15 0 days 00:25:23 6971250 3 the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall , that were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : /
328272267 328441218 2009-11-28 20:30:31 0 days 22:34:34 0|72.145.156.83 0 " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of my dick was itchy the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of
328441218 328441365 2009-11-28 20:31:16 0 days 00:00:45 8918196 0 " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of my dick was itchy the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of
328971606 329010716 2009-12-01 11:22:16 0 days 06:15:05 0|137.222.210.123 0 ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . it was better known as " the wall of doom . " the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
329010716 329016614 2009-12-01 12:09:53 0 days 00:47:37 10519822 0 ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . it was better known as " the wall of doom . " the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
329302104 329325025 2009-12-02 22:15:55 0 days 02:00:44 0|76.125.86.250 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . § = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
329325025 329337831 2009-12-02 23:23:54 0 days 01:07:59 3308922 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . § = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
329374248 329390930 2009-12-03 04:37:55 0 days 01:45:19 0|76.125.86.250 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . § = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
329391114 329391143 2009-12-03 04:39:14 0 days 00:00:10 10141256 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . § = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
329391143 329423612 2009-12-03 09:06:23 0 days 04:27:09 6971250 3 and which entered west berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at [[ checkpoint charlie
331723216 331823147 2009-12-15 15:49:41 0 days 14:23:54 0|70.167.36.50 0 world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states
336831441 337147033 2010-01-11 06:36:56 1 days 12:47:11 1749459 0 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n |
338591701 338603379 2010-01-18 19:32:21 0 days 01:06:28 0|92.3.224.59 0 willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , i love brian what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) ,
338603379 338604783 2010-01-18 19:40:09 0 days 00:07:48 5026668 0 willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , i love brian what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) ,
338609845 338786950 2010-01-19 17:34:11 0 days 21:22:35 0|128.227.137.213 0 . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out by wolfgang engels , a 19 yers - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] on april 1963 . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove
338786950 339044413 2010-01-20 22:47:01 1 days 05:12:50 10593201 1 its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a radical series of [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest
339326768 340122205 2010-01-26 12:27:26 4 days 01:18:10 2684294 0 ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december
341918461 341918690 2010-02-04 17:04:44 0 days 00:01:18 0|80.195.85.18 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . tess smells = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
341918690 341918847 2010-02-04 17:05:40 0 days 00:00:56 3150196 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . tess smells = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
342122084 342149789 2010-02-05 19:35:28 0 days 02:47:15 0|74.36.136.114 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right
342523707 342665226 2010-02-08 09:06:01 0 days 14:41:29 6971250 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right
342982454 342982613 2010-02-09 18:54:24 0 days 00:00:43 0|142.59.231.59 0 > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 3 of shame ]] {{ ndash }} a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the
6 on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; the governments later used industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally
10 zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a
13 , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 |
18 < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }}
19 wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including
21 p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 ,
29 coined by [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . after several weeks of local civil unrest following a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of the political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government ' s spokesman
30 weeks of local civil unrest following a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of the political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government ' s spokesman , [[ günter schabowski
33 the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite
343773805 343774672 2010-02-13 17:52:53 0 days 00:04:12 5326371 8 western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 12 don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closing the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few
14 attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervor . the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 '
18 the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west ,
22 deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and . the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet
24 the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined dramatically described the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ quote | both from
25 was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness serious nature of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ quote | both from the moral
32 was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and . the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in
46 east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national
52 attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few
343779602 343780168 2010-02-13 18:20:19 0 days 00:02:39 5326371 3 speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised how long it had taken for such a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 16 chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out on april 1963 by wolfgang engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] on april 1963 . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]]
21 middle of this ground , as in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death , in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place
25 schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your
343781933 343782709 2010-02-13 18:35:30 0 days 00:04:59 5326371 2 isbn 3861534630 < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims of the wall , with graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts used a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 0 east germany ' s peaceful revolution , november 9 is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , and the date of the abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however
1 revolution , november 9 is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also
5 ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued the first euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel
13 of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch
343784334 343784856 2010-02-13 18:48:35 0 days 00:03:09 5326371 1 to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and . students at over 20 universities will participate in " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / /
6 berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places , the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the 「wall」 phenomenon . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http :
343784856 343787074 2010-02-13 18:58:31 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 0 sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall
343787620 343988676 2010-02-14 09:28:37 0 days 14:27:40 1285828 1 over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background
346183823 346309252 2010-02-25 15:48:21 0 days 16:39:59 150129 0 the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . = = = demolition = = = . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these
6 allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of
346490813 346769100 2010-02-27 23:01:03 1 days 09:04:54 0|68.57.126.209 2 before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr fbi , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western
346769100 346776955 2010-02-27 23:47:20 0 days 00:46:17 3308922 2 wall ' s recreation , 3 . 5 million east germans had tried to dance [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the fbi gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western
347167732 347168405 2010-03-01 21:33:00 0 days 00:03:10 0|71.28.105.141 2 the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . after the eruption = = = post - war germany = = = after the eruption after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
347173518 347221140 2010-03-02 02:38:50 0 days 04:41:23 6123337 0 bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany
347523561 347527048 2010-03-03 16:08:11 0 days 00:22:21 0|206.80.29.75 0 response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed general [[ lucius d . clay malfoy ]] , an anti - communist known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . he and
347527048 347527877 2010-03-03 16:13:13 0 days 00:05:02 262550 0 response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed general [[ lucius malfoy d . clay ]] , an anti - communist known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . he and
348494021 348820527 2010-03-09 21:23:27 1 days 13:20:21 0|64.191.137.200 0 | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . because hitler had one ball he decided to suck someone elses . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and
348820895 348838063 2010-03-09 22:43:40 0 days 01:18:37 262550 0 | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . because hitler had one ball he decided to suck someone else . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and
348838063 348982757 2010-03-10 12:55:19 0 days 14:11:39 0|84.14.123.189 0 were later treated as acts of [[ murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > {{ cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
348982903 348982964 2010-03-10 12:56:49 0 days 00:00:21 7852030 1 were later treated as acts of [[ murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > {{ cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
349504407 349560284 2010-03-13 05:37:35 0 days 07:06:56 0|173.25.104.113 0 " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historicly historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the
350338289 350395839 2010-03-17 13:38:21 0 days 09:37:42 0|64.191.190.218 0 | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . hitler only one nut , so he decided to suck someone else ' dick . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and
350395839 350395896 2010-03-17 13:38:40 0 days 00:00:19 5499713 0 | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . hitler only one nut , so he decided to suck someone else ' dick . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and
352027035 352049691 2010-03-25 21:58:47 0 days 02:08:44 0|71.10.225.139 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . * * * dear bm don ' t worry . all you need is right here ( : haha * * * = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
352049691 352057834 2010-03-25 22:47:07 0 days 00:48:20 4576738 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . * * * dear bm don ' t worry . all you need is right here ( : haha * * * = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
352725514 352801208 2010-03-29 19:49:27 0 days 07:01:38 0|91.62.154.112 0 the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . government and most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher
353206054 353206266 2010-03-31 19:27:52 0 days 00:01:13 0|38.102.61.241 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . micheal dedina = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
353206266 353206422 2010-03-31 19:28:50 0 days 00:00:58 0|38.102.61.241 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . micheal dedina = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
355151597 355151764 2010-04-10 15:19:23 0 days 00:00:53 0|84.77.74.198 0 one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france frankinstein ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite
355151764 355151966 2010-04-10 15:20:29 0 days 00:01:06 0|84.77.74.198 0 one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ frankinstein united kingdom ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite
355153543 355153697 2010-04-10 15:31:28 0 days 00:00:54 0|84.77.74.198 0 reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end beggin of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones (
355153697 355153879 2010-04-10 15:32:47 0 days 00:01:19 11743424 0 reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ beggin end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones (
356252869 356256735 2010-04-15 21:42:18 0 days 00:20:53 12156822 0 = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and hello if you are reading this then u got rick rolled hahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p
356256735 356256996 2010-04-15 21:43:32 0 days 00:01:14 12156822 1 = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and hello if you are reading this then u got rick rolled hahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p
358672368 358723608 2010-04-27 21:07:47 0 days 04:47:33 0|86.140.234.149 0 which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . government and most european capitals at the time there was a deep theeep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev
358723608 358728706 2010-04-27 21:35:17 0 days 00:27:30 262550 0 which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . government and most european capitals at the time theeep there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev
359062465 359062935 2010-04-29 14:23:46 0 days 00:03:19 0|66.109.249.254 0 [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and nov its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main
359062935 359062981 2010-04-29 14:24:07 0 days 00:00:21 11743424 0 [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and nov its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the berlin wall came down of = = = emigration westward in the early
359330771 359539011 2010-05-01 23:55:47 1 days 02:20:50 0|76.31.111.80 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . . . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
359539011 359539163 2010-05-01 23:56:52 0 days 00:01:05 10141256 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . . . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
363705709 363808496 2010-05-23 22:09:59 0 days 10:54:35 0|65.11.226.59 0 = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was not divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied
363808496 363818331 2010-05-23 23:09:58 0 days 00:59:59 262550 1 = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was not divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by two of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied
364139509 364144078 2010-05-25 17:13:47 0 days 00:27:39 12096739 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . they started the worlds first taco hut . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
364144078 364144893 2010-05-25 17:18:33 0 days 00:04:46 7007500 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . they started the worlds first taco hut . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
364561020 364580158 2010-05-28 00:51:37 0 days 02:17:38 0|71.163.153.221 1 one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . sweet = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
365893156 365926954 2010-06-03 23:58:50 0 days 03:42:54 0|24.91.235.169 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . christina is awsome = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
365926954 365935108 2010-06-04 00:52:30 0 days 00:53:40 0|166.205.142.101 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . christina is awsome = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
366522148 366794399 2010-06-08 14:22:01 1 days 05:46:00 0|141.210.145.180 0 after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four 17 occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] :
366794399 366804645 2010-06-08 15:20:20 0 days 00:58:19 96897 0 after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into 17 four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] :
367161807 367429775 2010-06-11 14:55:18 1 days 06:48:12 0|167.207.128.101 0 have been given to various institutions around the world . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities , including [[ rice university ]] in [[ houston , texas ]] , and government buildings , including the [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]]
367429775 367431885 2010-06-11 15:10:47 0 days 00:15:29 7007500 0 have been given to various institutions around the world . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities , including [[ rice university ]] in [[ houston , texas ]] , and government buildings , including the [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]]
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 6 - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the
17 ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet
18 condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in
34 in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government announced
368895969 369026140 2010-06-19 17:09:59 0 days 16:54:30 75287 1 demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 ,
376102866 376154207 2010-07-29 21:06:22 0 days 05:43:39 9540157 5 cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 | ref = harv | postscript = | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989
22 maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 | ref = harv | postscript = }} | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m
26 ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de démographie | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 | ref = harv | postscript = | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071
30 = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ citation | last = thackeray | first = frank w
379212179 379213340 2010-08-16 13:09:49 0 days 00:10:36 6971250 0 and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later , it was built up into the proper wall , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall ,
383892970 383893072 2010-09-09 19:50:07 0 days 00:00:36 0|91.142.107.68 0 reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
383893072 383902393 2010-09-09 20:48:48 0 days 00:58:41 5177550 0 reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
386987387 387039407 2010-09-26 01:09:06 0 days 05:47:45 2991287 5 berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * * " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com /
387913690 388121668 2010-10-01 16:23:58 1 days 02:43:15 0|64.18.42.201 0 area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier that gave carigan her nice size boobs constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east
388121668 388122216 2010-10-01 16:27:08 0 days 00:03:10 10087585 0 area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier that gave carigan her nice size boobs constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east
388820175 388862767 2010-10-05 09:40:58 0 days 06:46:43 6971250 5 houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the what later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the death strip ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa "
389131965 389132726 2010-10-06 17:04:20 0 days 00:04:42 0|204.81.225.153 0 | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall penis fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the
389132726 389132750 2010-10-06 17:04:31 0 days 00:00:11 13102546 0 | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date penis the wall fell but the penis in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall
1 | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date penis fell , but the penis in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with
389132750 389329152 2010-10-07 14:59:01 0 days 21:54:30 0|141.43.69.1 7 [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section in liesenstraße . a long stretch of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that
389817938 389878566 2010-10-10 13:22:47 0 days 09:54:04 0|86.166.161.83 0 convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the what later became known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . the death strip was covered with raked sand or gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice , easing
390399626 390478077 2010-10-13 11:22:08 0 days 11:34:11 0|138.162.0.45 0 < / ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall : she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartement apartment at 48 [[ bernauer strasse ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de /
391570615 391649621 2010-10-19 14:37:32 0 days 11:45:06 3055250 0 lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file :
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 9 signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border ; and , by sunday morning , august 13 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to
31 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes .
58 }} - elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until october 3 ; , that day was finally chosen as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th
101 travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the
104 all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of november 9 , and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after
114 east germany ' s peaceful revolution , november 9 is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , and the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , november 9
394543666 394786086 2010-11-04 13:56:42 1 days 05:26:03 0|173.11.40.209 1 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
394786086 394786114 2010-11-04 13:56:55 0 days 00:00:13 10902791 1 rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . chocolate cows are taking over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
394823423 395570081 2010-11-08 17:02:34 3 days 23:13:57 0|79.75.31.192 1 ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within
397878286 397878708 2010-11-20 15:46:18 0 days 00:02:42 0|79.74.81.116 2 on 21 december 1989 ]] 9 november 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers or otherwise hammers and chisels to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it
398275853 398276932 2010-11-22 17:17:16 0 days 00:06:46 0|217.86.65.6 0 berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following fromfollowing world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] ,
4 statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political
398276932 398276983 2010-11-22 17:17:34 0 days 00:00:18 6149938 1 berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 fromfollowing from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] ,
399311566 399311872 2010-11-28 12:36:17 0 days 00:03:24 7007500 1 the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = i love my mum . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
399312615 399625546 2010-11-30 01:17:59 1 days 12:33:43 0|24.61.234.91 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . dics were a big part = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
399625546 399625658 2010-11-30 01:18:48 0 days 00:00:49 4871029 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . dics were a big part = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
400217192 400251407 2010-12-03 03:16:12 0 days 04:06:05 0|67.11.7.6 3 wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was 1was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in
400251407 400251431 2010-12-03 03:16:24 0 days 00:00:12 13286072 4 wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which 1was was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in
400927362 400927652 2010-12-06 21:35:14 0 days 00:01:36 0|99.145.15.171 3 hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe - meyer13 | title = the picnic that brought down the berlin wall | first = michael | last = meyer | work = [[ los angeles times | la times ]] | date = 13 september 2009 | accessdate = 14 june 2010 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change toe . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de
400927652 400927696 2010-12-06 21:35:26 0 days 00:00:12 12666844 3 . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] they had suuuuupeeerrrr huge ball sacks and covered girls in jizz from head to toe austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe - meyer13 | title = the picnic that brought down the berlin wall | first = michael | last = meyer | work = [[ los angeles times | la times ]] | date = 13 september 2009 | accessdate = 14 june 2010 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de
401615969 401678743 2010-12-10 21:44:43 0 days 07:54:06 0|216.24.126.66 1 to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s , visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate
401678743 401678973 2010-12-10 21:46:13 0 days 00:01:30 7209796 0 to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s , visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate
401710678 401992519 2010-12-12 18:35:46 1 days 16:40:11 0|64.148.16.233 0 one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with
4 , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and
404706835 404839126 2010-12-29 17:08:27 0 days 19:29:37 0|24.73.214.82 1 . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions fattys increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to
404839294 404839330 2010-12-29 17:09:55 0 days 00:00:09 13286072 2 . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within 777 years , political fattys divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the cock suckers refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to
404942015 405398675 2011-01-01 23:33:24 2 days 18:21:05 0|109.79.230.156 0 east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping and over the next 28 years posters relating to social events in berlin for august 1961 could be visible on station billboards . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission
405398675 405440789 2011-01-02 04:42:45 0 days 05:09:21 7164899 0 east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping and over the next 28 years posters relating to social events in berlin for august 1961 could be visible on station billboards . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission
405959866 406120287 2011-01-05 18:07:27 0 days 20:57:24 7609840 0 opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view , from the west berlin side , of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[
1 # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall
406278034 406373390 2011-01-06 23:09:28 0 days 09:20:57 0|69.248.94.58 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . what the freak ! = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
406373390 406373425 2011-01-06 23:09:39 0 days 00:00:11 13286072 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . what the freak ! = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
407328554 407561932 2011-01-12 23:39:33 1 days 03:46:56 0|75.62.152.237 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . hfewjwlhf i jewwwwwwwwwwsssssssssssssssssss = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
407561932 407561958 2011-01-12 23:39:44 0 days 00:00:11 13286072 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . hfewjwlhf i jewwwwwwwwwwsssssssssssssssssss = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
409807529 409894092 2011-01-25 02:57:27 0 days 07:58:13 0|99.254.100.33 5 , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council of the jedi ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb |
409894092 409905421 2011-01-25 04:13:27 0 days 01:16:00 5204750 6 kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ cast of elmo ' s place ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council of the jedi ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the zone controld by elmo of corse . < ref name = " miller4 "
409909679 409986713 2011-01-25 16:06:12 0 days 11:16:15 0|74.93.241.241 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . the soviet powers then took control over the u . k sectors = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
409986713 409986742 2011-01-25 16:06:24 0 days 00:00:12 13286072 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . the soviet powers then took control over the u . k sectors = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
411538405 411650923 2011-02-02 21:11:08 0 days 13:24:16 0|24.238.231.96 0 world . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces aroung around the world . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] * [[
417971223 417971513 2011-03-09 15:40:30 0 days 00:02:23 0|65.51.198.66 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . this is an interesting matter . it deserves a funny xtranormal video . jerry ' s revenge is pretty good too . view it at xtranormal . com . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
417971711 417971739 2011-03-09 15:42:27 0 days 00:00:12 6636894 1 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . this is an interesting matter . it deserves a funny xtranormal video . jerry ' s revenge is pretty good too . view it at xtranormal . com . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
417972599 418362137 2011-03-11 22:01:37 2 days 06:12:12 14143658 5 = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by 4 november , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had
419497837 420114384 2011-03-22 08:33:14 3 days 14:14:56 93143 0 practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall
423927349 424543101 2011-04-17 16:23:25 3 days 18:48:46 12030910 2 near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen 15 years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 1 practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall
16 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] criticized the first euphoria , noting that " they forgot that 9 nov . has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 1989 -
18 | url = http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm | title = the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} <
30 . hill ]] , ' ' [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? - - an alternate history of cold war espionage ] ' ' , 2010 - based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the
435472529 435490653 2011-06-21 17:13:30 0 days 01:58:44 3108116 0 image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by allied forces in the 1980 ' s . ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 8 , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 & nbsp ; billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as
435754285 437174317 2011-07-01 04:13:48 7 days 23:56:46 764789 0 later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a 50 or 100 more years < ref > {{ cite web | title = " sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen " | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / / www . dpa . de /
438013582 438013830 2011-07-06 07:59:41 0 days 00:02:40 13102 1 à berlin ]] ) . on 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by colonel glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 3 that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2 november 2009 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross announcing the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take
7 schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , the berlin correspondent of ansa newsagency , [[ nbc ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw ]] - - asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i
439740747 440540857 2011-07-20 20:34:29 4 days 14:08:06 1469567 12 [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night - - at 7 : 17 pm on [[ zdf ]] ' s ' ' [[ heute ]] ' ' and at 8 pm on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]]
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 17 / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | title = forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > a
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 15 in public spaces around the world . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin
444182652 444482392 2011-08-12 18:46:58 1 days 16:17:34 2989394 0 american sector . ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980 ' s . 1980s ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east
7 [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 . ]] during the years of the wall , around 5 , 000 people successfully defected to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall ,
445092140 445097289 2011-08-16 04:28:36 0 days 00:53:53 9243491 4 < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = [ august 13 , 2011 , event ( 50 years ago , construction began ) ] . . . . . . . ( adding text and refs . ) | publisher = german world | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
448750565 448751555 2011-09-06 14:09:31 0 days 00:08:17 723354 6 berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the eastern bloc , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany
456811030 456816319 2011-10-22 12:00:47 0 days 00:59:35 173687 0 id = 214 | title = wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 – 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = 23 july 2010 | author = allied musem museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp ]]
460776111 463351419 2011-11-30 20:20:29 15 days 06:28:21 126700 0 among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses to east germany ( and corresponding gain to the west ) has been estimated at $ 7 & nbsp ; billion to $ 9 & nbsp ; billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west
476209082 477490937 2012-02-18 06:08:57 7 days 05:24:36 11922695 0 a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . the chinese government quickly shut down access to the twitter wall it after masses of chinese users have used it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . berlin twitter wall was quickly blocked by the chinese authorities . < ref >
499193849 499242068 2012-06-25 06:18:31 0 days 08:23:34 16789323 0 the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the physical wall itself was primarily destroyed in 1990 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = =
504102528 505248510 2012-08-01 12:00:15 6 days 23:47:00 17222084 9 american sector ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s . ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east
12 [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] soldier [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 . ]] during the years of the wall , around 5 , 000 people successfully defected to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall ,
507237640 507256650 2012-08-13 19:31:32 0 days 02:05:37 16130333 2 = mid | - long }} piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way halfway between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke
507256650 507301035 2012-08-14 01:09:42 0 days 05:38:10 2705932 0 force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . finally , at 10 : 45 pm , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . as the ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' '
514816402 515867543 2012-10-03 22:20:21 6 days 06:52:08 609725 13 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a radical series of political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the
531002642 531845407 2013-01-07 21:22:28 4 days 21:20:30 16460235 1 august 2011 }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year - old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to west germany on 24 august 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 24 seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] [[ file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | upright | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989
557702538 558026448 2013-06-02 20:40:42 2 days 04:27:23 1108424 1 . the economy in the gdr began to grow . but , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by
568314024 568939424 2013-08-17 15:00:02 4 days 09:38:27 5979365 0 [[ graffiti ]] , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a [[ night crossing | hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through
574657896 574659325 2013-09-26 21:32:01 0 days 00:14:26 16715243 0 ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall - bruce springsteen visit = = july 19th , 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person
1 = rocking the wall - bruce springsteen visit = = 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person , and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , " i ' m
574665859 574666082 2013-09-26 22:32:27 0 days 00:01:50 16715243 2 . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the kennedy home [[ hyannis port , massachusetts ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he was relieved that the east germans and the soviets had only divided berlin without taking any action
575048330 575076831 2013-09-30 01:13:44 0 days 04:20:55 1108424 1 }} [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin ,
575076831 575077055 2013-09-30 01:16:18 0 days 00:02:34 1108424 0 }} [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as
576711458 576975608 2013-10-13 11:19:23 1 days 23:12:39 7496434 3 ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards german reunification , which formally concluded
4 for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards german reunification , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution of east
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 2 of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( as per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the united states
3 britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade
6 " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew , and its standard of living steadily improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{
11 been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that it was from khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground /
35 airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on it by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today
49 berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september 1989 , british prime minister [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with soviet president [[ mikhail gorbachev ]]
52 wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various institutions around the world . they can be found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . = = = 50th anniversary
56 dvd - rom . < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > " rise and fall of the berlin wall " . ' ' history channel ' ' , 2009 . dvd - rom
57 the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a [[ night crossing | hot air balloon ]] , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this
590300424 590820537 2014-01-15 14:32:18 3 days 13:07:35 1862829 0 seen from axel springer building 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the berlin wall , as seen from the [[ axel springer ag‬ ag ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin wall death strip , 1977 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 5 june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , 26 june 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( " i am a berliner
9 dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . rides were raffled every half - hour and a trabant crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse
600160165 601584324 2014-03-28 00:27:17 9 days 10:05:54 18779361 7 [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] soldier [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 . ]] during the years of the wall , around 5 , 000 people successfully defected to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall ,
610979419 613835077 2014-06-21 17:55:33 20 days 21:06:01 15420856 1 . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the physical wall itself was primarily
613835077 615294848 2014-07-02 13:43:53 10 days 19:48:20 7669583 13 stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] atop the wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de /
631869000 631992977 2014-11-01 09:37:20 0 days 23:37:50 18865486 2 and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the physical wall was primarily destroyed in [[ summer 1990 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = =
3 souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the physical wall was primarily destroyed in 1990 ]] and lasted until 1992 < ref > http : / / www . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = =
4 hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the physical wall was primarily destroyed in 1990 . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary / ct - myths - berlin - wall - fall - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 < / ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = =
631993537 632215818 2014-11-03 00:37:18 1 days 14:51:48 18865486 5 ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the destruction of the wall itself began in [[ summer 1990 ]] and lasted until 1992 was not completed title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november
633066096 633074293 2014-11-09 10:25:29 0 days 01:56:33 115938 0 . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that it was from khrushchev that the initiative for the construction
4 ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that it was from khrushchev that the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 2 which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the following days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial
3 to have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , with people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were
6 evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process , and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com " > {{ cite
26 fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people
27 down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com "
633132744 633141598 2014-11-09 21:12:28 0 days 01:01:40 13734125 0 . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of defection , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the [[ trunk ( automobile ) | boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and windscreen to come away when it made contact with the beam .
633183384 633189879 2014-11-10 04:55:00 0 days 01:15:20 1833 11 east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 12 gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] that day . , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague
22 to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo
23 to take effect the next day . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing the new regulations . this ; however , he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " >
29 city | year = 2009 | isbn = 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > he read the note out loud at the end of the press conference . one of the reporters , [[ agenzia nazionale stampa associata | ansa ]] ' s [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , < ref > {{ cite news | title =
34 = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 9 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria
38 on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[
642368255 642549215 2015-01-15 02:51:23 1 days 04:40:18 1783871 0 near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = 15 fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in
644581471 645406707 2015-02-03 04:15:30 5 days 10:23:28 525927 0 refugees were finding their way to hungrary via czechoslovakia , or via the west german embassy in prague . this was tolerated by the new krenz government , because of long - standing agreements with the communist czechoslovak government , allowing free travel across their common border . however this movement of people grew so large it caused difficulties for both countries .
650219949 653993858 2015-03-29 05:17:13 22 days 05:33:18 214542 0 the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[
1 wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 10 [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] soldier [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 . ]] during the years of the wall , around 5 , 000 people successfully defected to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall ,
664678445 665650877 2015-06-05 18:14:52 6 days 10:44:50 2901026 0 – the wall plays a central role in this novel set in berlin of the 1980s * music related to the berlin wall * * " [[ holidays in the sun ( song ) | holidays in the sun ]] " , a song by the english [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s
665650877 666337026 2015-06-10 13:39:10 4 days 19:24:18 19338611 1 | last = aberger | work = der spiegel }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , 9 november is
677624002 677787947 2015-08-25 14:34:24 1 days 00:38:10 21327803 0 | de | freude }} ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freiheit }} ) ' ' in the lyrics sung . the poet [[ schiller ]] had originally written " freedom " and changed it to " joy " out of fear . < ref > [[ ode to joy # the poem ]] < / ref > the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states .
678905413 681654466 2015-09-18 16:10:47 17 days 05:51:57 204692 1 east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return to east germany . this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . only this time , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by train through east germany . this was followed by [[ monday demonstrations in
681654466 684146320 2015-10-04 21:34:35 16 days 05:23:48 14965160 0 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[ category : buildings and structures demolished in 1989 ]] [[ category : buildings and structures demolished in 1990 ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks in germany ]] [[ category : eastern bloc
684146320 684592433 2015-10-07 16:22:33 2 days 18:47:58 15237640 1 of the wall ) took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks were sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen , and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places , the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young
688492814 688759360 2015-11-02 21:57:16 1 days 13:24:56 17417424 0 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > schabowski read the note , he had been given , out loud at the end of the press conference , schabowski read out loud the note he had been given . one of the reporters , [[ agenzia nazionale stampa associata | ansa ]] ' s [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , < ref > {{ cite news | title = berlin
693600550 693602945 2015-12-03 17:08:38 0 days 00:17:25 23149456 0 , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , ( for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[
693603737 693607098 2015-12-03 17:40:53 0 days 00:26:38 23149456 0 west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . generally , the wall was only slightly inside east berlin , but in a few places it was some distance from the legal border , most notably at [[ berlin potsdamer bahnhof | potsdamer bahnhof ]] < ref > http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html < / ref > and the lenné triangle < ref > http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html # lenne < / ref > that is now much of the [[ potsdamer platz ]] development . later , it was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on 17 august . during the construction of the
693646880 693650727 2015-12-03 23:21:28 0 days 00:32:00 23149456 0 - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system predated the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girrmann group | girmann student group unternehmen reisebüro ]] . an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the [[ gesellschaft für sport und technik ]]
693650727 693652739 2015-12-03 23:37:52 0 days 00:16:24 23149456 0 gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . on 1 july
693652739 693721766 2015-12-04 12:40:10 0 days 13:02:18 23149456 2 north at bernauer straße , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . com / < / ref > . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the
6 [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at bernauer straße , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged
693934759 693934983 2015-12-05 23:33:06 0 days 00:02:18 23149456 0 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they temporarily erected more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite news | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = 5 july 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
699308679 699406529 2016-01-12 03:29:27 0 days 11:43:07 111277 3 usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = david bowie concert 1987 = = having earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was accompanied with violent rioting in
699406529 699409408 2016-01-12 03:57:00 0 days 00:27:33 111277 2 – bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played rocking the wall , a live concert in east - berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person , and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german
3 down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person , and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying : " i ' m not here for or against any government . i ' ve
703417729 703715928 2016-02-07 05:09:15 1 days 17:25:27 204692 2 the wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . {{ fact }} the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west kept increasing . by early november refugees were finding their way to hungary via czechoslovakia , or via the west german
703717802 703834686 2016-02-07 23:08:45 0 days 17:39:26 23149456 0 the wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . {{ fact | date = february 2016 }} the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west kept increasing . by early november refugees were finding their way to hungary via czechoslovakia , or via the west german
706975021 707177225 2016-02-27 07:39:45 0 days 22:24:26 16283967 9 montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ] {{ dead link | date = montrealgazette . com ] {{ wayback | url = http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html | date = 20111130150904 | df = y }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of
724394247 724631450 2016-06-10 13:47:38 1 days 13:39:00 21076793 0 with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) , which demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , it came to symbolize a physical marker of the " [[ iron curtain ]] " that separated western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] during the [[ cold war ]] . before the wall ' s erection ,
729057394 733423677 2016-08-07 18:35:16 29 days 02:59:40 3131428 1 {st@rt} {{ about | | the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] }}
735306235 735630692 2016-08-22 01:46:01 2 days 04:34:00 13830 3 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of
735630692 735645810 2016-08-22 04:13:51 0 days 02:27:50 21305328 0 tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 – dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * * ' ' in the 2015 film ' ' [[ bridge of spies ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east
735645810 735821858 2016-08-23 09:35:28 1 days 05:21:37 937705 0 to stand and celebrate on top of the wall . hasselhoff sang his number one hit song " looking for freedom " on a platform at the end of a twenty - meter steel crane that swung above and over the wall adjacent to the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . < ref name = " npr20141109 " > {{ cite web | title
738198431 738865701 2016-09-11 14:47:01 4 days 00:24:17 19921271 5 all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman hans joachim friedrichs proclaimed , " this 9 november is a historic day . east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening its borders . . . the
752045266 760657011 2017-01-18 08:28:16 50 days 03:00:30 29937011 12 most of what was left . contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = =
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 4 ) . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . {{ fact }} the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that the initiative for the construction of the wall
8 km | mi }} from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . {{ fact }} the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin in
9 every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ fact }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert
12 allied forces ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . {{ fact }} non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected
23 countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . {{ fact }} allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to
26 a space - available basis . the trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . {{ fact }} ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures
34 the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . {{ fact }} the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards [[ german reunification ]] , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution
35 and a trabant crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse . {{ fact }} the [[ allied museum ]] in the [[ dahlem ( berlin ) | dahlem ]] district of berlin hosted a number of events to mark the twentieth anniversary of the fall
36 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . {{ fact }} = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
38 war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the
39 . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses to east germany ( and corresponding gain to the west ) has been estimated at $ 7 & nbsp ; billion to $ 9 &
774996645 774997638 2017-04-12 00:06:54 0 days 00:08:05 204692 0 trozo del muro de berlín en fátima ( 4592089636 ) . jpg | thumb | segment of the berlin wall in the [[ sanctuary of fátima ]] , [[ portugal ]] . ]] {{ main article | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have
780019390 781687181 2017-05-22 17:34:23 10 days 04:39:20 8719036 3 ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ) * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of
16 hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line ( beirut ) ]] * [[ reunification of jerusalem ]]
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 30 ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) , which demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]]
31 as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) , which demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , it came to
40 [[ military demarcation line ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence with austria | removal of the hungary – austria border fence ]] ( may 1989 ) * [[ revolutions of 1989 ]] * [[ reunification of jerusalem ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert ,
787408974 787409030 2017-06-25 06:55:15 0 days 00:00:54 31190988 2 was shot at [[ humboldthafen ]] in august 1961 . the memorial site , which is run by the initiative of his brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration ( {{ coordinate | text = dms | ns = 52 / 22 / 9 . 48 / e | type = landmark | dim = 10 | name = border guard kieler straße | region = de - be }} ) . * the former management office [[ nieder neuendorf # bauwerke | nieder neuendorf ]] , in the district of [ hennigsdorf ] of the same name - here is the
787409030 787409131 2017-06-25 06:56:40 0 days 00:01:25 31190988 0 of his brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration . * the former management office [[ nieder neuendorf # bauwerke | nieder neuendorf ]] , in the district of [ [[ hennigsdorf ] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states . * the former management station [[
5 former management station [[ bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in a already reforested area of ​​the border strip . the [[ german forest jungle | german forestry youth ]] deutschen waldjugend . * the only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( bt - 11 ) in the erna - berger - strasse also in mitte - however , was moved
6 . the memorial site , which is run by the initiative of his brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration . * the former management office [[ nieder neuendorf # bauwerke | nieder neuendorf ]] , in the district of [ hennigsdorf ] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states
787409131 787409166 2017-06-25 06:57:14 0 days 00:00:34 31190988 1 [[ hennigsdorf ]] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states . * the former management station [[ at bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in an already reforested area of the border strip and is used together with surrounding
787409166 790928672 2017-07-17 00:56:09 21 days 17:58:55 14967932 0 however , was moved by a few meters for construction work and is no longer in the original location ; there is an exhibition about the wall in the area of ​​the the potsdamer platz in planning . nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 5 , other elements , and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . * the former leadership in the schlesischen busch in the vicinity of the puschkinallee - the listed , twelve - meter high watchtower stands in a piece of the wall strip , which has been turned into a park , near the [[ lohmühleninsel ]] <
7 his brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration . * the former management office at nieder neuendorf , in the district of [[ hennigsdorf ]] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states . * the former management station at bergfelde , today the district of [[
9 tower by the deutschen waldjugend . * the only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( bt - 11 ) in the erna - berger - strasse also in mitte - however , was moved by a few meters for construction work and is no longer in the original location ; there is an exhibition about the wall in the area of
12 ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ reunification of jerusalem ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) | ' ' the berlin wall ' ' ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }}
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 20 | title = freedom ! – time | publisher = time | date = 20 november 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more
22 completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in
809972169 809973970 2017-11-12 17:48:06 0 days 00:12:59 6554947 0 territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used only to paint over graffiti and perform maintenance on the outside of the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its
810072027 810126141 2017-11-13 13:53:41 0 days 08:16:58 6554947 2 german border , a strip of gdr territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the de jure border appears to have been unmarked . the strip was used by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall . little
810127095 810174887 2017-11-13 19:23:40 0 days 05:21:42 6554947 0 however , this strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the de jure border appears to have been undemarcated . also in contrast to the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets
2 to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . again , in contrast < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg = pt61 & dq = berlin + wall + outside + maintenance & source = bl & ots = e1vx - kbsf4 & sig = vzusis2injtqnywsqt9wjcxjdf0 & hl = en & sa = x & ved = 0ahukewjsvstlxbnxahvtzgmkhuuiclyq6aeitdaj # v = onepage & q = berlin + wall + outside + maintenance & f = false | title = the berlin wall and the intra - german border 1961 - 89 | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > these doors could not be opened by a single person , needing two separate keys in two separate keyholes to unlock . < ref > https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? time _ continue = 275 & v = owqstzgkbiy < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
810344262 810347455 2017-11-14 18:39:46 0 days 00:23:12 6554947 6 < / ref > one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back
810347639 810351013 2017-11-14 19:06:27 0 days 00:25:19 6554947 1 actual border appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping foreigners off the outer strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com
810364859 810365117 2017-11-14 20:36:45 0 days 00:01:35 6554947 0 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the area , however , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports having often been
810365117 810365760 2017-11-14 20:40:55 0 days 00:04:10 6554947 2 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the area , however , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports having often been
822396537 822396886 2018-01-26 03:46:46 0 days 00:03:07 5946478 0 the next few weeks , euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the fact that this is an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " cannot be lost when we look on the significance of the events leading up
822507011 823238815 2018-01-31 01:46:26 4 days 06:04:21 32940610 1 in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december . according to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1 . 7 million tonnes of building rubble wasfall . unofficially , the demolition of the bornholmer straße began because of construction work on the railway . this involved a total of 300 gdr border guards and - after 3 october 1990 - 600 pioneers of the bundeswehr . these were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links
2 gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . in berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . {{ citation
823238815 823239462 2018-01-31 01:50:53 0 days 00:04:27 32940610 6 the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since
7 system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of using it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 .
9 needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a green belt around the city in individual places . representatives of the general german bicycle club marked the way in 1990 with painted bicycle and pedestrian pictograms . the german federal government for the environment and nature conservation proposed a continuous hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . = = =
14 they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is still no possibility of crossing , so that a longer detour over partially paved roads is necessary . the german railways justified the lack of crossing possibility with the words : " this wall is not a legally established way , which we have to consider as a crossing . " in 2012 , the landtag of brandenburg , decided up to 250 , 000 euros for the construction of an underpass under the railway in this area to provide , however , their realization is delayed due to the repeatedly postponed expansion of the long - distance tracks of the dresden railway in this area . since april 2009 , part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences
19 it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . only short passages are unpaved . single , also usually shorter , sections are paved . the wall trail is linked to several other long - distance cycle paths . these include the european cycle route r1 , the bike path berlin - copenhagen , the radfernweg berlin - usedom , the havelradweg the spreeradweg or the bike path berlin - leipzig . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
824080054 824097430 2018-02-05 08:46:14 0 days 03:32:27 139004 0 springsteen , 1988 = = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played rocking the wall , a live concert in east berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 1 bruce springsteen , 1988 = = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band played rocking the wall , a live concert in east berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying
5 the entire length . soon after the fall of the berlin wall there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking walkways and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of using it as a green belt around the city in individual places . representatives of the general german
6 there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of using redevelop it as a green belt around the city in individual places . representatives of the general german bicycle club marked the way in 1990 with painted bicycle and pedestrian pictograms .
20 gdr border troops was then freely accessible on almost the entire length . soon after the fall of the berlin wall there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of
26 path is mainly paved , with both after 2000 , those newly created sections are as well as sections on which still the original covering with appropriate wear is obtained . only short passages are unpaved . single , also usually shorter , sections are paved . the wall trail is linked to several other long - distance cycle paths . these include the european cycle route r1 , the bike path berlin - copenhagen , the radfernweg berlin - usedom , the havelradweg the spreeradweg or the bike path berlin - leipzig . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
825799159 825799691 2018-02-15 14:07:46 0 days 00:04:51 5946478 0 kept driving forward . the east germans then built zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system predated the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , < ref > https : / / www . thelocal . de / 20141105 / the - great - escape - across - the - berlin - wall < / ref > in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ unternehmen reisebüro ]] . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger
825804984 825807680 2018-02-15 15:11:19 0 days 00:20:57 5946478 10 the hands of general frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall
825810710 825811905 2018-02-15 15:40:48 0 days 00:08:27 5946478 6 > {{ cite journal | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last = goodman | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728 < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = =
825837597 825877017 2018-02-15 23:14:11 0 days 04:37:00 2003421 6 ) ' ' in the lyrics sung . the poet [[ schiller ]] may have originally written " freedom " and changed it to " joy " out of fear . < ref > [[ ode to joy # the poem ]] < / ref > the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states .
826083240 826247392 2018-02-18 02:11:01 0 days 23:16:36 32940610 3 in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december . according to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1 . 7 million tonnes of building rubble wasfall . unofficially , the demolition of the [[ bornholmer straße ]] began because of construction work on the railway . this involved a total of 300 gdr border guards and - after 3 october 1990 - 600 pioneers of the bundeswehr . these were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 13 , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . < ref name = " in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = "
87 divided west and east berlin . < ref > http : / / www . historytoday . com / frederick - taylor / berlin - wall - secret - history < / ref > the date of 13 august became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com /
110 < / ref > west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978
111 visa - free travel starting 23 december . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > until then
114 could actually travel more freely than westerners . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 13
117 wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york |
119 the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = 189 - 190 | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards [[ german reunification ]] , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution
827738473 827808358 2018-02-26 21:22:05 0 days 08:16:33 26248 0 year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xxv }} < / ref > contrary to popular belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin officially until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the
843144692 843537822 2018-05-29 19:55:32 2 days 14:29:27 30675059 2 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | first = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la
854070499 854078225 2018-08-08 20:29:20 0 days 01:04:58 3563616 4 raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on it by airmen of the [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen , such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today
5 his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on it by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen , such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[
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102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 12 concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . there the border was also mesh fencing , signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 21 government in east germany began in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed somewhat lifted by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and many people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed
2440574 2497657 2004-02-19 04:27:57 4 days 17:12:26 35188 0 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . [[
1 injured . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]]
4067832 4160094 2004-06-13 09:23:06 1 days 00:12:45 47506 8 left ; width : 350px ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' east german border guard , hans conrad schumann , defects on august 15 , 1961 ; photo by peter leibing . ' ' < / center > < / div > = = the years of the
5203633 5222965 2004-08-14 16:36:40 0 days 02:41:31 12741 0 between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann leaps to the west over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13
5637884 5787721 2004-09-03 21:39:12 0 days 00:03:39 49471 1 [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat lifted by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all
4 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were somewhat lifted by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had
7274236 7274242 2004-11-09 22:01:15 0 days 00:03:09 131920 0 the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american poststamp postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war and the soviet empire . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989
7274428 7274470 2004-11-09 22:05:43 0 days 00:01:56 0|84.57.81.84 0 of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since . this is reinforced by the fact that november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of the '
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 11 . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east german the construction of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and [[ germany ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the wall ' s creation was due partly to political expediency but largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . a few month after the barbed wire went up , the us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created
12 physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east german officials claimed that government claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the
23 . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the
24 physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 0 schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal
10087212 10087443 2005-02-09 03:43:17 0 days 01:23:14 0|152.163.100.198 20 - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ cuban missile
10087443 10091995 2005-02-09 03:51:22 0 days 00:08:05 0|152.163.100.198 9 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]]
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 46 schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht , who sought the approval of soviet leader nikita khrushchev for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second
47 leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader nikita khrushchev for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade
112 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic ]] , erich honecker , resigned on october 18 , 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel
113 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic , [[ erich honecker , resigned on october 18 , 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions
12901447 12903778 2005-04-27 21:40:58 0 days 16:57:34 0|24.34.41.161 0 us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed claimeed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany
12903778 12910967 2005-04-27 22:37:33 0 days 00:56:35 8780 0 us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimeed claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany
14269638 14269815 2005-05-26 16:42:04 0 days 00:03:13 0|164.68.120.3 0 [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard penises guarded [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbeques on august 15 , 1961 ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around
14269815 14329087 2005-05-26 16:46:05 0 days 00:04:01 157530 4 [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german penises guarded border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbeques on august 15 , 1961 ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around
15055113 15059402 2005-06-12 06:08:12 0 days 00:13:20 5016 12 while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down &
18 on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 14 units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , us u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 100 miles long , and covered 110 miles from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german
18341759 18388981 2005-07-08 10:31:44 0 days 16:15:16 53921 9 concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[
18388981 18389045 2005-07-08 10:33:15 0 days 00:01:31 53921 0 concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german markk mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it
18909779 18969500 2005-07-16 18:43:09 0 days 23:05:13 54820 0 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of
20890077 20890583 2005-08-13 00:27:15 0 days 00:11:31 0|24.205.50.103 0 long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities , called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its intent was
23327917 23361590 2005-09-16 20:58:50 0 days 14:43:46 6661 2 world war iii would begin there . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 2 {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the (
30122085 30233828 2005-12-05 16:40:11 1 days 00:11:43 276745 2 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and
37828716 38011274 2006-02-03 16:09:24 1 days 05:11:00 496966 0 new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[
40008642 40013371 2006-02-17 14:21:46 0 days 00:52:30 0|207.203.165.11 0 to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] = = references = = time to get drunk ! ! ! w00t ! * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john
40013371 40013407 2006-02-17 14:22:10 0 days 00:00:24 225576 0 to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] time to get drunk ! ! ! w00t ! = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 6 high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm ] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[
40685695 40686116 2006-02-22 08:03:09 0 days 00:06:24 0|144.137.251.28 0 | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader hail hitler [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and
40686140 40686196 2006-02-22 08:04:18 0 days 00:00:47 644872 1 | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader hail hitler [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 60 ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans and west germany were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 7 / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests , at length , via " the usual
43550317 43550620 2006-03-13 06:02:37 0 days 00:02:47 635781 0 , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and because it is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the
2 which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and because it is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic
44770428 44770612 2006-03-21 05:02:30 0 days 00:01:49 0|68.154.38.227 3 zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states ! = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic
44770612 44770674 2006-03-21 05:02:57 0 days 00:00:27 410083 3 zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states ! = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic
44899061 44901085 2006-03-22 03:58:38 0 days 00:18:10 418883 0 to cross . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . [[ image : peterfechter2
51998094 51998163 2006-05-07 16:32:31 0 days 00:00:42 223113 10 was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german mark ]] s . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh ,
11 constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german mark . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 32 ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 32 checkpoint charlie . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german ]] youth military training organization , at gatow airport . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous
57040826 57243206 2006-06-06 21:05:19 1 days 02:00:04 300188 7 was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for
64681432 64682237 2006-07-19 16:07:06 0 days 00:04:50 157842 19 foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former [[ president ]] ronald reagan , [[ senator ]] [[ john ashcroft ]] and [[ german ]] [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . fourty - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron
67997985 68095404 2006-08-07 00:15:07 0 days 11:53:35 0|84.188.184.66 0 www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ( stating that west berliners lived in " a defended island of freedom " ) ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels ,
68095404 68095592 2006-08-07 00:16:14 0 days 00:01:07 0|84.188.184.66 0 www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ( stating that west berliners lived in " a defended island of freedom " ) ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels ,
68131991 68356935 2006-08-08 07:28:08 1 days 02:55:40 302522 0 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to
71084944 71157100 2006-08-22 12:32:56 0 days 10:37:45 416054 1 ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners
73605688 73698506 2006-09-04 04:46:59 0 days 10:49:25 170745 0 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top
73800540 74099078 2006-09-06 08:47:27 1 days 13:57:58 169140 5 the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and
6 was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] )
8 germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet
82597586 82692252 2006-10-20 20:45:47 0 days 10:47:58 1063177 3 overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening
82835134 82879500 2006-10-21 21:17:43 0 days 04:29:04 2542109 1 , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin kid stuff , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration (
86126158 86126393 2006-11-06 21:10:40 0 days 00:01:05 350153 0 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation
1 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the
86228783 86263658 2006-11-07 13:26:41 0 days 06:00:44 2684861 0 associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . finally , the two true american boys , ben baker and john latona had enough of communism and demanded that the wall be torn down . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then
86263658 86290926 2006-11-07 16:15:08 0 days 02:48:27 1122047 0 associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . finally , the two true american boys , ben baker and john latona had enough of communism and demanded that the wall be torn down . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then
86290926 86296469 2006-11-07 16:43:44 0 days 00:28:36 0|63.108.128.98 0 curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] someone farted and there is the berlin wall administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between
86296469 86297216 2006-11-07 16:47:39 0 days 00:03:55 572610 0 curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] someone farted and there is the berlin wall administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between
90997156 91100212 2006-11-30 06:23:44 0 days 08:45:29 162655 0 wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin
95229938 95268385 2006-12-19 07:37:40 0 days 04:54:11 125534 0 | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . divergence of german states = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
95268385 95268482 2006-12-19 07:38:35 0 days 00:00:55 125534 1 ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = divergence of german states = = = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
98453918 98470052 2007-01-04 19:21:16 0 days 01:21:18 873891 6 associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 10 schutzwand " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . jesus thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the
24 , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . chuck e . cheese . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 10 schutzwand " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . jesus thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the
24 , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . chuck e . cheese . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners
105695005 105695131 2007-02-05 01:10:33 0 days 00:00:41 0|168.103.79.30 0 / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the communist bloc block . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in
105723744 105982408 2007-02-06 04:50:18 1 days 00:54:16 3023918 1 / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the communist block bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 63 ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 63 ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 63 ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
113094185 113107852 2007-03-06 18:08:47 0 days 00:59:45 0|168.11.47.3 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers niggers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase
113107852 113114464 2007-03-06 18:38:36 0 days 00:29:49 911178 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction niggers workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase
113384513 113385689 2007-03-07 19:46:17 0 days 00:05:21 3511275 2 " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] ,
117902707 117903581 2007-03-26 02:45:29 0 days 00:04:39 1804716 5 autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around with 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not demand the wall be removed . they wanted to reform east germany
123849129 123914787 2007-04-18 21:24:18 0 days 04:25:38 0|74.230.176.130 0 east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more mor and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin
123914787 123914874 2007-04-18 21:24:39 0 days 00:00:21 0|74.230.176.130 0 east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed mor more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin
124348759 124348951 2007-04-20 13:12:40 0 days 00:01:03 4180587 0 ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht cronkide ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of
124348951 124358508 2007-04-20 14:04:44 0 days 00:52:04 302522 0 ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter cronkide ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of
125579618 125580463 2007-04-24 18:12:04 0 days 00:03:23 0|205.124.85.3 2 [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] dirk nowistski . remained of nazi germany was and divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states |
125580463 125580530 2007-04-24 18:12:21 0 days 00:00:17 238308 2 _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] jake , who is a stupid suns fan , remained a nazi germany and was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states |
128043670 128043972 2007-05-03 20:31:17 0 days 00:01:01 0|69.125.136.170 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , blew up all there men and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989
129474280 129554249 2007-05-09 16:35:07 0 days 07:19:30 0|204.129.158.10 0 a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , mat wood approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 12 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader mat wood [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader bainca , but with conditions imposed . wood ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided
129588538 129631780 2007-05-09 21:00:01 0 days 02:24:37 0|98.17.1.241 0 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was hi divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states |
129631780 129631895 2007-05-09 21:00:23 0 days 00:00:22 0|98.17.1.241 0 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was hi divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states |
132298025 132298254 2007-05-20 21:18:24 0 days 00:01:13 0|70.143.50.176 5 ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not d ; m challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' '
132450928 132501048 2007-05-21 19:15:15 0 days 04:09:24 0|24.56.168.165 0 part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter waldfafsdgagarrertterertr ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction
132501048 132501312 2007-05-21 19:16:32 0 days 00:01:17 224287 0 part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ waldfafsdgagarrertterertr walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 13 the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached climbed onto and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away
14 the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using
28 german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a
133073625 133074114 2007-05-24 01:27:50 0 days 00:02:33 715870 3 = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended stated in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) '
133074927 133075428 2007-05-24 01:35:04 0 days 00:03:00 715870 4 schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was
147039937 147359013 2007-07-27 01:41:42 1 days 07:31:43 4909351 0 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria led by william francis schroeder the iv . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany ,
147359013 147393203 2007-07-27 05:53:19 0 days 04:11:37 302522 0 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria led by william francis schroeder the iv . using only a spoon and a dull butter knife , schroeder opened the wall freeing all of his fellow tourists . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations
150365735 150415593 2007-08-10 16:13:56 0 days 06:20:47 6661 0 ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol
150832838 150865465 2007-08-13 00:57:21 0 days 03:29:12 158051 5 / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc news | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | title = e german ' license " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have
8 / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc news | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended
150868047 150878521 2007-08-13 02:25:11 0 days 01:09:05 1085473 0 firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' license licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 3 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states
39 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]]
45 ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western
67 another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by
153257087 153261470 2007-08-24 01:02:51 0 days 00:26:17 4927734 5 newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment has always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 /
153261470 153277889 2007-08-24 02:48:33 0 days 01:45:42 3341545 3 / ref > a german politician alleges that the east german government gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment [[ communism | communist ]] regime denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 /
153326548 153394593 2007-08-24 18:14:49 0 days 08:46:02 715870 1 newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment has had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2
153595819 153780641 2007-08-26 17:53:06 0 days 22:54:33 0|70.246.156.12 3 western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . fuck if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007
153783102 153784826 2007-08-26 18:19:24 0 days 00:10:45 1718065 5 western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . fuck . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did
153784826 154198308 2007-08-28 16:31:56 1 days 22:12:32 123004 0 / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk /
157861460 157861519 2007-09-14 15:23:47 0 days 00:00:17 0|216.174.135.206 1 , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . brenen is the best several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners
157863537 157865984 2007-09-14 15:48:40 0 days 00:13:50 302522 4 , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . brenen is the best several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 46 / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined sex by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by
160893232 160904974 2007-09-28 12:55:47 0 days 01:39:54 3341545 1 to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kkjhdfhowirhgwlqk ; ogill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref < ref name = " > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had
161587761 161588251 2007-10-01 16:30:04 0 days 00:02:23 0|142.25.180.27 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building jacking off to the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side
161592987 161593149 2007-10-01 16:54:19 0 days 00:00:42 5451838 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers jacking off to building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 7 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few those days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction
166632813 166718070 2007-10-24 10:27:37 0 days 10:56:47 0|121.219.172.76 0 a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader , [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused ,
1 part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht nich heidfeld ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction
166718070 166718096 2007-10-24 10:27:51 0 days 00:00:14 0|121.219.172.76 0 ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader , [[ nich nick heidfeld ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ robert kubica ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the
166718096 166728962 2007-10-24 12:09:41 0 days 01:41:50 1718065 0 ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader , [[ nick heidfeld walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ robert kubica ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction
2 a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader , [[ nick heidfeld ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ robert kubica ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused ,
167697778 167701105 2007-10-28 20:56:00 0 days 00:17:37 0|207.81.88.168 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building jacking off to the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side
167701105 167705039 2007-10-28 21:17:52 0 days 00:21:52 1561650 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers jacking off to building the new wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side
173368360 173368678 2007-11-23 23:10:19 0 days 00:01:45 137113 1 separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28
174834859 174858457 2007-11-30 16:50:41 0 days 02:11:36 0|169.204.208.27 0 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany southgermany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc
174858457 174869045 2007-11-30 17:42:27 0 days 00:51:46 137113 0 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , southgermany east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc
180750297 180873364 2007-12-29 22:40:15 0 days 17:10:15 0|86.131.43.255 0 agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin
181089181 181089350 2007-12-31 00:23:54 0 days 00:01:03 0|208.104.149.90 3 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader < / i > [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused ,
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 14 press , 2003 < / ref > < b > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall < / b > came from < i > east german leader < / i > [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by < font color = red > soviet leader < / font > [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht '
184393331 184510617 2008-01-15 16:27:30 0 days 14:26:22 0|76.5.89.22 0 , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government ' hey baby " announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto
184510896 184511027 2008-01-15 16:30:45 0 days 00:01:01 2646772 1 , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government ' hey baby " announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto
184759898 185099808 2008-01-18 00:13:46 1 days 07:34:28 0|12.214.202.72 9 p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was
188026301 188145977 2008-01-31 13:44:04 0 days 14:33:04 0|208.108.155.72 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 pfdadsfhjasndfjndsfasdf , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and
188145977 188146147 2008-01-31 13:45:34 0 days 00:01:30 2377922 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . pfdadsfhjasndfjndsfasdf = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , fa = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western
188151765 188152092 2008-01-31 14:25:04 0 days 00:02:02 0|208.108.158.196 0 , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . chris chris chris tadpole ! ! ! several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners
188152092 188152574 2008-01-31 14:28:19 0 days 00:03:15 317054 1 , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . chris chris chris tadpole ! ! ! several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners
197073715 197075558 2008-03-09 20:51:04 0 days 00:08:24 0|98.17.134.249 1 mi . ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and construction workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some
16 actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn
197075558 197077024 2008-03-09 20:57:57 0 days 00:06:53 0|98.17.134.249 3 along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 0 ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built very well by east german construction troops and workers . it was built right outside west berlin . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed -
1 divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built very well by east german construction workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built right outside west berlin . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire
19 along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light
198257388 198257739 2008-03-14 19:40:18 0 days 00:01:37 0|128.63.16.15 0 construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] , stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall
199098162 199158545 2008-03-18 19:51:02 0 days 04:37:18 0|208.108.156.245 0 some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners iesha to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the
199158545 199160653 2008-03-18 19:59:25 0 days 00:08:23 3505251 0 some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west iesha berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the
202716386 202717008 2008-04-02 03:33:06 0 days 00:03:51 0|150.101.240.77 0 s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german joe was born and now joe likes having sex with the government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe -
202717008 202717161 2008-04-02 03:34:01 0 days 00:00:55 0|150.101.240.77 0 s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german joe was born and now joe likes having sex with the government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe -
205859140 209942770 2008-05-03 18:05:52 17 days 22:14:05 3136084 3 / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web
214991201 215551281 2008-05-28 18:27:39 2 days 12:19:20 355538 12 = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land .
228709022 229166509 2008-08-01 04:21:54 2 days 04:18:13 89777 4 both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared
229166509 229217140 2008-08-01 12:51:26 0 days 08:29:32 6085301 2 http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders
231331197 231331673 2008-08-11 23:12:06 0 days 00:03:03 911178 2 http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders
237421084 237421104 2008-09-10 02:43:05 0 days 00:00:06 2372780 3 of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . many people lived in berlin and the german decided to build a wall so that the democratic republic ( including east berlin people could keep the rabbit problem the berlin people are normally very hot and have nice arses every one should go there cause you get laid every night and there
238394911 238395802 2008-09-14 17:25:20 0 days 00:05:05 0|75.81.195.4 0 says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced that they where gay on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto
238395802 238395861 2008-09-14 17:25:38 0 days 00:00:18 5549726 0 says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced that they where gay on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 0 [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states [[ east germany | east ]] and [[ west germany ]] . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east germany ]] and [[ west germany ]] for 28 years and 1 day ,
3 ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials have denied exist .
34 east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans ,
41 motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at between the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was
72 ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = : '
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 24 deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting the sum a small amount of 100 dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help
239564841 239565752 2008-09-19 14:02:18 0 days 00:03:46 0|209.174.67.217 2 both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 99 , 999 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime
240013759 240014029 2008-09-21 15:32:09 0 days 00:01:37 6660588 1 american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland
241808916 241809073 2008-09-29 17:16:31 0 days 00:00:39 7966459 1 , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression kept me from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut
242501570 242501816 2008-10-02 14:30:38 0 days 00:01:15 0|205.202.240.123 0 . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states is david is so much cooler than james for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
242501947 242502201 2008-10-02 14:32:47 0 days 00:01:31 0|205.202.196.185 0 . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states is david is so much cooler than james jeff if ur reading this dont tell mom i ate the last gogurt when u get homefor for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a
242502201 242502444 2008-10-02 14:34:21 0 days 00:01:34 0|205.202.240.123 0 both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for jeff ate the last gogurt ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a
242502520 242502726 2008-10-02 14:35:57 0 days 00:01:10 166539 0 both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for jeff ate the last gogurt ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! you son of a bitch 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a
242549656 242550056 2008-10-02 18:22:01 0 days 00:01:54 0|205.174.114.144 0 borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 97 years pussies and 467 dicks , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol
242550056 242550385 2008-10-02 18:23:42 0 days 00:01:41 0|205.174.114.144 0 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states whores for 97 pussies and 467 dicks , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
242550385 242550942 2008-10-02 18:26:13 0 days 00:02:31 1200765 0 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german whores states for 97 pussies and 467 dicks , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
1 both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german whores for 97 pussies 28 years and 467 dicks , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 37 title --> ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure http : / / articles . muppetnewsflash . com / 2008 / 09 / muppets - christmas - letters - to - santa . html a muppets christmas : letters to santa ] < / ref > = = = direct - to - video features = = = : ' ' [[ muppet classic theater ]] ' ' ( 1994 ) : ' ' [[ kermit ' s swamp years ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) = = = internet = = = : ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] on [[ movies . com ]] ' ' ( 2005 - 2006 ) : ' ' [[ disney xtreme digital ]] ' ' ( 2008 - present ) : stars & stripes forever ! ( 2008 ) : ode to joy ( 2008 ) : habanera ( 2008 ) : classical chickens ( 2008 ) = = future = = after the consensus was reached that ' ' the muppets ' wizard of oz ' ' failed to deliver critically , the question hung in the air if whether or not another muppet film would be made . {{ fact | date = may 2008 }} a new film has been confirmed by [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] , who both plan to produce the next muppet film . < ref name = " stoller " > fleming , michael . [ http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 1236 & cs = 1 & query = segel + muppet + film " segel and stoller take on muppets . " ] ' ' [[ variety ( magazine ) | variety ]] ' ' . retrieved : [[ april 5 ]] , [[ 2008 ]] < / ref > they have for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets
60 [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . > . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously ,
103 [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 37 title --> ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure http : / / articles . muppetnewsflash . com / 2008 / 09 / muppets - christmas - letters - to - santa . html a muppets christmas : letters to santa ] < / ref > = = = direct - to - video features = = = : ' ' [[ muppet classic theater ]] ' ' ( 1994 ) : ' ' [[ kermit ' s swamp years ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) = = = internet = = = : ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] on [[ movies . com ]] ' ' ( 2005 - 2006 ) : ' ' [[ disney xtreme digital ]] ' ' ( 2008 - present ) : stars & stripes forever ! ( 2008 ) : ode to joy ( 2008 ) : habanera ( 2008 ) : classical chickens ( 2008 ) = = future = = after the consensus was reached that ' ' the muppets ' wizard of oz ' ' failed to deliver critically , the question hung in the air if whether or not another muppet film would be made . {{ fact | date = may 2008 }} a new film has been confirmed by [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] , who both plan to produce the next muppet film . < ref name = " stoller " > fleming , michael . [ http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 1236 & cs = 1 & query = segel + muppet + film " segel and stoller take on muppets . " ] ' ' [[ variety ( magazine ) | variety ]] ' ' . retrieved : [[ april 5 ]] , [[ 2008 ]] < / ref > they have for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets
60 [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . > . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously ,
103 [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall
243043238 244846230 2008-10-12 21:06:42 7 days 23:06:51 82982 1 the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern
245026392 245097095 2008-10-13 22:39:10 0 days 05:33:33 0|72.148.132.248 0 . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states = = melanie rocks ! ! = = for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
245097095 245098321 2008-10-13 22:45:34 0 days 00:06:24 0|128.193.37.172 0 . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states = = melanie rocks ! ! = = synopsis and introduction for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
245098321 245106530 2008-10-13 23:29:27 0 days 00:43:53 5177550 0 . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states synopsis and introduction for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
246372059 246431239 2008-10-20 04:04:32 0 days 06:06:11 0|207.6.64.165 0 , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government came into canada that is when berlin got mad and struck war ! announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed
246431239 246449686 2008-10-20 07:01:47 0 days 02:57:15 1398 0 , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government came into canada that is when berlin got mad and struck war ! announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed
247923649 248088801 2008-10-27 23:47:34 0 days 18:52:28 0|71.109.162.116 0 and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin
248551311 248604939 2008-10-30 12:56:37 0 days 09:12:26 7823323 0 and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = the great british rumor of the fall = = it has been said that the wall came down as james ' s father ejaculated with such force that the entire structure of the wall could not sustain . james could not be reached for comment . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin
248604939 248612893 2008-10-30 13:51:50 0 days 00:55:13 0|163.1.240.55 0 and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = the great british rumor of the fall = = it has been said that the wall came down as james ' s father ejaculated with such force that the entire structure of the wall could not sustain . james could not be reached for comment . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin
248638203 248638514 2008-10-30 16:21:48 0 days 00:01:36 352579 0 and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin
256070488 256154730 2008-12-06 01:40:12 0 days 08:28:17 0|68.164.228.214 8 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with was built . the houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known
262762670 263247726 2009-01-10 21:42:09 2 days 06:10:03 5026668 11 lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 4 , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda pro da booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators :
7 ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda pro da , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 4 , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german pro da propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators :
8 ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of pro da propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on
265376259 265376312 2009-01-20 23:05:48 0 days 00:00:14 0|65.31.228.149 1 , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda pro da booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators :
4 ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda pro da , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on
265376312 265376378 2009-01-20 23:06:12 0 days 00:00:24 118722 1 , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german pro da propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators :
5 ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of pro da propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on
265543543 265553126 2009-01-21 20:35:32 0 days 00:47:46 0|76.190.175.181 0 firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all
265797534 265797894 2009-01-22 22:37:55 0 days 00:01:48 634828 3 firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' ' licence to kill ' ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that
267775871 267776359 2009-02-01 05:51:18 0 days 00:04:09 214542 4 this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian
268125931 268285347 2009-02-03 17:38:20 0 days 19:03:47 0|194.46.231.203 8 government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents get over to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable "
269767784 269853148 2009-02-10 21:25:40 0 days 07:23:39 0|76.118.246.211 2 ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr in berlin ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]]
272467225 272476022 2009-02-22 11:42:29 0 days 01:00:09 0|93.132.133.36 5 was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some {{ who }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | year = 2004 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in
277132148 277225474 2009-03-14 18:13:47 0 days 12:16:17 6984319 1 and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandry for some eastern bloc stated that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural - - especially between where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov
277226599 277226883 2009-03-14 18:22:08 0 days 00:01:37 6984319 1 " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] was
281894492 281894614 2009-04-05 13:53:19 0 days 00:00:58 7164899 1 and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . you suck balls i hope u m = otherfucker die i love puppysand jill = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} an
282662590 282781427 2009-04-09 15:13:59 0 days 15:06:29 9418822 3 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by german embassy washington ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ]
283120128 283243378 2009-04-11 21:03:54 0 days 16:01:05 7992897 2 der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref
283243474 283243810 2009-04-11 21:06:20 0 days 00:01:52 4156654 3 der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref
283525851 283525990 2009-04-13 08:36:55 0 days 00:01:27 0|194.144.117.217 1 started to dismantle the iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austro - hungarian gevernamental governmental meeting ( [[ august 23 ]] ) . on [[ september 11 ]] thousends of [[ gdr | east germans ]] started to cross the austro - hungarian border to emigrate
283798580 283867455 2009-04-14 21:36:44 0 days 05:55:33 0|68.58.12.232 0 on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto ont and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away
283924987 283961086 2009-04-15 08:48:01 0 days 05:26:23 6984319 0 on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed ont onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away
287077460 288317163 2009-05-06 18:40:49 6 days 01:59:42 0|63.133.248.1 1 a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled landed in the mother ship approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see
296827382 296832081 2009-06-16 21:13:27 0 days 00:25:34 8219500 1 soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . and his opposing force the russians , ruled by dmitriy kotov . each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united
303769141 303769382 2009-07-23 17:10:33 0 days 00:01:39 0|212.58.193.36 1 harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 12 although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]]
18 zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] | german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland '
27 two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ]] ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german
31 fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east * {{ citation | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[
42 fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] .
306295642 306380639 2009-08-06 11:04:30 0 days 12:13:48 0|74.176.195.190 0 , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced said poo on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin
306380639 306392630 2009-08-06 12:46:18 0 days 01:41:48 0|213.228.253.50 0 , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government said poo announced on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 13 id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached
306954476 307001452 2009-08-09 17:09:23 0 days 06:40:39 6984319 5 , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin ,
308484644 308602478 2009-08-18 02:36:12 0 days 12:03:29 6984319 2 , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government [[ november 9th in german history | announced on 9 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east
312587321 312588680 2009-09-08 13:57:31 0 days 00:10:56 0|194.202.122.223 3 entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an the poor exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency . ' ' '
312830147 312892342 2009-09-10 01:10:40 0 days 06:05:38 74286 3 = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would start to become physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary
315255142 315255881 2009-09-21 08:16:07 0 days 00:07:59 204692 0 {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting improvement and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin
319653447 319687206 2009-10-13 20:27:39 0 days 03:11:21 0|122.111.76.188 0 name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = this is not true {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] ,
319687206 319687238 2009-10-13 20:27:49 0 days 00:00:10 1732752 0 name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = this is not true {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] ,
319914673 320139365 2009-10-16 02:25:06 1 days 02:44:15 10688538 1 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ]] ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[
320139365 320144857 2009-10-16 03:10:47 0 days 00:45:41 506179 2 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[
320144857 320837584 2009-10-19 18:04:45 3 days 14:53:58 0|208.127.78.52 0 ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped
323358471 323393153 2009-11-02 01:53:39 0 days 03:22:26 10834630 6 west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > when large numbers of east germans then defected under the guise of " visits " , the new east german state essentially eliminated all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " /
323393153 323393561 2009-11-02 01:56:17 0 days 00:02:38 10834630 0 visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state essentially eliminated legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of
323401873 323432547 2009-11-02 07:13:32 0 days 04:22:39 8694237 1 [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc
323786711 323839905 2009-11-04 04:57:08 0 days 05:54:45 0|210.3.39.29 4 . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the
323839905 323840518 2009-11-04 05:01:42 0 days 00:04:34 10519822 3 weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of gdr ) ( [[ east germany was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in
324631707 324643610 2009-11-08 13:43:50 0 days 01:50:49 39515 0 = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ november 9th in german history | november 9 november ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration
1 jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the
324735970 324762845 2009-11-09 02:09:24 0 days 02:37:38 10972407 0 | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic lol poofders ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]]
324762845 324762884 2009-11-09 02:09:39 0 days 00:00:15 4928500 7 | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic lol poofders ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]]
324812165 324812241 2009-11-09 09:28:10 0 days 00:00:37 0|76.179.160.225 1 ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to
324962097 324962711 2009-11-10 01:50:50 0 days 00:03:42 1723027 2 com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign is focused on promoting
324968388 324972093 2009-11-10 02:50:04 0 days 00:22:49 67136 2 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to
325185447 325190185 2009-11-11 05:02:52 0 days 00:42:42 0|210.3.39.29 6 | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]]
7 } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( the gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] .
325190185 325190637 2009-11-11 05:07:12 0 days 00:04:20 10857892 3 chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter
4 weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in
10 germany . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] .
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 22 http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] { [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ]
326393226 326442219 2009-11-18 00:11:51 0 days 04:50:24 5680520 0 = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 | november 9 in german history | november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref >
329423612 329424623 2009-12-03 09:17:13 0 days 00:10:50 6971250 2 eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . it was forbidden to export east german currency out of from the east , but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa ,
336829512 336831441 2010-01-09 17:49:45 0 days 00:11:53 10141256 3 international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had
337270548 337289302 2010-01-12 00:30:29 0 days 01:53:11 0|24.115.149.159 0 . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls
338786950 339044413 2010-01-20 22:47:01 1 days 05:12:50 10593201 3 the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government ' s [[ günter schabowski ]] announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed
343531716 343535162 2010-02-12 12:50:05 0 days 00:34:50 6971250 0 and the erosion of the political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government ' s spokesman , [[ bmfs ]] announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 7 by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war
343773805 343774672 2010-02-13 17:52:53 0 days 00:04:12 5326371 6 a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that who had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = =
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 23 , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators
30 mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with east german police watching watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 14 of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s
343784856 343787074 2010-02-13 18:58:31 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 14 was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans also make similar distinctions between north and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher =
344168111 344187198 2010-02-15 10:55:18 0 days 03:30:58 6971250 1 government ' s spokesman , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir
3 local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government ' s spokesman , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by
4 s spokesman , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts
346309252 346309531 2010-02-25 15:49:57 0 days 00:01:36 150129 0 the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after
346309531 346312588 2010-02-25 16:08:16 0 days 00:18:19 6971250 2 dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped
347117362 347118696 2010-03-01 17:00:47 0 days 00:07:54 0|206.80.29.75 0 date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , and the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii fink ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]]
347133221 347136856 2010-03-01 18:40:55 0 days 00:19:09 5177550 7 date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , and the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm fink ii ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]]
347221140 347222818 2010-03-02 02:49:23 0 days 00:10:33 6123337 1 from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . he was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards . but a west german policeman returned fire and rescued him intervened , firing his weapon at the east german border guards . the policeman removed engels from the vehicle , which had become entangled in the barbed wire . < ref > hertle , hans - hermann ( 2008 ) . ' ' the berlin wall :
347222818 347223391 2010-03-02 02:53:09 0 days 00:03:46 6123337 1 to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims of the wall , with graffiti , 1982 ]] east germans successfully escaped defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[
353630554 354353791 2010-04-06 17:17:03 3 days 18:14:17 0|132.177.178.20 0 name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht gunther adler ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / >
354353791 354354516 2010-04-06 17:21:24 0 days 00:04:21 142663 0 name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ gunther adler walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / >
357513678 357565538 2010-04-22 05:45:43 0 days 05:41:58 0|60.50.122.175 1 inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist riccardo ehrman ]] , the berlin correspondent of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the
359267987 359268235 2010-04-30 15:23:19 0 days 00:01:26 0|169.204.165.157 0 < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border fuck you = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
359268235 359268680 2010-04-30 15:25:56 0 days 00:02:37 0|169.204.164.80 2 < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border fuck you = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
359268782 359268892 2010-04-30 15:27:15 0 days 00:00:40 7007500 1 < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border fuck you = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
360445710 360559670 2010-05-06 17:47:06 0 days 14:07:48 0|208.108.162.48 0 . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic hi my name is dylon here i am ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] )
360559670 360559921 2010-05-06 17:48:36 0 days 00:01:30 1909773 0 . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic hi my name is dylon here i am ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] )
368038978 368159388 2010-06-15 11:54:05 0 days 15:12:00 6971250 2 right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / /
3 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defenses with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in escaped through hungary escaped to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion
4 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defenses with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 22 of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war
25 contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[
383689635 383892970 2010-09-09 19:49:31 1 days 01:05:22 0|91.142.107.68 0 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[
383893072 383902393 2010-09-09 20:48:48 0 days 00:58:41 5177550 1 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 112 author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 in german history | november 9 ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{
398455159 398509752 2010-11-23 21:17:41 0 days 05:29:21 0|65.116.31.66 0 away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification union ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of
398509752 398520724 2010-11-23 22:16:16 0 days 00:58:35 2483182 0 away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german union reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of
401710678 401992519 2010-12-12 18:35:46 1 days 16:40:11 0|64.148.16.233 2 the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of
3 and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens
409131317 409579051 2011-01-23 16:39:27 2 days 07:44:43 0|82.194.120.22 0 throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german " tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13
1 the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists " escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 /
409579051 409750750 2011-01-24 12:58:24 0 days 20:18:57 7164899 0 throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german " tourists " escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep /
1 summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german " tourists " escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 /
410029373 410140875 2011-01-26 09:58:43 0 days 13:47:55 0|213.150.157.75 0 and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on 1 april 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border – and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . [[ oxford university press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and [[ berlin u - bahn | subway ]] train access still available to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on 28 august 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers zones300 , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9
410140875 410141159 2011-01-26 10:01:32 0 days 00:02:49 7007500 1 {st@rt} was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones300 zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on 1 april 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border – and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . [[ oxford university press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and [[ berlin u - bahn | subway ]] train access still available to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on 28 august 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9
422616275 423139570 2011-04-09 07:03:09 3 days 05:52:53 9366145 0 regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador [[ mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 37 international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday , 19 august 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on 16 august , kennedy had given the order
438013582 438013830 2011-07-06 07:59:41 0 days 00:02:40 13102 0 helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . us personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres (
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 19 would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd finally , at 10 : 45 pm , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 20 / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german ] < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed .
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 2 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ( [[ east germany ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy .
13 de | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as " shoot to kill " orders . gdr officials denied issuing the latter
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 3 anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff the ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom and a minute of silence honored those who died trying to flee to the
466656797 468334887 2011-12-29 20:53:47 10 days 12:28:11 4863668 0 = = {{ see | deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : conrad - schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer soldier [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 ]] during the years of the wall , around 5
508690466 508731872 2012-08-23 05:13:08 0 days 06:56:37 16138351 0 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , - the " su gyaw " - all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be
513559303 513767223 2012-09-20 20:14:51 1 days 03:24:16 609725 1 13 june 1990 , dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency - the " su gyaw " - , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 15 [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * * ' ' over de muur ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band [[ {{ ill | nl | klein orkest ]] , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http :
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 10 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall in the days before it was torn down . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at
551475174 551967017 2013-04-24 14:49:33 2 days 22:38:53 1215485 0 category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }}
568939424 569120812 2013-08-18 19:36:42 1 days 04:36:40 59005 5 until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 31 germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . east berliners and east germans could not , at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several
36 registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen , such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh
40 east germany and its fdj youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped by letting in springsteen they could improve their sentiment among east germans . however , this strategy of " one step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only made east germans hungrier for more of the freedoms that springsteen epitomized .
55 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing what later became known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . the death
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 9 topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = 19 june 2013 }} < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of announcing ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] ,
21 down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after 9 november , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages attempted repairing damage done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the
24 controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards german reunification ]] , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution of east germany and the official reunification of the german state along the democratic lines
30 . com | accessdate = 19 june 2013 }} < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for
633183384 633189879 2014-11-10 04:55:00 0 days 01:15:20 1833 0 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military officially began in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin
1 and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began dismantling the wall , beginning in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which
633634166 633858023 2014-11-14 21:08:35 1 days 14:36:37 1258165 4 in politics ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 1990 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks in germany ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 4 further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them people to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[
16 , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) , . this was tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to allow
699450456 699459845 2016-01-12 13:17:44 0 days 01:42:53 19338611 1 | publisher = business insider australia | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > on his death , the german foreign office ]] tweeted " good - bye , david bowie . you are now among # heroes . thank you for helping to bring down the # wall . " < ref >
702890848 702890979 2016-02-02 06:41:00 0 days 00:01:37 13816079 2 berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin
738198431 738865701 2016-09-11 14:47:01 4 days 00:24:17 19921271 4 was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman hans joachim friedrichs ]] proclaimed , " this is a historic day . east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening its borders
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 23 = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 ( with western tv crews present ) , and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : /
39 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] ( 1991 ) * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line ( beirut ) ]] * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ korean demilitarized zone ]] * * [[ military demarcation line ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ peace
781715128 781720399 2017-05-22 20:55:40 0 days 00:38:03 8719036 1 | df = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = in june 1989 the hungarian government began [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence with austria | dismantling the barbed - wire fence along its border with austria ( with western tv crews present ) , and then , in september , more than 13 , 000 east
787408974 787409030 2017-06-25 06:55:15 0 days 00:00:54 31190988 3 ]] , in the district of [ hennigsdorf ] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states " {{ coordinate ( = border guarding station nieder - neuendorf ) . * the former management station [[ bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in a already reforested area of ​​the border
4 district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in a already reforested area of ​​the border strip . the [[ german forest jungle | german forestry youth ]] ( {{ coordinate | text = dms | ns = 52 / 39 / 36 . 2 / n | ew = 13 / 17 / 59 . 4 / e | type = landmark | de - be }} ) . * the only one
810072027 810126141 2017-11-13 13:53:41 0 days 08:16:58 6554947 1 < / ref > as was the case with the inner german border , a strip of gdr territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , however , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders to paint over graffiti and
810126141 810127095 2017-11-13 14:01:58 0 days 00:08:17 6554947 1 and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . again , in contrast to the inner german border , little interest was shown by the east german government law enforcement to impose its jurisdiction in the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https
2 accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . again , in contrast to the inner german border , little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books .
810231237 810234613 2017-11-14 02:24:09 0 days 00:25:23 6554947 0 era , the exact de jure border appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep in keeping foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / /
810362048 810364476 2017-11-14 20:33:05 0 days 00:15:54 6554947 0 last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward general policy of benign neglect of the outer strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports
810575212 810709126 2017-11-16 23:24:54 0 days 20:00:20 6554947 0 even arrested . in 1986 , defector and political activist wolfram hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from one of the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into west berlin . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the wall door into the death strip ,
825837597 825877017 2018-02-15 23:14:11 0 days 04:37:00 2003421 4 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > an important reason that [[ crossing the inner german border ]] , was not stopped earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . construction of a new railway bypassing west berlin , the [[
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99129270 99129501 2007-01-07 17:51:00 0 days 00:01:21 82835 17 : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , ]] [[ 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe
18 / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe |
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 17 / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ , 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 5 {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = july 2008 | cleanup " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | right | 250px ]]
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 5 {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = july 2008 | cleanup " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | right | 250px ]]
367995322 368038978 2010-06-14 20:42:05 0 days 04:10:54 262550 4 / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe - meyer13 latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 | accessdate = 14 june 2010 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 21 facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} {{ dead link | date = september 2010 | bot = h3llbot }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 112 s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 – usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of
505558329 506362125 2012-08-08 08:38:19 4 days 22:07:23 9013713 4 | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 | format = [[ ogg . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = "
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 35 = http : / / www . archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = february 20 , 2012 }} < / ref > the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 37 = http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = june 19 , 2013 }} < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in
677787947 677791285 2015-08-25 15:01:06 0 days 00:26:42 16283967 2 accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 + nationalfeiertag + werden | archivedate = 25 june 2009 }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 3 = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | subscription = yes }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off
738865701 738877220 2016-09-11 16:07:47 0 days 01:20:46 27015025 1 institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 9 april 2008 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | deadurl = no | df = dmy }} < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen
3 october 2007 | title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | deadurl = no | df = dmy }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin
738877220 747090507 2016-10-31 11:11:18 49 days 19:03:31 27015025 0 berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html # lenne | publisher = city of berlin | accessdate = 23 january 2016 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20160304085918 / http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html | archivedate = 4 march 2016 | df = dmy }} < / ref > that is now much of the [[ potsdamer platz ]] development . later , the initial barrier was built up into the wall proper , the
1 html | language = german | title = neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 | publisher = zlb . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110718025112 / http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html | archivedate = 18 july 2011 | df = dmy }} < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of
3 _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html | title = german missions in the united states – home | publisher = | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20101228095536 / http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 09 _ _ press _ _ infocus _ _ interviews / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html | archivedate = 28 december 2010 | df = dmy }} < / ref > robert cannon received a free trip to berlin for 2010 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www .
4 http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 6 november 2006 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20091214050606 / http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de : 80 / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | archivedate = 14 december 2009 | df = dmy }} < / ref > a 2011 poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than half of all russians do not know who built the berlin wall
5 | title = 50 years berlin wall 1961 – 1989 [ video clips ] | publisher = german world | date = 13 august 2011 | accessdate = 13 august 2011 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20111112225424 / http : / / www . germanworldonline . com / index . php / 50 - years - berlin - wall - 1961 - 1989 / | archivedate = 12 november 2011 | df = dmy }} < / ref > = = media relating to the wall = = * documentary films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel (
6 www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110924181756 / http : / / www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | archivedate = 24 september 2011 | df = dmy }} < / ref > * * " chippin ' away " , < ref > {{ youtube | - ummj _ jnway | crosby , stills & nash 1990 –
7 historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 20 october 2009 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20090429042056 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org : 80 / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | archivedate = 29 april 2009 | df = dmy }} * {{ cite book | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press
752045266 760657011 2017-01-18 08:28:16 50 days 03:00:30 29937011 10 = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | date = 31 october 2014 | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | subscription = yes }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 4 = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | date = 31 october 2014 | subscription = yes | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | accessdate = 1 november 2014 constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until government officials opened it in november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) | url = https : / / archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = 20 february 2012 }} < / ref > its demolition officially began on 13 june 1990 and was completed in 1992 . }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = =
779442748 780019390 2017-05-12 12:55:03 3 days 13:36:08 30700819 3 ' ' the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 {{ fact | date = april 2017 - 05 - 12 }} * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] , directed
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 14 homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic 2017 }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined
787359385 787408974 2017-06-25 06:54:21 0 days 07:37:56 31190988 7 memorial landscape : berlin wall | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 2014 . < / ref > ( {{ coordinate | text = dms | ns = 52 / 22 / 46 . 84 / e | type = landmark | dim = 10 | name = border watch tower stresemannstraße | region = de - be }} < / ref > nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center
790928672 791152467 2017-07-18 13:25:09 1 days 12:29:00 27015025 0 www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html | publisher = city of berlin | accessdate = 23 january 2016 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20160304085918 / http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html | archivedate = 4 march 2016 | df = dmy - all }} < / ref > and the lenné triangle < ref > {{ cite web | title = exchanges of territory : lenné - dreieck | url = http : /
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 13 jerusalem ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) {{ div col end }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first
807562970 808145196 2017-11-01 04:07:12 3 days 08:42:17 31813604 2 and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . {{ fact | date = april 2017 - 11 - 01 | language = en }} [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , still in its original spot , 2016 ]] = = = 50th anniversary
825819301 825820281 2018-02-15 16:36:38 0 days 00:06:43 5946478 7 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . {{ citation needed | date < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = april 2017 }} on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the
844217896 845220199 2018-06-10 08:29:22 6 days 19:32:54 29164674 0 = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | date = 31 october 2014 | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | subscription = yes }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall cut off (